Bituminous waterproofing

Bituminous waterproofing systems are designed to protect residential and

commercial buildings.Bitumen (asphalt or coal-tar pitch) is a mixed substance made
up of organic liquids that are highly sticky, viscous, and waterproof.[1] These
systems are sometimes used to construct roofs, in the form of roofing felt or roll
roofing products.

Contents Replacing the roofing felt on aScout

hall in Wales.
Roofing felt
Weights and grades
Manufacturing process
Felt paper standards
Roll roofing components
Composition
Reasons to use a roofing underlayment
Negative aspects
Malthoid
See also
References
External links

Roofing felt
Roofing felt (similar totar paper) is the base material used to makeroof shingles and
roll roofing. Used for decades as waterproof coverings in residential and commercial
roofs, these bitumen compositional membranes incorporate two layers. The first
underside polymer membrane is used as a solid background, often reinforced with
glass fibers. Mineral granules make up the self-protective top layer, with a final
bituminous mixture encapsulating them both.[2] Typical uses of felt paper are as an
underlay(ment) (sarking) beneath other building materials, particularly roofing and
siding materials, and is one type of membrane used in asphalt built up roofing
Felt paper on a wall exposed by
(BUR) systems. The purposes are to "...separate the roof covering from the roof
tornado damage in Oklahoma.
deck...shed water...[and] provide secondary weather protection..."[3] Also, the rapid
application of roofing underlay protects the roof deck during construction until the
roofing material is applied and is required for roofs required to meet Underwriters Laboratory (UL) fire ratings.[4] The separation of
the roof covering from theroof deck protects the roof covering from resins in some sheathing materials and cushions unevenness and
old nails and splinters in re-roofing applications. The underlayment also sheds water, which penetrates the roof covering from an
ordinary leak, a leak from wind-driven rain or snow, wind damage to the roof covering, or ice dams. However, the application of
underlays may increase the roof temperature, which is the leading cause of ageing of asphalt shingles and felt paper wrinkles when it
gets wet, which (rarely) shows through asphalt shingles. Not installing an underlay may void the roof covering warranty
.

Weights and grades

Felt paper is available in several grades, the most common being Type 1—commonly called 15-pound (15#) or No. 15 (#15)—and
Type 2—commonly called 30-pound (30#) or No. 30 (#30). The weight designations originated with organic base felt weighing 15 or
30 pounds per 100 sq. ft. (6.8 kg or 14 kg per 9.3 m2). However, modern base felts are made of lighter-weight fibre, so the weight
designations, though common colloquially,are no longer literally accurate.[5]

Another basic designation isorganic or inorganic. Organic felt paper has a base material made with formerly living materials such as
rag fibre, hessian (burlap), or cellulose fibres (wood, or jute). Organic felt papers are now considered obsolete, only comprising five
percent of the market in 1987.[6] Inorganic base products are polyester, glass fibre developed in the 1950s, and historically, asbestos
mat. Polyester mat is weaker and less chemically stable than fibreglass but because it is cheap is gaining market share. Polyester mat
is primarily used with the more flexible modified-bitumen felt products. Asbestos mat was the first inorganic base material but was
outlawed in the 1980s for health reasons but is still in use on some buildings. Inor
ganic felts are lighter, more tear-resistant, more fire-
resistant, and do not absorb water. Another type of felt paper is perforated for use in built-up roofing and is not for use as a water-
resistant underlay.

Heavier material is typically used for underlayment of longer-lived roof materials in order to match their longer life span, and on less
sloped roofs, which are more susceptible to leaking. For example, two layers of No. 30 felt might be used under a slate or tile roof,
[7] s0
whereas a single layer of No. 15 might be adequate for a steeply raked roof of 24-year asphalt shingles.

Manufacturing process
Roofing felt is manufactured in roll format.Rolls of base felt are pulled on rollers through large tanks of bitumen mixes until they are
saturated with the tar-like bitumen mixture, producing rolls of water-resistant but breathable material.

Modified bitumen is mixed with filler components such as limestone, sand, or polymers such as atactic polypropylene (APP) that
[8]
gives rigidity and tear resistance orstyrene-butadiene styrene (SBS), a rubber additive that gives more elastic benefits.

Felt paper standards

The American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards that apply to felt paper are:

ASTM D226 / D226M Standard — 09: Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Used in Roofing and
Waterproofing.[9]

Type I - #15 or 15 lb. perforated or non-perforated

Type II - #30 or 30 lb. perforated or non-perforated
ASTM D4869 / D4869M Standard — Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Underlayment Used in Steep
Slope Roofing. ASTM 4869-03 now includes the non-perforated felt referred to in ASTM D226-97a which will be
phased out. ASTM 4869-03 includes a liquid-water transmission test (shower test) and dimensional stability limits
[10]
(wrinkling) which ASTM D226-97a does not include.

