What Are The Different Stages In Communication Process?

Communication
Process can be defined as a process that is used to impart a message or an information from a sender to a receiver by
using a medium of communication. The message goes through five stages when it is sent by the sender to the receiver.
These stages are as follows:

Sender - who conveys the message.

Message - which consists of facts, ideas, opinions.
Symbol - -this is also known as encoding of message.
Channel - -the communication channel can be a telephone.
Receiver - is the person who receives the message. He decodes the message and draws meaning from it.
Feedback - the receiver sends his response to the sender of the message
Communication - is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. Communication processes are sign-mediated
interactions between at least two agents which share a repertoire of signs and semiotic rules. Communication is commonly
defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs". Although there is
such a thing as one-way communication, communication can be perceived better as a two-way process in which
there is an exchange and progression of thoughts, feelings or ideas (energy) towards a mutually accepted goal
or direction (information).

THE WRITING PROCESS

The writing process is something that no two people do the same way. There is no "right way" or "wrong
way" to write. It can be a very messy and fluid process, and the following is only a representation of
commonly used steps.

STEPS OF THE WRITING PROCESS

STEP 1: PREWRITING
THINK AND DECIDE
 Make sure you understand your assignment. See Research Papers or Essays
 Decide on a topic to write about. See Narrow your Topic
 Consider who will read your work. See Audience and Voice
 Brainstorm ideas about the subject. See Prewriting Strategies
STEP 2: RESEARCH (IF NEEDED)
SEARCH
 List places where you can find information. See Doing Research
 Do your research. See Evaluating Sources and Primary vs. Secondary Sources
 Make an Outline to help organize your research. See Outlines
STEP 3: DRAFTING
WRITE
 Put the information you researched into your own words. See Paraphrase and Summary
 Write sentences and paragraphs even if they are not perfect.
 Read what you have written and judge if it says what you mean. See Thesis Statements
 Write some more. See Incorporating References

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  Read it again.
 Write some more.
 Read it again.
 Write until you have said everything you want to say about the topic.
STEP 4: REVISING
MAKE IT BETTER
 Read what you have written again. See Revising Content and Revising Organization
 Rearrange words, sentences or paragraphs.
 Take out or add parts.
 Do more research if you think you should.
 Replace overused or unclear words.
 Read your writing aloud to be sure it flows smoothly.
STEP 5: EDITING AND PROOFREADING
MAKE IT CORRECT
 Be sure all sentences are complete. See Editing and Proofreading
 Correct spelling, capitalization, and punctuation.
 Change words that are not used correctly or are unclear.
 Make sure you are using the appropriate Style formatting.

You can reach more bravely into the scary world of sentence construction and accurate communication if you are
armed with grammar guidelines. These 11 rules of grammar will help you become a champ at selecting words and
punctuation.

Key Rules
1. Use Active Voice
Every human language starts an active sentence with the subject, or the "doer." In English, the verb (what's being
done) follows the subject. If there is an object (the receiver of the action), it comes after the verb. The formula looks
like this:
S+V+O. This rule is the foundation of the English language.

Here are some examples:

 Mary walked the dog.
 The dog liked Mary.
 I did not like the dog.
2. Link Ideas with a Conjunction
Sometimes you want to link two ideas with a second S+V+O combination. When you do, you need a
coordinating conjunction. The new formula looks like this:
S+V+O, COORDINATING CONJUNCTION+S+V+O

Coordinating conjunctions are easy to remember with an acronymic mnemonic device:

FANBOYS
 For
 And
 Nor
 But
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 Or
 Yet
 So
3. Use a Comma to Connect Two Ideas As One
FANBOYS are used when connecting two ideas as one in a single sentence, but don't forget the comma.
For example:
 I do not walk Mary's dog, nor do I wash him.
 Mary fed her dog, and I drank tea.
 Mary feeds and walks her dog every day, but the dog is still hyperactive.
4. Use a Serial Comma in a List
The serial, or Oxford, comma is a controversial rule of grammar. Some want to eliminate it altogether while
others just don't know how to use it. The serial comma is the last comma in a list, usually appearing before
"and." The serial comma comes after "dog" in this sentence:
Pets R Us has lizards, dogs, and birds.

Commas separate units in a list. In the above case, each unit only has one part, so it's easy. Where people
get confused is when the units are bigger, but the rule still applies:
Pets R Us has lizards and frogs, dogs and cats, and parakeets and macaws.

