SF017

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

Overview:

Physical quantities
and measurements

CHAPTER 1:
Physical quantities and
Basic and Scalar and Vectors
measurements derived vector multiplication
quantities quantities
(3 Hours)
Unit Addition, Scalar and
conversion subtraction vector
and vector products
resolution
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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

Learning Outcome: 1.1 Physical Quantities and Units

 Physical quantity is defined as a quantity which can be measured.
1.1 Physical Quantities and units (1 hour)  It can be categorised into 2 types
At the end of this chapter, students should be  Basic (base) quantity
able to:  Derived quantity

 State basic quantities and their respective SI  Basic quantity is defined as a quantity which cannot be derived
units: length (m), time (s), mass (kg), electrical from any physical quantities.
current (A), temperature (K), amount of  Table 1.1 shows all the basic (base) quantities.
substance (mol) and luminosity (cd). Quantity Symbol SI Unit Symbol
 State derived quantities and their respective Length l metre m
units and symbols: velocity (m s-1), acceleration Mass m kilogram kg
(m s-2), work (J), force (N), pressure (Pa), energy Time t second s
(J), power (W) and frequency (Hz).
Temperature T/ kelvin K
 State and convert units with common SI prefixes.
Electric current I ampere A
Amount of substance N mole mol
3 Table 1.1 Luminous Intensity candela cd 4

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

 Derived quantity is defined as a quantity which can be
derived from basic quantity.  Unit is defined as a standard size of measurement of
 Table 1.2 shows some examples of derived quantity. physical quantities.
Derived quantity Symbol Formulae SI Unit  Examples :
Velocity v s/t m s-1  1 second is defined as the time required for
9,192,631,770 vibrations of radiation emitted by a
Volume V lwt m3 caesium-133 atom. second
Acceleration a v/t m s-2
1 kilogram is defined as the mass of a platinum-iridium
Density  m/V kg m-3

cylinder kept at International Bureau of Weights and
Momentum p mv kg m s-1 Measures Paris.
kilogram
Force F ma kg m s-2 @ N
 1 meter is defined as the length of the path travelled by
Work W Fs kg m2 s-2 @ J light in vacuum during a time interval of
Table 1.2
Power P W/t kg m2 s-3 @ W 1 meter
Frequency
s
f 1/T s-1 @ Hz 299 ,792 ,458
Pressure P F/A kg m-1 s-2 @ Pa 5 6

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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

Note:
1.1.1 Unit Prefixes
 It is used for presenting larger and smaller values. Line of prefix: m, s, N, A, g and etc…
 Table 1.3 shows all the unit prefixes.
Prefix Multiple Symbol
 1012
tera T Symbol : T G M k Unit d c m µ n p
giga  109 G
Value :1012 109 106 103 100 101 102 103 106 1091012
mega  106 M
kilo  103 k How to use?
deci  101 d minus the index - division
centi  102 c
1 Ts = ? ps
milli  103 m 1 Ts =1012 (12) ps
micro  106  = 1024 ps
Table 1.3 nano  109 n
pico  1012 p
 Examples:
 5740000 m = 5740 km = 5.74 Mm

 0.00000233 s = 2.33  106 s = 2.33 s 7 8

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

1.1.2 Conversion of Unit  37 km 
2nd method : 37 km h 1   
Example 1.1 :  1h 
Solve the following problems.
 37 km  1000 m  1 h 
a. 45 mm2 = ? m2 b. 37 km h1 = ? m s1    
c. 30 g cm3 = ? kg m3 d. 29 m = ? m  1 h  1 km  3600 s 
e. 23 m h1 = ? m s1
Solution :
37 km h 1  10.3 m s 1
a. 45 mm  45  1 mm
2 2 c.
 
