DRILLING ENGINEERING I

(CGE577)

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
SYSTEMS
 CONTENTS
2

 History of drilling

 Type of wells and drilling process

 Drilling organization and personnel responsibilities

 Drilling rig systems and equipments- Principles and

functions

 Driller‟s terminology

15/09/2014 14:12
 HISTORY OF DRILLING
3
 When is the first oilwell being
discovered in history of
mankind??

 It is in 1859 in Titusville,
Pennsylvania, USA (First
commercial well) drilled by Col
Edwin L. Drake

• Well of 22m (72ft)

• Started to produce oil on

August 28, 1859

• Rock Oil – sold for $40/barrel

15/09/2014 14:12
 When was the first well drilled in malaysia??
4

 First well drilled in Malaysia was in

1910
 drilled by Shell in Miri also called
Grand Old Lady

• Stands on top of Bukit Telaga Minyak

(Canada Hill)

• Malaysia‟s first inland drilling platform

• Struck oil on 22 December 1910.

15/09/2014 14:12
 First well drilled by PETRONAS?
5

 PCSB was established on

11 May 1978

 First well drilled by

PCSB was for the
Duyong field in Aug1980

15/09/2014 14:12
 Why we drill ??
6

 To get fresh water from underneath

 To dispose of hazardous waste - CO2

 To inject gas or water for reservoir pressure maintenance for gas

conservation

 For geothermal power to produce steam for electric generation

 To get the black gold ( oil ) & gas from the earth

15/09/2014 14:12
 Where can we find oil & gas??
7

 Some people think that oil is in big pools

underground

15/09/2014 14:12
 Where can we find oil & gas??
8

 Actually, most of oil is trapped in the tiny pore

spaces between grains of rock or sand.
 Most of these pores are too small to be seen with the
naked eyes.

OIL
15/09/2014 14:12
 How do we find the reservoirs?
9

 Geophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off

them and timing how long it takes for the sound to come
back (seismic operation 2D or 3D).
 Computers process the data to construct pictures of what
the earth looks like underground

15/09/2014 14:12
10

15/09/2014 14:12
11

15/09/2014 14:12
12

15/09/2014 14:12
LIFE OF FIELD DEVELOPMENT
13

1. Wildcat – 1St well drilled on

new structure/field.
2. Appraisal – Subsequent well
drilled to appraise the
structure/field
3. Development – Well drilled for
purpose of producing
hydrocarbon.
4. Production & Abandonment -
Drilling involved infill drilling
& well abandonment

15/09/2014 14:12
 DRILLING PROPOSAL
-Prepared by the geologists and
14
reservoirs engineer in the operating
company which provides the
information upon which the well will be
designed.
-The proposal contains the following:
• Objective of the well
• Depth (m/ft) Subsea) and location
(Longitude and Latitue) of target
• Geological Cross Section
• Pore Pressure Profile Prediction
DRILLING PROGRAM
-Prepared by the Drilling Engineer and
contains the following:
• Drilling rig to be used for the well
• Proposed location for the drilling rig
• Hole sizes and Depths
• Drilling Fluid Specification
• Directional Drilling information
• Well Control Equipment and
Procedures
• Bits and Hydraulics Program
15/09/2014 14:12
 TYPES OF WELL
15

 Exploratory well (Wildcat well)

 To find and evaluate potential reserves in various location /to
determine the contents of the underlying rock structure

 Appraisal/Delineation Well Drilling

 To determine the physical extent, reserves and likely
production rate of the field

 Development well
 To develop a field with proven reserves to its fullest production
potential.
 Injection well to pressurize reservoir for improved recovery

15/09/2014 14:12
 TYPES OF WELL (CON‟T)
16

 Injection well
 To store hydrocarbon mainly natural gas, disposing of unwanted
produced water or regaining the reservoir pressure by injecting
water, steam or gas into the reservoir.

 Reentry well
 Conducted on existing wells for the purpose of tapping deeper
producing zones, recompleting or drilling laterals from existing main
trunk (vertical, directional or horizontal)

 Infill well
 To replace depleted wells or drill additional wells to sustain
production economics in certain fields.

