Clapeyron + Cross

Module
12
Yield Line Analysis for
Slabs
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Lesson
30
Basic Principles, Theory and
One-way Slabs
Instructional Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
• state the limitations of elastic analysis of reinforced concrete slabs,
• explain the meaning of yield lines,
• explain the basic principle of yield line theory,
• state the assumptions of yield line analysis,
• state the rules for predicting yield patterns and locating the axes of rotation
of slabs with different plan forms and boundaries,
• state the upper and lower bound theorems,
• explain the two methods i.e., (i) method of segmental equilibrium and (ii)
method of virtual work,
• explain if the yield line analysis is a lower or upper bound method,
• analyse one-way slab problems to determine the location of yield lines and
determine the collapse load applying the theoretical formulations of (i)
method of segmental equilibrium and (ii) method of virtual work.
12.30.1 Introduction
The limit state of collapse method of design of beams and slabs considers
the actual inelastic behaviour of slabs when subjected to the factored loads.
Accordingly, it is desirable that the structural analysis of beams and slabs has to
be done taking the inelastic behaviour into account. Though the coefficients in
Annex D-1 of IS 456 to determine the bending moments for the design of two-
way slabs are based on inelastic analysis, the code also recommends the use of
linear elastic theory for the structural analysis in cl. 22.1. Moreover, IS 456 further
stipulates the use of coefficients of moments and shears for continuous beams
given in Tables 12 and 13 of cl. 22.5 in lieu of rigorous elastic analysis. These
coefficients of beams are also applicable for the design of one-way slabs, based
on linear elastic theory. Thus, there are inconsistencies between the methods of
analysis and design.

The above discussion clearly indicates the need of adopting the inelastic
analysis or collapse limit state analysis for all structures. However, there are
sufficient justifications for adopting the inelastic analysis for slabs as evident from
the following limitations of the elastic analysis of slabs:
(i) Slab panels are square or rectangular.
(ii) One-way slab panels must be supported along two opposite sides
only; the other two edges remain unsupported.
(iii) Two-way slab panels must be supported along two pairs of

opposite sides, supports remaining unyielding.
(iv) Applied loads must be uniformly distributed.
(v) Slab panels must not have large opening.

Therefore, for slabs of triangular, circular and other plan forms, for loads
other than uniformly distributed, for support conditions other than those specified
above and for slabs with large openings (Figs.12.30.1a to d); the collapse limit
state analysis has been found to be a powerful and versatile method.
Inelastic or limit analysis is similar to the plastic analysis of continuous

steel beams which is based on formation of plastic hinges to form a mechanism
of collapse. However, full plastic analysis of reinforced concrete beams and
frames is tedious and time consuming. One important advantage of the
reinforced concrete slabs over the reinforced concrete beams and frames is that
the slabs are mostly under-reinforced. This gives a large rotation capacity of
slabs, which may be taken as the presence of sufficient ductility.
12.30.2 Yield Line Theory

The yield line theory, thus, is an ultimate or factored load method of
analysis based on bending moment on the verge of collapse. At collapse loads,
the slab begins to crack as they are mostly under-reinforced, with the yielding of
reinforcement at points of high bending moment. With the propagation of cracks
the yield lines are developed gradually. Finally, a mechanism is formed when the
slab collapses due to uncontrolled rotation of members. Yield lines, therefore, are
lines of maximum yielding moments of the reinforcement of slab. The essence is
to find out the locations of the appropriate yield lines.
Yield line analysis, though first proposed by Ingerslev in 1923 (vide, “The
strength of rectangular slabs”, by A. Ingerslev, J. of Institution of Structural
Engineering, London, Vol. 1, No.1, 1923, pp. 3-14), Johansen is more known for
his large extension of the analysis (please refer to (i) Brutlinieteorier, Jul.
Gjellerups Forlag, Copenhagen, 1943, by K.W. Johansen, English translation,
Cement and Concrete Association London 1962; and (ii) Pladeformler, 2d ed.,
Polyteknisk Forening, Copenhagen, 1949, by K.W. Johansen, English
translation,” Yield Line formulas for slabs, Cement and Concrete Association,
London, 1972). Its importance is reflected in the recommendation of the use of
this method of analysis of slabs in the Note of cl. 24.4 of IS 456. It is to note that
only under-reinforced bending failure is considered in this theory ignoring the
effects due to shear, bond and deflection. Effect of in-plane forces developed is
also ignored.

12.30.3 Basic Principles

As mentioned earlier, reinforced concrete slabs are mostly under-
reinforced and they fail in flexure. Figures 12.30.2a and b show such a reinforced
concrete simply supported one-way slab subjected to short term loading. The
maximum bending moment is along CC, at a distance of L/2 from the supports,
where the deflection and curvature will be the maximum. The curvature φ is
expressed by (Fig. 12.30.2c):
φ = ∈max/x (12.1)
where ∈max is the compressive strain in concrete in the outermost fibre

and x is the depth of the neutral axis. Figure 12.30.2b shows the plastic curvature
φp distributed over a short length DE adjacent to the failure section and the
ignored elastic curvatures φe elsewhere on the slab.
Figure 12.30.3 shows the schematic moment-curvature diagrams of the

slab of Fig.12.30.2a. It is evident from Fig.12.30.3 that up to the point D, when
the crack first appears anywhere along the line CC of Figs.12.30.2a, the line OD
is elastic. Thereafter, the slope of the line changes gradually with the progress of
cracks. Accordingly, the stiffness of the slab is reduced. The reinforcement starts
yielding at point F, when the ultimate strength is almost reached. The two paths
FH for the mild steel reinforcing bars and FI for the deformed bars show marginal
increase in moment capacities. Two points H and I are the respective failure
points showing larger disproportionate deformations and curvatures when the
maximum moment capacity i.e., the resistance of the cross-section Mp is
reached. It may be noted that at these points (H and I), the plastic curvatures φp

are much larger than the elastic curvature φe. Neglecting these marginal moment
capacities in the regions beyond F, the moment curvature diagram is idealised as
OEG. The extended zone of increasing curvature at nearly constant moment and
considering φp as much larger than φe, it is justified to neglect the elastic
curvature φe totally. This amounts to shifting the point E to E′ in Fig. 12.30.3.
The first crack starting anywhere along CC of the one-way slab of

Fig.12.30.2a, after reaching the maximum moment capacity Mp, proceeds
forming plastic hinges. In the process, the crack line or yield line CC is formed
when the slab collapses forming a mechanism. It is worth mentioning that even at
collapse; the two segments AC and BC remain elastic and plane.

It us thus seen that only one yield line is needed to form a mechanism with
two real hinges for the collapse of the statically determinate one-way slab of
Fig.12.30.2a. In case of statically indeterminate slab, the clamped-clamped slab
of Fig.12.30.4a, however, can sustain the loads without collapse even after the
formation of one or more yield lines. Figures 12.30.4c to f show the bending
moment and deflection diagrams of the slab with increasing loads w1 < w2 < w3 <
w4. It is known that during the elastic range, the negative moment at the clamped
ends (w1l2/12) is twice of the positive moment at mid-span (w1l2/24), as shown in
Fig.12.30.4c. Assuming that the slab has equal reinforcement for positive and
negative moments, the highly stressed clamped ends start yielding first. Though
the support line hinges rotate, the restraining moments continue to act till the
mid-span moment becomes equal to the moment at the supports. Accordingly, a
third hinge is formed (Fig.12.30.4f). Now, the three hinges form the mechanism
and the slab collapses showing large deflection and curvature. The moment
diagram just before the collapse is shown in Fig.12.30.4f.
It is clear from the above discussion that such mechanism is possible with
the bending moment diagram of Fig.12.30.4f, if the slab is having adequate
reinforcement to resist equal moments at the support and mid-span. The elastic
bending moment ratio of 1:2 between the mid-span and support could be
increased to 1:1 by the redistribution of moment, which depends on the
reinforcement provided in the supports and mid-span sections and not on the
elastic bending moment diagram shown in Fig.12.30 4c.
12.30.4 Assumptions
The following are the assumptions of the yield line analysis of reinforced
concrete slabs.
1. The steel reinforcement is fully yielded along the yield lines at collapse.
Rotation following yield is at constant moment.
2. The slab deforms plastically at collapse and is separated into

segments by the yield lines. The individual segments of the slab
behave elastically.
3. The elastic deformations are neglected and plastic deformations are

only considered. The entire deformations, therefore, take place only
along the yield lines. The individual segments of the slab remain plane
even in the collapse condition.
4. The bending and twisting moments are uniformly distributed along the
yield lines. The maximum values of the moments depend on the
capacities of the section based on the amount of reinforcement
provided in the section.

5. The yield lines are straight lines as they are the lines of intersection
between two planes.
12.30.5 Rules for Yield Lines
The first requirement of the yield line analysis is to assume possible yield
patterns and locate the axes of rotation.
It has been observed that assuming the possible yield patterns and
locating the axes of rotation are simple to establish for statically determinate or
indeterminate (simply supported or clamped) one-way slabs. For other cases,
however, suitable guidelines are needed for drawing the yield lines and locating
the axes of rotation.
It is worth mentioning that other cases of two-way slabs will have sufficient
number of real or plastic hinges to form a mechanism while they will be on the
verge of collapse. The yield lines will divide the slabs into a number of segments,
which will rotate as rigid bodies about the respective axes of rotation. The axes of
rotations will be located along the lines of support or over columns, if provided as
point supports. The yield line between two adjacent slab segments is a straight
line, as the intersection of two-plane surfaces is always a straight line. The yield
line should contain the point of intersection, if any, of the two axes of rotation of
two adjacent segments as such point of intersection is common to the two
planes.
The two terms, positive and negative yield lines, are used in the analysis
to designate the yield lines for positive bending moments having tension at the
bottom and negative bending moments having tension at the top of the slab,
respectively.
The following are the guidelines for predicting the yield lines and axes of
rotation:
1. Yield lines between two intersecting planes are straight lines.
2. Positive yield line will be at the mid-span of one-way simply supported

slabs.
3. Negative yield lines will occur at the supports in addition to the positive
yield lines at the mid-span of one-way continuous slabs.

4. Yield lines will occur under point loads and they will be radiating
outward from the point of application of the point loads.
5. Yield line between two slab segments should pass through the point of
intersection of the axes of rotation of the adjacent slab segments.
6. Yield lines should end at the boundary of the slab or at another yield
line.
7. Yield lines represent the axes of rotation.
8. Supported edges of the slab will also act as axes of rotation. However,
the fixed supports provide constant resistance to rotation having
negative yield lines at the supported edges. On the other hand, axes of
rotation at the simply supported edges will not provide any resistance
to rotation of the segment.
9. Axis of rotation will pass over any column support, if provided, whose
orientation will depend on other considerations.

