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Atoms and Molecules - Class IX

Subtitle
All matter is made up of small particles called
atoms and molecules.
The properties of matter depend on the properties of
atoms and molecules from which it is made.
§ Laws of chemical combination – Antoine L. Lavoisier
laid the foundation of chemical sciences by establishing
two important laws of chemical combination. These laws
were established after much experimentation by
Lavoisier and Joseph L. Proust.
(i.) Law of conservation of mass – It states that mass
can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.
- It means that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of
products is equal to the total mass of reactants. There is
no change in mass during a chemical reaction.
- When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to
form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. It has been
found by experiments that if 100 g of CaCO3 is
decomposed completely then 56 g of CaO and 44 g of
CO2 are formed.
CaCO3 ® CaO + CO2
Since the total mass of products (56 + 44 = 100 g) is
equal to the total mass of reactants (100 g), there is no
change of mass during the reaction.
- Law of conservation of mass holds true only if the
reaction is carried out in a closed container. Then no
matter can leave or enter the container.
(ii.) Law of constant proportions – The law was stated
by Proust as “ In a chemical substance the elements are
always present in definite proportions by mass.
- It is also known as law of definite proportions.
- It means that whatever be the source from which it is
obtained or the method by which it is prepared, a pure
chemical compound is always made up of the same
elements in the same proportion by mass.
- In water, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to the mass
of oxygen is always 1:8, whatever the source of water.
Thus, if 9 g of water is decomposed, 1 g of hydrogen and
8 g of oxygen are always obtained.
- In ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen are always present
in the ratio 14:3 by mass, whatever the method or
source from which it is obtained.
§ Dalton’s atomic theory – John Dalton proposed the
basic theory about the nature of matter.
- The postulates of his theory are as follows:
(i.) All matter, whether an element, a compound, or a
mixture is composed of very tiny particles called atoms.
(ii.) Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be
created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
(iii.) Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and
chemical properties.
(iv.) Atoms of different elements have different masses
and chemical properties.
(v.) Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers
to form compounds.
(vi.) The relative number and kinds of atoms are
constant in a given compound.
- Dalton’s atomic theory was based on the laws of
chemical combination.
- The postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory that “atoms
can neither be created nor destroyed” was the result of
law of conservation of mass.
- The postulate that “ the elements consist of atoms
having fixed mass”, and that “the number and kind of
atoms in a given compound is fixed” came from the law
of constant proportions.
- His theory also provided an explanation for the laws of
chemical combination.
- According to his theory atoms can neither be created
nor destroyed. Since this is true, therefore, the number
of various types of atoms in the products of a chemical
reaction is the same as the number of all those atoms in
the reactants. The same number of various atoms in
products and reactants will have same mass. So, the
total mass of products is equal to the total mass of
reactants. And this is law of conservation of mass.
- According to his theory, the number and kinds of atoms
are constant in a given compound. Since, this is true,
therefore, a compound will always have the same
elements combined together in the same proportion by
mass. And this is law of constant proportions.
- Drawbacks of Dalton’s atomic theory – It is now
known that some statements of his theory are not
correct. These are:
(i.) Atoms were indivisible according to Dalton. We now
know that under special circumstances, atoms can be
further divided into still smaller particles called
electrons, protons and neutrons.
(ii.) Dalton’s atomic theory says that all the atoms of an
element have exactly the same mass. It is, however,
now known that atoms of the same element can have
slightly different masses as in isotopes.
(iii.) His theory says that atoms of different elements
have different masses. It is, however, now known that
even atoms of different elements can have the same
mass as in isobars.
§ Atom – An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that can take part in a chemical reaction.
- Atoms are the building blocks of all the matter around
us.
- Atoms are so small in size, that they cannot be seen
even under the most powerful light microscope.
- The size of an atom is indicated by its radius, which is
called atomic radius.
- Atomic radius is measured in nanometers (nm). 1 nm =
10-9 m
§ Symbols of elements – Dalton was the first scientist
to use the symbols to represent elements in a short way.
- His symbol for an element represented the element as
well as one atom of that element.
- J. J. Berzelius suggested that the symbols of elements
be made from one or two letters of the name of the
element.
- Now-a-days, IUPAC i.e. International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry approves names of elements.
- The symbol of an element is the ‘first letter’ or the ‘first
letter and another letter’ of the English name or Latin
name of the element.
- Importance of symbol of an element:
(i.) It represents name of the element.
(ii.) It represents one atom of the element.
(iii.) It represents one mole or 6.022 x 1023 atoms of the
elements.
(iv.) It represents a definite mass (atomic mass in
grams) of the element.
- Examples are chlorine – Cl, Zinc – Zn, Gold – Au,
Sodium – Na, Potassium – K, Oxygen – O, Nitrogen – N,
etc.
- The first letter of a symbol is always written as a capital
letter and the second letter as a small letter.
§ Atomic mass – According to Dalton’s atomic theory,
each element has a characteristic atomic mass.
- While searching for various atomic mass units,
scientists initially took 1/16 of the mass of an atom of
naturally occurring oxygen as the unit. This was
considered because:
(i.) Oxygen reacted with a large number of elements and
formed compounds.
(ii.) This atomic mass unit gave masses of most of the
elements as whole numbers.
- However, in 1961, for a universally accepted atomic
mass unit, carbon – 12 isotope was chosen as the
standard reference for measuring atomic masses.
- One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to exactly
one-twelfth (1/12th) the mass of one atom of carbon – 12.
- Atomic mass unit is written in short as u which means
unified mass.
- Since determining the mass of an individual atom is a
relatively difficult task, relative atomic masses of all the
elements have been found with respect to an atom of
carbon – 12.
- The relative atomic mass of the atom of an element
is defined as the average mass of the atom, as
compared to 1/12th the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
§ Existence of atoms – The atoms of only a few
elements called noble gases are chemically unreactive
and exist in the free state as single atoms.
- Atoms of most elements are chemically very reactive
and do not exist independently.
- Atoms form molecules and ions, which aggregate in
large numbers to form different types of matter.
§ Molecule – A molecule is the smallest particle of an
element or a compound that is capable of an
independent existence and show all the properties of
that substance.
- In general, a molecule is a group of two or more atoms
that are chemically bonded together.
- Atoms of the same element or of different elements
can join together to form molecules. Accordingly there
are two types of molecules:
(i.) Molecules of elements – The molecule of an
element contains two or more similar atoms chemically
combined together.
- For example, hydrogen gas consists of H2 molecules,
nitrogen gas consists of N2 molecules, sulphur consists of
S8 molecules, ozone consists of O3 molecules,
phosphorus consists of P4 molecules, etc.
- The number of atoms constituting a molecule is known
as its atomicity. Thus the atomicity of hydrogen is 2,
sulphur is 8, ozone is 3, phosphorus is 4, etc.
- Molecules of metals and some other elements such as
carbon, do not have a simple structure but consist of a
very large and indefinite number of atoms bonded
together.
(ii.) Molecules of compounds – The molecule of a
compound contains two or more different types of atoms
chemically combined together in a definite proportion.
- For example, hydrogen chloride molecule contains
hydrogen and chlorine atoms, water molecule consists of
hydrogen and oxygen atoms, etc.
§ Ions – An ion is an electrically charged particle.
- It is formed by the loss or gain of one or more valence
electrons by an atom, so it contains an unequal number
of electrons and protons.
- There are two types of ions – cations and anions.
(i.) Cations are positively charged ions.
- They are formed by the loss of one or more electrons
by an atom.
- e.g. Sodium atom loses one electron to form a sodium
ion, Na+, which is a cation.
Na – 1e- ® Na+
Sodium atom Electron Sodium ion
- Since a cation is formed by the removal of electrons
from an atom, therefore a cation contains less electrons
than a normal atom.
- The atomic number of the atom does not change upon
the formation of a cation. This is because the number of
protons in a cation is the same as that in the parent
atom.
- A cation is smaller in size than its parent atom.
- A cation is stable as compared to its parent atom.
- The number of electrons in a cation is less than the
number of protons.
- A cation is unreactive as it usually contains 8 electrons
in its outermost shell.
- The ions of all the metal elements are cations, e.g. Na+,
K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Al+3, etc. H+ and NH4+ are the only cations
formed from non-metals.
(ii.) Anions are negatively charged ions.
- They are formed by the gain of one or more electrons
by an atom.
- e.g. Chlorine atom gains one electron to form chloride
ion, Cl-, which is an anion.
Cl + 1e- ® Cl-
Chlorine atom Electron Chloride ion
- Since an anion is formed by the gain of electrons by an
atom, therefore, an anion contains more electrons than
a normal atom.
- The atomic number of the atom does not change upon
the formation of an anion. This is because the number of
protons in an anion is the same as that in the parent
atom.
- An anion is bigger in size than its parent atom.
- An anion is stable as compared to its parent atom.
- The number of electrons in an anion is more than the
number of protons.
- An anion is unreactive as it usually contains 8 electrons
in its outermost shell.
- The ions of all non-metals are anions (except H+ and
NH4+), e.g. Cl-, O-2, S-2, N-3, etc.
§ Simple ions and compound ions – Those ions which
are formed from single atoms are called simple ions,
e.g. sodium ion – Na+, magnesium ion – Mg+2, oxide ion –
O-2, etc.
- Simple ions are also called monoatomic ions.
- Those ions which are formed from group of atoms
joined together are called compound ions, e.g.
ammonium ion – NH4+, hydroxide ion – OH-, carbonate
ion – CO3-2, etc.
- Compound ions are also called polyatomic ions.
§ Ionic compounds – The compounds which are made
up of ions are called ionic compounds.
- In an ionic compound, the cations and anions are held
together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
- e.g. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound which is
made up of Na+ and Cl- ions.
§ Chemical formula – The chemical formula of a
compound represents the composition of a molecule of
the compound in terms of the symbols of the elements
present in it.
- The formula of a compound tells us the kind of atoms
as well as the number of atoms of various elements
present in one molecule of the compound.
- In case of molecular compounds, the chemical formula
represents the composition of molecule which makes up
the compound.
- In case of ionic compounds, the chemical formula
represents the simplest ratio of ions present in the
compound.
- A compound made up of only two elements is called a
binary compound, e.g., MgO, CaCl2, etc.
§ Writing chemical formulae – The combining
capacity of an element is known as its valency.
- Valency can be used to find out how the atom of an
element will combine with atom(s) of another element to
form a chemical compound.
- While writing a chemical formula the symbols of the
element which form the compound are written. Below
the symbol of each element, its valency is written.
Finally the valencies of the atoms are crossed over.
- e.g.