15/09/2014 14:12
DRILLING ORGANIZATION
17

The actual drilling is often done by a

drilling contractor.
15/09/2014 14:12
 DRILLING PERSONNEL
18

 The oil company who manages the drilling and/or

production operations is known as the operator.
 The operator normally employ a drilling contractor to
drill the well.
 The drilling contractor owns and maintains the drilling
rig and employs and trains the personnel to operate the
rig.
 The service company provide certain specialized skills
or equipment (logging and surveying).

15/09/2014 14:12
 Drilling Contract
19

 Day-rate contract - drilling contractor only

provides the drilling rig and personnel

 Turnkey contract - drilling contractor designs

the well, provides drilling rig, personnel and all
consumable items

15/09/2014 14:12
 Roles of A Drilling Engineer

• The drilling engineer plays a number of roles in the well planning

process. During initial evaluation of a prospect, he or she
conducts preliminary studies and estimates well duration and
costs. Once well AFEs (authority for expenditure) are approved,
the drilling engineer becomes the designer, coordinator, and
monitor of the overall well program.

• The drilling engineer is usually not responsible for selecting

well sites. However, he must work with the geologist for the
following reasons:
– Develop an understanding of the expected drilling geology
– Define fault block structures to help select offset wells that
should be similar in nature to the prospect well
– Identify anomalies as they may be encountered in operations

20 15/09/2014 14:12
 The responsibilities of the drilling
engineer:
• Gathering and reviewing available data on previous drilling activity in
the proposed areas of operation;
• Preparing initial cost estimates & AFE
• Conducting an initial planning meeting with others involved in
specific well projects to establish objectives for the well;
• Estimating expected formation pressures and fracture gradients;
• Anticipating and addressing the most likely drilling problems;
• Selecting casing sizes and setting depths;
• Providing data necessary for submitting an application for a drilling
permit;
• Resolving directional drilling requirements;
• Developing the drilling mud program;
• Designing casing strings;

21 15/09/2014 14:12
 The responsibilities of the drilling
engineer (Cont…)
• Preparing a hydraulics program;
• Recommending bottom-hole assemblies and bits;
• Preparing cementing recommendations;
• Preparing step-by-step procedures for drilling operations;
• Preparing rig specifications for rig bid requests and assist in rig selection;
• Identifying necessary mud-processing and solids-control equipment;
• Preparing drilling-cost and drilling-time curves monitor performance;
• Coordinating the well-planning activities with geo-science, purchasing,
operations, environmental and regulatory, and other engineering groups
to ensure that all aspect of well program will meet schedule.

22 15/09/2014 14:12
 Operating company
23

 Senior Drilling Supervisor/ Companyman/ Companywoman

(1 on board at all times)
 The operator representative on the rig is called company man. The
role is to make sure drilling operations is as per planned.
 He/She is responsible to ensure that the Drilling Program is adhered
to and that well objectives are met safely and efficiently.
 He/She is the oil companies on board representative employee
 He/She is not employed by the drilling company operating the rig.
 On the drilling rig, an oil company employee works with the drilling
company to supervise its interest, helping the strategy for drilling the
well.
 Typically the SDS will be an Engineering Graduate with a minimum
of 5-10 years Drilling experience before having achieved this position

15/09/2014 14:12
 Drilling contractor
24

 Senior Toolpusher / Rig Manager (1 on board at all times)

 Toolpusher is employed by the drilling contractor to be in overall charge of the rig and
liaise with the company man.
 The STP co-ordinates all the Drilling Contractors functions on the rig and is the main
contact with the Operators Senior Drilling Supervisor/ Companyman
 The STP will probably have worked his way through the Rig Crew ranks to his present
position and have 10-20 years experience
 On some rigs he is also the Offshore Installation Manager (OIM) which means that he
carries the legal responsibility for safety on board the rig. On other rigs the Barge Captain is
the OIM
 On a floating rig such as a semi-submersible or Drillship, the following groups will report to
the STP
 Drill Crew
 Engineering Crew
 Marine Crew
 Subsea Engineers
 Medics
 Radio Operators

15/09/2014 14:12
 Drilling Crew
25

Driller
- The driller operates the pumps, drawworks and rotary table via the
drillers console ( a room of gauges, control levers, rheostats and other
pneumatic, hydraulic and electronic instrumentation).
- The driller is sometimes referred to as the person who is “on the brake”.

Assistant Driller
- He has many task to perform most vary depending on particular drilling
operation being carried out at the time.
- He is direct supervisor for Derrickman, Pumpman and Roughnecks.
- He will relief Driller when driller take a short break.

