DUHOK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEM
RT030
[DOCUMENT SUBTITLE]

[DOCUMENT SUBTITLE]
SIYAR M. SALEEM
PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
Group B
Report No. 5
November 27, 2018
INTRODUCTION:
This compact experimental unit offers every opportunity to learn the
fundamentals of control engineering through experimentation on a pressure
control system. The experimental setup is mounted in a housing which
accommodates all the electronics.

The experimental setup is mounted on a housing which accommodates all the

electronics. The pressure tank is charged with compressed air by a diaphragm gas
pump. The advantage of the dial-gauge manometer is that the pressure in the
tank can be observed directly at any time. The pressure is measured using a
pressure sensor. The sensor output signal is sent to the software controller. The
output signal from the controller influences the speed of the diaphragm gas
pump and hence the flow rate. An air consumer is simulated by way of a flow
control valve. A solenoid valve through which air can escape can be activated by
the software to investigate the influence of disturbance variables.

Static characteristics of pressure control system RT030 1

Characteristics of measurement systems
• The system characteristics are to be known, to choose an instrument that most
suited to a particular measurement application.
• The performance characteristics may be broadly divided into two groups,
namely ‘static’ and 'dynamic' characteristics.

• Dynamic characteristics
the relationship between the system input and output when the measured
quantity (measurand) is varying rapidly.
• Static characteristics
the performance criteria for the measurement of quantities that remain constant,
or vary only quite slowly.

The static characteristics of instruments are attributes that changes slowly with
time. Static characteristics can be divided in to desirable and undesirable.

Desirable characteristics - what we want to achieve - are

 Accuracy
 Sensitivity
 Repeatability
 Reproducibility

Undesirable characteristics - what we want to avoid - are

 Drift
 Dead zone

o Threshold
o Hysteresis
o Creep
o Resolution

 Static error

Static characteristics of pressure control system RT030 2

Desirable Characteristics
Accuracy
Accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to the true value

The accuracy of an instrument can be related to

 maximum measured value possible for the instrument

 maximum range for the instrument
 actual output from the instrument
Two terms commonly used in connection with accuracy are precision, trueness
and calibration.

Precision: Precision is the closeness of agreement among a set of results

Trueness: Trueness is the closeness of the mean of a set of measurement results to the actual
(true) value

Calibration

The precision of the laser meter used in the example above is good and the
accuracy of the meter can be improved with calibration as
calibration = 6.01 m - 6 m

= 0.01 m

Sensitivity
Sensitivity is the increment of the output signal (or response) to the increment of
the input measured signal - and can be expressed as

Repeatability
Repeatability is the variation in measurements taken on the same item under the
same conditions.

Reproducibility
Reproducibility is the ability of a measurement to be duplicated, either by the
same person or by someone else under changed conditions.

Static characteristics of pressure control system RT030 3

Undesirable Characteristics
Drift
Drift is the change in instrument output over time - when the true value is
constant.

Dead zone
Dead zone errors are created by

Threshold: Threshold is when a minimum input is required to generate change in output.

Hystersis: Hysteris is when unloading applied input don't creates the same output.

Creep: Creep is caused by the time an instrument needs to adapt to change in applied input.

Resolution: Depending on the instrument - but minimum change in input may require for change
in output

Static characteristics of pressure control system RT030 4

TABLE
We got our reading from device itself to compare reading between the turbine
flow meter and float flow meter (Rotameter).

No. Y% Z% X Bar Manometer

1 20 0 0.03 0.15
2 22 0 0.03 0.15
3 24 0 0.03 0.15
4 26 0 0.03 0.15
5 28 0 0.12 0.26
6 30 0 0.15 0.31
7 32 0 0.19 0.34
8 34 0 0.25 0.4
9 36 0 0.3 0.44
10 38 0 0.35 0.46
11 40 0 0.43 0.58
12 42 0 0.51 0.61
13 44 0 0.58 0.71
14 46 0 0.7 0.85
15 48 0 0.83 0.97
16 50 0 1.04 1.2
17 52 0 1.18 1.3
18 54 0 1.24 1.39

Static characteristics of pressure control system RT030 5

CALCULATIONS

Accuracy expressed by:

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 % = × 100
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 % = × 100
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
|1.04 − 1.2|
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 % = × 100
1.2
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 13%
|0.3 − 0.44|
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 % = × 100
0.44
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 31%

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 % = × 100
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
|0.03 − 0.15|
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 % = × 100
1.39
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 8.6%

Range = 0.03 to 1.24 for Manometer

= 0.15 to 1.39 for Piezo-electric sensor

Span = 1.24 – 0.03 = 1.21 for Manometer

= 1.39 – 0.15 = 1.24 for Piezo-electric sensor

Resolution = 1.24 for Manometer

= 1.39 for Piezo-electric sensor

Dead zone, from zero to 0.15 is the largest value measured

Static characteristics of pressure control system RT030 6

PLOT
To determine the slope, we have to draw a plot between output (X, Piezo-electric
sensor) and Input (Y%).

1.4

1.2
Piezo-electric sensor

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Y% Input

Slope expressed by
∆𝑦
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
∆𝑥
∆y=change in y
∆x=change in x
Slope = 0.0362

Static characteristics of pressure control system RT030 7

To determine the slope, we have to draw a plot between output (Manometer)
and Input (Y%).

1.6

1.4

1.2
Manometer

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Y% Input

Slope expressed by
∆𝑦
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
∆𝑥
∆y=change in y
∆x=change in x
Slope = 0.0366

Static characteristics of pressure control system RT030 8

DISCUSSION
In our experiment we did take readings of pressure by two methods which are
Manometer and Piezo-electric sensor, to do the comparation between of them, in
my opinion the piezo-electric sensor gives more accurate reading than manometer
because manometer has more error than piezo-electric sensor such as taking
reading by human eyes cause error but in piezo-electric sensor all was digitally
transferred to our system.

Static characteristics of pressure control system RT030 9