Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Phoenix is the capital city of the Arizona state. The city is located along Salt River that is
in the southern –central part of the state. The city significantly contributes to the economy of the
state since it serves as a financial, communication and transport center. The city lies on an 1165
square kilometers area and borders Mexico to the North. Additionally, the city plays a prominent
role in the history of the country since it is the area in which the Southern civil war took place.
The area was initially occupied by the Native Americans who were later replaced by the building
of the canals. The Americans were displaced since they were found to interfere with the
construction of the trenches. Therefore, there was a civil war as the Spanish and American
explorers fought with the Native Americans. The Spanish and the Americans fought the Native
Americans to displace them from their settlement along the Salt River. This paper aims at exploring
the effects of the civil war and determine how the war contributed to the Civil Rights Movement.
In the prehistory age, the city was occupied by the Native Americans who were nomads.
Therefore, their economic practice was nomadic pastoralism through which they acquired food
and a source of living. Eventually, the tribes left the land and left the imaginative fertile land
without particular occupants. In the year 19th century, as the Spanish and the American explored
the world, they passed through the region. In the year 1857, a businessman named Jack Swilling
who was a militant during the American Civil War identified the potential of the land. Swilling
built canals along the ruins that were left by the Native Americans who were also known as the
Hohokam1. The canals were used in the irrigation system to grow crops since the land was fertile
and was along a river. Hence water for irrigation was available. In the 1870s, it was proved that
1
"Phoenix History Facts And Timeline: Phoenix, Arizona - AZ, USA." 2018. World-
Guides.Com. http://www.world-guides.com/north
america/usa/arizona/phoenix/phoenix_history.html. [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
2
the town had grown and thus there was a need for it to be upgraded. In 1881, the town was adopted
as a city. The South Pacific Railroad passed through the city in the 1880s. In the 1890s, the mule-
drawn trams were also introduced into the city. By the end of the century, the city had evolved into
In the early 20th century, there was an intense political activity that was of importance to
the growing of the city. In 1902, the then president signed the National Reclamation Act. The act
allowed Roosevelt Dam construction that dismissed some of the sections of the Salt River.
Additionally, the dam led to the migration of the river wildlife. In spite of the adverse effects, the
dam provided the city with hydroelectric power and frequent water supply for the residents and
the irrigation systems. The city became the capital of Arizona state in 1912. During the Second
World War, the city was used as a center of distribution that offered employment to the residents
and the economic immigrants. In the 1960s, tourists began flocking in the city since they were
The exotic features of the city also attracted the tourists and hence tourism became a
significant contributor to the economy of the city and the state as a whole. The Arizona Veterans
Memorial Coliseum is among the many sites the tourists would visit to watch the rock concerts
and the basketball games. However, in the 1970s, the number of tourists began to drop due to the
emergence of street gangs who threatened the tourists. In the 21st century, the city has grown with
a large number of bars, restaurants, and shops that are located in the city. Therefore, the city
contributes to the state’s economic growth from the taxes and revenues collected from the business
premises. Equally, the city is well known since it is a transport center in the state of Arizona. In
the year 1990, the Sky Harbor International Airport opened its fourth terminal hence enhancing
3
the transport system in the state. The airport has won several awards for being the best in
In the prehistory, people lived together in groups, and they kept moving from one place to
another since they were nomads. In the 1920s the city was becoming an agricultural center due to
the irrigation system developed by the Spanish and the Americans who settled in the land. For
agricultural reasons, more people started flocking into the city. Therefore, the population increased
twice. By 1920, the city had 30,000 people, and by 1930, there were over 48,000 people2. The
population growth caused the farmers to sell their land to the developers who built houses in the
city. Due to the population pressure, the land in the city was split more to give the developers a
place to construct homes for the people who migrated to the city. The developers needed the people
to have a sense of belonging to the country though they were in the rural area in Phoenix.
Before the 19th century, the people of Arizona upheld the rich cultural diversity. However,
since the beginning of the 19thcentury, the cultural behaviors were disregarded due to the increase
in urbanization as many individuals moved to the Southern part of the state where Phoenix was
located. The urban segments made the individuals reflect more on the tastes, fashion, speech,
religious differences, lifestyle and political attitudes that had come from diverse places. At the
beginning of the 19th century, almost all the central and northern part of Arizona was unoccupied.
