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Manual
Prepared by
M. A. Azeem
Asst. Professor
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms.________________________________________
bearing Roll No. ___________________ has successfully completed the course of
experiment in the Structural Engineering Lab – II as prescribed by Osmania
University for M.E. Structural Engineering II – Semester during the academic year
____-___
LIST OF EXPERIMENS
Introduction
One of the ultimate aims of studying the various properties of the materials of concrete, plastic
concrete and hardened concrete, is to enable a concrete technologist to design a concrete mix
for a particular strength and durability.
The conditions that prevail at the site of work, in particular the exposure condition, and the
conditions that are demanded for a particular work for which the mix is designed.
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and
determining their relative proportions with the object of producing concrete of certain
minimum strength and durability as economically as possible.
Concept of Mix design
The relationships between aggregate and paste which are the two essential ingredients of concrete.
Workability of the mass is provided by the lubricating effect of the paste and is influenced by
the amount and dilution of paste.
The strength of concrete is limited by the strength of paste, since mineral aggregates with rare
exceptions, are far stronger than the paste compound.
Essentially the permeability of concrete is governed by the quality and continuity of the paste,
since little water flows through aggregate either under pressure or by capillarity.
Since the properties of concrete are governed to a considerable extent by the quality of paste,
it is helpful to consider more closely the structure of the paste.
With the given materials, the four variable factors to be considered in connection with
specifying a concrete mix are
(a) Water-Cement ratio
(b) Cement content or cement-aggregate ratio
(c) Gradation of the aggregates
(d) Consistency.
Common Terminologies
Mean strength: This is the average strength obtained by dividing the sum of strength of all the cubes
by the number of cubes.
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∑𝑥
𝑥=
𝑛
where 𝑥 = mean strength
n = number of cubes.
Variance: This is the measure of variability or difference between any single observed data from the
mean strength.
Standard deviation: This is the root mean square deviation of all the results. This is denoted by s or
σ.
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥)2
𝜎=√
𝑛−1
The standard deviation increases with increasing variability. The characteristics of the normal
distribution curve are fixed by average value and standard deviation. The spread of the curve along
the horizontal scale is governed by the standard deviation, while the position of the curve along the
vertical scale is fixed by the mean value.
This method of proportioning was first published in 1944 by ACI committee 613.
In 1954 the method was revised to include, among other modifications, the use of entrained
air.
In 1970, the method of mix design became the responsibility of ACI committee 211.
ACI committee 211 have further updated the method of 1991.
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Almost all of the major multipurpose concrete dams in India built during 1950 have been
designed by using then prevalent ACI Committee method of mix design.
Data to be collected
• The DOE method was first published in 1975 and then revised in 1988
• While Road Note No 4 or Grading Curve Method was specifically developed for concrete
pavements, the DOE method is applicable to concrete for most purposes, including roads.
• DOE method presently is the standard British method of concrete mix design.
Data to be collected
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EXPERIMENT-1
Design a concrete mix using ACI Method for construction of an elevated water tank. The specified
design strength of concrete is 30 MPa at 28 days measured on standard cylinders. The specific gravity
of FA and C.A. are 2.65 and 2.7 respectively. The dry rodded bulk density of C.A. is 1600 kg/m3, and
fineness modulus of FA is 2.80. Ordinary Portland cement (Type I) will be used. C.A. is found to be
absorptive to the extent of 1% and free surface moisture in sand is found to be 2 per cent.
fm = fmin. + ks
fm = 30 + 1.65 x 4.2
fm = 36.93 MPa
Water cement ratio from the strength point of view can be found from table 4. Water cement ratio
from the durability point of view can be found from table 5. The minimum of the two is adopted.
Since OPC is used, from table 4, the estimated w/c ratio is 0.47
Decide maximum size of aggregate to be used. Generally, for RCC work 20 mm and prestressed
concrete 10 mm size are used.
Decide workability in terms of slump for the type of job in hand from table 6.
Slump of concrete 50 mm
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From Table 7, for a slump of 50 mm, 20 mm maximum size of aggregate, for non-air entrained
concrete, the mixing water content is 185 kg/m3 of concrete. Also the approximate entrapped air
content is 2 per cent.
From table 3 the bulk volume of dry rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete is selected,
for the particular maximum size of coarse aggregate and fineness modulus of fine aggregate.
The weight of C.A. per cubic meter of concrete is calculated by multiplying the bulk volume with
bulk density.
From Table 3, for 20 mm coarse aggregate, for fineness modulus of 2.80, the dry rodded bulk volume
of C.A. is 0.62 per unit volume of concrete.
From Table 8, the first estimate of density of fresh concrete for 20 mm maximum size of aggregate
and for non-air entrained concrete = 2355 kg/m3
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From Table 8, the first estimate of density of fresh concrete for 20 mm maximum size of aggregate
and for non-air entrained concrete = 2355 kg/m3
Alternatively, the weight of F.A. can also be found out by absolute volume method which is more
accurate, as follows.