 30 g   10 kg   1 cm
3 3

  30 g cm 3  
2
 45  103 m 3  
 1 cm   1 g  10 
m  
3
2 3
45 mm 2  45  10 6 m 2 or 4.5  10 5 m 2 
b. 1st method :  37 103m 
1
30 g cm 3  3.0  10 4 kg m 3
37 km h   
 1h 
 37 103m 
 
1
 3600 s 1 
37 km h  10.3 m s 9 10

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

d. Example 1.2 :
29  m  29 106 m Calculate the volume in SI unit of a wire of length 125 cm and
diameter 0.65 mm.
29  m  2.9  10 5 m Solution :
e.  23 m  1 h  Given l = 1.25 m ; d =0.65 103 m
23 m h 1     The radius of the wire is
 1 h  3600 s  d 0.65 103
1 3 1
r 
23 m h  6.39  10 m s 2 2 3
r  0.325 10 m
The volume of the cylindrical wire is given by
Note:
V r l 2
Unit conversion is important, but it’s also important to recognise when
  1.25
 2
it’s needed.   0.325 103
 Always use the SI unit.
V  4.15  10 7 m 3
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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

Exercise 1.1 : Learning Outcome:

Given 1 (angstrom) Å = 10-10 m
1. Solve all the following problems.
a. 35 cm =_________m
b. 20 km =_________m
c. 11 Mm =_________m
d. 23 F =_________F
e. 0.24 Å =_________m
f. 24 mm2 =___________m2
g. 0.03 m2 =____________ mm2
h. 19 km2 =_____________ m2
i. 56 g cm-3 =_________ kg m-3
j. 560 km h-1 =_________ m s-1
1.2 Scalars and Vectors (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Define scalar and vector quantities.
 Perform vector addition and subtraction graphically.
 Resolve vector into two perpendicular components(x and
y axes)
 Ilustrate unit vectors(i , j , k ) in cartesion coordinate.
 State the physical meaning of dot(scalar) product:


A  B  A( B cos  )  B( A cos  )
2. Convert the following problems into SI unit.
a. 0.249 mm3 b. 5.87 cm2  State the pyhical meaning of cross(vector) product:
c. 12 g km h-1 d. 9.78 g cm-3
e. 10 km h-1 f. 8.5 g cm h-2 A  B  A( B sin  )  B( A sin  )
 Direction of cross product is determined by corkscrew
13 method or right hand rule. 14

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

Learning Outcome: 1.2 Scalars and Vectors

1.2 Scalars and Vectors (2 hours)  Scalar quantity is defined as a quantity with magnitude only.
 State the physical meaning of dot(scalar)  e.g. mass, time, temperature, pressure, electric current,
product: work, energy, power and etc.
 
A  B  A B cos θ   B  A cos θ 
 Mathematics operational : ordinary algebra

 Vector quantity is defined as a quantity with both magnitude

& direction.
 State the physical meaning of cross(vector)  e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum,
product:
  electric field, magnetic field and etc.
A  B  AB sin θ   B  A sin θ   Mathematics operational : vector algebra

Direction of cross product is determined by

corkscrew method or right hand rule.
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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

1.2.1 Vectors  Two vectors equal if both magnitude and direction are the same.
(shown in figure 1.1)
Vector A 
Length of an arrow– magnitude of vector A Q  
Direction of arrow – direction of vector A  PQ
 Table 1.4 shows written form (notation) of vectors. P
Figure 1.1
displacement velocity acceleration   a scalar quantity k
If vector A is multiplied by
    Then, vector A is kA
s v a 
s v a  kA
A
s (bold) v (bold) a (bold)
Table 1.4 
 Notation of magnitude of vectors.
 A
v v
  if k = +ve, the vector is in the same direction as vector A.
a a
17  if k = -ve, the vector is in the opposite direction of vector A. 18

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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

1.2.2 Direction of Vectors c) Cartesian coordinates

 Can be represented by using:  2-Dimension (2-D)

a) Direction of compass, i.e east, west, north, south, north-east, 

north-west, south-east and south-west
s  ( x, y)  (1 m, 5 m)
b) Angle with a reference line y/m
e.g. A boy throws a stone at a velocity of 20 m s -1, 50 above
horizontal. 5

y  s
v
50
0
x/m
x 1
0

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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

 
 3-Dimension (3-D) d) Polar coordinates 

s  ( x, y, z )  (4, 3, 2) m F  30 N,150
y/m

F
150
3


s
e) Denotes with + or – signs.
x/m +
0 4

2
- +
z/m
21 22
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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

1.2.3 Addition of Vectors  Triangle of vectors method:

 There are two methods involved in addition of vectors graphically i.e. a) Use a suitable scale to draw vector A.
 Parallelogram b) From the head of vector A draw a line to represent the vector B.
 Triangle   c) Complete the triangle. Draw a line from the tail of vector A to the
 For example : A  B head of vector B to represent the vector A + B.
   

