Bituminous Pavement

Engineering
J. Murali Krishnan
CE3010
2013

CE3010, Aug. - Dec. 2013 1

 Outlines
• Cross-sections and Failures
• Design Process
• Stress Analysis
• Material Characterization
• Traffic Loading
• Pavement Design - IRC

CE3010, Aug. - Dec. 2013 2

 Outlines
• Cross-sections and Failures
• Design Process
• Stress Analysis
• Material Characterization
• Traffic Loading
• Pavement Design - IRC

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 Cross-section (Huang)

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 American Design

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 American Design (AASHTO)

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 Indian Design (IRC37-2012)

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 Indian Design (IRC37-2012)

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 Indian Design (IRC37-2012)

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 French Design Cross-section

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 French Design

Pavement overall thickness from 30 to

60 cm, used for low traffic

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 French Design

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 French Design

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 Comparison of Diff. Cross-sections

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 What ails the pavement? – Fatigue
Cracking

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 What ails the pavement? – Reflection
Cracking

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 What ails the pavement? - Rutting

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 What ails the pavement? - Bleeding

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 Outlines
• Cross-sections and Failures
• Design Process
• Stress Analysis
• Material Characterization
• Traffic Loading
• Pavement Design - IRC

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 Overall Design Process (AASHTO)

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Road Tests – Univ. of Maryland

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 Road Tests - WASHO

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 Road Tests - AASHO

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 Road Tests - AASHO

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 Design Factors
• Traffic Loading

• Environment

• Materials

• Failure Criteria

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 Wheel Configuration

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 Wheel Configuration

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 Tire Pressure – Contact Pressure

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 Let us fill Nitrogen!!!

http://www.calchrome.com/nitrogen_inflation.php
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 Tire Pressure – Contact Pressure

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 Tire Contact Area

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IRC 3
IRC 3
 Moving Loads

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 Load Pulse

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 Vertical Stress Pulse Time

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 Repeated Loading

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 Moving Loads - Simulation

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 Outlines
• Cross-sections and Failures
• Design Process
• Stress Analysis
• Material Characterization
• Traffic Loading
• Pavement Design - IRC

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 One Layer Theory Sample Problem

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 Axi-Symmetry Solution – Flexible Plate

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 Flexible Plate vs. Rigid Plate

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 Flexible Plate Vs. Rigid Plate

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 Vertical Interface Deflection – 2 Layer

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 Solve Problem

El/E2=10, h l /a=1.33, From charts, deflection at A due left load (r/a =

0) is 0 .56 and deflection at A due to right load (r/a=2.99) is 0.28.
Now F = 0 .56 + 0 .28 = 0.84, use the equation for w.
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 Critical Tensile Strain

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 Critical Tensile Strain

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 Solve Problem

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 ASSIGNMENTS
• Problems 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7

• In addition, plot the variation of 4 stresses, 3

strains for z=a to 10a in steps of “a” and for
r=a to 10a in steps of “a”. Show a 3D-Plot. Use
MATLAB/Origin or a software of your choice.

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 Outlines
• Cross-sections and Failures
• Design Process
• Stress Analysis
• Material Characterization
• Traffic Loading
• Pavement Design - IRC

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 Traffic Loading
• Fixed Traffic

• Fixed Vehicle

• Variable Traffic and Vehicle

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 Fixed Traffic
• Pavement thickness governed by a single-
wheel load

• Number of repetitions are not considered

• Concept of Equivalent Single Wheel Load

(multiple wheel into single wheel)
• Runway
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 ESWL
• WW-II, B-29 bombers, Dual wheel

• ESWL: load on a single tire that will cause an

equal magnitude of pre-selected parameter
(stress, strain, deflection, or distress) at a
given location within specific system to that
resulting from multiple-wheel load at the
same location within the pavement structure

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 ESWL
• Theory for calculation of pre-selected
parameter (one layer/two layer/three layer)

• What is the equivalence we are looking at?

• Where are we looking at?

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ESWL – Equal Vertical Stress – Method 1
Boyd and Foster (1950)

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ESWL – Equal Vertical Stress – Method 1
Boyd and Foster (1950)

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 Solve Problem – Method 1

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ESWL – Boussinesq (Analytical) – Method 2

•Where do the
maximum stress
occurs in a dual
wheel?

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 Solve Problem

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How do we use this chart to get ESWL?

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ESWL – Boussinesq (Analytical) – Method 2

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 Equal Vertical Deflection – Method 3

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 Solve Problem – Method 3

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 Equal Vertical Deflection – Method 3

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 ESWL
• Equal interface deflection (2-layer theory,
pages 250-253)
• Equal tensile strain criterion (2-layer theory,
pages 253-254)
• Equal contact pressure (2-layer theory, pages
254-255)
• Please ignore equivalent contact radius (pages
256, section 6.2.5)

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Equal Contact Pressure - Method 4
• ESWL can have same contact pressure but
different radius

• Two layer theory, interface deflection

• Solution is iterative!!!