Some examples are taken up to illustrate the applications of the guidelines
for predicting the possible yield patterns in Figs.12.30.5a to g.
12.30.6 Upper and Lower Bound Theorems
According to the general theory of structural plasticity, the collapse load of

a structure lies in between the upper bound and lower bound of the true collapse
load. Therefore, the solution employing the theory of plasticity should ensure that
lower and upper bounds converge to the unique and correct values of the
collapse load.
The statements of the two theorems applied to slabs are given below:
(A) Lower bound theorem: The lower bound of the true collapse load is that
external load for which a distribution of moments can be found satisfying
the requirements of equilibrium and boundary conditions so that the
moments at any location do not exceed the yield moment.
(B) Upper bound theorem: The upper bound of the true collapse load is that
external load for which the internal work done by the slab for a small
increment of displacement, assuming that moment at every plastic hinge
is equal to the yield moment and satisfying the boundary conditions, is
equal to the external work done by that external load for the same amount
of small increment of displacement.

Thus, the collapse load satisfying the lower bound theorem is always
lower than or equal to the true collapse load. On the other hand, the
collapse load satisfying the upper bound theorem is always higher than or
equal to the true collapse load.
The yield line analysis is an upper bound method in which the predicted
failure load of a slab for given moment of resistance (capacity) may be higher
than the true value. Thus, the solution of the upper bound method (yield line
analysis) may result into unsafe design if the lowest mechanism could not be
chosen. However, it has been observed that the prediction of the most
probable true mechanism in slab is not difficult. Thus, the solution is safe and
adequate in most of the cases. However, it is always desirable to employ a
lower bound method, which is totally safe from the design point of view.
12.30.7 Methods of Analysis
After predicting the general yield pattern and locating the axes of rotation,
the specific pattern and locations of axes of rotation and the collapse load for the
slab can be determined by one of the two methods given below:
(1) Method of segmental equilibrium
(2) Method of virtual work.
The two methods are briefly explained below.
In this method, equilibrium of the individual slab segments causing the

collapse forming the required mechanism is considered to arrive at a set
of simultaneous equations. The solutions of the simultaneous equations
give the values of geometrical parameters for finalising the yield pattern
and the relation between the load capacity and resisting moment.
Thus, in segmental equilibrium method, each segment of the slab is

studied as a free body (Fig.12.30.5b) which is in equilibrium at incipient
failure under the action of the applied loads, moment along the yield lines,
and reactions or shear along the support lines. Since, yield moments are
principal moments, twisting moments are zero along the yield lines.
Further, in most of the cases, shear forces are also zero. Thus, with
reference to Fig.12.30.5b, the vector sum of moments along yield lines AO

and OB (segment AOB) is equal to moments of the loads on the segment
AOB about the axis of rotation 1-1 just before the collapse.
It should be specially mentioned that equilibrium of a slab segment should

not be confused with the general equilibrium equation of the true
equilibrium method, which is lower bound. Strip method of slab design,
developed by A. Hillerborg, (vide “Equilibrium theory for reinforced
concrete slabs” (in Swedish), Betong, vol.4 No. 4, 1956, pp. 171-182) is a
true equilibrium method resulting in a lower bound solution of the collapse
load, which is safe and preferable too. The governing equilibrium equation
for a small slab element of lengths dx and dy is
∂ 2 Mx ∂ 2 Mxy ∂ 2 My
+ 2 + =−w (12.2)
∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
where w is the external load per unit area; Mx and My are the bending
moments per unit width in x and y directions, respectively; and Mxy is the
twisting moment. However, strip method of analysis is beyond the scope
of this course. For more information about strip method, the reader may
refer to Chapter 15 of “Design of concrete structures” by A.H. Nilson, Tata-
McGraw – Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
(2) Method of virtual work
This method is based on the principle of virtual work. After predicting the
possible yield pattern and the axes of rotation, the slab, which is in
equilibrium with the moments and loads on the structure, is given an
infinitesimal increase in load to cause the structure further deflection. The
principle of virtual work method is that the external work done by the loads
to cause a small virtual deflection should be equal to the internal work
done by the yield moments to cause the rotation in accommodating the
virtual deflection. The relation between the applied loads and the ultimate
resisting moments of the slab is obtained by equating the internal and
external works. As the elastic deflections and rotations are small
compared to the plastic deformations and rotations, they are neglected in
the governing equation. Further, the compatibility of deflection must be
maintained. The work equation is written as follows:
∑wΔ = ∑Mθ l (12.3)

where
w = collapse load,
Δ = vertical deflection through which the collapse load w moves,

M = moment capacity of the section per unit length,
θ = rotation of the slab segment satisfying the compatibility of deflection,

and
l = length of the yield line.
As mentioned earlier, both the methods of segmental equilibrium and virtual work
are upper bound methods. Therefore, the collapse load obtained by either
method of yield line analysis will be at the higher end of the true collapse load.
Accordingly, each of the two methods should be developed to get the correct
solution for predicted mechanism. However, the true collapse load will be
obtained only if the correct mechanism has been predicted.
Thus, the solution of any of the two upper bound methods has two essential
parts: (1) predicting the correct yield pattern, and (2) determining the geometric
parameters that define the exact location and orientation of the yield pattern and
solving for the relation between applied load and resisting moments.
12.30.8 Analysis of One-Way Slab

Figures12.30.6a and b show one-way continuous slab whose one span of width
one metre is considered. The factored moments of resistance are MA and MB at
the continuous supports A and B where negative yield lines have formed and MC
at C where the positive yield line has formed. All the moments of resistance are
for one metre width. Figure 12.30.6c shows the free body diagrams of the two
segments of slab, which are in equilibrium. We now apply the method of
segmental equilibrium in the free body diagrams of Fig.12.30.6c.
The line CC, where the positive yield line has formed is at a distance of x from
AA. The shear V = 0 at C as the bending moment is the maximum (positive)
there. Here there are two unknowns x, the locations of the positive yield line and
w, the collapse load, which are determined from the two equations of equilibrium
∑V = 0 and ∑M = 0.
From the statical analysis, we know that the vertical reactions VA and VB at A and
B, respectively are, (assuming MA > MB):
VA = (wL/2) + (MA – MB) / L (12.4)

VB = (wL/2) – (MA – MB) / L (12.5)
Now, ∑V = 0 gives: VA – wx = 0
(12.6)
Substituting the expression of VA from Eq. 12.4 in Eq. 12.6, we have, wL/2 + (MA
– MB) / L – wx = 0, which gives:
w = -2 (MA – MB) / L (L-2x) (12.7)
∑M = 0 gives:
VA x – MA – wx2/2 – Mc = 0
(12.8)
Substituting the expression of VA from Eq. 12.4 in Eq. 12.8, we have,
{wL/2 + (MA – MB) / L}x – MA – wx2/2 – MC = 0

(12.9)
Substituting the expression of w from Eq. 12.7 into Eq. 12.9, we have,
(MB – MA) x2 + 2 (MA + MC) Lx – (MA + MC) L2 = 0 (12.10)
Equation 12.10 will give the values of x for known values of MA, MB and MC.
Equation12.7 will give the value of w after getting the value of x from Eq. 12.10.

(2) Method of virtual work
The work equation (Eq.12.3) is written equating the total work done by the
collapse loads during the rotation of slab segments, maintaining the deflection
compatibility to the total internal work done by bending and twisting moments on
all the yield lines. Figure12.30.6d presents the rigid body rotations of the two slab
segments. The left segment AACC rotates by θA in the clockwise direction and
the right segment BBCC rotates by θB in the anticlockwise direction, while
maintaining the deflection Δ compatible, as shown in Fig.12.30.6d.
External work done = wx (Δ/2) + w (L-x) Δ/2 = wLΔ/2

(12.11)
Internal work done = + MA θA + MB θB + MC (θA + θB)

(12.12)
From Fig.12.30.6d:
θA = Δ/x and θB = Δ/(L-x)

(12.13)
Substituting the values of θA and θB from Eq.12.13 into Eq.12.12, we have:
Internal work done = MA (Δ/x) + MB (Δ /L-x) + MC (Δ/x + Δ/L-x)

(12.14)
Equating the works, we have form Eqs.12.11 and 12.14, wL Δ/2 = MA (Δ/x) + MB
(Δ/L-x) + MC (Δ/x + Δ/L-x)
or, w = 2MA / Lx + 2MB / L (L-x) + 2 MC / x (L-x)

(12.15)
In the method of segmental equilibrium, we have two equations

(Eqs.12.7 and 12.9) for the two unknowns x and w. In the method virtual work,
however, we have only one equation (Eq.12.15) to determine the two unknowns
x and w. Accordingly; we generate another equation with the help of differential
calculus. Since the method of analysis is upper bound, we have to consider the
minimum value of w satisfying Eq.12.15. This can be obtained by differentiating
w of Eq.12.15 with respect to x and putting dw/dx = 0. Hence, we have:
dw/dx = (2MA / L) (-1 /x2) + (2 MB /L){1/(L-x)2}+ 2 MC [(1/L-x) (-1/x2) + (1/x){1/(L-

x)2}] = 0
(12.16)
After arranging the coefficients of x2, x and constant terms, we have:

(MB – MA) x2 + 2 (MA + MC) Lx – (MA + MC) L2 = 0
(12.10)
This is the same equation (Eq.12.10), as we obtained in the method of segmental

equilibrium.
In the method of virtual work, therefore, we get the values of x from the same
equation, Eq.12.10, and then we get w from Eq.12.15.
We consider two special cases of simply supported and clamped slabs from the
above equations.
Case (i): Simply Supported Slab
Here, we have MA = MB = 0. We get the values of x and w from Eqs.12.10 and

12.7, respectively, by the method of segmental equilibrium and from Eqs.12.10
and 12.15, respectively, by the method of virtual work.
Equation 12.10 becomes 2 MC Lx – MC L2 = 0, when MA = MB = 0, which gives x

= L/2.
However, Eq. 12.7 gives division by zero for the simply supported case, when MA
= MB = 0 and x = L/2. So, we use Eq.12.8 ( ∑M = 0) when MA = MB = 0 and x =
L/2. This gives w = 8MC / L2.
In the method of virtual work, Eq.12.10 (the same as in the method of segmental
equilibrium) gives x = L/2. Thereafter, Eq.12.15 is used for determining w, which
gives (when MA = MB = 0 and x = L/2),
w = 8MC / L2
Thus, we get the following values of x and w for the simply supported slab
x = L/2 and w = 8MC / L2

(12.17)
Case (ii) Clamped Slab with MA = MB = 2MC
Here, we get x = L/2 from Eq.12.10. Then, we use Eq.12.8 as Eq.12.7 involves
zero by zero case, as explained in case (i) above. This gives w = 24 MC / L2
(when MA = MB = 2MC and x = L/2). These values are by the method of
segmental equilibrium.
Similarly, by the method of virtual work, Eq.12.10 gives x = L/2. Then, Eq.12.15
gives, w = 24 MC / L2.