Notice that the serial comma comes before "and" but not the last "and" in the sentence. The "and" that
follows the comma is only there because it sounds better. Grammatically, "and" is irrelevant. Only units
matter.
5. Use the Semicolon to Join Two Ideas
A list of grammar rules has to include the scariest of punctuation marks. It might look funny, but don't be
afraid of the semicolon; it's the easiest thing in the world to use! Say you want to join two ideas but can't
figure out or can't be bothered to use a coordinating conjunction. The two ideas can be separate sentences,
but you think that they are so closely connected; they really should be one. Use a semicolon.
 Mary's dog is hyperactive; it won't stop barking or sit still.
 My heart is like a cup of Lapsang Souchong tea; it's bitter and smoky.
 Mary has to walk her dog every day; it is the most hyperactive dog anyone has ever seen.
6. Use the Simple Present Tense for Habitual Actions
The simple present is the tense you use for any habitual action. The things you always do or do every
Tuesday are described with the simple present, which just means you pick the first form of any verb.
 Mary likes dogs.
 I don't walk Mary's dog.
 Mary and I drink tea every Tuesday together.
7. Use the Present Progressive Tense for Current Action
The present progressive tense is for anything that is happening right now. All of the progressive tenses are
easy to spot because their verbs always end with "-ing" and get a helping verb. A helping verb is just so we
know who and when we're talking about. In the present progressive, the helping verbs are the present
tense conjugations of "to be."
 I am drinking Lapsang Souchong tea.
 The barking dogs outside are driving me crazy.
 Mary is playing with her hyperactive dog.
8. Add "ed" to verbs for the Past Tense
When we talk about the past, we have to add an "-ed" to regular verbs to make the second form. Irregular
verbs are tricky and have their own sets of rules. Drink, for example, turns to "drank." Most of the time,
though, "-ed" will do.
 I drank a lot of Lapsang Souchong tea yesterday, but Mary didn't.
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 The dogs stopped barking two seconds ago, and I am feeling better.
 Mary played fetch with her hyperactive dog.
9-11. Use Perfect Tenses
Practice makes perfect with the perfect tenses. Here are three rules to finish the 11 rules of grammar. If you
remember these, you'll be well on your way to perfection.

9. Use Present Perfect for the Unfinished Past

The present perfect can be confusing for some, but it is one of the most important rules of grammar. When
people talk about things that have already happened but consider the time in which they occurred to be
unfinished, they use the third form of the verb with a helping verb. The helping verb for the present perfect
is the present tense conjugation of "to have."
 I have drunk three cups of Lapsang Souchong tea today.
 Mary's hyperactive cur dog has bitten me three times so far.
 Mary has walked her hyperactive poodle 100 times this week.
Unfortunately, the only way to know the third forms of verbs is to remember them.

10. Use Present Perfect Progressive for Unfinished Action and Past
When the action as well as the time is considered unfinished, the verb loads up on third form helping verbs
("to be" and "to have") and changes to the progressive form.
 Western countries have been waging wars in the Middle East for thousands of years.
 I have been drinking tea all day.
 Mary's dog has been barking like crazy since it was born.
Understanding and consistently following the basic English grammar rules will help you speak and write English
correctly and with minimal hesitation.

11. Use Past Perfect for the First of Two Past Actions
When two things happen in the past, we have to mark which one happened first. The one that happened first changes
to third form and gets the helping verb, "had."
 By the time I drank one cup of Lapsang Souchong, Mary's dog had barked a million times.
 I had not yet eaten breakfast when Mary walked her dog.
 He could not pay for lunch because he had lost his wallet.

Here are 20 simple rules and tips to help you avoid mistakes in English grammar. For more comprehensive
rules please look under the appropriate topic (part of speech etc) on our grammar and other pages.

1. A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a period/full stop, a question mark or an
exclamation mark. see Punctuation

 The fat cat sat on the mat.

 Where do you live?
 My dog is very clever!

2. The order of a basic positive sentence is Subject-Verb-Object. (Negative and question sentences
may have a different order.)

 John loves Mary.

 They were driving their car to Bangkok.

3. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb. An object is optional. Note that an imperative
sentence may have a verb only, but the subject is understood.

 John teaches.
 John teaches English.
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  Stop! (ie You stop!)

4. The subject and verb must agree in number, that is a singular subject needs a singular verb and a
plural subject needs a plural verb.