A  A B  B  A Commutative Rule
B

A

Parallelogram Triangle B  
    B A
 A B A B
B O

B
O  O 
A A 23 24

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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

1.2.4 Subtraction
 of Vectors  Vectors subtraction can be used
 For example : CD  to determine the velocity of one object relative to another object
i.e. to determine the relative velocity.
  to determine the change in velocity of a moving object.
 D
C  Exercise 1.2 :
D
 
    1. Vector A has a magnitude of 8.00 units and 45 above the positive x
CDC D axis. Vector B also has a magnitude of 8.00 units and is directed along
the negative x axis. Using graphical methods and suitable scale to
Parallelogram Triangle
   
determine  
C C a) A  B b) A  B
O   O       
CD CD D c) A  2 B d) 2A  B

D (Hint : use 1 cm = 2.00 units)

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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

1.2.5 Resolving a Vector  The magnitude of vector R :

 1st method :  2nd method :

y y R or R  Rx 2  R y 2
 
 R   R   Direction of vector R :
Ry Ry
 Ry  Ry 
tan θ  θ  tan 1  
or
0
 x
0
 x
Rx Rx Rx  Rx 
Rx Ry Vector R in terms of unit vectors written as
 cosθ  R x  R cos θ

Adjacent
component
 cos  R y  R cos  
R R
Opposite Ry Rx R  Rx iˆ  R y ˆj
component  sin θ  R y  R sin θ  sin   R x  R sin 
R R
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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

Example 1.3 : Example 1.4 : 210

A car moves at a velocity of 30 m s -1 in a direction north 60 west. x
Calculate the component of the velocity S
a) due north. b) due west.

Solution : F
N a) v  v sin 30 v  v cos 60

or N
 A particle S experienced a force of 100 N as shown in figure above.
N Determine the x-component and the y-component of the force.
 30 sin 30   30 cos 60 
 60 
Solution :
v N  1 5 m s 1 y
v30 vN 
Vector x-component y-component

W  E Fx
210
S
Fx   F cos 30  Fy   F sin 30 
vW v  v cos 30  or vW  v sin 60 
 x
b) W 30  F  100 cos 30   100 sin 30 
 30 cos 30 
 30 sin 60   Fy Fx   86.6 N Fy  50 N
S
v W  26 m s 1 F

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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

Example 1.5 : y
Solution : 
y  F2 y
F2

 60o F3
F3 40 N 
O
 x
O
x F2 x 
F1
60o

F1 10 N  
F2 30 N      
Fr

 F  F F 1 2  F3
Fr  F  F x y
   
The figure above shows three forces F1, F2 and F3 acted on a particle
O. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on  Fx

 F1x  F2 x  F3 x
  
particle O.
31
 Fy  F1 y  F2 y  F3 y
32

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

Solution : Solution :
The magnitude of the resultant force is

 F    F 
Vector x-component (N) y-component (N)
2 2
 Fr  x y
F1 0  F1  10
 252  16 2
  30 cos 60  30 sin 60  Fr  29 .7 N y
F2
 15  26
F
and
    
F3 F3  40 0 θ  tan 1 
y  F Fr
F
y
  32.6 
 x 
 F   10   26  0
x
F  0   15   40  16  O
F

Vector x y
θ  tan 1    32.6  x
sum  25  16  25 
Its direction is 32.6 from positive x-axis OR

33 34

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

Exercise 1.3 :  Exercise 1.3 :