Derrickman
- Working about 90 feet above the rig floor in the derrick.
- He handles the section of drill pipe under the direction of the assistant
driller.

15/09/2014 14:12
26

15/09/2014 14:12
 Drilling Crew (Cont‟d)
27

Pumpman
- He is assistant of Derrickman and responsible for the maintenance and
smooth operation of the mud pumps and mud holding pits among other
machines in the mud pump room.
- Also assist the roughnecks when very busy on drill floor and not required
in the pump room.

Roughneck (Floorman)
- A low-ranking member of the drilling crew.
- Works on the rig floor in a team of three and is responsible for the
operation of equipment and machines as required by the particular
operation being carried out at that time by the driller.

15/09/2014 14:12
 Maintenance Crew
28
Head of Maintenance
- He is the head of all maintenance operations on the rig. He has the
control of maintenance scheduling activities.

Rig electrician and Assistant

- He is responsible of supervising and training the electrician crew;
Electrician Grade 1 help with maintenance and repairing of electrical
equipment.

Rig mechanic and Assistant

- He is responsible of supervising and training the mechanic crew;
Mechanic Grade 1 and Mechanic help with maintenance and repairing
of mechanical equipment.

Motorman
- He is responsible for the operations and routine maintenance of the
prime movers.
- He can do minor repairs and will do other duties when needed.
15/09/2014 14:12
 Support and Services Crew
29

• Safety Officer
• Rig Medic/ Doctor
• Radio Operator
• Storeman
• A crew member who maintains stocks and distributes equipment
and parts on an offshore platform
• Catering & Accommodation Crew
• Lead by the camp boss who has the team of Chief Cook, Cook and
Cleaner.
• They have responsibility to serve food and good accommodation

15/09/2014 14:12
 Service company personnel
30

 Mud Engineer (1 or 2 on board)

 The role of the Mud Engineer is to prepare and maintain the
Drilling Fluids used in the drilling process
 Formerly Mud Engineers had evolved from the Rig Crew but
today an increasing number of graduates, mainly with
Chemistry/ Engineering backgrounds are used
 Cementer (1 on board)
 The cementer maintains the Cement Pump which is found on
board most rigs. He ensures that the pump is kept ready to
cement in casing or to plug off the well
 In addition, the cementer will also operate the Cement Pump
for high pressure testing purposes, such as BOP tests
 Cementers normally evolve from Rig Crew backgrounds

15/09/2014 14:12
 Third Party Services
31

• Operation geologist
• Drilling fluid Service Crew
• Cementing Services Crew
• Mud logging Crew
• Directional Drilling Crew
• Tubular Handling Crew
• Wellhead Service Engineer
• Electric Wireline Logging Crew
• Testing Crew
• Coring Crew, etc.

15/09/2014 14:12
 Drilling Process
32

 Well is drilled in several stages.

 Normally starts with drilling a hole of 30 to 36 inches diameters (76
ƒ
- 91 cm) down to a depth of 150 to 250 m.
 A steel pipe called casing is lowered into the well and cemented to
ƒ
the wall.
 After the cement has hardened, drilling is resumed with a smaller
ƒ
drill bit.
 At a certain depth the drilling is stopped and another string of
ƒ
casing is set and cemented.
 This procedure will be repeated for each string until the well has
ƒ
reached the depth of the reservoir.
 Number of casing strings may vary from well to well depending on
ƒ
well depth and formations.

15/09/2014 14:12
15/09/2014 14:12
33
 Drill Bit

Drill bit: is a cutting tool used to create cylindrical

holes. Rotary table from rotating system
will rotate the Kelly pipe, drill pipe and bit.
Rotating the bit provides an axial force to
create the hole.

Casing: is a steel pipe used during the drilling of a

well.

15/09/2014 14:12
34
15/09/2014 14:12
35
15/09/2014 14:12
36
15/09/2014 14:12
37
 CASING SIZES

 Sizes:
 Available Casing Sizes :
36 in. OD
30 in. OD
24 in. OD, 20 in. OD
13 3/8 in. OD, 10 ¾ in. OD
9 5/8 in, OD, 7 ½ in. OD
5 ½ in. OD
4 ½ in. OD
4 in. OD
15/09/2014 14:12
38
15/09/2014 14:12
39
15/09/2014 14:12
40
 Rig vs Platform
41

 An oil rig is typically a drilling structure with all

associated equipment required to drill a well.
Eg: Derrick, drawworks, rotary table. It is not
permanently fixed and can be moved to another
location once the drilling of the well is complete

 A platform is typically a stable base built upon a

seabed structure (fixed) that is used when the well is
in the production stage (meaning drilling is complete
and it is producing oil).