Thus, we get for the clamped slab, when MA = MB = 2 MC,
B
x = L/2 and w = 24 MC /L2

(12.18)
It is clear from the two cases that there will be positive yield line at the centre of
the slab when it is simply supported and there will be two negative yield lines at
the two supports in addition to the positive yield line at the centre of the slab
when the slab is clamped at both ends. The collapse loads are: w = 8 MC / L2 and
24 MC / L2 for the simply supported and clamped slabs, respectively. However, it
is worth mentioning that the formation of those specific yield lines and the
respective collapse loads are possible only if the slab is designed with adequate
positive and negative reinforcement, as assumed to get the solution.
In the practical cases of continuous one-way slabs, the negative moments

over the supports may be anywhere in the range of wl2/8 and wl2/12. Moreover, it
is not essential that the negative moment of resistances at the two ends should
be equal. Depending on the values of MA, MB and MC as per the reinforcement
provided, the values of x and w shall be determined using the respective
equations employing either the method of segmental analysis or the method of
virtual work.
We now take up numerical problems in the next section for the purpose of
illustration.
12.30.9 Numerical Problems

Problem 1. The factored moment capacities of the one-way continuous
reinforce concrete slab of Figs. 12.30.7 are MA = 32 kNm, MB = 36
kNm and MC = 30 kNm. The span of the slab is 5 m. Determine the
location of plastic hinges and the collapse load employing methods
of segmental equilibrium and virtual work.
Solution 1:
(A) Method of segmental equilibrium
We have two equations (Eqs.12.10 and 12.7) to determine the

location of positive yield line (distance x) and the collapse load
(Figs.12.30.6a to d).

(MB – MA) x2 + 2 (MA + MC) Lx – (MA + MC) L2=0
(12.10)
Using the given values of MA = 32 kNm, MB = 36 kNm and MC = 30

kNm in Eq.12.10, we have
4 x2 + 2(62) (5) x – (62) (25) = 0
or, x2 + 155 x – 387.5 = 0 gives x = 2.4609 m.
w = - 2 (MA – MB) / L (L-2x) (12.7)

Using the values of MA = 32 kNm, MB = 36 kNm and x = 2.4609 m
in Eq.12.7, we have, w = 20.4604 kN/m.
Therefore, the locations of the positive yield line is at a distance of

2.4609 m from the left support at A, the negative yield lines are at
the supports A and B, and the collapse load = 20.4604 kN/m.
(B) Method of virtual work
In this method, we have Eqs.12.10 and 12.15 to determine x and w

(Figs.12.30.6a to d). In the method of segmental equilibrium (A)
above, Eq.12.10 gives: x = 2.4609 m.
w = 2 MA/Lx + 2 MB / L(L-x) + 2 MC /x (L-x)

(12.15)
Using MA = 32 kNm, MB = 36 kNm, MC = 30 kNm and x = 2.4609 m,

in Eq.12.15 above, we get w = 20.4749 kN/m. Thus, we get the
same location of positive yield line i.e., at x = 2.4609 m from the left
support A, negative yield lines are at the support A and B and the
collapse load w = 20.4749 kN/m .
The marginal difference of the two collapse loads is due to the

truncation error in the calculation. Otherwise, both the values
should be the same. The bending moment and shear force
diagrams are shown in Figs.12.30.7b and c, respectively.
12.30.10 Practice Questions and Problems with Answers
Q.1: Name five limitations of elastic analysis of reinforced concrete slabs.

A.1: Second paragraph of sec.12.30.1
Q.2: What are yield lines and what is yield line theory?
A.2: First paragraph of sec.12.30.2
Q.3: Explain the basic principles of yield line theory.
A.3: Sec.12.30.3
Q.4: State the assumptions of yield line theory.
A.4: Sec.12.30.4
Q.5: What are the guidelines to draw the possible yield patterns and locate the
axes of rotations?
A.5: The last paragraph of sec.12.30.5
Q.6: State upper and lower bound theorems.
A.6: Sec.12.30.6
Q.7: Explain the two methods of yield line analysis.
A.7: Sec.12.30.7
Q.8: Compare the locations of positive and negative yield lines and the values
of the respective collapse loads of one 3 m × 6 m slab supported along 6
m direction (Figs.12.30.6a) carrying a total factored load of 20 kN/m for
the three cases: (i) the slab is simply supported, (ii) the slab is clamped
and (iii) the positive and negative reinforcements are identical to have the
equal resistance for the continuous slab. Discuss the results.
A.8: The moments MC at the mid-span for one simply supported slab is wl2/8 =
90 kNm and for another clamped supported slab MC = wl2 /24= 30 kNm.
The support moments for clamped slab MA = MB = -wl2/12 = - 60 kNm. For
the third case the magnitude of MA, MB and MC are equal for a continuous
slab. So, MA = MB = - 45 kNm and MC = + 45 kNm. Method of virtual work
is employed.

Case (i): From Eq. 12.17, we have the distance of positive yield line x =
6/2 = 3 m and w = 8 MC /L2 = 8 (90) / 6(6) = 20 kN/m. There are no
negative yield lines as the slab is simply supported.
Case (ii): From Eq. 12.18, we have the distance of positive yield line x =
6/2 = 3 m and w = 24 MC /L2 = 24 (30) / 6(6) = 20 kN/m. The negative yield
lines of the clamped slab are at the two sides AA and BB.
Case (iii): Employing method of virtual work
(MB – MA)x2 + 2(MA + MC)Lx – (MA + MC)L2 = 0

(12.10)
w = 2MA / Lx + 2MB/L (L-x) + 2MC / x (L-x)

(12.15)
Using MA = MB = MC = 45 kNm in Eq.12.10, we have, 2x – L = 0 or x = L/2 = 6/2

= 3 m.
Using x = 3 m and MA = MB = MC = 45 kNm in Eq. 12.15, we have w =

90{1/6(3) + 1/6(3) + 1/3(3)} = 20 kN/m. The negative yield lines are over the
supports of continuous slab i.e., along AA and BB.
Discussion of results: All the three slabs have x =3 m and w = 20 kN/m.

However, the third case is the most economic as the depth of the slab may be
provided for M = 45 kNm and the areas of positive and negative steel are the
same. The simply supported slab has no negative moment and the clamped slab
has large difference between the positive and negative moments and
accordingly, wide variation is seen in the magnitudes of positive and negative
steel.
12.30.11 References
1. Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, 6th Edition, by Ashok K. Jain,

Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 2002.
2. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete, 2nd Edition, by P.C. Varghese,
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.
3. Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, by P.C. Varghese, Prentice-Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2001.
4. Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd Edition, by S. Unnikrishna Pillai and
Devdas Menon, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New
Delhi, 2003.

5. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, by P. Dayaratnam,
Oxford & I.B.H. Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.
6. Reinforced Concrete Design, 1st Revised Edition, by S.N. Sinha, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. New Delhi, 1990.
7. Reinforced Concrete, 6th Edition, by S.K. Mallick and A.P. Gupta, Oxford &
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1996.
8. Behaviour, Analysis & Design of Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements,
by I.C.Syal and R.K.Ummat, A.H.Wheeler & Co. Ltd., Allahabad, 1989.
9. Reinforced Concrete Structures, 3rd Edition, by I.C.Syal and A.K.Goel,
A.H.Wheeler & Co. Ltd., Allahabad, 1992.
10. Textbook of R.C.C, by G.S.Birdie and J.S.Birdie, Wiley Eastern Limited,
New Delhi, 1993.
11. Design of Concrete Structures, 13th Edition, by Arthur H. Nilson, David
Darwin and Charles W. Dolan, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited, New Delhi, 2004.
12. Concrete Technology, by A.M.Neville and J.J.Brooks, ELBS with
Longman, 1994.
13. Properties of Concrete, 4th Edition, 1st Indian reprint, by A.M.Neville,
Longman, 2000.
14. Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook, 10th Edition, by C.E.Reynolds
and J.C. Steedman, E & FN SPON, London, 1997.
15. Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice (4th
Revision), IS 456: 2000, BIS, New Delhi.
16. Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978, BIS, New Delhi.
12.30.12 Test 30 with Solutions
Maximum Marks = 50 Maximum Time = 30

minutes
Answer all questions.
TQ.1: Explain the basic principles of yield line theory.
A.TQ.1: Sec.12.30.3
[10 Marks]
TQ.2: State the assumptions of yield line theory.
A.TQ.2: Sec.12.30.4
[10 Marks]
TQ.3: What are the guidelines to draw the possible yield patterns and locate the
axes of rotations?
A.TQ.3: The last paragraph of sec.12.30.5

[10 Marks]
TQ.4: Determine the location of plastic hinges and collapse load of the one-way
slab supported at 4 m c/c (Fig.12.30.6a) having the positive and negative
reinforcements to have the factored moments of resistance MA = 25 kNm,
MB = 35 kNm and MC = 30 kNm. Use method of virtual work.
[20 Marks]
A.TQ.4: (MB – MA)x2 + 2(MA + MC)Lx – (MA + MC)L2 = 0

(12.10)
w = 2MA / Lx + 2MB/L (L-x) + 2MC / x (L-x)

(12.15)
Using MA = 25 kNm, MB = 35 kNm and MC = 30 kNm in Eq. 12.10, we

have, x = 1.9165 m and using the values of MA, MB, MC and x in Eq. 12.15,
we get w = 29.9478 kN/m2.
12.30.13 Summary of this Lesson
This lesson explains the basic principle of yield line analysis which is
required to remove the inconsistency between the elastic analysis and the design
by limit state method considering inelastic behaviour. Moreover, the limitations of
elastic analysis of slab are mentioned. The upper and lower bound theorems are
explained to show that the two methods of yield line analysis viz. (i) method of
segmental equilibrium and (ii) method of virtual work are upper bound methods.
The governing equations of both the methods are derived. The first requirement
of the yield line analysis is to predict the possible yield pattern and locate the
axes of rotation. Suitable guidelines are given for the same as the correctness of
the solution depends on the prediction of true yield line pattern and location of
the axes of rotation. Numerical problems are solved by both methods of analysis.

Module
12
Slabs
Lesson
31
Nodal Forces and Two-way
Slabs
• derive the expression for determining the work done by bending and
twisting moments when the yield lines are at angles with the directions of
reinforcing bars,
• state the need for considering the nodal forces and to estimate their values
when one yield line meets another yield line or a free edge,
• to select the possible yield pattern of a two-way slab supported at four sides
either by simple supports or fixed supports,
• to finalise the yield patterns and to evaluate the collapse loads of two-way
slabs, either simply supported or clamped at four sides,
• apply the theory in solving numerical problems of slabs to finalise the yield
pattern and to determine the collapse load employing (i) the method of
segmental equilibrium and (ii) the method of virtual work.
Lesson 30 introduces the yield line analysis, which is an upper bound
method of analysis for slabs. The different rules for predicting the yield lines are
stated. The two methods i.e., (i) method of segmental equilibrium and (ii) method
of virtual work are explained. Applications of both the methods are illustrated
through numerical problems of one-way slabs – either simply supported or
continuous.
This lesson presents the derivations of the expressions for determining

bending and torsional moments when yield lines are at angles with the directions
of reinforcement. The need for the nodal forces and their determinations are
explained when yield line meets another yield line or the free edge. Thereafter,
different possible yield patterns of two-way slabs are explained. Numerical
illustrative problems of two-way slabs with or without nodal forces are illustrated.