Many individuals preferred to live in the southern part of the state where Phoenix was located
2
McNamee, G. (2018). Phoenix | Arizona, United States. [online] Encyclopedia Britannica.
Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/Phoenix-Arizona [Accessed 30 Nov.
2018].
4
Initially, there were less than 1,000 people from Hispania who lived in the state. However,
in the 20th century, the number of Hispanic people rampantly increased. Since the year 1990, the
Mexicans started flocking in the city and occupied most of the Phoenix city. As a result, today
most of the Phoenix residents are from the Mexican generation. The Mexicans and the Hispanics
have a history of cordial living unlike other ethnic communities in the bordering states. Most of
the Mexican Americans in Arizona live in several neighborhoods and are significantly involved in
the state's business political and social life. The Mexican Americans intermarry with the Hispanics,
and hence there is a peaceful relationship between the two communities. In the present day, the
Native Americans are grouped into 15 tribes that reside in an 85- acre reserve. The Mexican
Americans on the other hand, are about 100,000 in Arizona and they are involved in the
development of the land and its people. Lastly, the tribal government assumes all the
In the prehistoric age, the people of Arizona were not governed by any rule or any structure
of the government. Between the year 1528-1536, Arizona was discovered by the Spanish who were
exploring the world3. They developed an interest in the state and captured it and exercised rule and
power over it. Therefore, during that period, the state was under the Spanish control. In the 17th
century, the Franciscan, the first Europeans to live in Arizona attempted to establish missions in
the North of the state, but their plan failed. In the year 1680, there arose rebellion against the
Spanish to drive the colonists, priests, and soldiers out of the state. In 1691 a Jesuit priest
established the first European settlement in Arizona. In the 18th century, after the revolts from the
3
Arizona History Timeline: Arizona Important Dates And Events". 2018. Ereferencedesk.Com.
http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-history-timeline/arizona.html. [Accessed
30 Nov. 2018].
5
Native tribes, the first permanent settlement was found in the state, and a Spanish presidio was
built.
In the 19th century, the state experienced a significant number of political changes in its
history. In 1821, Mexico took control of the military of Arizona. In the year 1848, during the
Mexican War, the United States won the war and gained all the Northern part of Arizona. In 1863,
Arizona was made a territory that was created by Congress with its capital being Prescott.
However, in 1889, the capital was relocated to Phoenix city. In the 20th century, Arizona became
the 48th state with Phoenix being its capital and George Hunt being the first governor. Later, the
United States joined the Second World War against the Germans. Mexico supported Germany
since they were promised of regaining Arizona if they helped the Germans fight the United States.
In 1948, the Indians who resided in the state gained the right to vote. In 1964, the senator of the
state, Barry Goldwater, ran for the presidency but he lost. In 1965, the judge from the state was
voted in as Chief Justice of Arizona State Supreme Court. In 1975, Raul Castro became the first
Governor of Arizona from the Mexican American. In 1981, the state made history in the States as
Sandra Day, an Arizona Justice, became the first woman in the United States Supreme court. In
the year 1988, Governor Evan Mecham became the first governor to be impeached.
In the same year, the acting Governor, Rose Mofford was sworn in as the 18th Governor of
the state, and she became the first woman in the state to hold the office4. In 1991, Symington
became a governor in a run-off election. In 1997, the secretary of the state, Jane Hull became a
Governor in 5th September. The secretary took office after Symington resigned after being
associated with bank fraud. However, the conviction was overruled in 1999 and the then United
4
Arizona History Timeline: Arizona Important Dates And Events". 2018. Ereferencedesk.Com.
http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-history-timeline/arizona.html. [Accessed
30 Nov. 2018].
6
States president; Bill Clinton pardoned him. In the 21st century, less political events have occurred.