 John works in London.

 That monk eats once a day.
 John and Mary work in London.
 Most people eat three meals a day.

5. When two singular subjects are connected by or, use a singular verb. The same is true
for either/or and neither/nor.

 John or Mary is coming tonight.

 Either coffee or tea is fine.
 Neither John nor Mary was late.

6. Adjectives usually come before a noun (except when a verb separates the adjective from the
noun).

 I have a big dog.

 She married a handsome Italian man.
 (Her husband is rich.)

7. When using two or more adjectives together, the usual order is opinion-adjective + fact-adjective
+ noun. (There are some additional rules for the order of fact adjectives.)

 I saw a nice French table.

 That was an interesting Shakespearian play.

8. Treat collective nouns (eg committee, company, board of directors) as singular OR plural. In BrE
a collective noun is usually treated as plural, needing a plural verb and pronoun. In AmE a
collective noun is often treated as singular, needing a singular verb and pronoun.

 The committee are having sandwiches for lunch. Then they will go to London. (typically BrE)
 The BBC have changed their logo. (typically BrE)
 My family likes going to the zoo. (typically AmE)
 CNN has changed its logo. (typically AmE)

9. The words its and it's are two different words with different meanings.

 The dog has hurt its leg.

 He says it's two o'clock.

10. The words your and you're are two different words with different meanings.

 Here is your coffee.

 You're looking good.

11. The words there, their and they're are three different words with different meanings.

 There was nobody at the party.

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  I saw their new car.
 Do you think they're happy?

12. The contraction he's can mean he is OR he has. Similarly, she's can mean she is OR she has,
and it's can mean it is OR it has, and John's can mean John is OR John has.

 He is working
 He has finished.
 She is here.
 She has left.
 John is married.
 John has divorced his wife.

13. The contraction he'd can mean he had OR he would. Similarly, they'dcan mean they had OR they
would.

 He had eaten when I arrived.

 He would eat more if possible.
 They had already finished.
 They would come if they could.

14. Spell a proper noun with an initial capital letter. A proper noun is a "name" of something, for
example Josef, Mary, Russia, China, British Broadcasting Corporation, English.

 We have written to Mary.

 Is China in Asia?
 Do you speak English?

15. Spell proper adjectives with an initial capital letter. Proper adjectives are made from proper
nouns, for example Germany → German, Orwell → Orwellian, Machiavelli → Machiavellian.

 London is an English town.

 Who is the Canadian prime minister?
 Which is your favourite Shakespearian play?

16. Use the indefinite article a/an for countable nouns in general. Use the definite article the for
specific countable nouns and all uncountable nouns.

 I saw a bird and a balloon in the sky. The bird was blue and the balloonwas yellow.
 He always saves some of the money that he earns.

17. Use the indefinite article a with words beginning with a consonant sound. Use the indefinite
article an with words beginning with a vowel sound. see When to Say a or an

 a cat, a game of golf, a human endeavour, a Frenchman, a university (you-ni-ver-si-ty)

 an apple, an easy job, an interesting story, an old man, an umbella, an honorable man (on-o-ra-
ble)

18. Use many or few with countable nouns. Use much/a lot or little for uncountable
nouns. see Quantifiers

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  How many dollars do you have?
 How much money do you have?
 There are a few cars outside.
 There is little traffic on the roads.

19. To show possession (who is the owner of something) use an apostrophe + s for singular
owners, and s + apostrophe for plural owners.

 The boy's dog. (one boy)

 The boys' dog. (two or more boys)

20. In general, use the active voice (Cats eat fish) in preference to the passive voice (Fish are eaten
by cats).

 We use active in preference to passive.

 Active is used in preference to passive.

Rule 1. Use concrete rather than vague language.

Vague: The weather was of an extreme nature on the West Coast.
This sentence raises frustrating questions: When did this extreme weather occur? What does "of an
extreme nature" mean? Where on the West Coast did this take place?
Concrete: California had unusually cold weather last week.
Rule 2. Use active voice whenever possible. Active voice means the subject is performing the
verb. Passive voice means the subject receives the action.
Active: Barry hit the ball.
Passive: The ball was hit.
Notice that the party responsible for the action—in the previous example, whoever hit the ball—may not
even appear when using passive voice. So passive voice is a useful option when the responsible party is
not known.
Example: My watch was stolen.
NOTE
The passive voice has often been criticized as something employed by people in power to avoid
responsibility:
Example: Mistakes were made.
Translation: I made mistakes.
Rule 3. Avoid overusing there is, there are, it is, it was, etc.
Example: There is a case of meningitis that was reported in the newspaper.
Revision: A case of meningitis was reported in the newspaper.
Even better: The newspaper reported a case of meningitis. (Active voice)
Example: It is important to signal before making a left turn.
Revision:
Signaling before making a left turn is important.