12.31.2 Work Done by Yield Line Moments
Normally, the reinforcing bars are placed in two mutually perpendicular

directions parallel to the sides of rectangular and square slabs. However, the
yield lines may be at an angle with the direction of reinforcing bars as shown in
Fig. 12.31.1, in which the yield line AB of length L has bending moment Mb and
twisting moment Mt per unit length of the yield line. The slab segment is
undergoing rigid body rotation whose components are θx and θy. The horizontal
and vertical projections of the yield line are having moment capacities of Mx and
My per unit length, respectively. All moments and rotations are shown using the
right hand thumb rule. The following expression is derived for obtaining the
absolute values of the work done by Mb and Mt on the yield line AB.
With reference to Fig. 12.31.1, the total work done by the bending and
twisting moments Mb and Mt is,
W = Mb L (θx cos θ + θy sin θ) + Mt L (- θx sin θ + θy cos θ)

(12.19)

Equating the work done by bending and twisting moments Mb and Mt along the
yield line AB with the respective work done by their components along the
projections of the yield line, we have the following two equations:
Mb L = Mx L sin θ sin θ + My L cosθ cosθ , which gives
Mb = Mx sin2θ + My cos2θ
(12.20)
and
Mt L = Mx sin θ cos θ - My L cos θ sin θ , which gives
Mt = (Mx – My) sinθ cosθ

(12.21)
Substituting the expressions of Mb and Mt from Eqs.12.20 and 12.21 in Eq.12.19,

we have, W = (Mx sin2θ + My cos2θ) (θx L cosθ + θy L sinθ) + (Mx – My) sinθ cosθ
(-θx L sinθ + θy L cosθ), which gives
W = Mx L sinθ θy + My L cosθ θx
or
W = Mx Ly θy + My Lx θx
(12.22)
The two terms on the right hand side of Eq. 12.22 give the external work done by
the moments MxLy and MyLx acting on the horizontal and vertical projections of
the yield line.
It is thus seen that the expression of Eq.12.19 involving bending and twisting
moments Mb and Mt may be replaced by Mx and My of Eq.12.22 to get the same
work done by Eq. 12.22 as that of Eq. 12.19.
12.31.3 Special Conditions at Edges and Corners

Figures 12.30.5d, e and f of Lesson 30 present yield patterns of slabs
when positive yield lines intersect the free edges at angles. In actual case,
however, both bending and twisting moments are zero at the free or simply
supported edges. The directions of the principal stresses are, therefore, parallel
and perpendicular to the respective edge. Accordingly, the yield lines should
enter the edge perpendicular to it, which is confirmed by experimental tests also.
In Fig. 12.31.2a, it is shown that the yield line ADC normally turns quite close to
the edge, say at D, which is at a distance s. The yield line is approximated by
extending it in a straight line AB to the edge introducing a pair of concentrated
shear force, (+) V and (-) V, as shown in Fig. 12.31.2b. These shear forces,
which are parallel, equal and opposite forces for the equilibrium, are designated
as nodal forces acting upward at an obtuse corner, marked by (-)ve sign on the
left of the yield line AB and acting downward at an acute corner, marked by (+)ve
sign on the right of the yield line AB, as shown in Fig. 12.31.2b.
They are, in fact, the static equivalent of twisting moments and shear
forces near the edge. We now establish the required expression for determining
the magnitude of these nodal forces V.
Figure 12.31.3a shows an element ACB of a slab where the yield line AB
is making an angle α with the free edge CB. The angle between the yield line AB
and the element side AC (i.e., angle CAB) is dα. The bending and twisting
moments Mb and Mt on the yield lines AB and AC are shown in Fig. 12.31.3a,
neglecting their differential increments. The free body diagram is shown in Fig.
12.31.3b. The distances BD, AD and BC are Lx, Ly and dLx, respectively. Taking
moments about the line AC and equating it to zero, we get My (Lx +dLx) cos (α -

dα) – My Lx cos (α - dα) + Mx Ly sin (α - dα) Mx Ly sin (α - dα) – V dLx sin (α - dα)
=0
or V sin (α - dα) = My cos (α - dα)
or V (sin α cos dα - cos α sin dα) = My (cos α cos dα + sin α sin dα)
For small values of dα, sin dα = 0 and cos dα = 1. So, we have V sin α = My cos
α
or V = My cot α
(12.23)
Equation 12.23 gives the magnitude of the nodal force V where α is

measured anticlockwise. When α = 90 degree, V = 0, i.e., the nodal force is zero
if the yield line intersects the free edge at an angle of 90 degree.
The nodal force V shall be used in the method of segmental equilibrium as

we consider the equilibrium of individual segment. In the method of virtual work,
however, the work done is determined for the entire slab involving all the
elements, when the total work done by the positive and negative nodal forces is
zero. Hence, it is not needed to consider the nodal force in the method of virtual
work.

Figures 12.31.4a and b present two typical yield patterns of two-way slabs
clamped at four sides and Fig. 12.31.4c and d show two typical yield patterns of
a slab simply supported on three sides and free at one side. In all the yield
patterns, it is assumed that the yield lines enter the corners between the two
intersecting sides. It may not be the case always. Sometimes, yield lines fork
before they reach the corner as shown in Fig. 12.31.4e and thus form corner
lever. The triangular element EFB in Fig. 12.31.4e will pivot about the axis EF
and lift off the supports if the corner is not held down. It has been observed that
such yield patterns with corner levers are more critical than those without them.
However, these patterns are generally neglected. It should be mentioned that the
introduction of corner levers makes the analysis more complicated and does not
produce much error by neglecting them. This is illustrated in Lesson 32.
12.31.4 Two-way Slabs of Yield Pattern 1 of Figure

12.31.4a

We consider the two-way slab of Fig. 12.31.4a subjected to uniformly
distributed collapse load of intensity w kN/m2. Yield pattern 1 divides the slab into
four segments marked by 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Fig. 12.31.5a, where the positive and
negative yield lines are shown along with the positive and negative nodal forces.
The slab undergoes a displacement Δ at the center point O. The free body
diagrams of segments 1 and 2 are shown in Figs. 12.31.5b and c, respectively.
The positive and negative moments along x and y directions are designated by
Mpx, Mpy, Mnx and Mny in these two figures. We are employing both (A) the
method of segmental equilibrium and (B) the method of virtual work to determine
the magnitude of the collapse load w of the slab.
At the equilibrium, the moment of all the forces and moments of segment
1 about the left edge AB is zero. This gives (Fig. 12.31.5b): (1/2) (Lx /2) (Ly)
w(Lx/6) – V(Lx/2) – Mnx Ly – Mpx Ly= 0
or wLxLy – 12 V = 24 (Mpx + Mnx) (Ly / Lx)

(12.24)
Similarly, at the equilibrium, the moment of all forces and moments of

segment 2 about the bottom edge BC is zero. This gives (Fig. 12.31.5c): (1/2) Lx
(Ly/2) w (Ly/6) + V (Ly/2) – Mny Lx – Mpy Lx = 0
or, wLxLy + 12 V = 24 (Mpy + Mny) (Lx / Ly)

(12.25)
Eliminating V from Eqs. 12.24 and 12.25 by adding the two equations, we have
2w Lx Ly = 24 {(Mpx + Mnx)(Ly / Lx)+ (Mpy + Mny) (Lx / Ly)}
or w = 12 {(Mpx + Mnx) / Lx2 + (Mpy + Mny) / Ly2}

(12.26)
The collapse load w is determined from Eq. 12.26 from known values of Mpx, Mnx
Mpy and Mny.
The total external work done by the load in causing the segments to
undergo deflection and the total internal work done by the moments in rotating all
the four segments are computed. As mentioned in sec. 12.31.3, the effect of all
the nodal forces is zero. Accordingly, the total external work done (TEW) is,
TEW = 4 (1/2) Lx (Ly/2) w (Δ/3) = wLx Ly (Δ/3)

(12.27)

The total internal work done (TIW) is,
TIW = 2 (Mpx + Mnx) Ly θx + 2 (Mpy + Mny) Lx θy

= 4Δ {(Mpx + Mnx) (Ly /Lx) + (Mpy + Mny) (Lx / Ly)}
(12.28)
Equating the two works from Eqs. 12.27 and 12.28
w Lx Ly (Δ/3) = 4Δ{(Mpx + Mnx) (Ly /Lx) + (Mpy + Mny) (Lx/Ly)}
or w = 12 {(Mpx + Mnx) / Lx2 + (Mpy+Mny) / Ly2}

(12.26)
The above equation is the same as obtained by the method of segmental

equilibrium to get the value of the collapse load w.
We now consider the two cases below, first the square and simply supported at
all edges and secondly the square and clamped at all edges.
Case (i) Square and simply supported slab
For square and simply supported slab, Lx = Ly = L, Mnx = Mny = 0 and let us
assume Mpx = Mpy = Mp. Using the conditions mentioned above in Eq. 12.26, we
get
w = 24 Mp / L2
(12.29)
or, Mp = w L2/24
(12.30)
Case (ii) Square and clamped slab
For square and clamped slab, let us assume Mpx =Mpy = Mnx = Mny = Mp. Using
these conditions in Eq. 12.26, we get
w = 48 Mp / L2
(12.31)
or Mp = wL2/48
(12.32)
The values of w and Mp in the two cases above reveal that the factored load
intensity of a clamped slab is twice of that of simply supported slab having the
same moment carrying capacity Mp. Further, we observe that for the same
factored load intensity w, a clamped slab would have half the factored moment of
simply supported slab and, therefore, would be economic.
12.31.5 Two-way Slabs of Yield Pattern 2 of Figure
12.31.4b

We now consider the two-way slab having the yield pattern 2 as shown in
Fig. 12.31.4b and subjected to uniformly distributed collapse load of intensity w
kN/m2. Yield pattern 2 divides the slab into four segments marked by 1, 2, 3 and
4 in Fig. 12.31.6a, where the positive and negative yield lines are shown. The
slab undergoes a displacement of Δ along the yield line EF. The free body
diagrams of segments 1 and 2 are shown in Figs. 12.31.6b and c, respectively.
The positive and negative moments along x and y directions are designated by
Mpx, Mpy, Mnx and Mny in these two figures. We are employing both (A) method of
segmental equilibrium and (B) method of virtual work to determine the distance x
and the magnitude of the collapse load w of the slab.
At the equilibrium, the moment of all the forces and moments of segment 1 about
the left edge AB is zero. This gives (Fig. 12.31.6b): (Ly/2) x w (x/3) – (Mpx + Mnx)
=0
or w = 6 (Mpx + Mnx) / x2
(12.33)
Similarly, at the equilibrium, the moment of all forces and moments of segment 2
about the bottom edge BC is zero. This gives (Fig. 12.31.6c): (1/2) x (Ly/2) (Ly/6)
2w + w(Lx – 2x) (Ly/2) (Ly/4) – (Mpy + Mny)Lx = 0
or, w = 24 (Mpy + Mny) Lx /{2x Ly2 + 3Ly2 (Ly –2x)}