15/09/2014 14:12
 Drillship
RIG TYPES
Land Rigs

Barges 42

Rigs

Marine Land

Bottom FLoating Conventional Mobile

Support

Semi/ Drill ship Jacknife Portable Mast

Submersible (Small)
(Deeper)

Platform Barge Jackup

Jack-up Semi- Tender
submersible Assisted

Self - Tendered
Contained

15/09/2014 14:12
 Drilling Rig Selection
43

 The factors affecting drill rig selection are:

 Water depth (offshore)
 Pressure rating (Blow Out Preventer related)
 Derrick load capacity (total depth of well related)
 Rotating capacity (bit rotation related -torque and revs
per minute)
 Deck size
 Day rate
 Availability in the region (reducing mobilisation costs)

15/09/2014 14:12
 Water Depth vs. Rig Types
44
Land Rig Jack Up Semi Submersible

Barge Tender Drill Ship

Land 6-12ft <400ft <600ft <4500ft <9000ft

15/09/2014 14:12
 Land Rig
45

Purpose built rig for

operations on land.

15/09/2014 14:12
 LAND RIGS
46

• Most land rigs have to be transported to location in

sections, but some are self-contained, permanently
mounted on trucks.

• On location they are usually set up on a board mat

with a substructure of 8 to 40 feet high, and a few
are capable of drilling holes to 30,000+ feet.

15/09/2014 14:12
 INLAND BARGES
47

Inland Barges are composed of two types:

a. Barge mounted rigs

This type rig is capable of drilling in water depths
from 0 to 12 feet. After being towed on location,
the rig‟s hull is filled with water until it rests on
bottom.

b. Posted barge mounted rigs

These type rigs have an upper deck supported by
posts from the lower hull. The deck contains all
drilling equipment and accommodations. Posted
barges are capable of drilling in water depths from
0 to 20 feet. The rig is towed on location and the
lower hull filled with water to secure it on bottom.

15/09/2014 14:12
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Tender Assisted/Platform Rig

Tender Barge Derrick

Production
Platform

15/09/2014 14:12
48
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
49
Tender Assisted/Platform Rig
- Common type of drilling rig employed in shallow water depth.
- Floating tender barge consists of power supply and manpower for
the drilling operation and also contains accommodation quarters and
all required equipment except the derrick
- Tender barge is moored against production platform that has derrick
- Attractive for situations in which there is an old platform with
reduced load-carry ability and/or space, such as when a platform was
drilled with a standard platform rig and then production equipment
was loaded onto the platform, thus eliminating space and load-carry
capacity.

15/09/2014 14:12
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Jack-up Rig

15/09/2014 14:12
50
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Jack-up Rig
 water depth is less than 100m

 Jack-ups are used for most of the offshore

exploration drilling world-wide.

 Jack-up has a floating hull with retractable legs which can be jacked
down to the sea bed. Hull can be lifted until it is clear off the sea surface.
The legs support the hull.

 In shallow and relatively calm waters the Jack up has the advantage of
being able to leave a free standing well with a surface completion once it
is finished.
15/09/2014 14:12
51
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Semi-submersible Rig

15/09/2014 14:12
52
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
53

Semi-submersible Rig
 In areas where water depths exceed 100m and heavy weather
can be expected then semi-submersibles must be used.

 This rig is not bottom-supported, but it is designed to float and

it can operate in water depths of up to 4500 ft.

 The rig itself remains stationary in the drilling position by a

series of anchors (usually two connected at each corner of the
rig) positioned on the ocean floor at a distance away from the
rig.
15/09/2014 14:12
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Drill Ship

15/09/2014 14:12
54
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Drill Ship
 Drillships are designed to carry out drilling operations in
ultra-deep waters where even most Semi-Submersibles can
not drill.

 Can be relocate fairly quickly.

