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RESUMEN ABSTRACT
Objetivos. Comprobar la eficacia de dosis bajas de Objectives. To assess the effectiveness of low
neostigmina en la reversión del bloqueo neuromuscu- doses of neostigmine in the reversion of residual non-
lar no despolarizante residual (BNM-R). polarising neuromuscular blockade (RNMB).
Material and methods. The work involved one hun-
Material y Métodos. Se realizó el trabajo con 119
dred and nineteen adult patients, ASA I-III, anaesthetised
pacientes adultos, ASA I-III, anestesiados con tiopental,
with fentanyl, thiopental, O2-N2O-isoflurane and
fentanilo, O2-N2O-isoflurano y atracurio (n=62) o vecu-
atracurium (n=62) or vecuronium (n=57). RNMB was
ronio (n=57). Se monitorizó el BNM-R mediante registro
monitored with continuous electromyography of adduc-
electromiográfico del adductor pollicis ante estímulo
tor pollicis with TOF stimulation. When TOF-Ratio (TR) <
ulnar tipo tren de cuatro (TOF), considerando recupe-
75%, neostigmine 0.035, 0.03, 0.025 or 0.02 mg/kg (and
ración espontánea un TOF-Ratio > 75%. En caso contra- atropine 0.0175, 0.015, 0.0125 or 0.01 mg/kg) were admin-
rio se revertía el BNM-R en función del grado de bloqueo istrated based on the degree of NMB (0-1, 2, 3 or 4) to
(0-1, 2, 3 ó 4 respuestas al TOF) con neostigmina (0,035; TOF stimulation respectively, registering the time to
0,03; 0,025 ó 0,02 mg/kg) y atropina (0,0175; 0,015; 0,0125 achieve TR > 75% and secondary effects.
ó 0,01 mg/kg) respectivamente. Se registró el tiempo de
decurarización y los efectos secundarios. Results. Both groups were homogeneous. Twenty-
five point eight percent (25.8%) (group A) and 21.1%
Resultados. Los grupos resultaron demográfica- (group V) presented TR>75% at the end of surgery, while
mente homogéneos, con TOF-Ratio>75% el 25,8 (atra- 11.3% and 19.2% showed TR < 75% with 0-1 responses,
curio) y 21,1% (vecuronio), mostrando el resto 0-1 res- 6.5% and 11.5% 2 responses, 4.8% and 7.6% 3 responses,
puestas al TOF (11,3 y 19,2%), 2 (6,5 y 11,5%), 3 (4,8 y and 51.6% and 50% 4 responses to TOF stimulation in
7,6%) ó 4 respuestas (51,6 y 50%) respectivamente, groups A or V respectively. All patients who received
decurarizándose en 10,5±7 (atracurio) y 10,3±6,4 min neostigmine presented TR > 75% in 10.5±7 (group A) and
(vecuronio). Hubo predominio de efectos secundarios 10.3±6.4 min. (group V). A predominance of secondary
en el grupo del atracurio (p=0,027) a expensas de sia- effects in the atracurium group was observed (p=0.027),
lorrea, naúseas y vómitos. No se registró ningún caso basically due to excessive salivation, nausea and vomit-
de recurarización. ing. There were no cases of RNMB.
Conclusiones. La reversión del BNM-R con dosis Conclusions. The reversion of the residual neuro-
bajas de neostigmina y atropina ajustadas al grado de muscular blockade of atracurium or vecuronium with
bloqueo es efectiva incluso en bloqueos profundos y low doses of neostigmine and atropine adjusted to the
reduce el riesgo de efectos secundarios de estos fár- degree of RNMB is effective even in deep blockades,
macos. reducing the risk of secondary effects.
Palabras clave. Atracurio. Bloqueo neuromuscu- Key words. Atracurium. Curarization. Neostig-
lar no despolarizante. Curarización. Neostigmina. mine. Non-depolarising neuromuscular blockade.
Vecuronio. Vecuronium.
FÁRMACO EFECTO
• Anestésicos i.v. Mínimo. La ketamina y el propofol potencian discretamente
• Anestésicos halogenados Potenciación
• Anestésicos locales Potenciación
• A.I.N.E.s No parecen alterar los BNMND
• Aminoglucósidos Potenciación: gentamicina, neomicina, tobramicina y estreptomicina
• Anticomiciales Resistencia a los BNMND (fenitoína)
• Benzodiacepinas A dosis elevadas pueden potenciar
• Beta-bloqueantes Potenciación. Posibilidad de bradicardia al revertir con neostigmina
• Beta-lactámicos Sin efecto a dosis terapéuticas
• Calcio-antagonistas La nifedipina y el verapamilo potencian en la clínica, otros
(bretilio...) sólo experimentalmente
• Cimetidina Prolonga la duración de acción
• Clindamicina Potenciación
• Corticoides Efecto controvertido, dudoso clínicamente, pueden inducir miopatía
• Diuréticos Potenciación
• Famotidina No afecta significativamente los BNMND
• Litio Potencia en el laboratorio, pero muestra acción mínima en la clínica
• Metronidazol Potenciación controvertida
• Morfina y derivados Sin importancia clínica, sólo potenciación a nivel experimental
• Nitroglicerina Potenciación controvertida
• Nitroprusiato No potencia en la práctica
• Omeprazol Prolonga la duración de los BNMND
• Ondansetrón Sin interacciones significativas
• Teofilina Antagoniza los BNMND
• Tetraciclinas Potenciación leve y dificultad de reversión
• Vancomicina Potenciación
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