(12.34)
Equating the two expressions of w from Eqs. 12.33 and 12.34, we have
6( M px + M nx ) 24( M py + M ny ) Lx
2
= 2 2
x 2 xL y + 3L y ( Lx − 2 x)
or, 4 (Mpy + Mny) Lxx2 + 4 (Mpx + Mnx) Ly2 x – 3 (Mpx + Mnx) Lx Ly2 = 0
(12.35)
Equation 12.35 is used to determine the values of x when Mpx, Mpy, Mnx and Mny
are known. Thereafter, Eq. 12.34 is used to determine the magnitude of the
collapse load w.
The total external work done by the load in causing deflection of the four
segments of Fig. 12.31.6a, TEW is:

TEW = 2W1 + 2 (W21 + W22 + W23), where W1 is the work done for the segment 1
and the work done of segment 2 is subdivided into three parts as W21, W22 and
W23. Noting that W21 = W23, we get the TEW as,
TEW = 2w{(1/2)x Ly (Δ/3)} + 2w {(1/2)x (Ly/2) (Δ/3) + 2w {(Lx-2x) (Ly/2) (Δ/2)}
= (wΔ/6) (3 Lx Ly – 2x Ly)
(12.36)
The total internal work done by the yield moments (TIW) is,
TIW = 2 (Mpx + Mnx) θx Ly + 2 (Mpy + Mny) θy Lx

= 2 (Mpx + Mnx) (Δ/x) Ly + 2 (Mpy + Mny) (2Δ/Ly) Lx
(12.37)
Equating the two works from Eqs. 12.36 and 12.37, we have,
(w Δ/6) (3Lx Ly - 2x Ly) = 2 (Mpx + Mnx) (Δ/x) + 2 (Mpy + Mny) (2Δ/Ly) Lx

2
12( M px + M nx ) L y + 24 ( M py + M ny ) xL x
or w = 2
L y (3 xL x − 2 x 2 )
(12.38)
To get the minimum collapse load, we put dw/dx = 0, which gives
Ly2 (3x Lx – 2x2) {24 Lx (Mpy + Mny)} – 12 [(Mpx + Mnx) Ly2 + 24 x Lx (Mpy + Mny)]
(3Lx – 4x) Ly2 = 0
or 4 (Mpy + Mny) Lx x2 + 4 (Mpx + Mnx) Ly2 x – 3 (Mpx + Mnx) LxLy2 = 0

(12.35)
The above equation is the same as obtained by the method of segmental

equilibrium to determine the values of x. Thereafter, Eq. 12.38 is used to get the
value of w, the collapse load.
We observe two points from secs. 12.31.4 and 12.31.5. They are as follows:
(i) Only one equation (Eq. 12.26) is needed for determining the value of the
collapse load w for the yield pattern 1 of Fig. 12.31.5a. On the other hand, two
equations are need for the yield pattern 2. This is because the yield pattern 1 is
already determined but the yield pattern 2 is determined only after finding the
values of x. Therefore, two equations are needed for determining the two
unknowns x and w in the case of yield pattern 2.

(ii) The one equation needed for the yield pattern 1 is the same equation (Eq.
12.26) by the two methods, viz. method of segmental equilibrium and method of
virtual work. Out of the two equations needed for the yield pattern 2, only one
equation (Eq. 12.35) is the same by both the methods. After getting the values of
x from Eq. 12.35, the values of collapse load w is determined from Eq. 12.33 by
the method of segmental equilibrium and Eq. 12.38 by the method of virtual work.
Let us now take up Eq. 12.35, which is used to determine the values of x in the
case of yield pattern 2. Substituting the value of x = Lx/2 in Eq. 12.35, we get
4 (Mpy + Mny) (Lx3 )(1/4) + 4 (Mpx + Mnx) Ly2 (Lx/2) – 3 (Mpx + Mnx) Lx Ly2 = 0
M px + M nx Lx 2
or, =
M py + M ny Ly 2
(12.39)
Noting that, x = L/2 gives the yield pattern 1 of Fig.12.31.5a, Eq.12.39 is used to
check if the slab has the yield pattern 1 from the known values of Mpx, Mnx, Mpy,
Mny, Lx and Ly of the slab.
Similarly, it can be shown that for the yield pattern 2, i.e., when x < Lx/2, the
required condition is:
2
M px + M nx ⎛L ⎞
<⎜ x ⎟
M py + M ny ⎜L ⎟
⎝ y ⎠
(12.40)
We now take up numerical problems in the next section for the purpose of
illustration.
12.31.6 Numerical Problems

Problem 1. Determine the yield pattern and collapse load of the trapezoidal slab
of Fig.12.31.7a having clamped edges along BA, AF and FE while the
edge BE is free. Given that Mn = Mp = 70 kNm/m. Employ the method
of segmental equilibrium.
Solution 1. Here, in this problem the yield pattern drawn in Fig.12.31.7a shows
that there is one additional unknown x to finalise the yield pattern.
Thus, we have two unknowns x and the collapse load w.
The yield pattern divides the slab into three segments marked by 1, 2
and 3. Yield lines AC and FD meet the free edge BE. So, we have to

consider the nodal forces (+)V and (-)V, as shown on the left and right
of C. Since the problem is symmetrical, segments 1 and 3 are
identical. We first consider the equilibrium of segment 1 having
positive moment Mp along yield line AC and negative moment Mn
along yield line AB (Fig. 12.31.7b). The nodal force V at C of segment
1 is negative, i.e., acting downward.
Equation 12.23 gives the magnitude of the nodal force V = Mn cot α,

where α is the angle ACB.
Geometric properties:
In triangle ABK, the side AB = (BK2 + AK2)1/2 = 6 m. The angle ABC =

600. Assuming the angle BAK = θ, we have sinθ = BK/BA = 0.5 giving
θ = 300. The line CJ is perpendicular to AB. The angle JCB = 300
gives BJ = BC cos 60 = 0.5x. Therefore, AJ = 6 - 0.5x. The distance
CJ = BC sin 60 =31/2 (x/2). From triangle ACK, we have cotα = CK/AK
= (x-3)/3(3)1/2. Area of the triangle ABC = (1/2) (BC) (AK) = (x/2)
3(3)1/2. The load of segment 1 is acting at a distance of CJ/3 from the
side AB, which is equal to 05x/(3)1/2. Taking moments of load of the
segment 1, nodal force V and considering Mn and Mp about the edge
AB, we have:
Mp (AJ) + Mn (AB) – V (CJ) – w (area of segment ABC) (CJ/3) = 0
Substituting the values of Mp, Mn, V, AJ, AB, CJ and the area of
triangle ABC, we have
70 (6 –0.5x) + 70 (6) – {70 (x – 3) / 3 (3)1/2} (3)1/2 (x/2) – (x/2) 3(3)1/2 w

(3)1/2 (x/2) / 3 = 0
or w = 4(2520 – 35x2) / 9x2 (i)
Now, we take up segment 2 for writing the equilibrium equation. The

segment is subdivided into three parts marked by 21, 22 and 23. The sub-parts
21 and 23 are identical. The area of the triangle ACH = (1/2) (x - 3) 3 (3)1/2 and
the load is considered at a distance of CH/3 = (3)1/2 m from the edge AF. The
area of rectangle CDGH = (12 - 2x) 3(3)1/2 and the load is considered at a
distance of (3/2) (3)1/2 from the edge AF. The equilibrium equation of segment 2
is obtained by taking moments of loads on this segment, two nodal forces of (+)
V at C and D about the edge AF and considering Mp along AC and FD and Mn
along AF (Fig.12.31.7c). This gives 2Mp (AH) + Mn(AF) + 2V (CH) – 2w(area of
sub segment AHC) (HC/3) – w (area of rectangle CDGH) (HC/2) = 0. Substituting
the values of Mp, Mn, V, AH, AF, CH and the areas of triangle AHC and rectangle
CDGH, we have,

2 (70) (x – 3) + 70 (6) + 2{(70) (x-3) / 3 (3)1/2} 3(3)1/2 – 2 w (1/2) (x –3) (3) (3)1/2
(3)1/2 + w [{6 – 2(x – 3)} 3 (3)1/2 (3/2) (3)1/2 ] = 0
This gives
w = (280 x – 420) / (135 – 18 x) (ii)
Equating the two expressions of w from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have:
4 (2520 – 35x2) / 9x2 = (280x – 420) / (135 – 18x)
This gives
x2 + 12x – 90 = 0 (iii)
Solving we get x = 5.2249 m
From Eq. (i) w = 4 (2520 – 35x2) / 9x2 = 25.465 kN/m2

From Eq. (ii) w = (280x – 420) / (135 – 18x) = 25.4695 kN/m2
So, we get the same value of w from Eqs. (i) and (ii). Thus, the yield pattern is
finalised when x = 5.2249 m and the collapse load of the slab is 25.4695 kN/m2.
Problem 2. Determine the yield pattern and the collapse load of the two-way slab
of Fig.12.31.8 which is having clamped edges along four sides.
Assume that Mpx = Mnx = 50 kNm/m and Mpy = Mny = 70 kNm/m.

Solution 2. In this problem, we have to find out whether yield pattern 1 or 2 will
be the governing from Eqs.12.39 and 12.40 of sec.12.31.5.
From the given data, we have:
(Mpx + Mnx) / (Mpy + Mny) = 100/140 = 0.714 and Lx2 /Ly2 = 64/36 = 1.77.
Therefore, yield pattern 2 will govern (see Eq. 12.40).
Thus, we have two unknowns: (i) the value of x for finalising the yield
pattern and (ii) the value of the collapse load w. Since, the governing
equations of yield pattern 2 are derived in sec.12.31.5, the problem is
solved by direct application of the equations.
We have Eq.12.35 to determine the value of x. Using the values of

Mpx, Mnx, Mpy, Mny, Lx and Ly in Eq. 12.35, we have:
4 (Mpy + Mny) Lx x2 + 4 (Mpx + Mnx) Ly2 x – 3 (Mpx + Mnx) Lx Ly2 = 0

(12.35)
or 4 (140) (8) x2 + 4 (100) (36) x – 3 (100) (8) (36) = 0

or 14 x2 + 45 x – 270 = 0, which gives x = 3.069 m
Now, we use the three equations (Eqs.12.33 and 12.34 by the method
of segmental equilibrium and Eq. 12.38 by the method of virtual work).
Using the values of Mpx, Mpy, Mnx, Mny, Lx, Ly and x in those three
equations, we determine the value of w for comparing them.
(i) Eq.12.33 (i.e., w = 6 (Mpx + Mnx) x2 ) gives w = 63.69 kN/m2
24( M py + M ny ) Lx
(ii) Eq. 12.34 (i.e., w = 2 2
) gives w = 63.69 kN/m2
2 xL y + 3L y ( L x − 2 x)
2
12( M px + M nx ) L y + 24( M py + M ny ) xL x
(iii) Eq.12.38 (i.e., w= 2
) gives
L y (3 xL x − 2 x 2 )
w = 63.69 kN/m2.
Thus, we observe that the collapse load is the same from the three
equations. Usually, they may differ marginally depending on the truncation of the
value of x.
12.31.7 Practice Questions and Problems with Answers.