H S
+1 -2
H2S1 or H2S
- It is important that the valencies or charges on the ion
must balance.
- In compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the ion is
enclosed in a bracket before writing the number to
indicate the ratio.
e.g.

NH4 SO4
+1 -2
(NH4)2SO4
- When a compound consists of a metal and non-metal,
the name or symbol of the metal is written first, whereas
the non-metal is written later. Also, the metal is named
as such but the name of non-metal element is changed
to have the ending ‘ide’, like oxide, chloride, sulphide,
etc.
- In the formula, the charges on the ions are not
indicated.
§ Molecular mass – The relative molecular mass of a
substance is the average mass of its molecule as
compared with the mass of a carbon-12 atom taken as
12 units.
- The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the
atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the
substance.
§ Formula unit mass – An ionic compound is made up
of an extremely large number of cations and anions. e.g.
Sodium chloride is made up of a large (but equal)
number of Na+ and Cl- ions so the actual formula of
sodium chloride should be (Na+Cl-)n but for simplicity we
represent it by NaCl. So NaCl is the simplest formula of
sodium chloride and not its actual formula.
- The simplest combination of ions that produces an
electrically neutral unit, is called a formula unit of an
ionic compound.
- It is the smallest unit of that compound and can be
considered equivalent to a molecule of a compound.
- The formula unit mass of a substance is the sum of
the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a
compound.
- e.g. formula unit mass of NaCl is 23 x 1 + 35.5 x 1 = 23
+ 35.5 = 58.5u.
§ Mole concept – The word mole was introduced by
Wilhelm Ostwald. In Latin, mole means heap or
collection or pile.
- A mole is defined as the amount of a substance that
contains as many particles (atoms, molecules or ions) of
the substance as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of
carbon-12.
- The number of particles present in a mole of any
substance is fixed, with a value of 6.022 x 1023. This
number is called Avogadro number or Avogadro
constant, named in honour of the Italian scientist
Amedeo Avogadro. It is represented by N0.
- In other words, a mole of a substance is that amount of
the substance that contains 6.022 x 1023 particles of the
substance.
- Mole is the SI unit of amount of substance.
- The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is
called gram atomic mass of the element.
- The molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams
is called gram molecular mass of the substance.
- Gram atomic mass or gram molecular mass also
represents molar mass of the substance.
- The mass of 1 mole of a substance is called molar
mass of the substance.
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles = Gram atomic
mass (or gram molecular mass)
§ Some important formulae –
(i.) n = m
M
(ii.) n = N
N0
(iii.) m = M x n
(iv.) m = M x N
N0
(v.) N = n x N0
(vi.) N = m x N0
M
n = number of moles
m = given mass
M = molar mass
N = given number of particles
N0 = Avogadro number
 Questions
Question 1
Question: In water, hydrogen and oxygen are present in the ratio of ________.
1. 1:8
2. 2:12
3. 2:3
4. 1:2
Answer: 1

