LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

GIS : Gas Insulated Switchgear

SLD : Single Line Diagram
LA : Lightening Arrester
BPI : Bus Pole Insulator
CVT : Capacitor Voltage Transformer
WT : Wave Trap
ICT : Inter Connecting Transformer
DSC : Disconnector Switch
GCB : Gas Insulated Circuit Breaker
IVT : Inductive Voltage Transformer
CT : Current Transformer
ES : Earthing Switch
FES : Fast operating Earthing Switch
PLCC : Power Line Carrier Communication
OLTC : On Line Tap Changer
ONAN : Oil Natural Air Natural
OFAF : Oil Forced Air Forced
SCADA : Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SAS : Substation Automation System
ACSR : Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
ACAR : Aluminium Conductor Aluminium alloy Reinforced
AACR : All Aluminium Conductor Reinforced
PVC : Poly Venial Chloride
AYFY : Aluminium PVC Insulated Flat Strip Armour and PVC Outer Sheath Cable
AWY : Aluminium Steel Round Wire Armour PVC Outer Sheath Cable
LCC : Local Control Cubicle
DG : Diesel Generator
HV : High Voltage Side
IV : Intermediate Voltage Side
LV : Low Voltage Side
EHV : Extra High Voltage
AIS : Air Insulated Switchgear
SF6 : Sulphur Hex Fluoride
HF : High Frequency
MSB : Main Circuit Board
ACDB : AC Distribution Board
DCDB : DC Distribution Board
SEB : State Electricity Board

1
COMPANY PROFILE:
Techno Electric &Engineering Company Ltd(TEECL),incorporated in
1963 and headquartered in Kolkata, is a leading EPC company in the power
sector. It provides turnkey engineering solution for entire power plant,
procurement and construction services to all the three segments of power
sector namely generation, transmission and distribution using captively
developed software for design in accordance with national and
international codes, standards and practices. It is involved in
commissioning in one capacity or other over 50% of India’s thermal power
generating capacity and setting up major portion of the National Grid. The
company has been a leader in its areas of activities having adopted state-of-
the-art Technology in the form of Computerised Engineering Services,
Mechanised Field Operations, High Standards of Quality Management
backed by strong human resources and resourceful financing. With over
three decades of rich experience in the power sector, TEECL has been the
preferred vendor for all PSUs. BHEL awarded TEECL as the best electrical
vendor for the year 2010.

2
ABSTRACT:
A Substation in general receives electrical power from a
generating station via incoming feeders and delivers electrical power
through outgoing feeders and it is used for controlling the power on
different routes. The GIS substation at Magarwada is basically a connector
between two grids of 400 kV and 220 kV through Inter Connecting
Transformers(ICT).
The switching and fault protection are broadly done using
GIS technology; which requires very less amount of space and maintenance
cost. It also gives much better reliability for long period of time.

CONSTRUCTION: SITE SELECTION:-

Main points considered for selection of site at Magarwada are:-
1. The site is easily approachable by highways and railways(vapi).
2. The site is geographically situated between two hv grids and it is a
fairly plane land
3. The site is on the bank of river Daman Ganga ,so water is easily
available for constructional work.
4. This riverside land is slightly inclined .This solves water logging
problemduring rainy season.
5. The selected site has scope for future expansion.
6. The site is far away from residential area .This permits safe approach
of EHV lines.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBSTATION:-

For simplicity the substation circuit can be divided into following parts-
i. Earthing ckt.
ii. Feeder ckt.
iii. Switching ckt.
iv. Transformer ckt.
v. AC power supply ckt.
vi. DC power supply ckt.(Control cable ckt.)
1. Earthing circuit:-
Earthing is necessary for a substation for safe disposal of fault
current, current due to lightening. Thus it saves equipments from
damages and operating personnel from getting shock.

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EARTHING CIRCUIT : GRID FORMATION

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 i. The grids (earth mat) is constructed using Mild Steel(M.S.) rod of
diameter of 40 mm.
ii. All equipments are connected to grid axes(X and Y) through M.S. flat
strips of size 75mm(b)X12mm(t).
iii. There are obviously two strips connect the grids, one from
equipment inside and other from structure.
iv. Earth Pit:-LA has one extra independent grounding using hollow
metal pipe. It connects ZnO bar to earth.
v. Shield Wire: a stranded steel wire running at the top of the towers is
also a part of grounding system. It gives transmission lines primary
protection from lightening.
vi. Riser: It is a flat strip erected from grids to connect equipments.
vii. The grids arms are at a distance of 19m in Y axis , 17m in X axis, 0.9 m
in –Z axis.
2. Feeder Circuit:-
Both incoming and outgoing feeder circuits consist of bays. As there
is 4 feeders so 4 bays are installed. Each bay consists of LA, BPI, CVT
per phase. there is total 2 WT per feeder. WTs should be connected
in proper phase for all bays. The four incoming feeders are all of
400kV,and all outgoing feeders are all of 220kV naming Magarwada-
Iⅈ Ringarwada-I&II.

