Digital Operations: Simatic S7

Digital Operations
F1
SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

Automation and Industrial Solutions
Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. File: PRO1_08E.1
Contents Page
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Acquiring, Processing and Outputting Data …….............................................................................. 4
Integer (INT, 16-Bit Integer) Data Type ........................................................................................... 5
Double Integer (DINT, 32-Bit Integer) Data Type .......................................................................... 6
REAL (Floating-point Number, 32 Bit) Data Type ........................................................................... 7
The BCD Code for Inputting and Outputting Integers .................................................................. 8
Numbers Formats ….….................................................................................................................. 9
Loading and Transferring Data …................................................................................................... 10
Data Storage in Accumulator 1 ......................................................................................................... 11
S5 Counter Functions ……….......................................................................................................... 12
Counters: Function Diagram .............................................................................................................. 13
Exercise 1: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 18, C 18) .............................................................. 14
S5 Timer Functions ……................................................................................................................. 15
Timers: ON Delay (SD) …………...................................................................................................... 16
Exercise 2: Monitoring the Transport Functions (FC 17) ……….................................................... 17
Conversion Operations BCD <-> Integer ....................................................................................... 18
Comparison Operations .................................................................................................................... 19
Basic Mathematical Functions ……….......................................................................................... 20
Exercise 3: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 19) ....................................................................... 21
Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 19), Solution Hints .................................................. 22
SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

Automation and Industrial Solutions Page 1 Digital Operations
Digital Operations
F1

Contents Page
If You Want to Know More ………................................................................................................. 23
Additional Exercise 4: Counting the Conveyor Belt Fault Conditions (FC17) ................................... 24
Additional Exercise 5: Timely Lock-out of the Conveyor Motor Jogging .......................................... 25
Counters: Bit Instructions .................................................................................................................. 26
Timers: Stored ON Delay (SS) ………………................................................................................ 27
Timers: Pulse (SP) ............................................................................................................................. 28
Timers: Extended Pulse (SE) ....................................................................................................... 29
Timers: OFF Delay (SF) ………..................................................................................................... 30
Time Formats for Traditional S5 Timers in STEP 7............................................................................... 31
Timers: Bit Instructions ................................................................................................................... 32
Conversion Operations I -> DI -> REAL ........................................................................................ 33
Digital Logic Operations .................................................................................................................... 34
Application Example: Digital Edge Detection ……........................................................................... 35

Objectives
Upon completion of the chapter the participant will
... be familiar with the INT, DINT, REAL data types and the
BCD display
... be able to apply the selectable display formats in the

"Monitor / Modify Variable" test function
... understand the "Load" and "Transfer" instructions
... be able to apply and program the S5 counter and timer

functions
... understand conversion operations for number formats
... be able to apply and program the comparison

operations
... understand basic mathematical functions


Acquiring, Processing and Outputting Data
Operating 0248
Thumbwheel
+ monitoring V buttons,
processes Potentiometer,
0 8 1 5 7-segment
display
Operator Panel
Control such as MPI

Processing
unit the values
DI/ AI/
DO AO
such as PROFIBUS
Process Field devices

controller

Binary/Digital True logic control systems are recognizable in the fact that they exclusively
Processing process binary data.
The performance of today‘s control computer, as well as tasks in the data
processing, quality control areas, among others, has increased the importance
of digital data processing using PLCs.
Digital process variables can be found in all areas of open-loop control - such
as in connected devices for process operating and monitoring or in the control
of field devices.
Operating and The goal of process monitoring is to provide the operator with up-to-the-minute
Monitoring information about the working machine or system quickly, concisely and clearly
as well as the opportunity to intervene and control and influence the process.
While in the past mostly simple, that is, "dumb" input and output devices, such
as 7-segment displays and thumbwheel buttons were used to display and enter
digital values, today "intelligent" operating and monitoring devices are
frequently connected to a PLC.
Field Devices Today as well, field devices that acquire process data or that control the
process are supplied directly with digital variables through field bus systems.
The connection of field devices, such as drives or weighing systems, using
analog input and output modules is becoming more and more a thing of the
past.
Formats Depending on the type of device connected, different number formats for the
coding of data are used to transmit data between device and PLC, as well as
for storing and processing data in the PLC.

Integer (INT, 16-Bit Integer) Data Type
Value range -32768 to +32767 Arithmetic
(without sign: 0 to 65535) operations: such as + I, * I, <I, ==I
Display Formats:
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DEC: + 662 BIN.: 2# 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 HEX: W#16#0 2 9 6

9
without
+2 7 sign
Sign +2 6 x 160 = 6
positive +24
numbers +22
9 x 161 = 144
+21 2 x 162 = 512
+ 662 662
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DEC: - 662 BIN.: 2# 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 HEX: W#16#F D 6 A

15 without
-2
+214 sign
Sign
negative +213 12
+2 10 x 160 =10
numbers 6 x 161 = 96
+211
+210 +28 +26 13 x 162 = 3328
Representation as +25 +23 +21 15 x 163 = 61440
Twos complement - 662 64874

Integer Data Type An Integer data type value is a whole number value, that is, a value without a
(16-bit Integer) decimal point.
SIMATIC S7 stores Integer data type values with sign in 16 bit code. This
results in the value range shown in the slide above. As well, SIMATIC S7
provides arithmetic operations for processing Integer values.
Decimal STEP7 uses the Decimal (not BCD!) display format to specify the constants of
the Integer data type with sign and without explicit format description. The use
of constant Integer values in the Binary and Hexadecimal display formats is
possible in principle, but because of the poor legibility, they are more or less
not suitable. For this reason, the syntax of STEP7 provides the specification of
Integer values only in the decimal display format.
Binary In a digital computer system, all values are stored in a binary-coded form. Only
the digits 0 and 1 are available in the binary number system. Base 2 of this
numbers system results from the number of available digits. Accordingly, the
value of every position of a binary number results from a power of Base 2. This
is also expressed in the format specification 2#.... .
Negative values are represented as binary numbers in twos complement. In
this representation, the most significant bit (bit no. 15 for the Integer data type)
has the value - 215. Since this value is greater than the sum of all residual
values, this bit also has the sign information. That is, if this bit = 0, then the
value is positive; if the bit is = 1, then the value is negative. The conversion of a
binary number into a decimal number is made by adding the values of the
positions that have a 1 (see slide).