 
1. Vector A has components Ax = 1.30 cm, Ay = 2.25 cm; vector B A points in the negative x direction. Vector
3. Vector  Bpoints at an
has components Bx = 4.10 cm, By = -3.75 cm.Determine angle of 30 above the positive x axis. Vector C has a magnitude of
a) the components of the vector sum A  B,   in a direction 40 below the positive x axis. Given
 points
15 m and 
b) the magnitude and direction of A  B , that A  B  C  0 , determine the magnitudes of A and B .
c) the components of the vector B A, (Walker,pg.78,no. 65)

d) the magnitude and direction of B  A . (Young & freedman,pg.35,no.1.42) ANS. : 28 m; 19 m

ANS. : 5.40 cm, -1.50 cm; 5.60 cm, 345; 2.80 cm, -6.00 cm; 4. Given three vectors P, Q and R as shown in Figure 1.3.
 
6.62 cm, 295   y 
P 35 m s 2
 
2. For the vectors A and B in Figure 1.2, use the method of vector

Q 24 m s 2
 themagnitude and directionyof
resolution to determine
  B ,
 
a) the vector sum A 
 
 50
b) the vector sum B  A  ,  B 18.0 m s -1 R 10 m s 2
c) the vector difference A  B , x
 0
d) the vector difference B  A. 
 
Figure 1.3
(Young & freedman,pg.35,no.1.39) A 12.0 m s -1 37.0 Calculate the resultant vector of P, Q and R.
ANS. : 11.1 m s-1, 77.6; U think; x ANS. : 49.4 m s2; 70.1 above + x-axis
0
28.5 m s-1, 202; 28.5 m s-1, 22.2 35 36
Figure 1.2

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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

y
1.2.6 Unit Vectors
 notations – aˆ , bˆ, cˆ
 E.g. unit vector a – a vector with a magnitude of 1 unit in the
direction of vector A.
ĵ
  x
k̂
A
aˆ    1
A iˆ
A â
z
 Unit vectors have no unit.  Vector can be written in term of unit vectors as :

r  rxiˆ  ry ˆj  rz kˆ
 Unit vector for 3 dimension axes :

x - axis ⇒ iˆ @ i(bold )  Magnitude of vector,

y - axis ⇒ ˆj @ j (bold ) iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  1
z - axis ⇒ kˆ @ k (bold ) r rx 2  ry 2  rz 2
37 38

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01



s  4iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ m  Example 1.6 :
ˆ 
 E.g. :
 ˆ ˆ
4  3  2 a  2i  j  3k m
Two vectors are given as:
s  5.39 m
 
2 2 2

b  iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ m
y/m Calculate
 
a) the vector a  b and its magnitude,

b) the vector b  a and its magnitude,
3 ĵ  
 c) the vector 2 a  b and its magnitude.

s Solution :
a)
 
a  b  a  b  (2  1)iˆ  3iˆ
x/m x x

a  b 
x
2k̂ 0 4iˆ  a y  by  (1  2) ˆj  ˆj
 a  b   a  b
y
 [3   4 ]kˆ  7kˆ
 
z z
z
z/m
a  b  3 iˆ  ˆj  7 kˆ m
The magnitude,a  b  a  b   3   1   7   7.68 m
2 2 2
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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

b)  
b  a  bx  ax  (1  2)iˆ  iˆ 1.2.7 Multiplication of Vectors

 
x Scalar (dot) product
b  a  by  a y  [2   1] ˆj  3 ˆj  The physical meaning ofthe scalar
 product can be explained by

b  a   b  a
y considering two vectors A and B as shown in Figure 1.4a.
z  [4   3]k  k
ˆ ˆ 
A
 
z
z
ˆ ˆ ˆ
b a i 3jk m

The magnitude, ba   12  3 2   12  3 .61 m
Figure 1.4a


B
c)  2a  b   2ax  bx  [2  2   1]iˆ  5iˆ
  shows
Figure 1.4b
vector A.
 the projection of vector
A  B  A component of
 
B onto the direction
B parallel to A
 of

 2a  b 
x
 2a y  by  [2  1   2 ] ˆj  0 ˆj A A
 2a  b   2a
y
 bz  [2  3   4 ]kˆ  10kˆ B cos θ
 
 
z
 z 
2 a  b  5 iˆ  10 kˆ m 
Figure 1.4b Figure 1.4c
B  A cos θ B
2a  b  5 2   10 2  11.2 m
 Figure 1.4c
 shows the projection of vector A onto the direction of