In 2003, Lori Piestewa died in the Iraq invasion. In the same year, Governor Janet Napolitano
stirred up controversy as she pushed for the renaming of the Squaw Peak in Phoenix, but the change
In 2011, the Congresswoman was shot, and she resigned her seat as the congresswoman of
the state, and later she with her husband started a campaign for gun safety. In the year 2014, the
Phoenix VA Health Care System reported to a congressional panel of the logjam of medical
appoints that was hidden by the top administrators. Consequently, the senior officials were forced
from the office. In the same year, Arizona conducted a voter-approved constitutional amendment
that allowed same-sex marriages. Initially, the state had denied marriage rights to same-sex
couples. However, the lawsuits were challenged in the federal court, and they decided that the ban
was unconstitutional.
The southern settlement civil war is among the most significant trends in the state of
Arizona. The civil war was fought as the individuals wanted to possess the southern part of the
state where Phoenix was located. The city was of great importance to the fighting individuals since
it was rich in minerals and the land was fertile. The war was between the Union and the
Confederacy. Both the Union and the Confederacy wanted to possess California since it was rich
in minerals and it gave easy access to the Pacific Ocean through the Salt River. Conquering the
state would allow the Confederacy to be recognized by the European. During the war, Arizona was
part of the New Mexico Territory hence the Confederacy believed that they would conquer the
territory since its residents were from the Southern. During the war, one of the most significant
defections, Major Henry H. Sibley, who was a commander at Fort Union, returned to the New
7
Mexico as a Confederate general. The general arrived in San Antonio and organized three
At this time, Tucson became a threat to the Confederacy. Therefore, in 1862, Sibley took
away a company of mounted rifles under a captain named Captain Sherod Hunter to take Tucson
into the Confederacy. On 3rd March 1862, Hunter and his troop went to Pima Indian villages that
were along the River. In the communities, he captured Ammi White who was involved in the
business of buying grains and supplying them to the Union troops. He later discovered that every
station of the Butterfield Overland Mail had been given hay for Colonel James Carleton who was
a soldier in California5. Hunter burned six of the stations as the Carleton’s California Column of
around 2,000 soldiers was concentrating on the attack of Arizona. Consequently, Carleton sent
Captain William with the 1st California Dragoons to number the forces of the Confederate. He
instructed the captain to make a stop at Pima villages and build a new building that would store
the wheat and flour from Ammi. Additionally, the captain was ordered to survey Tucson and
recapture the town. At Ammi’s premises, Captain William knocked, and the door was opened by
Hunter who was posing like Ammi until the Confederates captured the Federals.
Afterward, Captain William was escorted to Tucson. Carleton sent Captain William
Galloway with 272 men and a battery of 12 pounder howitzers to build a center at the Pima village
and to go to recapture Captain William at Tucson. Galloway sent Lieutenant James Barrett to
surround the rebels from the east together with 12 cavalrymen. On 15th April, the group led by
Barret approached Picacho Pass that was about 45 miles on the Northwest of Tucson. There, they
discovered three stakes of the Confederates that were being taken to the Confederate’s ground.
5
"Civil War In Arizona." 2018. https://dema.az.gov/sites/.../AR-
CIVIL%20WAR%20IN%20ARIZONA-BORUNDA.pdf. [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
8
Barret approached the three dismounted Confederates, and there arose a gun firing war. The
gunshots alerted other states who took the defensive positions in the heavy attack6. Barret realized
that they would be defeated and he led his troop in a single file into the bushes. The rebel fired and
hit four soldiers of the Union soldiers as the Federals regrouped, and the Rebels hid in the thicket
to reload their guns. Barret followed the rebels and was shot on the neck and killed immediately.
The fight lasted for 90 minutes after which the Union troops withdrew and took their wounded
soldiers and the three captured prisoners with them. On the other hand, the Rebels took their injured
Hunter was not receiving any support, and he knew that Carleton and the California
Column would come to occupy the Tucson town. He also knew that Carleton had a large group of
strong forces. Thus he resolved to remove his soldiers and transferred them to Texas. Picacho Pass
was perceived to be the furthest to the west battle of the civil war. However, there was a battle at
the Stanwix Station where the disagreement at La Paz on the Colorado River occurred. In this
battlefield, blood was shed in 1863 as the Union soldiers from Fort Yuma were attacked in front
of Goldwater's store. Here, Confederate soldiers killed two soldiers from the Union's troop and
wounded one.