Q.1: Establish the work done by the yield line moments Mb and Mt when the
yield line is at an angle with the two orthogonal directions of the
reinforcement.

A.1: See sec. 12.31.2
Q.2: Explain the nodal force and derive the expression to determine its value.
A.2: See sec. 12.31.3
Q.3: Draw the possible two yield patterns of a two-way slab clamped at four
sides. Derive the equation to find out which one will govern in a particular
case given the values of Mpx, Mnx, Mpy, Mny, Lx and Ly.
A.3: Figures 12.31.4a and b are the two possible yield patterns. For finding the
governing yield pattern, the equations (Eqs. 12.39 and 12.40) are
established in sec. 12.31.5.

Q.4: (a) Establish the general equations for determining the yield pattern and
uniformly distributed collapse load of an isosceles triangular slab, shown
in Fig. 12.31.9 having the positive and negative moment capacity of Mp
and Mn, respectively. Use the method of virtual work.

(b) Determine the specific yield pattern and uniformly distributed collapse
load of such a slab when B = 6 m, 2L = 12 m, Mp = 9 kNm/m and Mn =
12 kNm/m, as shown in Fig.12.31.10. Use method of virtual work.
A.4: (a): The possible yield pattern is drawn in Fig.12.31.9 having unknown y.
Thus, we have two unknowns y and the collapse load w of the slab. The
yield pattern divides the slab into three segments of which segments 2
and 3 are symmetrical.
Geometric properties.
The angle DEJ = θ = tan-1 (L/B). The perpendicular distance from G to ED

is GH = EG sinθ = (B – y) {sin tan-1 (L/B)}. The length of side DE = (B2 +
L2)1/2.
Let us assume the displacement of the slab at point G = Δ. The rotation of

the segment 1 = θ1 = Δ/y and the rotation of the segments 2 and 3 = θ2 =
Δ/GH = Δ / [(B-y){sin tan-1 (L/B)}].
The total external work (TEW) done by the loads of three segments is
obtained considering the displacement of the centroid of all three
segments as Δ/3.
Thus,
TEW = (1/2) (2L) (B) w (Δ/3) = B L w Δ/3
(1)
The internal work done by the negative yield lines DF, DE and EF is:
Mn {(DF) (θ1) + 2(DE) (θ2)}
(2A)
For the positive yield moment along DG, let us project DG along DE and
DF. The projected lengths are DH and DJ, respectively. Similarly,
projecting the moments of positive yield lines of EG and FG along the
sides of the triangle DEF, we have the total internal works done by the
three positive yield lines = Mp {(DF) (θ1) + 2(DE)(θ2)}
(2B)
Therefore, the total internal work done (TEW) is obtained adding the two
expressions of 2A and 2B as:
TIW = (Mp + Mn) {(DF) (θ1) + 2 (DE) (θ2)}

(2)
Equating TEW and TIW from Eqs. 1 and 2, we have

(B)(L) w Δ/3 = (Mp + Mn) {(DF) (θ1) + 2 (DE) (θ2)}
(3)
Substituting the values of DF, DE, θ1 and θ2, we have from Eq. 3
(B)(L) w Δ/3 = (Mp + Mn) [(2L) (Δ/y) + 2 (B2 + L2)1/2 Δ / [(B-y) {sin tan-1
(L/B)}]]
3( M p + M n ) ⎡ 2 L 2( B 2 + L2 )1 / 2 ⎤
or, w = ⎢ + −1 ⎥
( B)( L) ⎣ y ( B − y ){sin tan ( L / B)} ⎦
(4)
Equation 4 is the only one equation from the method of virtual work to
determine y and w. Therefore, we differentiate w with respect to y to get
the lowest value of the load and determine y. Thereafter, Eq. 4 shall be
used to find the value of w.
dw 2L − 2( B 2 + L2 )1 / 2
= 0 gives : − 2 =
dy y ( B − y ){sin tan -1 ( L / B)}
or [L{sin tan-1 (L/B)} – (B2 + L2)1/2] y2 – [2 (L) (B) {sin tan-1 (L/B)}] y + LB2
{sin tan-1 (L/B)} = 0
(5)
Thus, Eqs. 4 and 5 are the general equations to determine y and w of the
slab.
A 4. (b): For the specific case when 2L = 12 m, B = 6 m, Mp = 9 kNm/m and Mn

= 12 kNm/m, we have angle DEJ = θ = 450. The distance GH = EG sinθ =
(6-y) / (2)1/2. The length of side DE = EF = (36 + 36)1/2 = 6(2)1/2 m. The
rotations θ1 = Δ/y and θ2 = Δ/[(B-y) {sin tan-1 (L/B)}] = Δ(2)1/2 / (6-y).
Equating the TEW and TIW from Eqs. 1 and 2 of A.4a, we have:
( M p + M n ) ⎧12 24 ⎫
w= ⎨ + ⎬
12 ⎩ y 6− y⎭
(6)
dw
= 0 gives : y2 + 12y – 36 = 0
dy
(7)

Solution of Eq. 7 gives y = 2.485 m. Using the value of y in Eq. 6, we get w
= 20.399 kN/m2.
12.31.8 References
Delhi, 2003.
New Delhi, 1993.
Longman, 1994.
Longman, 2000.

Maximum Marks = 50 Maximum Time = 30
minutes

TQ.1: Determine the yield pattern and the uniformly distributed collapse load w
kN/m2 of the triangular slab shown in Fig. 12.31.11a having simple
supports along AB and AC and the edge BC is free. The reinforcing bars

along x and y directions have the moment capacities Mx = 50 kNm/m and
My = 60 kNm/m, respectively. Use both the methods i.e., (i) method of
segmental equilibrium and (ii) method of virtual work.
[25×2 = 50]
A.TQ.1: (i) Method of segmental equilibrium. The yield pattern of the slab is
drawn in Fig.12.31.11a involving x as unknown. Thus, we have two
unknowns x and w here.
The yield pattern divides the slab into two segments 1 and 2, whose free
body diagrams are shown in Figs. 12.31.11b and c, respectively. The
nodal force V has the magnitude (90 – 15x)/ 2 obtained from Eq.12.23 ( V
= My cotα).
Taking moment of all forces and moments of segment 1 about AB and

equating it to zero gives
(1/2) x (8) w (DE)/3 – V (DE) – 8 Mx sin β- My (6-x) cosβ = 0, which

gives
w = (-18 x2 + 1608) / (3.2) x2

(1)
Similarly, taking moment of all forces and moments about AC of segment

2 and equating it to zero gives: (1/2) (6-x) w (8) (6-x) / 3 + V (CD) – 8 Mx =
0, which gives,
w = (-22.5 x2 + 270 x + 390) / (144 + 4x2 – 48x)

(2)
Equating Eqs. 1 and 2
− 18 x 2 + 1608 − 22.5 x 2 + 270 x + 390

=
3.2 x 2 144 + 4 x 2 − 48 x
or, 27 x2 – 804 x + 2412 = 0

(3)
which gives x = 3.3847 m.
From Eq. 1: w = (1608 – 18x2) / 3.2 x2 = 38.2369 kN/m2 and

From Eq.2: w = (-22.5 x2+ 270 x + 390) / (144 + 4 x2 – 48 x) = 38.2369
kN/m2.
(ii) Method of virtual work

Total external work TEW = {w (Δ) / 3 (2)} {8x + (6 – x) 8} = 8 wΔ
(4)
Total internal work TIW = 8Mx (θ1) sin β + (6-x) My θ1 cos β + (6-x) My θ2
cos 90 + 8 Mx θ2
= 8 (50) (Δ / DE) (0.8) + (6 – x) (60) (Δ/DE) (0.6) + 0 + 8 (50) Δ/(6-

x)}
⎡ 400 45( 6 − x ) 400 ⎤

= Δ⎢ + +
⎣ x x ( 6 − x ) ⎥⎦
(5)
Equating Eqs. 4 and 5
⎡ 400 45( 6 − x ) 400 ⎤

8 wΔ = Δ ⎢ + +
⎣ x x 6 − x ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 670 400 ⎤
or, w= ⎢ − 45 +
8⎣ x 6 − x ⎥⎦
(6)
Equation 6 is the only equation to determine x and w. Differentiating w

with respect to x and equating it to zero will give the lowest value of w.
Thus, dw/dx = 0 gives:
(-) 670/(x2) + 400 / (6 –x)2 = 0
or, 27 x2 – 804 x + 2412 = 0

(7)
Equation 7 is the same as Eq. 3, obtained by the method of segmental

equilibrium. The solution of Eq.7 is the same as that of Eq.3 and so, we
get x = 3.3847 m.
Using the value of x in Eq.6, we get
1 ⎡ 670 400 ⎤
w= ⎢ − 45 + ⎥ = 38.2369 kN/m2
8⎣ x 6 − x⎦
Thus, we get the same values of x and w by both methods.

This lesson presents the derivations of the expressions for determining
the work done by bending and twisting moments when yield lines are at
angles with the two orthogonal directions of the reinforcing bars. The
need for the nodal forces and their determination are explained when one
yield line meets another yield line or the free edge. Different possible
yield patterns of two-way slabs are explained. Numerical problems are
solved for the purpose of illustration taking examples with or without
nodal forces employing both (i) method of segmental equilibrium and (ii)
method of virtual work. Illustrative examples, practice problems and
problem of test will give a clear understanding of analysing the slabs by
the two methods.