= 303.0 x 103
Step 7: Proportions
The proportions are required to be adjusted for the field conditions. Fine Aggregate has surface
moisture of 2 %
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2
Weight of F. A. = 803.0 + 𝑥 803 = 819.06 kg/m3
100
1
Weight of F. A. = 992.0 − 𝑥 922 = 982.0 kg/m3
100
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EXPERIMENT – 2
Design a concrete mix using BS Method for reinforced concrete work which will be exposed to
moderate condition the concrete is to be design for mean compressive strength of 30 MPa at age of
28 days. A requirement of 25mm cover prescribed. Maximum size of aggregate is 20mm. sieve
analysis shows that 50% pass through 600 μ sieve. The bulk specific gravity of aggregate is found to
be 2.65
• Grade Designation = M 30
Find the target mean strength from the specified characteristic strength
Target mean strength. fm = fmin. + ks
fm = 30 + 1.65 x 5
fm = 38.25 MPa
Calculate the water /cement ratio. This is done in a rather round about method, using Table 9 and
Fig. 1
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Referring to Table 9, for OPC, uncrushed aggregate, for W/C ratio of 0.5, 28 days’ compressive
strength is 49 MPa. In Fig. 1 find an intersection point for 42 MPa and 0.5 W/C ratio. Draw a dotted
line curve parallel to the neighbouring curve. From this curve read off the W/C ratio for a target mean
strength of 39 MPa.
Check this W/C ratio from durability consideration from Table 12. The maximum W/C ratio
permitted is 0.50. Adopt lower of the two.
Next decide the water content for slump of 75 mm (assumed) 20 mm uncrushed aggregate from Table
10.
Water demand for crushed coarse 20mm max size aggregate = 225 lit
2 1
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 𝑊𝑓 + × 𝑊𝑐𝑎
3 3
2 1
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 195 + × 225
3 3
= 205.0 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
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Which is more than 350 kg (As per Table No. 9.2 of BS 8110: Part I: 1985) Hence o.k.
This requires an estimate of the wet density of the fully compacted concrete. This can be found out
from Fig. 2 for approximate water content and specific gravity of aggregate.
Next, find out the density of fresh concrete from Fig. 2 for water content of 205 kg/m3, 20 mm
uncrushed aggregate of sp.gr. 2.65
Weight o𝑓 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = Total 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 − (𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
= 1760 kg /m3
Then, proportion of fine aggregate is determined in the total aggregate using Fig. 3, 4 and 5. Fig. 3 is
for 10 mm size, Fig. 4 is for 20 mm size and Fig. 5 is for 40 mm size coarse aggregate. The parameters
involved are maximum size of coarse aggregate, the level of workability, the water/cement ratio, and
the percentage of fines passing 600 μ sieve.
For 20 mm aggregate size, W/C ratio of 0.50, Slump of 75 mm, for 50% fines passing through 600 μ
sieve,
% 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 41 %
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Course aggregate can be further divided into different fractions depending on the shape of aggregate.
As a general guidance the figures given in Table 11 can be used.
Step 9: Proportions
The proportions are required to be adjusted for the field conditions. Fine Aggregate has surface
moisture of 2 %
= 736.03 kg m3
≅ 738.00 kg m3
= 1028.00 kg/m3
≅ 1029.10 kg/ m3
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EXPERIMENT - 3
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Water absorption:
b) Fine aggregate : 1%
Sieve analysis:
where
s = standard deviation.
From Table 5 of IS 456, maximum water-cement ratio= 0.45. Based on experience, adopt
water-cement ratio as 0.40.
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= 197 litre
As superplasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced up 20 percent and above.
Based on trials with superplasticizer water content reduction of 29 percent has been achieved. Hence,
the arrived water content= 197 x 0.71 = 140 lit
From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement content for 'severe' exposure condition = 320 kg/m3 350
kg/m3 > 320 kg/m3, hence, O.K.
From Table 3, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate
(Zone I) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.60.
In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.40. Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate is required to
be increased to decrease the fine aggregate content. As the water-cement ratio is lower by 0.10, the
proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is increased by 0.02 (at the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every± 0.05
change in water-cement ratio). Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the
water-cement ratio of 0.40 = 0.62.
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For pumpable concrete these values should be reduced by 10 percent. Therefore, volume of coarse
aggregate = 0.62 x 0.9 = 0.56.
Mix calculations:
Volume of concrete = 1 m3
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 1
Volume of cement = 𝑥
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 1000
350 1
= 𝑥
3.15 1000
= 0.111m3
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1
Volume of water = 𝑥
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1000
140 1
= 𝑥
1 1000
=0.140m3
7 1
= 𝑥
1.145 1000
= 0.006m3
= 1-(0.111 +0.140+0.006)
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ME Structural Engineering Dept. of Civil Engg. DCET
= 0.743m3
aggregate x 1000
= 1140 kg
Mass of fine aggregate = e x volume of fine aggregate x Specific gravity of fine aggregate x1000
= 896 kg
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