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SUBSTATION FEEDER CIRCUIT

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 3. Switching Circuit
Switching and bus bar circuit is totally confined in SF6 environment.
The reasons for implementing GIS are can be understood by
comparing it to AIS(Air
AIS Insulated Switchgear)

i) As in EHV, the conventional type of circuit breaker needs large space

for enclosing the arc evolved at the instant of switching.But in SF6
environment the probability and intensity
intensity of arc build up is very rare.
Thats
hats why GIS requires less room to be operated.
ii) As in SF6 the arcing is under controlled and safe ,the fear of
substation breakdown is least.
iii) In GIS, corona effect is minimized. So power lost due to corona effect
is less.
iv) The AIS Circuit Breaker has a life span of normally 10 operations. But
GIS system can runs at top condition for many years (at at least 30
years).
v) The cost of maintenance is least in case of GIS although it serves
better reliability.
vi) In
n AIS the minimum distance between two bays is 28m m(in AIS,
minimum distance between two phases is 6m for 400kV,4.5m
for220kV),whereas
,whereas GIS needs only 40m distance to operate 6 bays
safely.
vii) This is a PASS system (Plug and Switching System).It
System).It is more
compact, ct, flexible and efficient.

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8
9
4.Transformer Circuit:-

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 5.AC
AC Power Supply Circuit:
Circuit:-
The domestic power supply i.e., lighting, cooling etc are done by ac
power supply circuit.
Normally the conventional transformer output terminals
supply ac power to this circuit. In case of faults in the transformer
power is taken from SEB’s grid through a 11 11000/440V
000/440V transformer.
A DG is kept ready for emergency situation.

Conventional
DG 440 V SEB Transformer transformer
11 kV/440 V 33 kV/440 V

440 V Main Switch Board(MSB)

440 V AC Main Lighting

Distribution Transformer Distribution
Board(ACDB) Oil Board(MLDB)
Filteration

48 V Battery Fire fighting 400 kV

220 V
Battery
Charger Pump system Yard
Charger I,II Lighting

Emergency Lighting 220 kV

220 kV
Distribution board Yard
400 kV control
Control
Lighting
Relay Panel
Relay Panel
Street
colony Lighting
Air Lighting
Condition

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 6.DC Power Supply Circuit:-

ACDB 220 V Battery 220 V Battery ACDB

Bank-I bank –II

220 V Battery 220 V Battery

Charger-I Charger-II

220 V DC 220 V DC
Distribution Distribution
Board- I Board- I

1.400kV Control Relay Panel

2. 220kV Control Relay Panel
3.33kV Control Relay Panel
4.SAS Room

ACDB 48 V Battery 48 V Battery ACDB

Bank-I bank –II

48 V Battery 48 V Battery
Charger-I Charger-II

48 V DC 48 V DC
Distribution Distribution
Board- I Board- I

1. 400 kV PLCC Panel

2. 220 kV PLCC Panel

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EQUIPMENTS FOUNDS IN THE SITE:

1. LIGHTENING
ING ARRESTER(LA):

i. Rating:
(0-6)mA
6)mA AC ; creast/√2
Voltage= 336kV, Class
Class-IV
ii. Operating Principle:

Lightening arrester works on a principle of non-Linear

non
resistance. The ZnO(Zinc Oxide) inside the LA, connects the corner
ring with
h the ground. In normal voltage ZnO behaves as insulator.
However, when impulse voltage like Lightening/surge
/surge strikes on
transmission line, ZnO melts down and create a conductive path
of Zn between line and ground. Thus it despatches extra charge to
ground.

iii. Where Found:

LA is found in all phase

phase line of each bays in feeder circuit.
Moreover, it is found at the inlet and outlet of Main Transformer.

iv. Remarks:

LA cannot bear any mechanical stress perpendicular to its

axis. So, it can’t be moved horizontal at all.

2. SURGE COUNTER:
i. Rating:
(0-6)mA
6)mA AC ;
(0-3)mA
3)mA -> Safe(Green)

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 (3-6)mA -> Dangerous(Red)
F.S.D = 150 µA.
ii. Operation:

It counts how many times surges fall upon line and its
nature in terms of current.

iii. Where Found:

Surge Counters follows after every LA.

3. CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORM(CVT):

i. Rating:
Total Burden simultaneous: 100 VA
Thermal Burden : 750 VA
Insulation Level : 630 kV/1425 kVp
Rated voltage : 420 kV/√3
Highest System Voltage : 420 kV
Nominal Intermediate Voltage : 10 kV/√3
Voltage factor : 1.2 Continuous 1.5-30 sec.
HF capacitor : 4400 pF
Primary Capacitance C1 : 4583 pF
Secondary capacitance C2 : 91252 pF

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 ii. Operating Principle:
The simplified circuit for CVT is-
is

CVT are used to step down EHV by using capacitors to

provide low voltage signal either
either for measurement or to operate
a protective relay. Capacitance split the EHV and maximum
voltage appears across it. L tune the device to line frequency.

In practice, C1 is a series of various small capacitors.

iii. Where Found:

CVT are found in each phase of Feeder circuit.
iv. Remarks:

CVT are also used in PLCC. Combination of CVT and WT are

used for filtering HF communication signal.

4. WAVE TRAP:

Wave trap are used to isolate HF communication signals

from line frequency. It is important in PLCC. It connects remote
r
substations without the help of telecom company.

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 i. Where Found:

At the end of each feeder there are two WT are installed

(Connecting phase will be same for all feeders).

5. AUTO TRANSFORMER:
i. Rating:
Specification: IEC-60076
Type of Cooling : OFAF
Rated Power :
HV- 315000 kVA
IV- 315000 kVA
LV- 105000 kVA
Rated Voltage at no loads:
HV- 400 kV
IV- 220 kV
LV- 33 kV
Rated line Current:
HV- 454.7 A
IV- 826.7 A
LV- 1837.0 A
ii. Operating principle:

The circuit diagram has been given in the transformer

circuit. Basically, this Interconnecting Transformer is auto
transformer because it saves conductor cost and makes OLTC
easy. It works on the principle of electro-magnectic induction
evident.

iii. Where Found:

Two ICT are installed between the 400kv GIS and 220 kV
GIS.

iv. Remarks:

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 Probably, these ICTs are the most valuable equipment in a
substation. So, every kind of protection is adapted like Fire
Fighting, Arcing horn, buchloz’s relay etc.

6. TEMPERATURE SENSOR (MARSHALLING KIOSK):

It senses two temperature of Auto Transformer-
a. WTI – Winding Temperature Indicator.
b. OTI – Oil Temperature Indicator.

7. TRANSFORMER OIL:
i. Rating:
Mineral insulating oil, Low Viscisity.
Insulating Grade : A
Type : 2
IS : 1783
Authinticator : Balmer- Larwie.
8. TRANSFORMER (CONVENTION TYPE):
i. Rating:
Power : 630 kVA
Voltage at No Load :
HV - 33 kV
LV – 433 V
Line Current :
HV – 11.02 A
LV – 840.024 A
Type of Cooling – ONAN
Rated Frequency – 50 Hz
Vector Group – Dyn 1
Impedence Voltage – 5.0 %
Winding material – Electrolytic Copper
Incl Core Damping Channel : 1350 kg
Weight of Oil : 7.40 kg
Oil Quantity : 880 Litre
Tank and Fitting : 790 kg
Total Weight : 2880 kg

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 Temperature Rise Oil : 50o C
Over ambient : 50o C
Temperature rise winding : 55o C
Over ambient : 50o C
ii. Operation :

These are 3ø conventional(i.e., two winding) transformer.

This transformer is used to provide AC power supply in the
substation. The output of this transformer has 3 phase 4 wire star
connection. (includes a neutral wire) .

iii. Where Found :

These transformers are connected-
a. At the 33 kV outlet of auto Transformer
b. At the receiving end of SEB’s terminals.

Outputs of these transformers are connected to 440 V (AC)

Main Switch Board (MSB).