The Southern Civil war significantly affected the Phoenix area. The range of the effects cut
across the economic and social welfare of the city. Economically, the Phoenix city was adversely
affected. During the war, the economy of the State gradually changed from agricultural to
industrial economy. The first stage of the industrial revolutions was primarily limited to the North
6
"Civil War In Arizona." 2018. https://dema.az.gov/sites/.../AR-
CIVIL%20WAR%20IN%20ARIZONA-BORUNDA.pdf. [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
9
region thus the South area was left so much far behind7. In the agriculture sector, the Northern area
produced more agricultural products than the Southern farmers. This disparity resulted from the
revolution that was happening in the agriculture sector. In the North region, agricultural practices
were highly mechanized while in the South, agriculture was labor intensive. By the year 1860, the
peaceful states had increased the farm machines in their farms, and thus there was increased
productivity.
The industrial revolution in the Northern States increased the rate of rural-urban migration.
By 1860, more people had migrated to the urban areas. Remarkably, this migration contributed to
the growth of the Northern cities due to the presence of the farm machinery, food processing
machines and the railway equipment factories. On the other hand, the Southern region had about
10% of the population living in the urban areas thus the city stagnated in matters of urban growth8.
Every sector of the Union economy had increased production. High levels of mechanizations
allowed every farmer to grow crops and process them more efficiently since the machines were
fast. The mechanization also was of much significance as they let the farmers leave homes and
join the Union military. On the contrary, the people of the South were much involved in the farms
In the transport sector, the transport industries grew rampantly especially the railroads. The
Northern region had large tracts that had higher ability to build and move parts. These tracts gave
the Northern region an advantage over the South. The Union forces used the trains to commute to
fight and occupy the Confederacy. During the war, the Northern region captured the operating
7
"City Of Phoenix History." 2018. Phoenix.Gov. https://www.phoenix.gov/pio/city-
publications/city-history. [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
8
Arrington, Benjamin. 2018. "Story (U.S. National Park Service)." Nps.Gov.
https://www.nps.gov/resources/story.htm%3Fid%3D251. [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
10
Southern rail lines and equipment9. At the end of the war, the Southern did not have an operating
railway hence adversely affected the transport economy of the State while the Northern area
The weapon manufacturing, leather good, iron production, and textile industries grew
rampantly in the Northern region. However, in the Southern area, the industries did not develop
and thus, they were very few of them in the region. Having so much fight in the South, significantly
contributed to the slow growth of industries in the South region. Southern farmers were hindered
from selling their goods overseas due to the Union naval blockades that prevented them from
reaching the overseas. The invasion of the Southern region by the Union resulted in the capturing
of the Southern transport system and manufacturing facilities. The economy of the Southern part
was shaky throughout the year. However, in its later years, the economy grew worse. The economy
suffered during 1864 as the Union armies fought the Confederate troops. The Union took
advantage of the railroad lines and the steamships to transport the soldiers. In general, the war
adversely affected the economy of the South region where the Phoenix was located. The
agriculture, industrial and transport economies were the most affected in the area.
The war did affect not only the economy of the region but also the social life of the people.
At the end of the war, the Southern region was defeated. Equally, there was the loss of border
states. The southern were unable to mark their boundaries, and thus they needed to split to protect
their right to own slaves. The war led to the Southern belief in the aristocratic privilege. Thus,
many people from the southern believed that the war was a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.