Double Integer (DINT, 32-Bit Integer) Data Type
Value range L# -2147483648 to L#+2147483647 Operations: such as + D, * D, <D, ==D

(without sign: 0 to 4294967295)
Display Formats:
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DEC: L# +540809 BIN.: 2# 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Sign
positive
numbers
HEX: DW#16# 0 0 0 8 4 0 8 9
(without sign)
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DEC: L# -540809 BIN.: 2# 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Sign
negative
numbers
Representation as HEX: DW#16# F F F 7 B F 7 7

Twos complement
(without sign)

Double Integer SIMATIC S7 stores Double Integer data type values with sign as 32 bit code.
(32-Bit Integer) This results in the value range shown in the slide above. As well, SIMATIC S7
provides arithmetic operations for processing DINT values.
Decimal STEP7 uses a decimal number (not BCD!) to specify a constant of the Double
Integer data type with sign and the format L# for "long" (double word, 32 bit).
When a value smaller than -32768 or greater than 32767 is specified, the
format L# is automatically added. For negative numbers smaller than -32768,
the user must specify the format as L# - (for example: L# -32769). This is
imperative if the value is to be further processed arithmetically as a double
integer since you would otherwise work with false values (value + sign)!
Hexadecimal The hexadecimal numbers system provides 16 different digits (0 to 9 and

A to F). This results in Base 16 of this numbers system. Accordingly, the value
of every position of a hexadecimal number results from a power of Base 16.
Hexadecimal numbers are specified with the format W# for the dimension
(W = word = 16 bit) or DW# (DW = double word = 32 bit) and 16# for identifying
the basic numbering system. The number of specifiable bits is variable from 1
to 8 whereby missing (unspecified) bits are filled with leading zero digits.
The digits A to F correspond to the decimal values 10 to 15. The value 15 is the
last value that can be binary-coded - without sign - with 4 bits. Out of this
correlation, the simple conversion of a binary number into a hexadecimal
number and vice versa can be obtained. In this way, four binary bits each can
easily make up one digit of a hexadecimal number.

REAL (Floating-point Number, 32 Bit) Data Type
Value range -3.402823•10+38 to -1.175495•10-38 , 0.0, +1.175495•10-38 to +3.402823•10+38
Operations: such as + R, * R, <R, ==R

sin, acos, ln, exp, SQR
General format of a Real number = (Sign) • (1.f) • (2e-127)
Example: 0.75
Sign of
Real no. e = Exponent (8 Bit) f = Mantissa (23 Bit)
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 ..... 2-23
Real no. = +1.5 * 2 126-127 = 0.75

Real The previously described INT and DINT data types are used to store whole
number values with sign. Accordingly, only operations that supply a whole
number value as the result can be performed with these data types.
In cases where analog process variables such as voltage, current, and
temperature have to be processed, it becomes necessary to use Real values
(real numbers, "decimal numbers"). In order to be able to represent such
values, binary digits have to be defined whose value is less than 1 (power of
base 2 with negative exponent).
Real Format In order to be able to form the greatest possible value range within a defined
memory capacity (for SIMATIC S7: double word, 32 bit) (see slide), you must
be able to select the decimal point position. Early on, IEEE defined a format for
floating-point numbers. This format was laid down in IEC 61131 and was
included in STEP 7. This format makes it easy to process a variable decimal
point position.
In a binary coded floating-point number, a portion of the binary digits contain
the mantissa (23 Bit) and the rest contain the exponent (8 Bit) and the sign of
the floating-point number.
When you specify real values, you do so without specifying the format. After
you enter a constant real value (for example: 0.75), the Editor automatically
makes a conversion to scientific notation (for example: 7.5000e-001).
Application Floating-point numbers are used for "analog value processing", among others.
A great advantage of floating-point numbers is in the number of operations
possible with such numbers. These include, in addition to the standard
operations such as: +, -, * , / also instructions such as sin, cos, exp, ln, etc, that
are used mainly in closed-loop control algorithms.

The BCD Code for Inputting and Outputting Integers
Value range 16 Bit: - 999 to + 999 Conversion

32 Bit: -9999999 to + 9999999 operations: BTI, BTD, ITB, DTB
(no arithmetic!)
0 2 9 6
16 Bit: BIN.: 2# 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
Sign (+) 2 9 6
HEX: W#16# 0 2 9 6 DEC: + 662
Sign (+) 0 0 0 0 2 9 6
32 Bit: BIN.: 2# 0 x x x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
HEX: DW#16# 0 0 0 0 2 9 6 DEC: + 662

Origin In the past, the specification and visualization of whole numbers was done
exclusively using simple, mechanical thumbwheel buttons and digital displays.
These thumbwheel buttons and digital displays were connected to the PLC‘s
digital input and output modules through parallel wiring.
BCD Code Each digit of a decimal number is encoded in four bit positions (a nibble). Four
bits are used because the highest decimal digit, 9, requires at least four bit
positions in binary code.
Decimal No. BCD Code Decimal No. BCD Code

0 0000 6 0110
1 0001 7 0111
2 0010 8 1000
3 0011 9 1001
4 0100 10 to 15 not allowed
5 0101
Negative Numbers So that negative numbers can also be specified using a BCD thumbwheel
button, STEP 7 codes the sign in the most significant bit of the most significant
digit (see slide). A sign bit = 0 indicates a positive number. A sign bit = 1
indicates a negative number.
STEP 7 recognizes 16-bit-coded (sign + 3 digits) and 32-bit-coded (sign + 7
digits) BCD numbers.
Data Formats There is no data format for specifying BCD-coded values in STEP 7. You can,
however, specify the decimal number whose BCD code is to be given, as a
HEX number. The binary code of the HEX number and that of the BCD-coded
decimal number is identical.
As you can see in the slide, the DEC data format is not suitable for specifying
BCD coded numbers!

Number Formats
Accessed in between Invalid value !!!