 Limited to location with less severe waves actions (calm

water)

15/09/2014 14:12
55
 DIFFERENCES
56
ONSHORE RIGS (Land)
Supported on ground surface
No need extension pipe
Built-in units and skid mounted so can be
transported from one drilling site to another
Portability and Maximum depth
OFFSHORE RIGS (Marine)
Supported on man-made surfaces;
Mobile units (jack-ups, semisubmersibles
and ships)
Sea-bottom-supported fixed platforms
Utilization of an extension pipe (drilling
riser) between rig floor and seabed
Performed from the space above water on
structures called platforms that may be
classified as mobile and stationary/ fixed.
Portability and Maximum water depth
15/09/2014 14:12
 Lifting Capacity
57
Needs of a Rig
 The rig must be able to handle the heaviest drill string
or casing string with a margin of safety

 It is not just the hanging weight of the string that

must be considered but also the drags and over-pulls
necessary to free the pipe if it did get stuck

 Normally, the heaviest string handled by a rig is the

production casing string
15/09/2014 14:12
 Rotary Drilling Rig
58

 The most common drilling rigs in use today are

rotary drilling rigs.

Rotary Drilling Process

 Rotary table rotates the drill string
 Downward force applied to the bit
 Cuttings are lifted to the surface by circulating a fluid down the drill
string.

15/09/2014 14:12
DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTS
59

15/09/2014 14:12
 Rotary Drilling Rig Components
60

CIRCULATING WELL CONTROL

SYSTEM SYSTEM

HOISTING
ROTARY SYSTEM
SYSTEM

DRILLING DATA
RIG ACQUISITION
POWER SYSTEM AND
COMPONENTS MONITORING
SYSTEM

15/09/2014 14:12
 1) RIG POWER SYSTEM
61

 Most power consumed by :

hoisting system, fluid circulation and rotary system

 Power optimization - Not used at same time

 Total power requirements for most rigs are between 1000 – 3000 hp

 Old days used steam engine. Steam boilers are rarely used in present
operations due to the difficulty in transporting the boilers.

 Current drilling industry uses internal-combustion diesel engines or taken

as electric power supply from existing power lines.

 The raw power is then transmitted to the operating equipment via:

(1) mechanical drives, (2) direct current (DC) or (3) alternating current
(AC) applying a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR).

15/09/2014 14:12
 Power System
62

PRIME MOVERS
 These are used to supply
power to drilling operations.
These can be steam engines,
electric motors, internal
combustion engine

15/09/2014 14:12
 Rotary Power Requirement
63

 The rotary power requirement is generally small in

vertical hole drilling where rotational torque is
approximately less than 15,000 ft-lbs and less than 100
horsepower is usually required.

 In directional drilling, high drill pipe rotational torque

may exceed 80,000 ft-lbs and often requires high input
rotary horsepower and may amount to several hundred
horsepower.

15/09/2014 14:12
 Rotary Power Requirement
64
 Output Power:
Po = 2πNT
33000

Po = Output power (hp)

N = Engine rotary speed (rpm)
T = Output torque (ft-lbs)

 Input Power:
Pi = QfH
2545

Pi = Input power (hp)

Qf = Rate of fuel consumption (lbs/hr)
H = Heating Value (BTU/lb)

 Overall Efficiency (%) = Po x 100%

Pi

15/09/2014 14:12
 Power-System Performance Characteristics …...
65

Heating values (H Btu/lbm) of various fuels for internal combustion engines:

Fuel Density Heating

(lbm/gal) Value
H(Btu/lbm)
Diesel 7.2 19,000
Gasoline 6.6 20,000

Butane 4.7 21,000

Methane -- 24,000

15/09/2014 14:12
 66

Exercise 1:

A diesel engine gives an output torque of 1,740

ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200 rpm. If the
fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr, what is
the output power and overall efficiency of the
engine?

15/09/2014 14:12
 2) HOISTING SYSTEM
67

Function:
Used to lower or raise drill strings, casing string
and other subsurface equipment into or out of
hole.

Principal Components:
1. Derrick and substructure
2. Block and tackle
3. Draw works

15/09/2014 14:12
 Rig Hoisting System
68

Crown Block

Fast line

Dead line

Anchor
Storage Reel

Draw Works

Moving
Block

15/09/2014 14:12
 Rig Components (Hoisting System)
69
DERRICK
-The function of a derrick is to
provide vertical height required to
the raising and lowering of drill
string into and out of borehole

-Rated according to their ability to

withstand compressive loads and
(wind loads)

Two type of Derricks:

Standard Derricks
- It is of bolted construction and
assembled part by part

Mast
– A portable derrick, one capable of
being erected as a unit

15/09/2014 14:12
70

15/09/2014 14:12
 Rig Components (Hoisting System)
Components of Block and
Tackle:
1. Crown block
2. Travelling block
3. Drilling line

The drilling line is threaded

(reeved) over a set of sheaves
in the top of the derrick,
known as the crown block and
down to another set of sheaves
known as the travelling block.