Question 2
Question: An example of a triatomic molecule is ___________.
1. Ozone
2. Nitrogen
3. Carbon monoxide
4. Hydrogen
Answer: 1

Question 3
Question: The quantity of matter present in an object is called its _________.
1. Mass
2. Volume
3. Density
4. Vapour pressure
Answer: 1

Question 4
Question: Indivisibility of an atom was proposed by ___________.
1. Dalton
2. Rutherford
3. Thomson
4. Bohr
Answer: 1

Question 5
Question: The value of Avogadro constant is ___________.
1. 6.022 x 1024
2. 6.022 x 1022
3. 60.22 x 1023
4. 6.022 x 1023
Answer: 4

Question 6
Question: All samples of carbon dioxide contain carbon and oxygen in the mass ratio of
3:8. This is in agreement with the Law of ___________.
1. Conservation of Mass
2. Constant Proportion
3. Multiple Proportion
4. Reciprocal Proportion
Answer: 2

Question 7
Question: The atomic mass of sodium is 23. The number of moles in 46g of sodium is
________.
1. 2
2. 1
3. 4
4. 0
Answer: 1

Question 8
Question: The molecular formula of potassium nitrate is ________.
1. KNO

2. KNO3

3. KNO2

4. KON
Answer: 2

Question 9
Question: Kalium is the Latin name of ________.
1. Potassium
2. Krypton
3. Calcium
4. Phosphorus
Answer: 1

Question 10
Question: The smallest particle of a substance that is capable of independent existence is
_________.
1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Electron
4. Proton
Answer: 2

Question 11
Question:
1. Atomic number
2. Atomic mass
3. Atomic mass scale
4. Number of electrons
Answer: 2

Question 12
Question:
1. 1.25
2. 15
3. 14
4. 12
Answer: 2

Question 13
Question: The molecular mass of ammonia is _________.
1. 17 grams
2. 31 grams
3. 20 grams
4. 25 grams
Answer: 1

Question 14
Question: Atomic mass of calcium is 40. The mass of 2.5 gram atoms of calcium is
_______.
1. 40 g
2. 2.5 g
3. 100 g
4. 80 g
Answer: 3
Question 15
Question: The number of atoms in a molecule of the elementary substance is called
________.
1. Atomic number
2. Avogadro number
3. Atomic mass
4. Atomicity
Answer: 4

Question 16
Question: Avogadro number represents the number of atoms in ________.
1. 12 grams of 12C
2. 320 grams of sulphur
3. 32 grams of oxygen
4. 1 gram of 12C
Answer: 1

Question 17
Question: The number of moles in 5 grams of calcium is _________.
1. 0.125 mole
2. 5 mole
3. 1.25 mole
4. 12.5 moles
Answer: 1

Question 18
Question: 2 molecules of nitrogen are represented by ________.
1. N

2. 2N2
3. N2

4. 2N
Answer: 2

Question 19
Question: One mole of H2O corresponds to

1. 22.4 litre at 1 atm and 250C

2. 6.02 x 1023 atoms of hydrogen and 6.02 x 1023 atoms of oxygen
3. 18 g
4. 1 g
Answer: 3

Question 20
Question: The number of molecules in 4.25 g of ammonia is approximately
1. 1.0 x 1023
2. 1.5 x 1023
3. 2.0 x 1023
4. 3.5 x 1023
Answer: 2

Question 21
Question: A sample contains 22 g of carbon dioxide. This is equal to
1. One molar volume of carbon dioxide
2. One mole of carbon dioxide
3. Half mole of carbon dioxide
4. Two moles of carbon dioxide
Answer: 3
Question 22
Question: Calculate the molar mass of HNO3. [N = 14, O = 16, H = 1]

Answer: Molar mass of HNO3.

H = 1 x 1 = 01

N = 14 x 1 = 14

O = 16 x 3 = 48

Total mass = 63 grams

Molar mass of HNO3= 63 grams

Question 23
Question: Calculate the formula mass of CaCl2. [Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5]

Answer: 1(Ca) + 2(Cl) 40 + 2x(35.5) = 111 amu

The formula mass of CaCl2 is 111 amu.