Display Formats Different display formats can be selected in both the "Monitor / Modify Variables"
and the "Monitor (Block)" test function to display variables or register contents.
Every variable can be monitored with several display format options. Depending
on the variable‘s data type, it becomes apparent that monitoring with the
appropriate display format makes more sense.
BOOL: Display a single bit
(only possible for a variable of the BOOL data type)
BIN: Display the individual bits of a variable
(makes sense for variables of the BYTE, WORD, DWORD data
types)
HEX: Display the contents of a variable as hexadecimal number (BCD)
(makes sense for variables of the BYTE, WORD, DWORD data
types)
DEC: Display the contents of a variable as decimal number (not BCD!)
with sign (makes sense for variables of the INT, DINT data types)
FLOATING_ Display the contents of a variable as floating-point number
POINT (makes sense for variables of the REAL data type)
Addressing The SIMATIC S7 memory is universally byte-oriented. Accordingly, memory

word MW 20, for example, contains the memory bytes MB 20 (high byte) and
MB 21 (low byte, see slide), the memory double-word MD 80, the memory bytes
MB 80, 81, 82 and 83.
With absolute accesses to variables (such as, with L MD 80), you must make
sure that the dimension of the access (here MD...) as well as the address
(always equal to the address of the high byte, here 80) is correct. Through an
inadvertent "accessing in between", an invalid value would be loaded (such as,
with L MW 83, see slide). Such errors can be avoided with the symbolic
addressing of variables (here L "MD_DINT").

Loading and Transferring Data
(ACCU 1)
12345678 A1B2C3D4

MOVE (LAD/FBD) If the EN input is active, the value at input "IN" is copied to the address
specified at output "OUT". "ENO" has the same signal state as "EN".
L and T (STL) Load and transfer instructions are executed regardless of the RLO. Data is
exchanged through the accumulator ACCU1.
Standard / ACCU1 Accumulator 1 (ACCU1) is the main register in the CPU. The load instruction
writes the value from the source address right-justified into the (standard)
accumulator 1 and pads the remaining bits (32 bits in all) with "0"s.
The transfer instruction copies some or all of the contents of accumulator 1 to
the specified memory address without clearing the contents of accumulator 1
(see next page). All arithmetic and digital operations store their result in
accumulator 1.
ACCU2 When a load instruction is executed, the old contents of accumulator 1 are first
shifted to accumulator 2 and accumulator 1 is cleared (reset to "0") before the
new value is written into accumulator 1.

Data Storage in Accumulator 1
Contents of Accumulator 1
Program
31 23 15 7 0
L MB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MB0
31 23 15 7 0
Load 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MB0 MB1
L MW 0
31 23 15 7 0
L MD 0 MB0 MB1 MB2 MB3
T QD 4
QD 4
Transfer T QW 4
QW 4
T QB 4
QB 4

General Accumulators are auxiliary memories in the CPU for data exchange between
various addresses as well as for comparison and mathematical operations.
The S7-300 usually has two accumulators with 32 bits each and the CPU 318-2
and the S7-400 each have four accumulators also with 32 bits each.
Load The load instruction loads the contents of the specified byte, word or double
word into accumulator (ACCU) 1.
Transfer When a transfer instruction is executed, the contents of ACCU 1 are retained.
Consequently, the same information can be transferred to different
destinations. If only one byte is transferred, the eight bits farthest to the right
are used (see slide).

S5 Counter Functions
LAD FBD STL
A I 0.4
C5 C5
CU C5
S_CUD S_CUD
I 0.4 Q 8.3 A I 0.5
CU Q
Q I 0.4 CU CD C5
A I 0.3
I 0.5
L C#5
CD CV MW 4 I 0.5 CD
S C5
I 0.3 A I 0.7
S CV_BCD QW 12 I 0.3 S CV MW 4 R C5
L C5
C#5 PV C#5 PV CV_BCD QW 12 T MW4
Q 8.3 LC C5
I 0.7
R I 0.7 R Q
Q = T QW12
A C5
= Q8.3

Counter Value A 16-bit word is reserved for each counter in the system data memory. This
word is used for storing the counter’s value (0 to 999) in binary code.
Count Up When the RLO at the "CU" input changes from "0" to "1", the counter’s current
value is incremented by 1 (upper limit = 999).
Count Down When the RLO at the "CD" input changes from "0" to "1", the counter’s current
value is decremented by 1 (lower limit = 0).
Set Counter When the RLO at the "S" input changes from "0" to "1", the counter is set to the
value at the "PV" input.
Reset Counter When the RLO at the Reset changes from "0" to "1", the counter’s value is set
to zero. If the reset condition is fulfilled (stays "high"), the counter cannot be set
and counting in either direction is not possible.
PV The preset value (0 to 999) is specified in BCD format at the "PV" input as:
• as a constant (C#...)
• a BCD format through a data interface.
CV / CV_BCD The counter value can be loaded into the accumulator at the binary output as
an Integer value (CV) or at the decimal output as a BCD number (CV_BCD)
and then transferred from there to other addresses.
Q The signal state of the counter can be checked at output "Q":

• Counter value n: =0 Æ Q=0
• Counter value n: 1<= n <= 999 Æ Q = 1

Counters: Function Diagram
CU
CD
5
4
3
Count
2
1
0

Notes When the counter reaches the value 999 during count up, the counter value
stays at 999 with subsequent count up signals. Likewise, when the counter
reaches the value 0, the counter value stays at 0 with subsequent count down
signals.
If an up count and a down count signal occurs at the same time, the count
remains the same.

Exercise 1: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 18, C 18)
DI DO
I 0.0 T_System_ON Act Quantity
I 0.1 T_System_OFF L_SYSTEM Q 4.1
I 0.2 T_Jog_RIGHT L_MAN Q 4.2
I 0.3 T_Jog_LEFT L_AUTO Q 4.3 V
I 0.4 S_M/A_ModeSelect
I 0.5 T_M/A_Accept "QW_DigDisp" (QW 6)
-15V...+15V -15V...+15V
AI2 AO1
AI1 AO2
AI1 AI2
V
0 8 1 5 AI1 AI2 AO1 AO2

Function Up Till Now In AUTO mode, parts are transported from Bay 1 or Bay 2 to the Light Barrier
Bay until they pass through the light barrier. The transportation function starts
as soon as a part is placed on Bay 1 or Bay 2 and the associated bay’s
momentary contact is pressed and it ends as soon as the part has passed the
light barrier.
Task • The parts transported in AUTO mode are to be counted as soon as they
have passed through the "LB" (I 8.0) light barrier ("LB" 0 Æ 1).
• The number of transported parts (ACTUAL quantity) is to be recorded with
the S5 counter C 18 and displayed on the BCD digital display.
• The counter is to be reset when the system is switched off (Q 4.1 = "0").
What to Do 1. Program the counting of the transported parts in the block "FC_Count"
(FC18). Use the S5 counter C 18.
2. Program the call of FC 18 in OB 1.

