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The fifth century B.C.E. text called the Shangshu (Classic of History) tells how Fuxi, one of China’s
legendary figures who is credited with inventing the bagua (the eight fundamental trigrams), among
other things, Received a gift from heaven. But, it was no ordinary gift, for it described an ideal world
where all is in perfect harmony. According to legend, the gift appeared as a pattern of black and white
dots on the flank of a mystical dragon‐horse emerging from the Yellow River.
Hence, the diagram is also known as the Hetu (also spelled Ho‐t’u) or River Map. In the following
diagram of the Hetu, the markings illustrate structure and balance, with the white dots representing
yang, the black dots, yin. This scheme becomes clearer when numbers are applied to the dot patterns.
For example, the 7 white dots found at the top of the diagram correspond to the number 7 in the
numeric structure of the Hetu. The 2 black dots beneath the 7 white dots correspond to the numeric
value of 2, and so forth. Disregarding the central 5 white dots and surrounding 10 black ones, you can
see how the odd (yang) numbers are perfectly balanced by an opposing even (yin) number: 1 (yang)
is opposite 2 (yin); 3 (yang) is opposite 4 (yin); 6 (yin) is opposite 7 (yang), and 8 (yin) is opposite 9
(yang).
Upon closer examination (again, disregarding the central 5), notice how all of the odd (yang) numbers
and even (yin) numbers add up to 20: 1 + 3 + 7 + 9 = 20; 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 20.
Does this diagram of an ideal, perfect, and sedentary world remind you of anything? Perhaps the
Before Heaven sequence of trigrams that we discussed in Chapter 7, “The Principle of the Eight
Trigrams”? Although the Hetu diagram was correlated with the trigram sequence in the Song dynasty
(960–1279 C.E.), there is much debate about whether this correlation is meaningful. In fact, some
contemporary scholars believe there is no connection
between the Hetu number sequence and the Before Heaven trigram sequence.
So, you might ask, what’s so special about the Hetu diagram? Its link with the turtle’s offering, the
Luoshu diagram.
The Luoshu Writing
A second gift was bestowed on Yu the Great, founder of China’s first dynasty Xia (c. 2100–1600 B.C.E.)
This one was another pattern of black (yin) and white (yang) dots inscribed on a turtle’s shell, an
arrangement that came to be known as the Luo River Writing. Simply called the Luoshu (also spelled
Lo‐shu), this diagram was correlated to the After Heaven sequence of trigrams (again see Chapter 7
for a reminder) conceivably as early as the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.), some 2,000 years after
its purported discovery by Yu. As a reminder, the After Heaven sequence of trigrams denotes motion,
transformation, and interaction of natural and human qi forces. The Luoshu/After Heaven sequence
is the antithesis of the motionless Hetu and Before Heaven sequence of trigrams.
We all know these diagrams couldn’t have really appeared on the backs of two animals. So what’s the
real story? The fact is, the origins of the Hetu and Luoshu sequence of numbers are unknown. Although
their antiquity is unquestioned, contemporary scholars can’t prove the Luoshu existed before the time
of Confucius (551–479 B.C.E.). This is because the Luoshu is first mentioned in the Confucian Analects
(sayings of Confucius compiled by his students). The origin of the Hetu diagram, on the other hand, is
a bit more mysterious. It isn’t mentioned until the early Han dynasty, some 400 years after Confucius.
And, the configuration of numbers it represents can’t be dated until the Song dynasty (960–1279 C.E.),
some 1,000 years later. So, until new discoveries are made, or scholars put forth new evidence, we
will never know the diagrams’ true inventor(s) or date of origin. Despite the mysterious origins of the
Hetu and Luoshu diagrams, we can surmise they were a product of astute observations by the
ancients—that they recognized and recorded patterns made manifest in the celestial heavens,
patterns that revealed the secrets of the universe. The legend of the miraculous appearance of the
Hetu and Luoshu points to their power. The fact that the ancient Chinese had forgotten what they
meant by the time scholars began to analyze the diagrams increases their mysterious nature.
Nevertheless, because they are considered magical and because their meanings were elusive, they
were thought to be divine in origin.
Just as the black (yin) and white (yang) dots of the Hetu correspond to a numeric value, so, too, do the
Luoshu’s dots. Referring back to the illustration of the Luo River Writing, look at the top configuration
of dots: A pattern of 4 black dots and 2 black dots is separated by a pattern of 9 white dots.
Numerically, the dot values equal 4, 9, and 2, respectively— a factor that is illustrated in the following
diagram of the Magic Square of Three. Before you continue, take a minute to consider how all the
other dot patterns correspond to the numbers in the following illustration.
The Luoshu is also known as the Magic Square of Three. This is because 3 cells add up to 15 along
any diagonal, vertical, or horizontal line:
Diagonally 4 + 5 + 6 = 15
2 + 5 + 8 = 15
Vertically 4 + 3 + 8 = 15
9 + 5 + 1 = 15
2 + 7 + 6 = 15
Horizontally 4 + 9 + 2 = 15
3 + 5 + 7 = 15
8 + 1 + 6 = 15
The magic doesn’t stop here. Like the After Heaven trigram sequence, the Luoshu diagram moves,
symbolizing a world in flux, in constant transformation. Although the diagram is square, it is also
inherently cyclic. How so, you ask? First, connect the 2 pairs of odd (yang) numbers: 1 and 9, and 3
and 7. Next, draw a line through the 2 northern cells 6 and 1. In the same fashion, draw lines through
the 2 eastern cells 8 and 3, the 2 southern cells 4 and 9, and the 2 western cells 2 and 7. The end result
should look similar to the following illustration, a counterclockwise swastika—each arm connecting
the 9 cells of the Magic Square.
Notice how the odd (yang) numbers forming the cross and the 4 extending arms of even (yin) numbers
add up to 10: 9 + 1 = 10, 3 + 7 = 10, 4 + 6 = 10, and 2 + 8 = 10. The sums differ by a factor of 5, the
number of the central cell. Impressed? There’s more. Upon closer examination, you’ll notice that
central number 5 is the factor that links the extending pairs:
1 (North) and 6 (Northwest), or 1 + 5 = 6
3 (East) and 8 (Northeast), or 3 + 5 = 8
4 (Southeast) and 9 (South), or 4 + 5 = 9
2 (Southwest) and 7 (West), or 2 + 5 = 7
The cyclic nature of the Magic Square of Three.
Finally, you’ll notice these directional pairs are none other than the arms forming the Hetu cross! This
connection suggests the Hetu is probably a by‐product of the Luoshu diagram. You might be
wondering why the swastika revolves counterclockwise. This is because the clockwise movement
expresses passing time, while the counterclockwise movement expresses future time. Richard
Wilhelm in his preface to the I Ching or Book of Changes (Princeton University Press, 1950) explains it
this way: “The usual clockwise movement, cumulative and expanding as time goes on, determines the
events that are passing; an opposite, backward movement, folding up and contracting as time goes,
through which the seeds of the future take form. To know this movement is to know the future. In
figurative terms, if we understand how a tree is contracted into a seed, we understand the future
unfolding of the seed into a tree.”
(ref: Complete idiots guide to feng shui, Elizabeth Moran Et al….)