Question 24
Question: A certain non-metal X forms two oxides I and II. The mass percentage of
oxygen in oxide I (X4O6) is 43.7, which is same as that of X in oxide II. Find the formula
of the second oxide.
Answer:

Now 43.7 parts of oxygen in I corresponds to = 6 oxygen atoms

Also 56.3 parts of X in I correspond to = 4 X atom

Now the atomic ratio X : O in the second

The formula of the second oxide is X2O5.

Question 25
Question: (i) Calculate the mass of 0.2 moles of water (O=16, H=1).

(ii) What is the volume of 7.1 g of chlorine (Cl=35.5) at S.T.P.

Answer: (i) Gram Molecular Weight of H2O = 2 x 1 + 16 = 18 g

1 mole of water weighs 18 g

(ii) Gram Molecular Weight of Cl2 (one mole)= 35.5 x 2 = 71 g.

71 g of Cl2 at S.T.P occupies 22.4 litres

Question 26
Question: The reaction between aluminium carbide and water takes place according to
the following equation:

Calculate the volume of CH4 released from 14.4 g of Al4C3 by excess water at S.T.P. (C =
12, Al = 27)
Answer: Molecular weight of Al4C3 is (27 x 4) + (12 x 3) = 144

144 g of Al4C3 produces 3 x 22.4 litres of CH4 at S.T.P

Question 27
Question: A compound of sodium, sulphur and oxygen has the following percentage
composition. Na=29.11%, S=40.51%, O=30.38%. Find its empirical formula (O=16,
Na=23, S=32).
Answer:

Empirical formula is NaSO1.5 or to its nearest whole number i.e., the formula is Na2S2O3.

Question 28
Question: Solid ammonium dichromate with relative molecular mass of 252 g
decomposes according to the equation.
(i) What volume of nitrogen at S.T.P will be evolved when 63 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 is
decomposed?

(ii) If 63 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 is heated above 1000C, what will be the loss of mass? (H=1,
N=14, O=16, Cr=52).

Answer: 252 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 gives one mole or 22.4 litres of N2 at S.T.P as per the
given equation.

(ii) At temperatures above 1000C water is in the form of steam.

Products as vapours are N2 and H2O.

The transformation of solids and liquids into gaseous substances results in loss of mass.

Total weight of gaseous products = {(2 x 14) + 4 (2 x 1) + 16}

= 28 + 72 = 100 g

Heating 252 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 causes 100 g loss of mass.

The loss of mass is 25 g

Question 29
Question: How many litres of ammonia are present in 3.4 kg of it? (N = 14, H = 1)
Answer: Gram molecular weight of NH3 = 14 + (1 x 3) = 17 g.

17 g of NH3 = 22.4 litres

= 4480 litres.
Question 30
Question: About 640 mL of carbon monoxide is mixed with 800 mL of oxygen and
ignited in an enclosed vessel. Calculate the total volume of gases after the burning is
completed. All volumes are measured at S.T.P.
Answer: The chemical reaction actually taking place is:

Volume of O2 used = 320 mL.

Volume of O2 left = 800 - 320 = 480 mL.

Volume of CO2 formed = 640 mL.

Therefore the total volume of gases after burning is 480 + 640 = 1120 mL.

Question 31
Question: Calculate the number of moles of ammonium sulphate present in 15.84 kg of
it. (H=1, N=14, O=16, S=32)
Answer: Molecular weight of (NH4)2SO4

= (2 x 14) + (2 x 4) + 32 + (16 x 4)

= 132 a.m.u.

132 g of (NH4)2SO4 = 1 mole

The number of moles of ammonium sulphate present in 15.84 kg is 120 moles.

Question 32
Question: What is a symbol? What information does it convey?
Answer: A short hand representation of an element is called symbol. It represents the
following:

• Name of the element

 • One atom of the element

• One mole of atoms. It represents 6.023 x 1023 atoms of the element.

• A definite mass of the element

Question 33
Question: What is the difference between symbol of an element and formula of an
element?
Answer: Symbol of an element represents the name of the element. It also represents one
atom of the element. Example: H represents hydrogen and C represents carbon A formula
of an element represents the number of atoms in the molecule of the compound. One
molecule of hydrogen element contains two atoms of hydrogen; therefore the formula of
hydrogen is H2. 2H represents two separate atoms of hydrogen, whereas H2 represents 1
molecule of hydrogen similarly the molecular formula of oxygen element and chlorine
element is O2 and Cl2.

Question 34
Question: Define atomic mass of an element.
Answer: The atomic mass of an element is the relative mass of its atom as compared to
the mass of C - 12 atom taken as 12 units.

