EE3341

ELECTRICAL MACHINES & DRIVES

Prepared by: Ir. S. Gopinath [ May 2016]

 Lecturer – Info

Lecturer : Ir. S. Gopinath

E-mail : gopinath@nilai.edu.my
Hp no : 016-5622622
Office No : S217
Consultation hours: Thurs ( 8am-10am) & Fri (3 – 5pm)
Class schedule :
Mon : 8.00am – 10.00 am (SXXX) – Lecture
Tues : 10.00am – 12.00 pm (SXXX) – Tutorial

Leader to create group!!!!!

Course module

• Introduction to Machinery Principles

• Transformers
• Synchronous Generator
• Synchronous Motor
• Induction Motor
• Motor Drives
• Three-Phase Circuits
Course module

Assessment Methods Assessment Type

40 % Course work Test (15%) Written exam
Assignment (10%) Report writing
Lab (15%) Practical work & report writing
60% Final Examination Exam (60%) Written exam

Assignment #1: Induction motor starting method

Assignment #2: 3-phase circuit studies at power plant

Lab#1: Simulation on Transformer test using MATLAB/Simulink

Lab#2: Induction motor circuit
Lab#3: To be confirmed
New approaches – EE3341

- Industrial Visit to HIGH VOLTAGE TEST LAB Sdn

Bhd, Nilai.
- Industrial Visit to TNB Gas Power Plant, Port
Dickson.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO MACHINERY
PRINCIPLES
Contents:

1-1 Electrical machines

1-2 The magnetic field
1-3 Real, Reactive and Apparent power in
single-phase AC circuit
1-1 Electrical machines

- An electrical machine is a device that can

convert either mechanical energy to
electrical energy ( generator) or electrical
energy to mechanical energy (motor).
- One form to another through the action of
a magnetic field.
- The transformer is an electrical device that
is closely related to electrical machines.
- It converts ac electrical energy at one
voltage level to ac electrical energy at
another voltage level.
- Volts, amperes, ohms, watts, and similar
units, which are part of the metric system of
units.
- Metric system was adopted as an
international standard:
 Systeme international (SI)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)
-Almost all electric machines rotate about
an axis, called the shaft of the machine.
- the direction of rotation can be described
as either:
 clockwise (CW)
 Counter clockwise (CCW)
Major concept of rotational motion:
- Angular Position (θ): angle at which it is
oriented, measured from some arbitrary
reference point.
- Angular Velocity () or speed : rate of
change in angular position w.r.t time.
Symbols to describe angular velocity:
- m, angular velocity expressed in rad/sec
- fm, angular velocity expressed in rev/sec
- ηm , angular velocity expressed in rpm

The subscript m on these symbols indicates

a mechanical quantity, as opposed to
an electrical quantity.
Torque r
When an object is rotating, its angular
velocity is constant unless a torque is
present on it.
The greater the torque on the object, the
more rapidly the angular velocity of the
object changes.
Newton's Law of Rotation

F = ma
where
F = net force applied to an object (N)
m = mass of the object (kg)
a = resulting acceleration (m/s^2)

[relationship between the force applied to an object and

its resulting acceleration]
1-2 The magnetic field
4 basic principles describe how magnetic fields are used:
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in
the area around it.
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a
coil of wire if it passes through that coil. (basis of
transformer action)
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic
field has a force induced on it. (basis of motor action)
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has
a voltage induced in it. (basis of generator action)
The basic law governing the production of a
magnetic field by a current is Ampere's law:

H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current Inet

dl is a differential element of length along the path of integration
-path of integration in Ampere's law is the mean
path length of the core lc.
-The current passing within the path of integration
Inet is then Ni, since the coil of wire cuts the path of
integration N times while carrying current i.
Ampere's law thus becomes:

Here, H is the magnitude of the magnetic field intensity

vector H. (Amp-turns per meter)
The magnetic field intensity H is in a sense a measure
of the "effort" that a current is putting into the
establishment of a magnetic field.
The strength of the magnetic field flux produced in the
core also depends on the material of the core.

where
H = magnetic field intensity (Amp-turns per meter)
μ = magnetic permeability of material
B = resulting magnetic flux density produced ( Tesla, T)
The permeability of free space:

The permeability of any other material compared

to the permeability of free space is called its
relative permeability:
In a core, the magnitude of the flux density is
given by:

Now the total flux in a given area is given by:

where dA is the differential unit of area.

If the flux density is constant throughout the area,
then this equation reduces to:

Thus, the total flux in the core due to the current i in

the winding is:

where A is the cross-sectional area of the core.