S5 Timer Functions
Pulse Timer (SP) Extended Pulse (SE)
T44 T44
S_PULSE S_PEXT
I 0.7 S BI MW0 I 0.7 S BI MW0
S5T#35s BCD QW12 S5T#35s BCD QW12

TV M8.5
TV M8.5
I 0.5 R Q = I 0.5 R Q =
ON Delay (SD)
T44
S_ODT
I 0.7 S BI MW0
S5T#35s BCD QW12

TV M8.5
I 0.5 R Q =
Stored ON Delay (SS) OFF Delay (SF)
T44 T44
S_ODTS S_OFFDT
I 0.7 S BI MW0 MW0
I 0.7 S BI
S5T#35s BCD QW12 S5T#35s QW12
TV M8.5 TV BCD M8.5
I 0.5 R Q = I 0.5 R Q =

General In control engineering, the following traditional timer functions (S5 timer
functions) have long since established themselves:
• Pulse Timer (S_PULSE or SP),
• Extended Pulse (S_PEXT or SE),
• ON Delay (S_ODT or SD),
• Stored ON Delay (S_ODTS or SS),
• OFF Delay (S_OFFDT or SF)
Memory Timers have their own reserved memory area in the CPU in which each timer
function occupies one word. To find out how many timer words and thus timer
functions are available in a CPU, please check the CPU‘s technical data.
Time Value The time value can be specified via a variable (such as MW50) or - as shown in
the slide - via a constant. The syntax for specifying a constant time value is
(can be entered with or without underscore):
S5T#aH_bM_cS_dMS e.g. S5T#1h_20m_10s
Minimum Time Value S5T#10ms
Maximum Time Value S5T#2h_46m_30s

Timers: ON Delay (SD)
LAD FBD STL
T4 T4
I 0.7 S_ODT Q8.5 S_EVERZ A I 0.7
S Q I 0.7 S BI MW0 L S5T#35s
S5T#35s TV BI MW0 S5T#35s QW12
SD T4
TV BCD
I 0.5 Q8.5 A I 0.5
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R Q = R T4
L T4
T MW0
RLO at S
LC T4
RLO at R T QW12
A T4
Time = Q8.5
operation
Example
Data type 0.01s <-- 0 0

0.1s <-- 0 1
“S5TIME” 1s <-- 1 0 Units of time: 0 to 999 (BCD-coded)
10s <-- 1 1

Start The timer starts when the RLO at the Start input "S" changes from "0" to "1".
The timer starts with the time value specified at the Time Value "TV" for as long
as the signal state at input "S" =1.
Reset When the RLO at the Reset input "R" changes from "0" to "1", the current time
value and the time base are deleted and the output "Q" is reset.
Digital Outputs The current time value can be read as a binary number at the "BI" output and
as a BCD number at the "BCD" output.
The current time value is the initial value of "TV" minus the value for the time
that has elapsed since the timer was started.
Binary Output The signal at the "Q" output changes to "1" when the timer has expired without
error and input "S" has signal state "1".
If the signal state at the "S" input changes from "1" to "0" before the timer has
expired, the timer stops running and output "Q" has a signal state "0".
Note In STEP 7, you can replace the traditional timer and counter functions with IEC
–conforming system function blocks (SFB). The use of system function blocks
is dealt with in an advanced programming course.

Exercise 2: Monitoring the Transport Functions (FC 17)
DI DO
I 0.0 T_System_ON
I 0.1 T_System_OFF L_SYSTEM Q 4.1
I 0.3 T_Jog_LEFT L_AUTO Q 4.3
I 0.4 S_M/A_ModeSelect
I 0.5 T_M/A_Accept
T_Ackn L_Conv
I 1.0 _Fault _Fault Q 5.0

Task The transport functions while in AUTO mode are to be monitored. The
monitoring is to function as follows:
• If the transport function takes longer than the 6 second monitoring time (if a
part does not pass through the light barrier within 6 seconds of its start
time), then there is a fault in the system and the conveyor motor is
automatically switched off (logic in FC 16).
• A fault is displayed with a 2Hz flashing light (bit no. 3 of the CPU clock
memory byte MB 10) on the simulator LED "L_Conv_Fault" (Q 5.0)
• A fault can be acknowledged via the simulator momentary contact
"T_Ackn_Fault" (I 1.0)
• The indicator lights at Bays 1 and 2 only once more show a constant light (=
place a new part), when the fault has been acknowledged (lock-out in
FC 14)
What to Do: 1. Program the described monitoring function in FC 17

- For the (timely) monitoring, use the S5 timer T 17 as ON Delay (SD)
- When a fault exists, set the memory bit M 17.0 in order to be able to
further interlock it in FC 14 and FC 16
2. Program the call of FC 17 in OB 1
3. Program the required lock-outs in FC 14 and the switching off of the
conveyor motor in FC16
4. Download the modified blocks into the CPU and test the function

Conversion Operations BCD ÅÆ Integer
Number Conversion
entered in BCD 0 81 5 BCD->Integer
User program
Task
with Integer
math operations
Number Conversion
displayed 0 2 4 8 BCD<-Integer
in BCD
LAD FBD STL
BCD_I BCD_I L IW4

EN ENO EN OUT MW20 BTI
T MW20
IW4 IN OUT MW20 IW4 IN ENO
I_BCD I_BCD L MW10

EN ENO EN OUT QW12 ITB
T QW12
MW10 IN OUT QW12 MW10 IN ENO

Application Since there are no arithmetic operations for the direct processing of BCD-
coded values, these have to be converted into arithmetic data types (I, DI or R)
through format conversions.
Conversion S7-300 / 400 has a series of conversion operations available– here a few
Operations examples:
BCD_I (in STL: BTI)

converts a 3-digit BCD number (+/- 999) into a 16-bit integer
I_BCD (in STL: ITB)
converts a 16-bit integer (+/- 999) ) into a 3-digit BCD number
Inputs and Outputs of the LAD/FBD Elements:

EN The execution of the conversion operation can be determined as follows via the
EN input:
EN is not connected: the conversion is always (regardless of the RLO)
executed
Logic operation at EN is fulfilled (RLO = 1): the conversion is executed
Logic operation at EN is not fulfilled (RLO = 0): the conversion is not
executed
IN The value delivered to IN is converted and the result is output to OUT.
ENO / OUT ENO = 0 because RLO=0 at EN input Æ OUT not written

The variable delivered to OUT is not written, that is, it keeps its original value
ENO = 0 because error occurred Æ OUT contains invalid value
The variable delivered to OUT is overwritten with an invalid value
ENO = 1 (instruction was executed without error): OUT contains result
The variable delivered to OUT is overwritten with the result

Comparison Operations
LAD FBD STL
M 3.4 CMP >=I Q 9.7 CMP >=I A M 3.4

A(
IN1 L IW 0
IW0
L IW 2
IW 0 IN1 M 3.4 & Q9.7 >=I
IW 2 IN2 IW2 IN2 = )
= Q 9.7

CMP You can use comparison instructions to compare the following pairs of
numerical values:
I Compare integers (on the basis of 16 bit fixed-point number)
D Compare integers (on the basis of 32 bit fixed-point number)
R Compare floating-point numbers (on 32 bit real number basis =
IEEE floating-point numbers).
If the result of the comparison is "true", then the RLO of the operation is "1",
otherwise it is "0".
The values at inputs IN1 and IN2 are compared for conformity with the
specified condition:
== IN1 is equal to IN2

<> IN1 is not equal to IN2
> IN1 is greater than IN2
< IN1 is less than IN2
>= IN1 is greater than or equal to IN2
<= IN1 is less than or equal to IN2.

Basic Mathematical Functions
LAD FBD STL
ADD_I ADD_I L MW4

Addition EN ENO EN OUT MW6 L MW10
MW4 IN1 MW4 IN1 +I
MW10 IN2 OUT MW6 MW10 IN2 ENO T MW6
SUB_I SUB_I L MW8

Subtrac- MW6
tion EN ENO EN OUT L MW12
MW8 IN1 MW8 IN1 -I
MW12 IN2 OUT MW6 MW12 IN2 ENO T MW6
MUL_DI MUL_DI L MD6

Multipli- MD66 L MD12
cation EN ENO EN OUT
MD6 IN1 MD6 IN1 *D
MD12 MD66
T MD66
IN2 MD12 IN2 ENO
DIV_R DIV_R L MD40

EN OUT MD32
Division EN ENO L MD4
MD40 IN1 MD40 IN1 /R
MD4 IN2 OUT MD32 MD4 IN2 ENO T MD32

Arithmetic S7-300 / 400 has a series of arithmetic operations for the processing of
Operations variables of the integer (I), double integer (DI) and real (R) arithmetic data
types.
Inputs and Outputs of the LAD/FBD Elements:

EN The execution of the operation can be determined as follows via the EN input:
EN is not connected: the operation is always (regardless of the RLO)
executed
Logic operation at EN is fulfilled (RLO = 1): the operation is executed
Logic operation at EN is not fulfilled (RLO = 0): the operation is not
executed
IN1 / IN2 The arithmetic calculation is applied to the values delivered to IN1 and IN2 (in
STL, the value loaded first with the value loaded second, in general: ACCU2
with ACCU1) and the result is output to OUT.
ENO / OUT ENO = 0 because RLO=0 at EN input Æ OUT not written

The variable delivered to OUT is not written, that is, it keeps its original value
ENO = 0 because error occurred Æ OUT contains invalid value
The variable delivered to OUT is overwritten with an invalid value
ENO = 1 (instruction was executed without error): OUT contains result
The variable delivered to OUT is overwritten with the result

Exercise 3: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 19)
DI DO SETPOINT Quantity ACTUAL Quantity

I 0.0 T_System_ON
I 0.1 L_SYSTEM Q 4.1
T_System_OFF
0 8 1 5
I 0.3 T_Jog_LEFT L_AUTO Q 4.3
I 0.4 S_M/A_ModeSelect "IW_Thumbw" (IW 2) "QW_DigDisp" (QW 6)
I 0.5 T_M/A_Accept
I 1.0 T_Ackn_Fault L_Conv_Fault Q 5.0
ACT=SET Acknowledgement
"L_Bay-LB" (Q 8.4) "T_Bay-LB" (I 8.4)

Function Up Till Now • The parts transported in AUTO mode are counted (with the S5 counter C18)
in FC 18 as soon as they have passed through the light barrier "LB" ("LB": 0 Æ 1)
• The number of transported parts (ACT quantity) is displayed on the BCD
digital display.
• The counter is reset when the system is switched off (Q 4.1 = "0").
New Function FC19 • The counting of the transported parts is no longer to be done with the
counter C 18,but rather by addition using MW 20.
• The SETPOINT Quantity of how many parts are to be transported can be set
using the BCD thumbwheel. When the given SETPOINT Quantity is
reached, it is displayed with the message "ACT=SET" on the conveyor
model LED "L_Bay-LB" (Q 8.4).
• As long as the message "ACT=SET" (Q 8.4) exists, the indicator lights at
Bay 1 and Bay 2 are dark (= no new part can be place on the conveyor Æ
lock-out in FC 14) and no new transport function can be started (Æ lock-out
in FC 16).
• The message "ACT=SET" can be acknowledged using the conveyor‘s
momentary contact "T_Bay-LB" (I 8.4) by resetting the actual quantity
(MW 20). Also, when the system is switched off, the ACT Quantity (MW 20)
is reset to "0".
What to Do 1. Program the new block "FC_Count_Add" (FC 19) with the new counter and
comparison functions
2. In OB1, call the new FC 19 instead of the old FC 18
3. In the blocks "FC_Signal" (FC 14) and "FC_ConvMotor" (FC 16), program
the appropriate lock-outs
Note When you set the SETPOINT Quantity, the CPU occasionally goes into
the STOP state because the BCD thumbwheel "bounces" when you change the
numbers or it delivers invalid values.

Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 19), Solution Hints
NW 1: Set "Counter" to 0
MOVE
Condition
for resetting EN OUT MW 20
0 IN ENO
NW 2: Counting via memory word, ACT quantity

ADD_I
Rising edge of
counting event EN
MW 20 IN1 OUT MW 20
1 IN2 ENO
NW 3: Display ACT quantity on the BCD digital display
Convert ACT quantity (MW 20) from Integer to BCD -> Result on BCD digital display (QW 6)
NW 4: Read in SETP quantity and convert from BCD to Integer
Convert value from thumbwheel button (IW 2) from BCD to Integer -> Store SETP quantity (Integer) in MW 22
NW 5: ACT-SETP comparison, Conveyor indicator light Q 8.4
Compare ACT (MW 20) to SETP (MW 22) -> Place comparison result on indicator light

Counting via Counting the transported parts using a memory word for each addition has,
Addition among others, the following benefits vis-à-vis counting using S5 counters:
When using an S5 counter, it is only possible to count from 0 to 999. However,
when you count using Integer addition you can count from -32768 to + 32767.
Partial Functions The complete function of the FC 19 can be broken down into the following
of the FC 19 partial functions as shown in the slide:
• NW 1: Set "Counter" to 0
means overwriting the contents of memory word MW 20, that is used as the
counter, with 0.
• NW 2: Counting via memory word
means increasing the contents of the memory word by 1 (with addition)
every time the count event occurs (not as long as the count event itself
exists!). The occurrence of the count event must be detected by edge
detection.
• NW 3: Display ACT quantity on the BCD digital display
Since the ACT quantity recorded by addition in memory word MW 20 is
stored as an Integer, a format conversion from Integer to BCD must take
place before the transfer to the BCD digital display.
• NW 4: Read in SETP quantity and convert from BCD to Integer
The SETP quantity read in from the BCD thumbwheel must be converted
from BCD to Integer. Use memory word MW 22 to store the conversion
result.
• NW 5: ACT-SETP comparison, Conveyor indicator light Q 8.4
The ACT quantity (MW 20) is compared to the converted SETP quantity
(MW 22). If the actual quantity is equal to the setpoint quantity, the indicator
light Q 8.4 must be turned on.

If You Want to Know More

Note The following pages contain either further information or are for reference to
complete a topic.
For more indepth study we offer advanced courses and self-learning mediums.

Additional Exercise 4: Counting the Conveyor Belt Fault
Conditions (FC17)
Conv
Fault
M 17.0
3
Conv
2
Fault
Counter C 17 1
0
M/A AUTO
Q 4.3

Function Up Till Now The transport functions in AUTO mode are monitored. If the transport function
takes longer than the 6 second monitoring time (if a part does not pass through
the light barrier within 6 seconds of its start time), then there is a conveyor belt
fault condition in the system and the conveyor motor is automatically switched
off (logic in FC 16).
Task: The conveyor belt fault conditions in AUTO mode are to be counted. After 3
conveyor belt fault conditions have occurred, the AUTO mode is to be switched
off for safety reasons. To start a new transport function, the fault condition must
be acknowledged (as already programmed) and the AUTO mode must be
switched on once more.
What to Do: 1. In FC 17, in a new network, program the counting of the conveyor belt fault
conditions using the S5 counter C 17 as the count down counter.
- When the "Auto" mode is switched on, the counter is set to 3 (number of
conveyor belt fault conditions until the AUTO mode is switched off)
- The counter counts down 1 every time a conveyor belt fault condition
occurs (M 17.0 = "1").
2. In FC 15 (operator mode section), program the switching off (reset) of the
AUTO mode after three conveyor belt fault conditions.
The AUTO mode must switch off when the counter C 17 has counted down
from 3 to 0 or when its binary state changes from 1 Æ 0. In FC 15
"FC_Mode", use the bit memory M 15.7 as auxiliary bit memory to record
the negative edge of C 17.

Additional Exercise 5: Timely Lock-out of the Conveyor Motor
Jogging
Lock-out
time LEFT
Jog RIGHT
I 0.2
Conv motor
RIGHT
(Q8.5)
Lock-out
RIGHT
T 15 (SF)
Jog LEFT
I 0.3
lock-out
time RIGHT
Conv motor
LEFT
(Q8.6)
Lock-out
LEFT
T 16 (SF)

The Function JoggingIn MANUAL mode (Q8.2 / Q 4.2 = ´1´), you can jog the conveyor motor to the
in FC 16 Up Till Now: RIGHT and to the LEFT using the simulator momentary contacts I 0.2 and I 0.3.
Task: In order to avoid too great a load change, it should only be possible to jog the
conveyor motor in the opposite direction after it has been jogged to the RIGHT
or to the LEFT after a lock-out time of 2 seconds (see slide). If, for example, the
motor has been jogged to the RIGHT, then it can only be jogged back to the
LEFT after the lock-out time of 2 seconds has expired.
What to Do: 1. In FC 16 program the S5 timers T 15 and T 16 as the lock-out timers

RIGHT and LEFT as OFF Delay (SF). Start T 15 when the jog condition
RIGHT is fulfilled and T 16 when the jog condition LEFT is fulfilled.
2. Interlock the timer states to the jog conditions. The jog condition RIGHT
may only be fulfilled when the lock-out time LEFT is no longer running
(T 16 = ´0´) and vice versa.
3. Save the modified FC 16 and download it in the CPU
4. Check the modified function "Jog Conveyor" on the conveyor model
Solution Hint: By using a "branch", you can integrate the timers in the two networks Jog
Conveyor RIGHT and Jog Conveyor LEFT as follows:
Editing a branch:
1. Select the connection where Jog condition
the branch is to be place LEFT
T 16
2. click on in the Editor toolbar
(Branch) SF
S5T#2s TV

Counters: Bit Instructions
LAD FBD STL
Network 1: C5
I 0.0 SC
I 0.0 C5
A I 0.0
SC L C#20
C#20 CV
C#20 S C5
Network 2:
C5
I 0.1 C5
I 0.1 CU A I 0.1
CU
CU C5
Network 3:
I 0.2 C5 C5
A I 0.2
CD I 0.2 CD CD C5
Network 4:
C5 Q 4.0 Q 4.0
A C5
C5 = = Q 4.0

Bit Instructions All counter functions can also operate with simple bit instructions. The
similarities and differences between this method and the counter functions
discussed so far are as follows:
• Similarities:
- Setting conditions at the "SC" input
- Specification of the counter value
- RLO change at the "CU" input
- RLO change at the "CD" input
• Differences:
- It is not possible to check the current counter value since
there are no Binary (CV) or BCD (CV_BCD) outputs.
- There is no binary output Q in the graphical representation.
Note IEC-compliant counters can also be implemented in STEP 7. The use of

system function blocks for implementing IEC counters is dealt with in an
advanced programming course.

