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Ecological Residential
Spatial pattern
approach to segregation +
of various land
explain land Social
use zones
use pattern segregation
ECOLOGICAL Concepts
of the model
• Burgess adopted the concepts used by plant
ecologists (ideas of competition, dominance,
invasion and succession)
• within the city, people competes for limited
space (COMPETITION)
• those who are best able to pay
(DOMINANCE) achieve the most desirable
locations (INVASION and SUCCESSION).
• those individuals and functions with the lowest
level of economic competence have the least
choice, occupying the poorest locations.
How did Burgess explain
land uses in Chicago?
• The CBD, the most accessible location attracted all sorts of commercial
activities
• Shortage of land induced keen competition
• The location was dominated by those activities with high rental
capacity
How did Burgess explain land
uses in Chicago?
• This is caused by growth of city economy & arrival of new
migrants to the city.
• As the city grew, the CBD would exert pressure on the zone
immediately surrounding it i.e. the zone of transition
• Outward expansion of the CBD would invade nearby residential
areas causing them to expand outwards. (Centrifugal movement)
How did Burgess explain
land uses in Chicago?
l The process was thought to continue with each successive
neighbourhood moving further from the CBD.
l New immigrants would move into the cheapest residential areas
of the city. When they became economically established, they
would migrate outwards.
l Thus lower residential class moved to adjacent neighbourhoods
and more affluent residents moved further outwards.
Bid-rent
mechanism APPLIES
• land value decreases with increasing distance.
• The tallest buildings in the city due to high rents resulting from keen competition
Chicago’s
Gold Coast
1930s
Zone in transition
• Surrounds the CBD
• an area of ‘blight’, also called the twilight zone.
• An area of mixed land uses – wholesale, light
manufacturing, residential
• Provides cheap housing for each new immigrant
wave
• the zone often characterized by slums, immigrant
ghettoes, unstable and low social groups and crime.
• poorest residential areas.
Zone of workingmen’s
homes
• surrounds the transition zone
• has some of the older, often terraced housing
areas of the city
• occupied by workers who have left the transition
zone but who still require ready access to their
places of work in the inner zone. They left
transition zone because they want better living
conditions.
• 2nd generation immigrants form an important
element of the pop. in this zone.
Zone of better residence
(middle-class housing)
• usually single-family dwellings in semi-detached or
detached houses
Social Income
status
Education level
occupation
Socio-economic People of different races
characteristics Ethnics
Majorities vs minorities
Family size
Family
Family Age
structure
composition
Sex
Socio-economic
status
Near city centre Towards the periphery
People of lower socio- People of higher socio-economic
economic status usually have status usually have higher income
lower income due to lower skills (more affluent) due to more
and poorer education so they professional occupation and their
occupy some less favourable higher educational background.
sites, e.g. the slums in the inner as they look for better living
city or squatter areas at the environment and higher quality
edge of the inner city of life.
• http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/
dashboard/index_en_2006.html
Situation in HK
• Districts with the highest monthly domestic household income: Wan
Chai ($27,500), Central & Western ($26,250)
• Though some low-income groups still cluster in old urban area like old
Wan Chai, Sheung Wan, Sai Ying Pun, Kwun Tong
Family average age Old people usually have Young family have
lower mobility higher mobility
Family structure Young professional
(yuppies) lives close to
city centre to look for
entertainment, e.g. rise
of Soho District
Family median age /
structure / size in hk
• Districts with the highest percentage of old people (>65): Wong Tai
Sin (17.8%) & Sham Shui Po (16.7%)
• Districts with the lowest percentage of old people (>65): Sai Kung
(8.2%) & Yuen Long (8.3%)
• Old people have lower mobility and tend to settle near the old urban
area while new town development attracts young families to settle.
• Districts with the smallest household size: Central & Western + Wan
Chai (2.7)
• As real incomes have risen and better • Occupied by wealthier people who
transportation has increased mobility,
this allows the separation of home and could afford the higher transport cost
workplaces. when moving out of the city centre.
• Wealthy people moved out of the inner • Wealthy people can occupy larger
city which was later Invaded by poorer amount of cheaper residential land on
ethnic minorities due to rising the periphery where they live in
immigrants to the city. detached dwellings and pay the high
commuting costs to city centre.
• To offset high land value in these near-
city locations, they use only small
amount of land by living in high density
apartments which make maximum use
of expensive land.
Results of
suburbanization
• social segregation = creating particular groups or
classes which segregate themselves from other
groups.
• poor people living close to the city centre on high
value land, while more wealthy people live on the
periphery where land is generally cheaper.
• As reflected by the quality of housing
• different in life styles + quality of life, income
and social status
Weaknesses of
burgess model
• Concentric zones are not homogenous but
heterogeneous