71 15/09/2014 14:12
 Rig Components (Hoisting System)
72
DRAWWORKS

 It is the control center from which

the driller operates the rig.

 Provide the hoisting and braking

power required to raise or lower
the heavy strings of the pipe.

 It contains clutches, chains and

other controls

 It houses the drum which spools

drilling line during hoisting and
allows feed off during drilling

 The drum of the drawworks is

connected to an electric motor and
gearing system.

15/09/2014 14:12
73

15/09/2014 14:12
Components of Drilling hook is used
the hoisting to suspend the
system drillstring or downhole
74 equipment is suspended
from the travelling
block.

Fastline – it is wound
onto the drawworks and
usually reeved around
the blocks several times
(moving line).

Deadline – acts as an
anchor point below the
rig floor and does not
move

15/09/2014 14:12
75

The elevator is used

when running or pulling
the drillstring or casing
into or out of hole.

15/09/2014 14:12
 Hoisting System (Cont‟)
76

 The tensile strength of the drilling line and the number of times
it is reeved through the blocks will depend on the load, which
must be supported by the hoisting system.

 The tensile load (lbs.) on the fast line, Ff and dead line Fd in a
frictionless system can be determined from:

W = the total load supported by the drilling lines (lbs.)

N = the no. of lines reeved around the crown and travelling block

15/09/2014 14:12
 Hoisting System (Cont‟)
77

 In any pulley system, there is always inefficiency in terms of

the number of lines.

 Therefore, the tensile load on the drilling line (fast line

only) will be a function of the inefficiency and will then be:

 However, the load on the dead line will not be a function of

the inefficiency because it is static.

15/09/2014 14:12
 Hoisting System (Cont‟)
78

This data is represented in API RP 9B – Recommended Practice on

Application, Care and Use of Wire Rope for Oilfield Services.

15/09/2014 14:12
Hoisting System (Cont‟)

79

15/09/2014 14:12
 Hoisting System (Cont‟)
80
Actual Derrick Load:
W W  1  E  En 
Fd  W   W 
En n  En 
fast dead
Fd = W + F f + F s
Fd = load applied to the derrick
W = the total load supported by the drilling lines (lbs.)
n = the no. of lines reeved around the crown and travelling block

• Fde = maximum equivalent derrick load, equal to four times the maximum leg load

15/09/2014 14:12
 Rig selection
81

 Following parameters are used to determine the

minimum criteria to select a suitable drilling rig:
1. Static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending
2. Maximum hook horsepower
3. Maximum hoisting speed
4. Actual derrick load
5. Maximum equivalent derrick load
6. Derrick efficiency factor

15/09/2014 14:12
 Example 1
82

A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks

can provide an input power to the block and tackle
system as high as 500hp. Eight lines are strung between
the crown block and traveling block.

Calculate
(i) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending,
(ii) the maximum hook horsepower available,
(iii) the maximum hoisting speed,
(iv) the actual derrick load
(v) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and
(vi) the derrick efficiency factor.

15/09/2014 14:12
 Solution
83

(i) the power efficiency of n=8 is given as 0.841. The tension in the fast line is:

W 300,000
Ff    44,590lbf
En 0.841(8)
(ii) The maximum hook horsepower available is :
Ph = E.I = 0.841 (500) = 420.5 hp

(iii) The maximum hoisting speed is given by

  33,000 ft  lbf / min  

 420.5hp 
vb  h      = 46.3 ft/min
P hp
W 300,000lbf 
 
 
15/09/2014 14:12
To pull a 90-ft stand would require Solution (Con‟t)
90 ft
t  1.9 min 84
46.3 ft / min
(iv) The actual derrick load is given by:

 1  E  En 
Fd   W
 En 
 1  0.841  0.841(8) 
  (300,000) = 382,090 lbf
 0.841(8) 
(v) The maximum equivalent load is given by:

n4 84
Fde   W  (300,000)  450,000lbf
 n  8
(vi) The derrick efficiency factor is

 Fd  382,090
Ed      0.849 or 84.9% Answer
 Fde  450,000 15/09/2014 14:12
 Making a connection
85

 The periodic process of adding a new joint of

drillpipe to the drillstring as the hole deepens is
referred.