Timers: Stored ON Delay (SS)
LAD FBD STL
T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_ODTS Q8.5 S_ODTS L S5T#35s
S Q I 0.7 S BI MW0 SS T4
S5T#35s BI MW0 A I 0.5
TV S5T#35s TV BCD QW12
I 0.5 Q8.5 R T4
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R Q = L T4
T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5
RLO at S
RLO at R
Timer
operation
Example

Start The stored-on-delay timer starts when the RLO at the "S" input changes from
"0" to "1". The timer runs, starting with the time value specified at input "TV",
and continues to run even if the signal at input "S" changes back to "0" during
that time.
If the signal at the start input changes from "0" to "1" again while the timer is
still timing down, the timer starts again from the beginning.
Reset When the RLO at reset input "R" changes from "0" to "1", the current time value
and the time base are deleted and output "Q" is reset.
Binary Output The signal state at output "Q" changes to "1" when the timer has expired
without error, regardless of whether the signal state at input "S" is still "1".

Timers: Pulse (SP)
LAD FBD STL
T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_PULSE Q8.5 S_PULSE L S5T#35s
S Q I 0.7 S BI MW0 SP T4
S5T#35s BI A I 0.5
TV MW0 S5T#35s TV BCD QW12
I 0.5 Q8.5 R T4
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R = L T4
Q
T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5
RLO at S
RLO at R
Timer
operation
Example

Start The pulse timer starts when the RLO at the "S" input changes from "0" to "1".
Output "Q" is also set to "1".
Reset Output "Q" is reset when:

• the timer has expired, or
• the start "S" signal changes from "1" to "0", or
• the reset input "R" has a signal state of "1".

Timers: Extended Pulse (SE)
LAD FBD STL
T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_PEXT Q8.5 S_PEXT L S5T#35s
S Q MW0 SE T4
I 0.7 S BI
S5T#35s TV BI MW0 A I 0.5
S5T#35s TV BCD QW12
I 0.5 Q8.5 R T4
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R L T4
Q =
T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5
RLO at S
RLO at R
Timer
operation
Example

Start The extended pulse timer starts when the RLO at the "S" input changes from
"0" to "1". Output "Q" is also set to "1".
The signal state at output "Q" remains at "1" even if the signal at the "S" input
changes back to "0".
If the signal at the start input changes from "0" to "1" again while the timer is
running, the timer is restarted.
Reset Output "Q" is reset when:

• the timer has expired, or
• the reset input "R" has a signal state of "1".

Timers: OFF Delay (SF)
LAD FBD STL
T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_OFFDT Q8.5 S_OFFDT L S5T#35s
S Q I 0.7 S BI MW0 SF T4
S5T#35s BI MW0 A I 0.5
TV S5T#35s TV BCD QW12
I 0.5 Q8.5 R T4
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R Q = L T4
T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5
RLO at S
RLO at R
Timer
operation
Example

Start The off-delay timer starts when the RLO at the "S" input changes from "1" to
"0". When the timer has expired, the signal state at output "Q" changes to "0".
If the signal state at the "S" input changes from "0" to "1" while the timer is
running, the timer stops. The next time the signal state at the "S" input changes
from "1" to "0", it starts again from the beginning.
Reset When the RLO at reset input "R" is "1", the current time value and the time
base are deleted and output "Q" is reset.
If both inputs (S and R) have signal states of "1", output "Q" is not set until the
dominant reset is deactivated.
Binary Output Output "Q" is activated when the RLO at the "S" input changes from "0" to "1". If
input "S" is deactivated, output "Q" continues to have signal state of "1" until the
programmed time has expired.

Time Formats for Traditional S5-Timers in STEP 7
Time specifications as constants

S5T#35s200ms
(Time base: 01 (100ms), Number of units of time: 352)
01 3 5 2
Time specifications per variable X X 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
Time base Units of time (BCD-coded)
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Accu 1 contents after “L T...” exec. X X X X X X 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Residual units of time (Integer)
01 3 5 2
Accu 1 cont. after “LC T...” exec. X X 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
Time base Residual units of time (BCD-coded)

Time Specification Time values can be fixed and are specified as time constants. The permissible
range in which the time values are found ranges from S5T#10ms to
S5T#2h46m30s0ms.
Variable times can be specified using variables (such as memory words or data
words) containing the S5TIME data type. The user must make sure that the
appropriate time base and the number of units of time, as shown in the slide,
are stored in the variable in his program.
Time Base The time base defines the interval at which the number of units of time is to be
decremented by one unit when the timer runs. Bits 12 and 13 of the variable
must contain the time base as a binary-coded number:
Time base 0 (bit 13 = 0, bit 12 = 0) = 10 ms

Time base 1 (bit 13 = 0, bit 12 = 1) = 100ms
Time base 2 (bit 13 = 1, bit 12 = 0) = 1s
Time base 3 (bit 13 = 1, bit 12 = 1) = 10s
Units of Time The number of units of time must be specified as a BCD-coded number. When
the number of units of time are multiplied by the time base, this results in the
desired time value. The range from 1 to 999 is possible. When there is a time
specification using a constant (S5T#...), the system automatically uses the
smallest possible time base and the number of units of time.
L / BI At output "BI" or with the instruction "L T..." , the residual time value (number
of units of time) of the timer is queried as an integer without time base.
LC / BCD At output "BCD" or with the instruction "LC T..." , the residual time value
(number of units of time) of the timer is queried as a BCD-coded number with
the time base in Bit 12 and 13.

Timers: Bit Instructions
LAD FBD STL
Network 1:
T4
I 0.0 T4 I 0.0 & SD A I 0.0
SD L S5T#5s
S5T#5s TV SD T4
S5T#5s
Network 2:
T4 Q 8.0 Q 8.0
A T4
T4 & =
= Q 8.0
Network 3:
T4
I 0.1 T4 A I 0.1
R I 0.1 & R R T4

Bit Instructions All timer functions can also be started with simple bit instructions. The
similarities and differences between this method and the timer functions
discussed so far are as follows:
• Similarities:
- Start conditions at the "S" input
- Specification of the time value
- Reset conditions at the "R" input
- Signal response at output "Q"
• Differences for LAD and FBD:
- It is not possible to check the current time value (there are no "BI" and
"BCD" outputs).