The conditions at the wartime affected the rich and the poor differently. The wealthiest people
9
Phoenix 101: The Thirties". 2014. Rogue Columnist.
https://www.roguecolumnist.com/rogue_columnist/2014/04/phoenix-101-the-
thirties.html. [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
11
from the south paid for their exemptions so that every white person who fought in the war had no
slave. Food shortage became more frequent than previous, and that caused the rich people to hide
the available food secretly. As a result, the poor people did not have access to food and thus hunger
stroke the Southern region. In the South region, the social class was only considered as the military
class10. Therefore, the wealthier soldiers did not obey the officers of the ordinary social class. As
a result, the discipline broke down. Further, the war affected the Southern region socially by
Another social effect of the Southern civil war is the creation of stronger Federal
government and weaker State government. The Federal government still exists even to the present
day. Its role is to oversee the governance of the state's government and hence reduce the chances
of war among the nations. Additionally, the States governments ensured that the people of the
country are not divided into regions that would promote war against each other. Also, the Federal
government was established to provide that there was an equal allocation of resources among the
states to support balanced economic growth. Additionally, after the war there arose regional and
cultural differences in the country. The disputes arose from the creation of a different social class
of the people, and different beliefs among the people of the state. However, much caution is taken
to ensure that the cultural differences or the religious differences do not trigger the rivalry between
Several constitutional amendments were made to ensure the social life of people was
enhanced after the war. The Constitution addressed the slavery issue and declared that slavery and
involuntary servitude was illegal. Slavery was only allowed as a form of punishment. Besides, the
10
Myers, W. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.quora.com/What-were-some-of-the-
social-consequences-of-the-American-Civil-War [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
12
blacks were incorporated in determining a state's population. Initially, the blacks were regarded as
partial persons, but in the present day, they are counted as a whole in during the counting of the
population. Also, the voting rights were guaranteed to all people and not by color11. Therefore, the
Indians and the blacks gained the rights to vote in the Southern city. Additionally, the poll taxes
as a prerequisite to voting were considered illegal, and this gave a chance to all people both the
The war caused a change in the political correctness in speech and description of people.
Therefore, the black people were not regarded as ‘black' or "negro" or "colored" by the Americans.
Consequently, the people are called African – American in the present day. After the war, the
discrimination based on the skin color was considered illegal, and therefore employment
opportunities were offered equally among the white and the African –Americans12. These
regulations ensured that the people of the State were treated equally and the sense of human dignity
Apart from the war affecting the economic and the social aspects of the states, it also
changed the political structure of the state. After the war, there was a series of amendments of the
constitution that was made. The amendments mostly focused on the radical and rapid social and
political change of the American History. The amendments that focused on the racial diversity
helped in the transformation of the rights of the people. Consequently, after the war, there was a
11
"The Civil Rights Movement." 2018. Exhibitions.Nypl.Org.
http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-civil-rights.html. [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
12
tutor2u. 2018. Impact of the American Civil War | tutor2u History. [online] Available at:
https://www.tutor2u.net/history/reference/impact-of-the-american-civil-war [Accessed 30
Nov. 2018].
13
As a result of the amendments, all the people received equal rights triggering the election
of the first African American President in 2008. The president took the oath of office using the
same Bible that Abraham Lincoln used to take the oath as he assumed the office in the year 186113.
The election of the African American shows that the political structure had changed since in the
past only a white would lead the country. Additionally, the act of using the same bible that
Abraham Lincoln used showed that the African Americans were regarded as people who would
rise to power.
During the war, the country was divided since there were two rival regions which were
the Northern and the Southern areas of the nation. The political leaders sought for ways to end the
regional conflicts. One way through which the leaders played a role in ending the regional conflicts
is bypassing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which accepted Missouri as a slave state and Maine
as a territory free of slaves. However, the efforts of the leaders to maintain a balance between the
free states and the slave states failed, and they sought for another way to ensure the two states are
free from conflicts. Therefore, they passed the Fugitive Slave Act which required North region to
By the year 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States.
Lincoln warned the countrymen, against the division and hence he summoned the South against
leaving the Union. However, the warning did not hinder the war from taking place in 1861.
Therefore, the President suspended the writ of habeas corpus. This act enabled the Northerners to
13
Thaxton, Cirrelia. 2018. "The American Civil War's Impact On The Economy, Society,
Politics & Government - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.Com." Study.Com.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-american-civil-wars-impact-on-the-economy-
society-politics-government.html. [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
14
Before the civil war, there were no laws that prohibited the African –Americans from
serving in the military or the national army. Additionally, the blacks would not receive passports
from the State Departments. During the war, the Congress of 1862 passed a law that authorized
the recruitment of the black people into the national army and the states' armies14. Consequently,
many black people served as noncommissioned officers and other served as officers in the state.