15/09/2014 14:12
 Making a trip
86

 the process of moving the drillstring out of the hole, change the bit or
alter the bottom-hole assembly, and lower the drillstring again into the
hole is referred.

Sketch of slips for drill pipe(a), drill collar(b) and casing(c)

15/09/2014 14:12
 Tripping out
(Pulling the drillstring from the hole)
87
1. First, raising the Kelly
above the rotary table.

2. Setting slips

3. Breaking the Kelly,

Kelly bushing and
swivel from the
topmost joint and
stacking them in the
rat hole.

4. Drillpipe is then
removed by attaching
pipe elevators to the
drillpipe and using the
drum hoist to raise the
drillpipe above the rig
floor.

15/09/2014 14:12
 3) ROTATING SYSTEM
Rotary System88to Rotate the Bit
Main Parts:
1. Swivel
2. Kelly
3. Rotary Drive
4. Rotary Table
5. Drill Pipe
6. Drill Collar

1. Swivel :
Supports the weight of the drillstring and
permits rotation

2.Kelly:
Square or Hexagonal to be gripped easily.
Torque is transmitting through kelly
bushings.

15/09/2014 14:12
 (Rotating System)
Rotary System to Rotate the Bit
3. Slips: 89
During making up a joint slips are used to
prevent drillstring from falling in hole.

4. Rotary Drive:
Provides the power to turn the rotary
table.
5. Drill Pipe:
Specified by (a) Outer Diameter
(b) Weight per foot
(c) Steel grade
(d) Range Length
Range Length (ft)
1 18 to 22
2 27 to 30
3 38 to 45

6. Drill Collar:
Thick walled heavy steel pipe used to apply
15/09/2014 14:12
weight to the bit.
 The Rotary Table
90

Swivel
Kelly  The rotation of the drill string is
enabled via a hexagonal section of
Kelly Bushing pipe “Kelly” which is 15 metres
long which locates in the rotary
table.
Rotary Table
 The drill pipe and drill collars are
referred to as “tubulars”

 situated on the rig floor.

Drill Pipe
 Use of manually operated tongs
Drill Collars for make-up and break-out and
kelly bushing on the floor
Bit
15/09/2014 14:12
 ROTARY TABLE
91

Kelly

Kelly
bushing

Rotary table

Kelly bushing: An adapter that serves

to connect the rotary table to the kelly
15/09/2014 14:12
 Top Drive System
92
 Most modern rigs utilize a “top drive”
instead of the rotary table system
 Allowing 3 lengths of drill string (28m)
to be connected at a time.
Top
 Situated on the mast and moves with the drive
drill string up and down along the mast
guide.
Derrick
 comes from a hydraulic or electrical
motor drive.
 It is more expensive than the
convectional rig
 No use of manually operated tongs for
make-up and break-out kelly bushing on Guide
the floor - improves the safety of the floor rails
environment
Rig floor Drill pipe
15/09/2014 14:12
 4) CIRCULATING SYSTEM
93

Components:
1. Mud Pumps
2. Mud Pits
3. Mud Mixing Equipment
4. Contaminants Removal Equipment
Pumps:
Reciprocating Positive Displacement Piston
Pumps.
 Two-Cylinders - Duplex (Double Acting
Forward-Backward)
 Three-Cylinders - Triplex (Forward only
Single Acting)

15/09/2014 14:12
MUD CIRCULATING SYSTEM
94

Mud circulation path:

(1) From tank to mud pump,
(2) from the pump through the
high pressure surface
connections to the drill string,
(3) through the drillstring to the
bit and then through its
nozzles,
(4) through annular space
between drillstring and hole
to surface, and
(5) through contaminant
removal equipment back to
tank.