  

The magnitude,
41 vector B .
A  B  B component of A parallel to B 42

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PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

 From the Figure 1.4b, the scalar product can be defined as  Example of scalar product is work done by a constant force where the
  expression is givenby

A  B  AB cosθ  W  F  s  F s cos θ   sF cos θ 
 The scalar product of the unit vectors are shown below :
meanwhile from the Figure 1.4c, y
 
B  A  B A cosθ  iˆ  iˆ  i 2 cos 0 o  1 1  1
2

ˆj  ˆj  j 2 cos 0 o  12 1  1

where θ : angle between two vectors
kˆ  kˆ  k 2 cos 0 o  1 1  1
2
 The scalar product is a scalar quantity. ĵ
 The angle  ranges from 0 to 180 . x
k̂
 When 0  θ  90
iˆ
 
scalar product is positive
iˆ  iˆ  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  1
9 0  θ  180
 
scalar product is negative
θ  90  scalar product is zero z
 The scalar product obeys the commutative law of multiplication i.e.
    iˆ  ˆj  11cos 90 o  0
A B  B  A ˆj  kˆ  11cos 90 o  0 iˆ  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  iˆ  kˆ  0
43
iˆ  kˆ  11cos 90 o  0 44

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

y
Example 1.7  :   Example 1.8 : 
Calculate the A  B and the angle  C 1 m  
between vectors A and B for the D 2 m 
 problems.
following 
a) A  2iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ b) A ˆ
  4iˆ  3 ˆj  k
25 19
x

B  2 ˆj  3kˆ
0
B  iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ ANS.:3; 99.4
 :
Solution
a) A  B  21iˆ  iˆ  21 ˆj  ˆj  3 3kˆ  kˆ Figure 1.5
  Referring to the vectors in Figure 1.5,
A  B  2  2  9 a) determine the scalar product between them.
A  B  5 b) express the resultant vector of C and D in unit vector.
The magnitude of the vectors: A  2   2   3  17
2 2 2
Solution :

B 12  12   32  11 a) The angle between vectors C and D is

The angle  ,

A  B  AB cosθ

θ  180   25  19   136 
 

 Therefore
C  D  CD cosθ
 A B   5 
   12cos2 136
θ  cos 1    cos 1   

 AB   17 1145
θ  112  C  D   1.44 m 46

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

Vector (cross) product  Note:

b) Vectors C and
 D in unit vector are
C  C x iˆ  C y ˆj
 Consider two vectors : A  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ The angle between
 two vectors can only
B  piˆ  qˆj  rkˆ
  
  1cos 25  iˆ  1sin 25  ˆj  be determined by

 
 using the scalar (dot)
In general, the vector product
  is defined
 as
C   0.91iˆ  0.42 ˆj m

product.
 A B  C
and   
D  2 cos 19  iˆ  2 sin 19  ˆj  and its magnitude is given by
    
D  1.89iˆ  0.65 ˆj  m

A  B  C  A B sin θ  AB sin θ
 
Hence C  D   0.91  1.89 iˆ  0.42  0.65  ˆj where θ : angle between two vectors

 0 .98iˆ  1 .07 ˆj m   The angle  ranges from 0 to 180  so the vector product always
positive value.
  quantity.
Vector product is a vector
 The direction of vector C is determined by

RIGHT-HAND RULE
47 48

8
SF017

PHYSICS Chapter 01 PHYSICS Chapter 01

 For example:
 How to use right hand rule :

 Point the 4 fingers to the direction of the 1st vector.

THE END.
 Swept the 4 fingers from the 1st vector towards the 2nd vector.

 The thumb shows the direction of the vector product.

   
C A B  C 

B Next Chapter…
 A  CHAPTER 2 :
B C   
 B A  C Kinematics of Linear Motion
A    
A B  B  A but
 

 
A B   B  A 

  
Direction of the vector product (C ) always perpendicular
to the plane containing the vectors A
and . B
49 50