Conversion Operations I Æ DI Æ REAL
Data in integer format

(16-bit integer)
Conversion from Conversion from Math

Task integer to double integer program
double integer to real number with
real numbers
F STL
I_DI
B MD14
EN OUT
D DI_R
ENO EN OUT MD26
MW12 IN L MW12
LAD ENO ITD
MD14 IN
DTR
T MD26
I_DI DI_R
EN ENO EN ENO
MW12 IN OUT MD14 MD14 IN OUT MD26

Application Basically, arithmetic operations can only process values of the same data type.
Therefore, there are operations with which integer values (I or DI) can be
converted into real values (R) and vice versa.
I_DI (in STL: ITD) converts a 16-bit integer (I) into a 32-bit double integer (DI)
DI_R (in STL: DTR) converts a 32-bit double integer (DI) into a floating-point number (R)
Other Conversion
Operations are discussed in one of the advanced programming courses:
- INV_I (INVI) Inverts an integer (I)
(formation of the ones complement)
- NEG_I (NEGI) Negates (sign reversal) an integer (I)
(formation of the twos complement)
- TRUNC (TRUNC) Conversion R Æ DI: cut off after decimal positions
- ROUND (RND) Conversion R Æ DI: round
- CEIL (RND+) Conversion R Æ DI: general rounding up
- FLOOR (RND-) Conversion R Æ DI: general rounding down
- INV_DI (INVD) Inverts a double integer (DI)
(formation of the ones complement)
- NEG_DI (NEGD) Negates (sign reversal) a double integer (DI)
(formation of the twos complement)
- NEG_R / NEGR Negates (sign reversal) a floating-point number (R)

Digital Logic Operations
WXOR_W L IW 0
WOR_W
L W#16#5F2A
WAND_W
AW / OW / XOW
EN ENO
T MW10
IW0 IN1
OUT MW10 15 0
W#16#5F2A IN2
IW0 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
W#16#5F2A = 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
AND OR XOR
MW10 after “AW” ex. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
MW10 after “OW” ex. 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
MW10 after “XOW” ex 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

WAND_W The "AND Word" operation gates the two digital values at inputs IN1 and IN2
bit by bit in accordance with the AND truth table. The result of the AND
operation is stored at the address at output OUT.
The instruction is executed when EN = 1.
Example: Masking out the 4th decade of the thumbwheel buttons :
IW4= = 0100 0100 1100 0100
W#16#0FFF = 0000 1111 1111 1111
MW30 = 0000 0100 1100 0100
WOR_W The "OR Word" operation gates the two digital values at inputs IN1 and IN2 bit
by bit in accordance with the OR truth table. The result of the OR operation is
stored at the address at output OUT.
The instruction is executed when EN = 1.
Example: Setting bit 0 in MW32 :
MW32 = 0100 0010 0110 1010
W#16#0001 = 0000 0000 0000 0001
MW32 = 0100 0010 0110 1011
WXOR_W The "Exclusive OR Word" operation gates the two digital values at inputs IN1
and IN2 bit by bit in accordance with the XOR truth table. The result of the OR
operation is stored at the address at output OUT. The result of the XOR
operation is stored at the address at output OUT.
The instruction is executed when EN=1.
Example: detecting signal changes in IW0 :
IW0 = 0100 0100 1100 1010
MW28 = 0110 0010 1011 1001
MW24 = 0010 0110 0111 0011

Application Example: Digital Edge Detection

General The program example displayed in the slide implements a logic for detecting a
signal change of 16 binary digits (edge detection for 16 bit) using digital word
instructions.
Network 1 For the detection of a positive edge detection, that is, the detection of a signal
change from 0 Æ 1, it suffices to carry out a digital AND operation of the
change pattern (MW 220) with the new signal states (IW 0).
Network 2 If only the 1 Æ changes are to be detected, a digital AND operation of the
change pattern with the old signal states is to be carried out.
Network 3 Save the old states so that the signal state change can be detected.


Digital Operations: Simatic S7

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Digital Operations

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

Upon completion of the chapter the participant will

... be able to apply the selectable display formats in the

... understand the "Load" and "Transfer" instructions

... be able to apply and program the S5 counter and timer

... understand conversion operations for number formats

... be able to apply and program the comparison

... understand basic mathematical functions

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

Control such as MPI

Process Field devices

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

DEC: + 662 BIN.: 2# 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 HEX: W#16#0 2 9 6

DEC: - 662 BIN.: 2# 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 HEX: W#16#F D 6 A

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

Value range L# -2147483648 to L#+2147483647 Operations: such as + D, * D, <D, ==D

DEC: L# +540809 BIN.: 2# 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

DEC: L# -540809 BIN.: 2# 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

Representation as HEX: DW#16# F F F 7 B F 7 7

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

Hexadecimal The hexadecimal numbers system provides 16 different digits (0 to 9 and

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

Value range -3.402823•10+38 to -1.175495•10-38 , 0.0, +1.175495•10-38 to +3.402823•10+38

Operations: such as + R, * R, <R, ==R

General format of a Real number = (Sign) • (1.f) • (2e-127)

Real no. = +1.5 * 2 126-127 = 0.75

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

Value range 16 Bit: - 999 to + 999 Conversion

HEX: W#16# 0 2 9 6 DEC: + 662

HEX: DW#16# 0 0 0 0 2 9 6 DEC: + 662

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

Decimal No. BCD Code Decimal No. BCD Code

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

Accessed in between Invalid value !!!

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

Addressing The SIMATIC S7 memory is universally byte-oriented. Accordingly, memory

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

L MD 0 MB0 MB1 MB2 MB3

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

LAD FBD STL

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

Q The signal state of the counter can be checked at output "Q":

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

0 8 1 5 AI1 AI2 AO1 AO2

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-PRO1

S5T#35s BCD QW12 S5T#35s BCD QW12

S5T#35s BCD QW12

SIMATIC S7 Date: 18.09.2009 SITRAIN Training for

Minimum Time Value S5T#10ms