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I N T R O D U C T I O N
1.1. PREFACE
The force required to break the shell of its predators was studied by
Ebling et al (1964). Kitching (1966) described the N.lapillus shell, body forms
and its ecological significance. Kitching (1976, 77) studied the distribution,
changes in shell forms and niche occupation of Thais emarginata, T.lapillus
and T.canaliculata. Osborne (1977) studied the variations in shell shape of
T.lapillus.
Apart from these studies, many authors have focused attention on dog
whelk's colour, polymorphism and its banding. The notable works are as
follows : Moore (1936), Philip Street (1961), Fretter and Graham (1962),
Emlen (1966), Hyman (1967), Feare (1971), Jackman (1974), Rowland (1976),
Osborne (1977), Underwood (1979), Palmer (1984), Crothers (1985b) and
Tagore (1989). The shell banding in connection with predation was studied by
Feare (1971) and Berry (1983) found variations in banding frequency
associated with environmental changes.
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Maruthamuthu, 1988; Thivakaran, 1988; Ramesh and Ayyakkannu 1992;
Jamila Patterson et al 1994; Stella, 1995 and Paul Ravindran, 2003). Though
information is available on the biochemical composition of gastropods, detailed
and systematic information on the biochemical composition of intertidal
prosobranchs is lacking. Based on the above factors an attempt has been made
to investigate the biochemical composition of T.bufo, an intertidal prosobranch.
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is an antineoplastic compound extracted from the liver of clam Mercenaria
mercenaria (Li et al 1968). In India, a collaborative work with Russian team
has shown that the marine mussels Perna viridis and P. indica are very good
source of antiviral drugs (Chatterji et al 1999).
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1.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
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1.3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Previous studies are restricted to important investigations on seasonal
variations pertaining to physico-chemical and biological parameters in various
biotopes in the Indian east and west coasts and foreign countries and also
works related to biochemical, morphological, anatomical, histological,
antibacterial and spectral investigation.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
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Nair and Ganapathy 1983 The hydrographical and chemical feature in
the Adaiyar-Sadras estuarine system.
De Sousa and Sen Gupta 1986 The variation in the dissolved oxygen in
Mandovi-Zuari estuaries.
Veeran Kutty and Rebacca 1987 The mathematical model for salinity
Thomas intrusion in estuarine waters of Kerala.
13
Ranga Rao et al 1988 The salinity and current distribution in the
Godavari estuary in relation to tide and
freshwater discharge.
14
Saraladevi et al 1991 The distribution and levels of phosphate,
nitrate, nitrite and ammonia in Cochin
backwaters.
15
Das et al 1997 The effects of tides over different seasons
on the chemical and physical properties of
Mahanadi estuary.
16
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES
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Shengtoa et al 1990 Morphology of reproductive system of
Rapana venosa
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ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES
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Bhanu et al 1982 Histological and histochemical studies on the
albumen and capsular gland of Thais bufo
20
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES
21
Ansell 1974 Seasonal changes in the biochemical
composition of the bivalve Chlamys
septemradiata
22
Krishna Rao 1982 Studies on intertidal limpet Cellona radiata
Patil and Mane 1982 Levels of protein, fat and glycogen in the
limpet Cellona rota.
23
Rosoiu and Panait 1990 Research on the biochemistry of principle
species of benthic mussels of Romanian coast
of the Black Sea.
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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Active
Author Year Marine Molluscs Activity
Fraction
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Schmeer 1964 Mercenaria mercenaria Fractions Antitumor
(Common clam)
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Liu et al 1968 Halwtis rufescens Aqueous extract Antileukemic
(Abalone)
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Frange and 1976 Cassidaria echinophora Sulfuric acid Antifeedant
Lidman (Gastropod)
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Pettit et al 1980 Dolabella auricularia Loliolide Cytotoxic
(Sea hare)
29
Thompson 1982 Aplysia brasiliana Brasilenyne Antifeedant
etal (Sea hare)
30
Biskupiak and 1985 Peronia peronii Peroniatriols I and II Cytotoxin
Ireland (Shelless mollusc)
32
Doriopsilla minniata Crude Antimircrobial
(Nudibranch)
33
Manker 1989 Siphonaria maura Maurapyrones A - D Antimicrobial
(Marine pulmonate) and Maurenone
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Parulekar and 1991 Onchidium verraculatum Fractions Antifeedant
Shirvoiker (Nudibranch)
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Pawlik 1992 Hezabranchus sanguineusMacrolides Antimicrobial
(Nudibranch - egg)
Narender 1993 Cuttlefish shell powder Crude Cure for human epilepsy,
Reddy et al anticonvulsant and
hypoglycemic
36
Kimura et al 1994 Illex argentinm (Squid) Mucin Protective property for
eggs
37
Sugiura and 1995 Illex argentinus (Squid) Mucin complex Protection of egg mass
Kimura
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Pettit et al 1996 Dolabella auricularia Dolastatin-24 Antineoplastic
(Sea hare)
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?eititetal 1997 Dolabella auricularia Dolastatin- 16 Anticancer
(Sea hare)
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Chatterji et al 1999 Perna viridis Hydrolyzate Antiviral
(Green mussel)
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SANGU PARPAM AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
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Leela Abraham 2002 Spectroscopic analysis of some selected
pharmaceutical drugs.
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1.4. THESIS PLAN
Chapter III outlines the observations made in the present work and the
results obtained during the course of investigation.
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1.5. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
The present study was carried out from the Southeast coast of India in
Tranquebar (Long. 79°8'E, Lat. 11°0'N) which is a seashore village of
Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, situated about 300 km south of Chennai.
(Fig.1.1).
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Fig. 1.1. Satellite Map of Study Area - Tranquebar
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Fig.1.2, Ruined walls of 17 Century Danish Fort
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