Before the war, the states had no currency and people used bank notes. After the war, the Secretary
of Treasury developed a policy that allowed the use of greenbacks in banks. The law was passed
The Lost Causes of the Southern Settlement Civil War and the Effects on the Civil
Rights Movement
The Lost Cause of the Confederacy is the ideology that states that despite losing in the
civil war, the cause of the Confederacy was a noble cause. The White Southerners sought for the
consolation by associating their loss to the factors that they were unable to control and to the
betrayals from the heroes and cause. The Lost Cause of the defeat of the Confederacy states that
the Confederate generals represented the virtues of Southern nobility15. The Northern generals
were men with low moral standards, and they engaged in immoral campaigns against the Southern
civilians. This Lost Cause affected the Civil Rights Movement as the Southern thought that their
rights were violated and they arose to fight for their rights through the movement.
Another Lost Cause attitude associated with the settlement civil war is that losses in the
battle were not evitable and the blame was laid on the Northern superiority in resources and power.
14
Thaxton, Cirrelia. 2018. "The American Civil War's Impact On The Economy, Society, Politics
& Government - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.Com." Study.Com.
15
Horton, James. 2018. "Story (U.S. National Park Service)." Nps.Gov.
https://www.nps.gov/resources/story.htm%3Fid%3D217. [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
15
The people from the North had a higher economy, and they had powerful weapons, unlike the
Southern that had a poor economy and poor weapons16. As a result, the Southern people were
defeated in the war. This Lost Cause influenced the civil rights as the activists fought for the equal
distribution of resources among the people of both regions so that the economy of both sections
would grow together and no area will be more developed than the other hence, equal economic
and political powers among the regions will be the same. The existence of the same political and
economic forces would influence the Northern region people to respect and treat all people
inequality.
The war contributed to the history of the people of the state. The southern settlement civil
war contributed to the history of the state by laying a foundation for the formation of the civil
rights movement. The civil rights movement is among the national trends that contribute to the
history of the United States17. The southern people date their freedom that they experience from
the civil rights movement since it is from the civil rights movements that the nation granted the
rights of the people of the south18. From the Civil Rights movement, the black people were treated
equally with the white people, and this allowed the blacks to be incorporated in the city as full
people. Additionally, the civil rights movement campaigned against the slavery of the southern
16
Mesch, A. (2018). The Lost Cause - American Civil War. [online] Civil-war-journeys.org.
Available at: http://civil-war-journeys.org/the_lost_cause.htm [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
17
White, K. (2018). [online] Azcentral.com. Available at:
https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2018/01/15/martin-luther-king-jr-
day-arizona-civil-rights-history/1025919001/ [Accessed 30 Nov. 2018].
18
Walters, John. 2018. "The Day The Civil War Came To Arizona." Newsweek.
https://www.newsweek.com/day-civil-war-came-arizona-322464. [Accessed 30 Nov.
2018].
16
people. Thus the people of the southern region experienced freedom from bondage hence they
The war is among the several trends that contribute to the history of the nation. The war
adds to the state's history since it was the basis that the Civil Rights Movement was established.
The movement was created to campaign against the discrimination of the African- American. The
blacks were discriminated by the ethnic communities and the skin color. The black people were
denied the rights to join the army and also they were not allowed to vote. Consequently, the
African- Americans felt that their rights were violated hence they sought to campaign for their
rights. After a period of an intense campaign of civil rights to the blacks, a great revolution
occurred in the states as the black people were granted the rights against discrimination.
In conclusion, the Southern civil war is among the many national trends in the States. The
war contributes to the history of the state since it is among the historical trends in the nation. The
battle opened the way for more campaigns against the discrimination by skin color, social class or
the military position. Consequently, the southern settlement civil war significantly contributes to
the history of the state. Similarly, the Lost Cause of the war played a vital role in the history of the
state as it was the basis for the establishment of the Civil Rights Movement. Therefore, there is the
need to appreciate the settlement war since it gives an insight to the people of the nation on the