Module
12
Slabs
Lesson
33
Numerical Examples
• apply the theory of segmental equilibrium for the solution of different types of
slab problems,
• apply the theory of virtual work for the solution of different types of slab
problems.
The theoretical formulations of the yield line analysis of slabs are
explained in earlier Lessons 30 to 32, considering (i) the method of segmental
equilibrium and (ii) the method of virtual work. Illustrative examples are solved in
Lesson 30. This lesson includes different types of illustrative examples of slabs
with different combinations of support conditions. Two types of loadings, viz., (i)
point loads and (ii) uniformly distributed loads, are considered. In some cases,
two or three possible yield patterns are examined to select the correct one and
the corresponding loads are determined. The problems include different types of
rectangular or square two-way slabs, triangular, quadrantal and circular slabs.
Circular slabs also include one practical example where it is supported by a
central column in addition to clamped support along the periphery. Some practice
problems and test problem are also included. Understanding the numerical
problems and solving practice and test problems will give a better understanding
of the theories of yield line analysis and their applications.
12.33.2 Illustrative Examples

Problem 1. Determine the uniformly distributed collapse load w kN/m2 of a
square slab (L m × L m), simply supported at three edges and the
other edge is free. Assume My = 2Mx = 2M.
Solution 1. The slab is shown in Fig.12.33.1a. Given data are:

Lx = Ly = L and My = 2Mx = 2M.
Step 1. To examine the possibility of yield patterns 1, 2 or both
Equation12.45 of Lesson 32 stipulates that (My/Mx) 〈 4 (Ly /Lx)2 for

yield pattern 1 and Eq.12.54 of Lesson 32 gives the condition that
(My/Mx) 〉 (4/3) (Ly/Lx)2 for yield pattern 2.
Here, Ly/Lx = 1 and My/Mx = 2. So, (My/Mx) 〈 4 (Ly /Lx)2 and (My/Mx) 〉
(4/3) (Ly /Lx)2. Thus, both the yield patterns are to be examined.
Step 2. Value of y for yield pattern 1
The value of y is obtained from Eq.12.43 of Lesson 32, which is
4 Mx Ly y2 + 2 My Lx2 y – 3 My Lx2 Ly = 0
(12.43)
or 2y2 +2L y – 3L2 = 0

(1)
which gives y = 0.823L

(2)
Step 3. Determination of collapse load w kN/m2
Equations 12.41 and 12.42 of the method of segmental equilibrium

of Lesson 32 and Eq.12.48 of the method of virtual work of Lesson
32 shall be used to determine w. The results are given below.
(i) From Eq. 12.41: w = (24ML)/{3L2 (L– y) + L2y}= 17.722 (M /L2)

(3)
(ii) From Eq. 12.42: w = 12M/y2 = 17.722 (M/L2) (3)
2
(iii) From Eq. 12.48: w = {12 M (2y + L)} / {L(3yL – y )} = 17.722
(M/L2)
(3)
Step 4. Value of x for yield pattern 2

The value of x is obtained from Eq. 12.52 of Lesson 32, which is
6x2 + 4Lx – 3L2 = 0 (4)
which gives: x = 0.448L (5)
Step 5. Determination of collapse load w kN/m2

of Lesson 32 and Eq. 12.57 for the method of virtual work of Lesson
32 shall be used to determine w. The results are given below:
(i) From Eq. 12.50: w = {6M(L2 – 2x2)} / x2L2 = 17.841 (M /L2) (6)
2 2
(ii) From Eq.12.51: w = 24 Mx / {L (3L-4x)}= 17.841 (M/L ) (6)
2 2 2
(iii) From Eq.12.57: w = (M/L ) {12 (L + 2x )}/ {x (3L – 2x)} = 17.841
(M/L2)
(6)
Step 6: Correct yield pattern and collapse load
Comparison of results of steps 3 and 5 reveals that yield pattern 1 is

the correct one giving the lower value of w. For this yield pattern, y =
0.823 L and w = 17.722 (M/L2).
Problem 2: Determine the uniformly distributed collapse load w kN/m2 of a

rectangular slab whose Ly/Lx = 3/4, simply supported at three edges
and free at the other edge. Assume My = 2Mx.
Solution 2: The slab is shown in Fig.12.33.1a. Given data are: Ly/Lx = 3/4 and
My/Mx = 2.
Step 1: To examine the possibility of yield patterns 1, 2 or both
Equation 12.45 of Lesson 32 stipulates that (My/Mx) 〈 4 (Ly/Ln)2 for

yield pattern 1 and Eq. 12.54 of Lesson 32 gives the condition that
(My/Mx) 〉 (4/3) (Ly/Lx)2 for yield pattern 2.
Here, Ly/Lx = 3/4 and My/Mx = 2 give (My/Mx) 〈 4 (Ly/Lx)2 and (My/Mx)
〉 (4/3) (Ly/Lx)2. Thus, both the yield patterns are to be examined.
Step 2: Value of y for yield pattern 1
The value of y is obtained from Eq.12.43 of Lesson 32, which gives:

6y2 + 8Lx – 9Lx2= 0 (7)
The solution of Eq. 7 is: y = 0.728 Lx (8)
Step 3: Determination of collapse load w kN/m2

of Lesson 32 and Eq. 12.48 of the method of virtual work of Lesson
32 shall be used to determine w. The results are given below:
(i) From Eq. 12.41: w = 24Mx Ly/{3Lx2(Ly - y)+ Lx2y}= 22.657(Mx/Lx2)

(9)
(ii) From Eq. 12.42: w = 6My / y2 = 22.657 (Mx/Lx2)
(9)
(iii) From Eq. 12.48: w = (24MxLy y + 6My Lx2) / {Lx2 (3y Ly - y2)}
= 22.657 (Mx/Lx2) (9)
Step 4: Value of x for yield pattern 2
The value of x is obtained from Eq. 12.52 of Lesson 32, which is

6x2 + 2.25 Lx x – 1.6875 Lx2 = 0 (10)
The solution of the above equation is
x = 0.375 Lx (11)

of Lesson 32 and Eq. 12.57 of the method of virtual work of Lesson
32 shall be used to determine w. The results are:
(i) From Eq. 12.50: w = 6(Mx Ly2 – My x2) /(x2Ly2)= 21.334 (Mx/Lx2)
(12)
(ii) From Eq. 12.51: w = 24 My x /{Ly2 (3Lx – 4x)}= 21.334 (Mx/Lx2)
(12)
(iii) From Eq. 12.57: w = 12{Mx Ly2+Myx2}/{Ly2 x(3Lx - 2x)}
= 21.334 (Mx/Lx2) (12)
Comparison of results of steps 3 and 5 reveals that yield pattern 2 is

the correct one for which w is lower than that of yield pattern 1. For
yield pattern 2, x = 0.375 Lx and w = 21.334 (Mx / Lx2).

square slab (L m × L m), simply supported at three edges and free
at the other edge. Assume My = Mx = M.
Solution 3: The slab is shown in Fig. 12.33.1a. Given data are:

Lx = Ly = L and My = Mx = M.
Step 1. To examine the possibility of yield patterns 1, 2 or both
From Eq. 12.45 of Lesson 32, it is seen that (My/Mx) < 4 (Ly/Ln)2. So,
yield pattern 1 has to be considered. But, (My/Mx) is not greater than
(4/3) (Ly/Lx)2 (vide Eq. 12.54 of Lesson 32). So, yield pattern 2 is not
to be considered.
Step 2. Value of y for yield pattern 1
Equation 12.43 of Lesson 32 gives: 4 y2 + 2Ly – 3L2 = 0 (13)

The solution of Eq.13 is: y = 0.651 L (14)
Step 3. Collapse load w kN/m2
(i) From Eq.12.41 of Lesson 32: w = (M/L2){(24)/(3 –2y)}=14.141(M/L2)

(15)
(ii) From Eq. 12.42 of Lesson 32: w = 6M/y2 = 14.141 (M/L2)
(15)
(iii) From Eq. 12.48 of Lesson 32: w = (M/ L2) {(24 y + 6)/{3y-y2)}=
14.141(M/L2) (15)

rectangular slab whose Ly/Lx = 0.4, simply supported at three edges
and free at the other edge. Assume My/Mx = 1.
Solution 4: The slab is shown in Fig.12.33.1a. Given data are: Ly/Lx = 0.4 and
My/Mx = 1.

Here, (My/Mx) is not less than 4 (Ly/Lx)2. So, yield pattern 1 is not to
be considered. However, (My/Mx) is 〉 (4/3) (Ly/Lx)2. So, yield pattern
2 has to be considered (vide Eqs. 12.45 and 12.54 of Lesson 32).
Equation 12.52 (Lesson 32) gives: 3x2 + 0.64 Lx2 – 0.48 Lx2 = 0 (16)
The solution of Eq. 16 is: x = 0.3073 Lx (17)
Step 3: Collapse load w kN/m2
(i) Eq.12.50 gives: w = (Mx/Lx2) {6(0.16-x2}/0.16x2} = 26.032 (Mx/Lx2)

(18)
(ii) Eq.12.51 gives: w = (Mx/Lx2){24x / 0.16(3-4x)}= 26.032 (Mx / Lx2)
(18)
(iii) Eq. 12.57 gives: w = (Mx/Lx2){12 (0.16+x2)/0.16(3x – 2x2)}
= 26.032 (Mx / Lx2) (18)
(Equations 12.50, 12.51 and 12.57 are from Lesson 32.)
Problem 5: Determine the correct yield pattern and the collapse point load P of
the isosceles triangular slab of Q.4b of sec.12.31.7 of Lesson 31
(Fig.12.31.10), if the load is applied at the centroid of the slab. The
slab is also shown in Fig. 12.33.2a having B = 6 m and 2L = 12 m.
Assume Mp = 9 kNm/m and Mn = 12 kNm/m. Use the method of
virtual work.

Solution 5: The slab is shown in Fig. 12.32.2a. Given data are: 2L=12 m, B = 6
m, Mp = 9 kNm/m and Mn = 12 kNm/m. In this problem, two possible
yield patterns, as shown in Figs.12.33.2b and c, are to be
considered. The lower of the two loads shall be taken, as the correct
collapse load and the corresponding yield pattern is the correct one.
Step 1: Yield pattern 1
Yield pattern 1, shown in Fig. 12.33.2b, divides the slab into three
segments. Assuming the deflection of the slab at the centroid G = Δ,
the rotation θ1 of segment DFG = θ1 = Δ/2 (as the distance GJ = 2
m). The length of the side DE = 6√2 m and the perpendicular

distance from G to ED is GH = EG sin 450 = 2√2 m. The rotation of
the segment DEG = rotation of the segment FEG = Δ/GH = Δ/2√2.
Step 2: TIW and TEW due to moments and loads
TIW = (Mn + Mp) {DF (θ1) + 2DE (θ2)} = 21{12(Δ/2) + 2(6√2) (Δ/2√2)}
= 252 Δ
So, TIW = 252 Δ (19)
TIW = P Δ (20)
Step 3: Collapse load P
Equating TIW and TEW from Eqs. 19 and 20, we have, P = 252 kN
(21)
Thus, the collapse load for the yield pattern 1 is 252 kN.
Yield pattern 2 divides the segment into a large number of sub-

segments as shown in Fig. 12.33.2c. The free body diagram of a
typical segment GSR is shown in Fig. 12.33.2d. The internal work
done by moments Mp and Mn of the segment GSR is given below.
Internal work done by moments

= Mp r dθ (Δ/r) + Mn r dθ (Δ/r) = (Mn + Mp) dθ Δ (22)
Total number of such segment = 2π/dθ (23)
So, TIW = (Mn + Mp) dθ Δ (2π/dθ) = (Mn + Mp) 2π (Δ) (24)
Total external work done by the load:
TEW = PΔ (25)
Equating TIW and TEW from Eqs. 24 and 25, we have

(Mn + Mp) 2π (Δ) = PΔ
which gives
P = (Mn + Mp) 2π = 42 π = 119.428 kN (26)
Step 5: Correct yield pattern and the collapse load