9. GAS INSULATED CIRCUIT BREAKER(GCB):

i. Rating:
Gas Filled : N2 (nitrogen)
Rated voltage : 72.5 kV
Rated normal current : 1250 A
Rated S.C. breaking current : 40 kA
Rated lightening impulse withstand voltage : 325 kVp
Rated SF6 gas pressure : 6 kg/cm2.g (at 20oC)
Rated coil voltage; closing : 220 V DC, Tripping : 220VDC
Motor voltage : 230 V AC
Rated single capacitor bank breaking current : 400 A
Rated frequency : 50 Hz
Rated making capacity : 100 kAp
Rated short time current : 40 kA for 3 seconds
First pole to clear factor : 1.5
Rated operating sequence : 0-0.3 sec-CO- 3Min-CO
Gas weight : 4.5 kg
Auxulary circuit voltage : 1ø , 230 V AC, 50 Hz

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 ii. Operation:

GCB is basically a switch which can interrupt circuit when

fault current flows or when power flows in reverse direction. As
the switching is done under N2 gas environment, the arcing is
limited and does not damages equipment. [N2 gas behaves like
inert gas]. It protects the conventional transformer from fault
current.

iii. Where Found:

it is placed between Main auto transformer 33 kV terminal

and conventional transformer.

10. INDUCTIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:

i. Rating:
Maximum system voltage : 72.5 kV
Voltage factor : 1.2 CONT./1.5-30 sec.
Insulation level: 140/325 kV
Creepage distance : 1815 mm
Oil volume : 72 ± 10 Litre
Total weight : 230 ± 10% kg
Rated frequency : 50 Hz

Winding 1 Winding 2
Volts A-N 1a-1n 2a-2n
Burden 33 kV/√3 110/√3 110/√3
Volts-Amp - 10 10
Accuracy Class - 3p 0.5

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 ii. Operation:

IVT steps down voltage as its secondary winding has only

one turn. This stepped down voltage is a virtual image of its
primary voltage. It is used –

a. To reduce line voltage to a value which is

suitable for standard measuring.
b. To isolate measuring instruments, relays etc.
From direct high voltage.
c. To sense any abnormalities in the voltage.

iii. Where Found:

IVT is installed between the 33 kV terminal of Auto

transformer and conventional Transformer.

iv. Remarks:
a. IVT should be connected in parallel with supply
line
b. LV terminal can’t be shorted.

11. CURRENT TRANSFORMER LIVE TANK :

i. Rating:
Highest system voltage : 72.5 kV
Type : round CT Tank
Insulation level : 140 kV/325 kvp
Rated continuous current : 60 Amp
Short time current rating : 25 kA/3 sec.

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 Dynamic current rating : 63 kAp
Creepage distance : 1815 mm
Total weight : 240 kg (± 10%)
Oil volume : 100 Litre (± 10%)

Core no. I II
Ratio 50/1 50/1
Primary Terminal P1 - P 2 P1 - P 2
Secondary Terminal 151-152 251-252
Burden (VA) 10 10
Class 5p 0.5
ISF/ALF 10 5o

ii. Operation:

CT steps down primary current to a measureable value, by

means electro-magnetic induction. Current in secondary circuit is
directly proportional to primary current.

The secondary current is measured by meters or it operates

relay to trip a CB when abnormal current flows in the circuit.

iii. Where Found:

CT is installed between the 33 kV terminal of ICT and

conventional Transformer.

iv. Remarks:

All the secondary terminal should be shorted when CT is not

in use and or before disconnecting burden.

12. DISCONNECTOR OR ISOLATOR:

i. Rating:
Type : DBR
System voltage : 72.5 kV
Current : 400 A
STC (kA-sec-kAp) : 25-3-62.5

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 Impulse : 325kVp
P.F voltage : 140 V
Frequency : 50 Hz
Operating device : MOM
DC Voltage : 220 V
AC Voltage : 415 V
Weight of MOM : 90 kg

ii. Operation:

This disconnecting device can be operated manually. When

abnormal current appears in circuit, it operates automatically
(electromagnetically) and isolate GCB from circuit.

iii. Where Found:

It is connected between GCB and 33 kV terminal of ICT.
13.CONDUCTOR:

All the conductors found in the site can be devided into two
categories.

Conductor

Bundeled Insulated
Conductor Conductor

i. Bundeled Conductor (Overhead transmission)

transm :

All the overhead conductors are

bundeled, i.e, there are two standard
conductors per phase clamped by
aluminium strip.

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 All these conductors are bare, i.e, no outer insulation.