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 Equal Contact Pressure – Method 4

For equal interface deflection:

Since and

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 Solve Problem

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 Solve Problem
• Assume a suitable Ps and solve. Recheck

Methods ESWL
Method 1 33.0 kN
Method 2 25 kN
Method 3 32.7 kN
Method 4 37.8 kN
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 EQUIVALENT AXLE LOAD FACTOR

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 EALF

Damage per pass to a pavement by the axle in

question relative to the damage per pass by a

standard axle load, usually the 80 kN axle load

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 EALF (Fi)

• Equivalent single axle load: Total number of

passes of the standard axle load during the

design period

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 EALF
• Theoretical Analysis

• AASHTO Road Test Data Analysis

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Load Equivalency Factor
Load Equivalency Factors
Weigh Stations
 Truck Factor and LEF

• Truck Factor: The number of equivalent 80 kN

single-axle load applications contributed by
one passage of a vehicle

• LEF: The number of equivalent 80 kN single-

axle load applications contributed by one
passage of an axle
Determine the EWLF for this vehicle!!!
10 axle and 80 tires
SAMPLE MSA CALCULATION - IRC
 Traffic

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 Traffic Growth Rate

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 Design Life

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 VDF

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 LEF

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 Axle Load Survey

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 Distribution
• Single Lane Roads: Total vehicles
• Two-lane single carriageway roads: 50 per
cent of the total number of commercial
vehicles in both directions
• Four-lane single carriageway roads: 40 per
cent of the total number of commercial
vehicles in both directions
• Dual carriageway roads: 75 per cent

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 IRC 37-2012

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 IRC37-2012

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IRC 3
IRC 3
A typical LCV
LCV – Sample Data
A typical 318 vehicle
2 axle 318 Vehicle
3 axle 318 Vehicle
 MAV – 318
(4 axle: First 2 are single axle, the remaining 2 are tandem axle
5 axle: First axle is single axle, remaining 4 are 2 tandem axle
Bus
Calculate VDF from TF (IRC)
 IRC37-2012

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 2.2 Scope

2.2 For the purpose of the guidelines, flexible

pavements include pavements with
Bituminous surfacing over:

(i) Granular base and sub-base

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 IRC37 Cross-section

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 3.4 General
(i) Incorporation of design period of more than
fifteen years.
(ii) Computation of effective CBR of subgrade for
pavement design.
(iii) Use of rut resistant surface layer.
(iv) Use of fatigue resistant bottom bituminous
layer.
(v) Selection of surface layer to prevent top
down cracking.
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 4.0 Traffic
• Commercial vehicles having gross vehicle
weight of 30 kN

• 5 % growth rate

• 15 years

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 4.4 VDF
• VDF - equivalent number of standard axles per
commercial vehicle

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 Indicative VDF

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 4.5 Distribution
• Single Lane Roads: Total vehicles
• 2-lane single carriageway roads: 50 per cent of
the total number of commercial vehicles in
both directions
• 4-lane single carriageway roads: 40 per cent of
the total number of commercial vehicles in
both directions
• Dual 3 lane: 60 per cent

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 IRC 37-2012

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 IRC37-2012

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 5.0 Subgrade
• Subgrade: Top 500 mm of the embankment
immediately below the bottom of the
pavement
• 97% of density
• CBR of 8 % for roads having traffic of 450
CVPD or higher

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How do you choose subgrade CBR?
1. Measure a minimum of 6 to 8 average CBR
values (average of three tests) for each soil
type along the alignment
2. 90th percentile as the design CBR for
Expressways, National Highways and State
Highways
3. 80th percentile of laboratory CBR value for
other roads

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 90th and 80th percentile CBR

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 Resilient Modulus from CBR

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 Resilient Modulus for Granular
Materials

k1, k2 and k3: 300, 1.05 and -0.4

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Resilient Modulus – Granular Materials

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 Composite Modulus

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 Resilient Modulus – Bituminous
Mixtures

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 Pavement Model – IRC37

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 Fatigue
• 20 per cent cracking area up to 30 msa
• 10 per cent cracking area beyond that

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 Rutting
• 20 mm in 20 per cent of the length for design
traffic up to 30 msa
• 20 mm in 10 per cent for design traffic beyond

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Pavement Design Catalog
Design Catalog for Choice 1
Sample Design Template – Choice 1
Sample Design (proof-checking) Problem

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Sample Design (proof-checking) Problem
• For rutting
• Allowable Vertical Compressive Strain on
Subgrade is 291 x 10–6

• For fatigue cracking

• Allowable Horizontal Tensile Strain in
Bituminous Layer is 153 x 10–6 for VG 40 mixes

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Sample Design (proof-checking) Problem
• From PLATE 7, BC = 50 mm, DBM = 125 mm,
WMM = 250 mm, GSB-200 mm. The
computed strains are
• Horizontal Tensile Strain in Bituminous Layer is
149 x10-6 < 153 x10–6
• Vertical Compressive Strain on Subgrade is
244 x 10–6 < 291 x 10–6
• Pavement Composition is Safe

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 Assignment
• Design a pavement using IRC37-2012

• Traffic data will be sent to you

• Deadline: 23rd Oct. 2013 before 12.00 noon to

the Teaching Assistants (Nivitha/Lakshmi)

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