Type 1 - #8. Formerly ASTM D4869-93 Type I

Type 2 - #13. Formerly ASTM D226-97a Type I (No. 15)
Type 3 - #20. Formerly ASTM D4869-93 Type II
Type 4 - #26. Formerly ASTM D226-97a Type II (No. 30)
[11]
ASTM D2178 / D2178M-15a Standard — Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing and aterproofing.
W

Type IV has a 44-pound breaking strength

Type VI has a 66-pound breaking strength
ASTM D6757 / D6757M-16a Standard — Specification for Underlayment Felt Containing Inorganic Fibres Used in
Steep-Slope Roofing.[12]
D6222 / D6222M-16 Standard — Specification for Atactic Polypropylene (APP) Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials
Using Polyester Reinforcements.[13]

Type 1
Type 2
Grade G, surface coated granules
 Grade S, smooth surface (uncoated)

The Canadian Standards Association standards are:

CSA A123.3 Asphalt Saturated Organic Roofing Felt

Roll roofing components

Roll roofing is a bitumen product that is exposed to the weather. To protect the base from ultraviolet degradation mineral granules
are added on top of the felt, also decreasing the product's fire vulnerability. Thin, transparent film is added to the base of the felt
during manufacturing on all torch-on products. This stops the felt from sticking to itself when rolled up during the packaging process.

Composition
The complex chemical composition of bitumen makes it difficult to identify the specific component(s) responsible for adverse health
effects observed in exposed workers. Known carcinogens have been found in bitumen fumes generated at work sites. Observations of
acute irritation in workers from airborne and dermal exposures to fumes and aerosols and the potential for chronic health effects,
including cancer, warrant continued diligence in the control of exposures.

Reasons to use a roofing underlayment

It protects the roof deck from rain before the roofing is installed.
It provides an extra weather barrier in case of blowoffs or water penetration through the roofing or flashings.
It protects the roofing from any resins that bleed out of the sheathing.
It helps prevent unevenness in the roof sheathing from telegraphing through the shingles.
[14]
It is usually required for the UL fire rating to apply (since shingles are usually tested with underlayment)."

Negative aspects
Bitumen is mostly produced fromcrude oil and is not regarded as a sustainable building product
Bitumen is combustible
Exposure to extreme heat and UV radiation drastically decreases the lifespan
The fumes that are produced during hot application of asphalt or tar can cause dermal and respiratory problems
Some felt paper installed on existing buildings may containasbestos, which has a carcinogenic risk if its dust is
inhaled.[15]

Malthoid
From 1905 to 1988 The Paraffine Paint Co. of San Francisco had Malthoid as a trademark for waterproof and weatherproof building
and roofing materials made of paper and felt in whole or in part.[16] However, it had become well known before that.[17] About 1913
Paraffine promoted its Malthoid roofing materials with a 16 page booklet.[18] In 1941 the Duroid Company began making Malthoid
in Onehunga, New Zealand.[19]

Malthoid was once common enough to be used as a generic description of flat roofing material in New Zealand and South Africa
(item 26). A description of a New Zealand house built about 1914 says it was, "built of timber framework. covered by sheets of
asbestos. The roof was closely timbered, then covered by strips of Malthoid paper. This was then painted with tar and topped off with
a sprinkling of sand."[20] Railway vehicles in Australia were roofed with Malthoid.[21] Malthoid is still available for flat roofs and
damp courses.[22]