A typical standard conductor cross section is-

a. Rating:
Type- ACSR (Alluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced)
ACAR (Alluminium Conductor Alloy Reinforced)
AACR (All Alluminium Conductor reinforced)
Conductor layer : 4
Highest system voltage : 420 kV
ACSR : 54 Al/7st
b. Operation :

The overhead transmission lines are standard and

bundled to prevent Corona loss, when surface potential
gradient of a conductor exceeds dielectric strength of the
surrounding air. this causes ionization of the local air near
the conductor. By adding more wires instead of solid one,
the surface area increases which decreases surface
potential gradient. Thus Corona loss prevented.

c. Where Found:
In all overhead connection.

ii. Insulated Conductor:

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 These conductors are mainly utilized in AC power
distribution network and control cable network.

a. Rating:
Highest system voltage : 110 V
Type :
AYFY (Alluminium PVC Insulated Flat Steel Strip
Armour and PVC Outer Seath Cable)
AWY (Alluminium Steel round Wire Armour
PVC Outer Seath cable)

Control cable Power Cable

2c x 2.5 mm2 2c x 6 mm2
3c x 2.5 mm2 4c x 6 mm2
4c x 2.5 mm2 4c x 16 mm2
Size
5c x 2.5 mm2 2c x 10 mm2
(Cross Sectional Areal)
C ≡ Core 7c x 2.5 mm2 3.5c x 35 mm2
10c x 2.5 mm2 3.5c x 70 mm2
14c x 2.5 mm2 3.5c x 300 mm2
19c x 2.5 mm2 1c x 250 mm2
1c x 630 mm2

b. Operation:

C/s area of Insulated 4c cable.

Power cable connection-

1. From Conventional transformers to main Switch
Board(MSB); 1c x 630 mm2
2. From Diesel Generator to AC Distribution Board
(ACDB) ; 3.5c x mm2

These insulated cables are gone through cable trench.

Inside Cable Trench-

Upper Tiers- Power cable

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 Lower Tiers- Control cable
Control cable connection :
this cable is inter-connected to various CB,
Isolators, relays, LCC Panel, SAS Room.
Control cable bears dc signal from DC
distribution board to various control element.

c. Where Found:
Inside Control Room and cable Trench.
14.Fire Fighting Pump:
i. Rating:
Flow : 34000 m3/hr
Standard pressure : 40 mm-Hg
Fan power : 6.02 BKW
Speed : 550 rpm
Temperature : 20oC
ii. Operation:

It is a part of safety measures taken at the substation to

prevent fire in the main Transformer. It pumps water to the pipes
wound at the outside of transformer.

iii. Where Found:

At F.F. pump House.

Various Tests that are Performed in a Substation:-

1.Polarity test:-We should check the polarity of all transformers before
connecting it into circuit.
2.Insulation test:-The insulation of various parts of equipments are to be
measured by using megger. The tests are
a. insulation resistance between primary and secondary windings
b. insulation resistance between primary winding and earth
c. . insulation resistance between secondary winding and earth
3.Primary and secondary injection check
4.Tan Delta test of CVT
5.Earth resistance test-The ground resistance should be as minimum as
possible.For 400kV system it should not exceed 0.5 ohm

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LIST OF MANUFACTRUERS:-
1. LA-Crompton Groves Pvt Ltd(CGPL)
2. CVT-CGPL
3. Auto Transformer-EMCO Ltd.
4. Conventional Transformers-Tesla Electric.
5. CT Live Tank-CGPL
6. IVT-CGPL
7. GIS Bay-Xian XD
8. GCB-CGPL
9. Cables-KEI Industries Ltd.
10. DG-Kirloskar Ltd.
11. LCC panel-Scheinder Electric.
12. Disconnector-Switchgear and Structural ltd.
13. F.F Pump-Marathon Electric.
14. Induction Motor-ABB Group
15. Battery Charger-AMARA RAJA

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CONCLUSION
Transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales
throughout a power system. In general, they represent an interface
between different levels or sections of the power system, with the
capability to switch or reconfigure the connections among various
transmission and distribution lines. The major stations include a control
room from which operations are coordinated. Smaller distribution
substations follow the same principle of receiving power at higher voltage
on one side and sending out a number of distribution feeders at lower
voltage on the other, but they serve a more limited local area and are
generally unstaffed. The central component of the substation is the
transformer, as it provides the effective in enface between the high-
and low-voltage parts of the system. Other crucial components are circuit
breakers and switches. Breakers serve as protective devices that open
automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a protective relay
indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition. Switches are
control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or
break a connection. An important difference between circuit breakers
and switches is that breakers are designed to interrupt abnormally
high currents (as they occur only in those very situations for which
circuit protection is needed), whereas regular switches are designed to
be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed on both the high-
and low-voltage side of transformers. Finally, substations may also
include capacitor banks to provide voltage support. Here in this s.s. we
have a 400kV Shunt Reactor which control voltage during low-load period
and also compensate the effect of shunt capacitance evolved in long run
transmission line.

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