Note: Current in a coil of wire wrapped around a core

produces a magnetic flux in the core.
Magnetic circuits:

In the electric circuit, it is the voltage or

electromotive force that drives the current flow.
By analogy, the corresponding quantity in the
magnetic circuit is called the magnetomotive force
(mmf) .
Magnetic circuits:
The mmf of the magnetic circuit is equal to the
effective current flow applied to the core, or:

where is magnetomotive force, measured in

ampere-turns.
The applied magnetomotive force causes flux to be
produced.
The relationship between magnetomotive force
and flux is:

The reluctance of a magnetic circuit is the

counterpart of electrical resistance
( ampere-turns per weber).
-The permeance of a magnetic circuit is the
reciprocal of its reluctance:

-The relationship between magnetomotive force

and flux can thus be expressed as:

-The resulting flux in the core as:

-The reluctance of the core is:

-Equivalent reluctance of a number of reluctances

in series:

-Reluctances in parallel combine according to the

equation:

Note: Permeance in series and parallel obey the

same rules as electrical conductance.
-If there are air gaps in the flux path in a core, the
effective cross-sectional area of the air gap will be
larger than the cross-sectional area of the iron
core on either side.
The extra effective area is caused by the "fringing
effect" of the magnetic field at the air gap.
Example 1-1:
A ferromagnetic core is shown. 3 sides of this core
are of uniform width, while the fourth side is
somewhat thinner. The depth of the core
(into the page) is 10 cm, and the other dimensions
are shown. There is a 200-turn coil wrapped
around the left side of the core. Assuming relative
permeability, , of 2500, how much flux will be
produced by a 1A input current?
Example 1-1:
Example 1-1: ( Soln)
-The mean path length of region 1 is 45 cm, and the cross-
sectional area is 10 X 10cm = 100 cm2 . Therefore, the
reluctance in the first region is:

-The mean path length of region 2 is 130 cm, and the cross-
sectional area is 15 X 10 cm = 150 cm2. Therefore, the
reluctance in the second region is:
Example 1-1: ( Soln)
-Therefore, the total reluctance in the core is:

-The total magnetomotive force is:

-The total flux in the core is given by:

Example 1-2:
Figure below shows a ferromagnetic core whose mean
path length is 40 cm. There is a small gap of 0.05 cm in
the structure of the otherwise whole core. The cross-
sectional area of the core is 12 cm2, the relative
permeability of the core is 4000, and the coil of wire
on the core has 400 turns. Assume that fringing in the
air gap increases the effective cross-sectional area of
the air gap by 5%. Find
(a) the total reluctance of the flux path (iron plus air
gap) and
(b) the current required to produce a flux density of
0.5 T in the air gap
Example 1-2:
Example 1-2: (Soln)
(a) The reluctance of the core is:

The effective area of the air gap is 1.05 x 12 cm2 = 12.6

cm2, so the reluctance of the air gap is
Example 1-2: (Soln)
(a)(cont..)
Therefore, the total reluctance of the flux path is

Note that the air gap contributes most of the reluctance

even though it is 800 times shorter than the core.
Example 1-2: (Soln)
(b)
Magnetomotive force of the circuit states that

So, current required to produce a flux density of 0.5 T in

the air gap
Magnetic Behaviour of Ferromagnetic Materials:

-Magnetizing intensity is directly proportional to

magnetomotive force and magnetic flux density is
directly proportional to flux for any given core.
Therefore, the relationship between B and H has
the same shape as the relationship between flux
and magnetomotive force.
Fig. 1-3: A detailed magnetization curve for a typical piece
of steel
Example 1-3:

A square magnetic core has a mean path length of 55 cm

and a cross sectional area of 150 cm2. A 200-turn coil of
wire is wrapped around one leg of the core. The core is
made of a material having the magnetization curve shown
in Figure 1-3 above.
(a) How much current is required to produce 0.012 Wb of
flux in the core?
(b) What is the core's relative permeability at that current
level?
(c) What is its reluctance?
Example 1-3:(Soln)
(a) The required flux density in the core is

From Fig. 1-3, the required magnetizing intensity is

The magnetomotive force needed to produce magnetizing

intensity is

so the required current is

Example 1-3:(Soln)
( b)
The core's permeability at this current is

Therefore, the relative permeability is

© The reluctance of the core is

1-3 Real, Reactive and Apparent power in single-
phase AC circuit

-The instantaneous power supplied to an ac load

will still be the product of the instantaneous
voltage and the instantaneous current,
but the average power supplied to the load will be
affected by the phase angle between the V & I.
-The average or real power (P) supplied to the load

-Reactive power (Q) represents the energy that is first

stored and then released in the magnetic field of an
inductor, or in the electric field of a capacitor.

where θ is the impedance angle of the load.

-The apparent power (S) supplied to a load is defined as
the product of the voltage across the load and the current
through the load.
Alternative Forms of the Power Equations:

-Real, reactive, and apparent power expressed in terms of

current and impedance:
Complex Power:

- The complex power, S supplied to a load can be calculated

from the equation

where the asterisk represents the complex conjugate

operator.
The Power Triangle:
-The real, reactive, and apparent powers supplied to a load
are related by the power triangle.
Example 1-4:

Figure 1-4 shows an ac voltage source supplying power to a

load with impedance
Calculate the
a. current I supplied to the load,
b. the power factor of the load, and
c. the real, reactive, apparent, and
d. complex power supplied to the load.
Example 1-4: (Soln)
Example 1-4: (Soln)