See also
Butyl rubber
References
1. "B Glossary Page" (https://roofonline.com/b-glossary-page/). Roof Online. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
2. Bourbigot, Serge; Cerin, Oriane; Duquesne, Sophie; Clavel, Norbert (1 March 2013). "Flame Retardancy of Bitumen:
A Calorimetry Study" (https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904112458240). Journal of Fire Sciences. 31 (2): 126.
doi:10.1177/0734904112458240(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734904112458240) . ISSN 0734-9041 (https://www.wo
rldcat.org/issn/0734-9041).
3. "Is Roofing Felt Underlayment Needed Under Roof Shingles, iles,
T Slate, Wood Shingles or Shakes?".
Inspectapedia http://inspectapedia.com/roof/Roofing_Underlayment.htmaccessed 3/11/2014 quoting "The Uses and
Performance Requirements of Steep-Slope Roof Underlays in North America and the United Kingdom", Robert J.
Booth, Keith Roberts, Proceedings of the North American Conference on Roofing echnology,
T p. 112-118
4. http://inspectapedia.com/roof/Roofing_Underlayment.htm#reviewersaccessed 3/11/2014
5. Brown, AB; Sparks, JW. "Composition and Rheology of Roofing Asphalt"(https://doi.org/10.1520/stp38450s).
Symposium on Bituminous Waterproofing and Roofing Materials: 3–17. doi:10.1520/stp38450s (https://doi.org/10.15
20%2Fstp38450s).
6. William Cullen, "Transitions in Roofing Technology" National Roofing Contractors' Association"Archived copy" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130518044829/http://docserver .nrca.net/pdfs/technical/468.pdf)(PDF). Archived from the
original (http://docserver.nrca.net/pdfs/technical/468.pdf) (PDF) on 2013-05-18. Retrieved 2014-03-11. accessed
3/11/2014
7. Joan P. Crowe, "Underlayment considerations: Steep-slope roof systems require dif
ferent underlay installations".
Professional Roofing MagazineMay 2005 http://www.texasinspector.com/files/Underlayment-NRCA.pdfaccessed
3/11/2014
8. Anink, David, and John Mak.Handbook of sustainable building: an environmental preference method for selection of
materials for use in construction and refurbishment
. Rev. ed. London: James & James, 2004. 62. Print.
9. ASTM D226 / D226M."09: Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Used in Roofing and W aterproofing" (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1520/D0226_D0226M-09). The American Society for Testing and Materials International. West
Conshohocken, PA. doi:10.1520/d0226_d0226m-09(https://doi.org/10.1520%2Fd0226_d0226m-09) .
10. ASTM D4869 / D4869M."Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Underlayment Used in Steep Slope
Roofing" (https://doi.org/10.1520/D4869_D4869M-16A) . The American Society for Testing and Materials
International. West Conshohocken, PA. doi:10.1520/d4869_d4869m-16a(https://doi.org/10.1520%2Fd4869_d4869
m-16a).
11. ASTM D2178 / D2178M-15a."Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing" (https://doi.or
g/10.1520/D2178_D2178M-15A). The American Society for Testing and Materials International. West
Conshohocken, PA. doi:10.1520/d2178_d2178m-15a(https://doi.org/10.1520%2Fd2178_d2178m-15a) .
12. ASTM D6757 / D6757M-16a."Specification for Underlayment Felt Containing Inorganic Fibers Used in Steep-Slope
Roofing" (https://doi.org/10.1520/d6757_d6757m-16a). The American Society for Testing and Materials International.
West Conshohocken, PA. doi:10.1520/d6757_d6757m-16a(https://doi.org/10.1520%2Fd6757_d6757m-16a) .
13. ASTM D6222 / D6222M-16."Specification for Atactic Polypropylene (APP) Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials
Using Polyester Reinforcements"(https://doi.org/10.1520/D6222_D6222M-16). The American Society for Testing
and Materials International. West Conshohocken, PA. doi:10.1520/d6222_d6222m-16(https://doi.org/10.1520%2Fd6
222_d6222m-16).
14. "Roof Underlayment Requirements & Recommendations - is roofing felt necessary?"
(http://inspectapedia.com/roof/
Roofing_Underlayment.htm). Inspectapedia.com. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
15. Perry, Pat. Health and Safety Questions and Answers a Practical Approach
. London: Thomas Telford, 2003. 101.
Print.
16. "LegalForce information on trademark"(http://www.legalforce.com/malthoid-71001785.html). Legalforce.com.
Retrieved 2014-06-18.
17. "Manawatu Times, Volume XXVII, Issue 7998, 21 June 1904"(http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=
d&d=MT19040621.2.40.6). Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 1904-06-21. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
18. Powerhouse Museum."93/281/1 Brochure, 'Malthoid Bungalows', paper , The Paraffine Paint Company, USA, c.
1913" (http://from.ph/132940). Powerhouse Museum, Australia. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
19. "Scie Construction Ltd history of flat roofing materials"(http://www.scieroofing.com/retro.htm). Scieroofing.com.
2010-02-11. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
20. Off the Sheep's Back: Bill Richards Lindon Pub., 1986 ISBN 0864700148, 9780864700148
21. "photo and some history of Malthoid on Australian heritage railways"(http://www.railpage.com.au/f-p1615416.htm).
Railpage.com.au. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
22. "Tremco technical specs"(https://web.archive.org/web/20140213025628/http://www .tremco.com.au/docs/techsheets/
Malthoid%20Roofing.pdf)(PDF). Archived from the original (http://www.tremco.com.au/docs/techsheets/Malthoid%2
0Roofing.pdf) (PDF) on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2014-06-18.

External links
Media related to Felt and tar paper at Wikimedia Commons
Bituminous Membranes Article

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