Question 35
Question: State the laws of chemical combination.
Answer: Laws of chemical combinations are:

i) Law of Conservation of Mass: The law states that during any physical or chemical
change, the total mass of the product remains equal to the total mass of the reactants.

ii) Law of Constant Composition: The law states that a chemical compound always
contains same elements combined together in the same proportion by mass.

iii) Law of Multiple Proportions: The law states that when two elements combine with
each other to form two or more compounds, the masses of one of the elements, which
combine with fixed mass of the other, bear a simple whole number ratio to one another.
Question 36
Question: In an experiment it was found that litharge, red oxide of lead and lead
peroxide contained 92.83%, 90.6% and 86.6% of lead respectively. Show that these
figures are in agreement with the Law of Multiple Proportions.
Answer: In litharge, the amount of lead = 92.83%

The amount of oxygen = 100 - 92.83 = 7.17% 7.17g of O2 combines with 92.83g of lead

In red oxide of lead, the amount of Pb = 90.6%

The amount of oxygen = 100 - 90.6 = 9.4 %

9.4 g of oxygen combines with 90.6g of lead

In lead peroxide, the amount of lead = 86.6%

The amount of oxygen = 100 - 86.6 = 13.4%

13.4g of oxygen combines with 86.6g of lead

Thus, the different weights of lead combining with fixed weight (1g) of oxygen are in the
ratio 12.947: 9.638: 6.462 = 2:1.5: 1 or 4: 3: 2

This is in line with the law of multiple proportions.

Question 37
Question: What do you understand by atomicity of an element? Give an example of a
polyatomic molecule.
Answer: The number of atoms that constitute one molecule of an element is called its
atomicity. Sulphur is a polyatomic molecule: S8 - 8 is the atomicity.

Question 38
Question: What do the following stand for? (i) P4 and 4P (ii) O2 and 2O

Answer:
 • P4 - 1 molecule of phosphorus 4P - 4 atoms of phosphorus

• O2 - 1 molecule of oxygen 2O - 2 atoms of oxygen

Question 39
Question: How many gram atoms are present in 69 grams of sodium?
Answer:

The number of gram atoms present in 69 grams of sodium is 3.

Question 40
Question: The mass of a single atom of an element Z is 2.65x10-23g. What is its gram
atomic mass?
Answer: 1 atom of element Z has mass = 2.65 x 10-23g

Hence, 6.023 x 1023 atoms of element Z have mass

= 2.65 x 10-23 x 6.023 x 1023

= 15.69 g

Question 41
Question: What is gram molecular mass?
Answer: The amount of a substance whose mass in grams is numerically equal to its
molecular mass is called gram molecular mass.

Question 42
Question: What is the mass of 0.2 mole of lead nitrate? (N=14, O=16, Pb=207).
Answer: Gram molecular weight of Pb(NO3)2 = 207 + (2 x 14) + 2(16 x 3)

= 207 + 28 + 96

= 331
1 mole of Pb(NO3)2 is 331 g

Therefore 0.2 mole of Pb(NO3)2 is 331 x 0.2 = 66.2 g

Question 43
Question: Find the total percentage of oxygen in magnesium nitrate crystals i.e.,
Mg(NO3)2.6H2O (Atomic weight: H=1, N=14, O=16, Mg=24).

Answer: Molecular weight of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O

= 24 + 2(14 + 16 x 3) + 6(2 x 1 + 16)

= 24 + 124 + 108 = 256 a.m.u

Atomic mass of oxygen in Mg(NO3)2.6H2O is,

= 2 (16 x 3) + 6 (16) = 96 + 96 = 192

Question 44
Question: A compound has the following percentage composition H=2.04%, S=32.65%,
O=65.31%. Relative molecular mass of the compound = 98. Calculate its molecular
formula (H = 1, S = 32, O = 16).
Answer:

Empirical formula is H2SO4

Empirical formula mass = (2 x 1) + 32 + (16 x 4) = 98.

Relative molecular mass = 98

Question 45
Question: Calculate the amount of nitrogen supplied to soil by 1 quintal (100 kg) of
ammonium nitrate (N=14, H=1, O=16).
Answer: Molecular weight of NH4NO3 = 14 + (4 x 1) + 14 + (16 x 3)

= 80 g
Molecular weight of N in the above formula = 14 x 2 = 28

80 units of NH4NO3 yield 28 units of Nitrogen.

Question 46
Question: Identify diatomic molecules from the following: (i) HCl (ii) P4 (iii) He (iv) O3
(v) H2S (vi) CO

Answer: HCl, CO are diatomic.