The correct yield pattern is the second one as it gives the lower
collapse load P =119.428 kN.
Problem 6: A circular slab of 6 m radius is shown in Fig. 12.33.3 which is

clamped along the circumference and has a column support at the
centre. Determine the yield pattern and uniformly distributed
collapse load of the slab if the positive and negative moments of
resistance Mp and Mn are 30 kNm/m. Use the method of virtual work.
Solution 6: Figure 12.33.3 shows the slab. Given data are R = 6 m and Mn = Mp
= 30 kNm/m.
The analysis of this type of slab is explained in sec. 12.32.6D of

Lesson 32 by the method of virtual work. We have Eqs.12.89 and
12.90 to determine the values of r and w (Fig. 12.32.7a to c). Using
those equations with reference to Fig. 12.32.7 of Lesson 32, we
have
(i) From Eq. 12.89: r = 0.2679 R = 1.6074 m (27)

(ii) From Eq. 12.90: w = 22.39 (M/R2) = 18.658 kN/m2 (28)

Problem 7: Determine the yield pattern and uniformly distributed collapse load
of the quadrantal slab of radius R = 6 m as shown in Fig.12.33.4,
which is clamped along the straight edges OA and OB, and free
along the curved edge ACB. Assume Mn = Mp= 30 kNm/m. Use the
method of segmental equilibrium for this problem.
Solution 7:
Step 1: Yield pattern
The slab and the yield pattern are shown in Fig. 12.33.4. Here, the
negative yield lines are along OA and OB, and the positive yield line
OC divides the slab into two symmetrical segments. The point G is
the centroid of the segment COA. The angle GOA = π/8. We know,
OG = (2R/3) (sin π/8 / π/8), GD = OG sin π/8 and area of the

segment COA = πR2/8
(29)
Step 2: Segmental equilibrium equation
Taking moment of the load of segment COA about OA and

considering Mn and Mp, we have
Mn (OA) + Mp (OC cos450) – w (π R2/8) (GD) = 0

or Mn (R) + Mp (R/√2) – w (πR2/8) (2R/3) (sin π/8 / π/8) sin π/8 = 0
or Mn +Mp/√2 – (2 w R2/3) sin 2 (π/8) = 0 (30)
The value of the collapse load w can be determined from known

values of Mn , Mp and R from Eq.30.
Let us assume:
Mn = k Mp (31)
Equation 30 then gives

w = {3 (√2 k +1) Mp} /{R2(√2 –1)} (32)
For this particular problem k = 1 and R = 6 m.

Thus, from Eq. 32, we have:
w = 14.571 kN/m2 (33)
12.33.3 Practice Questions and Problems with Answers

Q.1: Determine the uniformly distributed collapse load w kN/m2 of a
circular slab of radius = 6 m simply supported along the periphery, if
Mp = 30 kNm/m. Use the method of segmental equilibrium.
A.1: The analysis of such slabs is explained in sec. 12.32.6B of Lesson

32 employing the method of segmental equilibrium with reference to
Fig. 12.32.5a and b. Equation 12.82 gives the value of the uniformly
distributed load, which is
w = 6Mp/R2 = 6(30)/(36) = 5 kN/m2 (34)
Therefore, the collapse load of this slab is 5 kN/m2.
Q.2: Determine the uniformly distributed collapse load w kN/m2 of a

circular slab of radius = 6 m and clamped along the periphery, if Mp
= Mn = 30 kNm/m. Use the method of segmental equilibrium.
A.2: The analysis of such slabs is explained in sec. 12.32.6C of Lesson

32 employing the method of segmental equilibrium with reference to
Figs.12.32.6a and b. Equation 12.83 gives the value of the uniformly
distributed load, which is

w = 6 (Mn + Mp) / R2 = 60(60)/36 = 10 kN/m2 (35)
Therefore, the collapse load of this slab is 10 kN/m2.
Q.3: Determine the uniformly distributed collapse load of a 6 m × 6 m

square slab clamped along four edges and has the moment of
resistance Mpx = Mpy = Mnx = Mny = Mp = Mn = 30 kNm/m.

A.3: For this problem, we have to examine three yield patterns 1, 2 and
3, shown in Figs.12.33.5a, b and c, respectively.
Step 1: Selection of yield patterns
In this problem, (Ly / Lx)2 = 1 and (Mpy + Mny)/ (Mpx +Mnx) = 1. So,
yield pattern 1 has to be considered. Since, (Mpy + Mny) / (Mpx + Mnx)
is not greater than (4/3) (Ly/Lx)2, yield pattern 2 is not possible. Yield
pattern 3 is also possible. So, we have to examine yield patterns 1
and 3.
Equation 12.26 of Lesson 31 gives the value of w for yield pattern 1,

which is
w = 12{(Mpx + Mnx)/(Lx)2 + (Mpy + Mny)/(Ly)2

(12.26)
= 12 {60/36 + 60/36} = 40 kN/m2
Thus, w = 40 kN/m2 for yield pattern 1

Equation 12.83 of Lesson 32 gives the value of load w for yield
pattern 3, which is:
w = 6(Mn + Mp) / R2 (12.83)
Using Mn = Mp = 30 kNm/m as R = 3 m, we have w = 40 kN/m2.
Therefore, the collapse load of this slab is 40 kN/m2 either for the
yield pattern 1 or for the yield pattern 3.
12.33.4 Reference
Delhi, 2003.
New Delhi, 1993.
Longman, 1994.
Longman, 2000.


Maximum Marks = 50, Maximum Time = 30 minutes
TQ.1: Determine the uniformly distributed collapse load of a rectangular

slab (Figs. 12.33.1a, b and c) having Ly/Lx = 0.5, simply supported at
three edges and free at the other edge. Assume My = 0.5 Mx.
A.TQ.1: The slab is shown in Figs. 12.33.1a, b and c. Given data are: Ly/Lx =
0.5 and My/Mx = 0.5.
Here, (My/Mx) 〈 4(Ly/Lx)2. So, yield pattern 1 is possible. Again

(My/Mx) 〉 (4/3) (Ly/Lx)2 . So, yield pattern 2 is also possible. Thus,
both yield patterns 1 and 2 are to be examined.
Step 2: Value of y for yield pattern 1
Equation 12.43 of Lesson 32 gives: 2y2 + Lx y – 0.75 Lx2 = 0, which

gives,
y = 0.4114 Lx (36)
(i) Eq. 12.41 gives: w = (Mx/Lx2) {12/(1.5-2y)} = 17.722(Mx/Lx2)

(37)
(ii) Eq. 12.42 gives: w = (Mx/Lx2) (3/y2) = 17.722 (Mx / Lx2)
(37)
(iii) Eq. 12.48 gives: w = (Mx/Lx2) {(12y + 3) / y(1.5-y)}
= 17.722 (Mx/Lx2) (37)
(Equations 12.41, 12.42 and 12.48 are from Lesson 32.)
The value of x is obtained from Eq. 12.52 of Lesson 32, which is,
1.5 x2 + Lx x – 0.75 Lx2 = 0 (38)

The solution of Eq. 38 is:
x = 0.448 Lx (39)
(i) Eq. 12.50 of Lesson 32 gives: w = 17.841 (Mx/Lx2)

(40)
(ii) Eq. 12.51 of Lesson 32 gives: w = 17.841 (Mx/Lx2)
(40)
(iii) Eq. 12.57 of Lesson 32 gives: w = 17.841 (Mx/Lx2) (40)
Comparison of results of Steps 3 and 5 reveals that the yield

pattern 1 is the correct one giving lower value of w = 17.722
(Mx/Lx2).

This lesson explains the different types of yield pattern of triangular,
rectangular, quadrantal and circular slabs through several numerical problems.
Both the methods of segmental equilibrium and virtual work are employed. The
loadings considered are either point load or uniformly distributed load. All
possible yield patterns of a particular problem are examined to select the correct
one and the corresponding lower/lowest load for the slab problems. The
moments of resistance of the slab in the two directions are also varied in the
problems. Different types of support conditions are taken up in the numerical
problems. In addition to illustrative examples, practice problems and test problem
will help in understanding the theories and their applications in analysing slab
problems with different types of support conditions and loadings.

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Module

• state the limitations of elastic analysis of reinforced concrete slabs,

• explain the meaning of yield lines,

• explain the basic principle of yield line theory,

• state the assumptions of yield line analysis,

• state the upper and lower bound theorems,

• explain if the yield line analysis is a lower or upper bound method,

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

(i) Slab panels are square or rectangular.

(iii) Two-way slab panels must be supported along two pairs of

(iv) Applied loads must be uniformly distributed.

(v) Slab panels must not have large opening.

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Inelastic or limit analysis is similar to the plastic analysis of continuous

12.30.2 Yield Line Theory

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

where ∈max is the compressive strain in concrete in the outermost fibre

Figure 12.30.3 shows the schematic moment-curvature diagrams of the

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

The first crack starting anywhere along CC of the one-way slab of

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2. The slab deforms plastically at collapse and is separated into

3. The elastic deformations are neglected and plastic deformations are

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

12.30.5 Rules for Yield Lines

1. Yield lines between two intersecting planes are straight lines.

2. Positive yield line will be at the mid-span of one-way simply supported

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7. Yield lines represent the axes of rotation.

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12.30.6 Upper and Lower Bound Theorems

According to the general theory of structural plasticity, the collapse load of

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

12.30.7 Methods of Analysis

(1) Method of segmental equilibrium

(2) Method of virtual work.

The two methods are briefly explained below.

(1) Method of segmental equilibrium

In this method, equilibrium of the individual slab segments causing the

Thus, in segmental equilibrium method, each segment of the slab is

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

It should be specially mentioned that equilibrium of a slab segment should

(2) Method of virtual work

∑wΔ = ∑Mθ l (12.3)

Δ = vertical deflection through which the collapse load w moves,

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θ = rotation of the slab segment satisfying the compatibility of deflection,

l = length of the yield line.

12.30.8 Analysis of One-Way Slab

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

(1) Method of segmental equilibrium

VA = (wL/2) + (MA – MB) / L (12.4)

w = -2 (MA – MB) / L (L-2x) (12.7)

Substituting the expression of VA from Eq. 12.4 in Eq. 12.8, we have,

{wL/2 + (MA – MB) / L}x – MA – wx2/2 – MC = 0

(MB – MA) x2 + 2 (MA + MC) Lx – (MA + MC) L2 = 0 (12.10)

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

External work done = wx (Δ/2) + w (L-x) Δ/2 = wLΔ/2

Internal work done = + MA θA + MB θB + MC (θA + θB)

θA = Δ/x and θB = Δ/(L-x)

Substituting the values of θA and θB from Eq.12.13 into Eq.12.12, we have:

Internal work done = MA (Δ/x) + MB (Δ /L-x) + MC (Δ/x + Δ/L-x)

or, w = 2MA / Lx + 2MB / L (L-x) + 2 MC / x (L-x)