15/09/2014 14:12
95 15/09/2014 14:12
96 15/09/2014 14:12
97 15/09/2014 14:12
SHALE SHAKER

98 15/09/2014 14:12
99 15/09/2014 14:12
 Pump Displacement
(Duplex Pump)
100
(1) Double Acting

dr = Piston rod diameter

dL= Liner diameter
Ls= Stroke Length
Stroke = one complete pump revolution

Forward Stroke Volume Displaced = (/4) dL2 Ls

Backward Stroke Volume Displaced = (/4) (dL2 - dr2 ) Ls (for one Cylinder)

The total displacement per complete pump cycle is:

= (/4) dL2 Ls + (/4) (dL2 - dr2 ) Ls

= (/4). Ls .(2.dL2 - dr2)

For two Cylinders :

Total Volume =Fp= (/2). Ls .(2.dL2 - dr2) . Ev
Fp= Pump factor or pump displacement per cycle.

15/09/2014 14:12
101 15/09/2014 14:12
Example 2:
Compute the pump factor in units of barrels per
stroke for a duplex pump102having 6.5-in. liners,
2.5in. rods, 18-in. strokes and a volumetric
efficiency of 90%?

Solution:
The pump factor for a duplex pump:
Fp = (/2). Ls .(2.dL2 - dr2) . Ev
= (/2) (18) (2(6.5)2 - (2.5)2) . (0.9)
= 1991.2 in.3 /stroke
or = 0.2052 bbl/stroke. Answer

15/09/2014 14:12
 Pump Displacement
(Triplex Pump)

103
(2) Single Acting

Fp= 3 (/4) dL2 Ls. Ev

q=flow rate = Fp . N
(Where N = no. of cycles per unit time)

Pumps are rated for:

1. Hydraulic Power
2. Maximum Pressure
3. Maximum Flowrate
P  q
PH 
1714
PH = Pump Hydraulic power, hp
∆P = Pump discharge pressure, psi
q = Pump discharge flow rate (gal/min)
∆P cannot more than 3500 psi – maintenance problem
15/09/2014 14:12
104 15/09/2014 14:12
 EXERCISE 2

A triplex pump is operating at 120 [cycles/min] and discharging the

mud at 3000 psig. When the pump has installed a 6 in. liner operating
with 11 in. strokes, What are the:

a) Pump factor in (gal/cycle) when 100% volumetric efficiency is

assumed

b) Flowrate in gal/min

c) Pump power development

Given: 1 gal = 231 cubic inches

105 15/09/2014 14:12

Solution:

a) 4.039 gal/cycle
b) 484.67 gal/min
c) 848.32 hp

106 15/09/2014 14:12

 5) CONTROLLING SYSTEM
107
BLOWOUT PREVENTER
(BOP)
 If the formation pressure is more
than the imposed by drilling fluid,
in this case formation fluids flow
into borehole and eventually to the
surface. This effect is called
blowout

 The main function of blowout

preventers is to close the annular
space between the drill pipe and
casing

15/09/2014 14:12
6) DRILLING DATA ACQUISITION AND
MONITORING SYSTEM
108

 Objective: To monitor, analyze, display, record and retrieve information regarding

drilling operation
 Proper maintenance of rotary speed, WOB, mud properties & flowrate is important for
achieving optimum drilling operation
 Eg:
 Drilling break (sudden increase in ROP) – seen on drilling rate chart (provide
information on changes lithology & formation pressures)
 Excessive torque – bit bearing failure or high concentration of drilled cuttings in the
annulus
 Drastic increase in hook load or decrease mud returning to surface – lost circulation

 Increase in pit level – kick

15/09/2014 14:12
 DRILLER‟S TERMINOLOGY
The Drilling Industry is full of Jargon

• Monkey board • Tool Pusher

• Trip tank • Roughneck
• Pumping a pill • Sample catcher
• Tripping in • Mud Engineer
• Tripping out • Motorman
• Kelly hose • Roustabout
• Goose neck • Galley hand
• Sand Trap • Derrickman
• Spudding in • ppg
• Slugging the pipe • Drilling rig
• Moon pool • Platform
• Choke and Kill

*There are many glossaries available on the internet

109 15/09/2014 14:12
 Common words have different meanings on a drilling rig

“I want to work on a drilling rig because I heard that the

joints are 30 feet long, they pump pills before tripping out,
the trips last 12 hours and there’s always a pusher on
site.”

• Joint – a length of drill pipe roughly 10 metres long

• Pill – a small quantity of mud (usually 50 bbl) pumped in the
hole to „cure‟ a problem
• Trip – the process of removing and re-running all the drill
pipe in the hole
• Pusher – short for Toolpusher – The person who runs the rig

110 15/09/2014 14:12