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 OR
Signaling before a left turn is important.
OR
You should signal before making a left turn.
Example: There are some revisions that must be made.
Revision: Some revisions must be made. (Passive voice)
Even better: Please make some revisions. (Active voice)
Rule 4. To avoid confusion (and pompousness), don't use two negatives to make a positive without good
reason.
Unnecessary: He is not unwilling to help.
Better: He is willing to help.
Sometimes a not un- construction may be desirable, perhaps even necessary:
Example: The book is uneven but not uninteresting.
However, the novelist-essayist George Orwell warned of its abuse with this deliberately silly sentence: "A
not unblack dog was chasing a not unsmall rabbit across a not ungreen field."

Rule 5. Use consistent grammatical form when offering several ideas. This is called parallel construction.
Correct: I admire people who are honest, reliable, and sincere.
Note that are applies to and makes sense with each of the three adjectives at the end.
Incorrect: I admire people who are honest, reliable, and have sincerity.
In this version, are does not make sense with have sincerity, and have sincerity doesn't belong with the
two adjectives honest and reliable.
Correct: You should check your spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
Note that check your applies to and makes sense with each of the three nouns at the end.
Incorrect: You should check your spelling, grammar, and punctuate properly.
Here, check your does not make sense with punctuate properly, and punctuate properly doesn't belong
with the two nouns spelling and grammar. The result is a jarringly inept sentence.
Rule 6. Word order can make or ruin a sentence. If you start a sentence with an incomplete phrase or
clause, such as While crossing the street or Forgotten by history, it must be followed closely by the person
or thing it describes. Furthermore, that person or thing is always the main subject of the sentence. Breaking
this rule results in the dreaded, all-too-common dangling modifier, or dangler.
Dangler: Forgotten by history, his autograph was worthless.
The problem: his autograph shouldn't come right after history, because he was forgotten, not his
autograph.
Correct: He was forgotten by history, and his autograph was worthless.
Dangler: Born in Chicago, my first book was about the 1871 fire.
The problem: the sentence wants to say I was born in Chicago, but to a careful reader, it says that my
first book was born there.

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 Correct: I was born in Chicago, and my first book was about the 1871 fire.
Adding -ing to a verb (as in crossing in the example that follows) results in a versatile word called
a participle, which can be a noun, adjective, or adverb. Rule 6 applies to all sentences with a participle in
the beginning. Participles require placing the actor immediately after the opening phrase or clause.
Dangler: While crossing the street, the bus hit her. (Wrong: the bus was not crossing.)
Correct:
While crossing the street, she was hit by a bus.
OR
She was hit by a bus while crossing the street.

Rule 7. Place descriptive words and phrases as close as is practical to the words they modify.
Ill-advised: I have a cake that Mollie baked in my lunch bag.
Cake is too far from lunch bag, making the sentence ambiguous and silly.
Better: In my lunch bag is a cake that Mollie baked.
Rule 8. A sentence fragment is usually an oversight, or a bad idea. It occurs when you have only a phrase
or dependent clause but are missing an independent clause.
Sentence fragment: After the show ended.
Full sentence: After the show ended, we had coffee.

Accuracy
If a story isn’t accurate, it firstly betrays public trust. Public trust is of the utmost importance because the public
relies on unbiased news in order to make intelligent choices in the voting booth.
Secondly, inaccurate information could be potentially libelous. Libel is defamation by written or printed words,
pictures, or in any other form besides spoken words or gestures (dictionary.refrence.com/browse/libel). It is a
serious offense and could severely affect your career as a journalist.
To make sure you stay accurate, always check and double check any numbers, spellings of names, who said
what, and other basic facts of your story. In order to have a good story and in order to be a good reporter,
accuracy is key.

Brevity
Get straight to the point. If you can do without words, then cut them out. Your lead should draw your reader in
and you should end with an interesting finish. Don’t just finish when you run out of information

Clarity
Clarity means that you should have all of your facts and have them organized before you start writing. Your story
should leave no question unanswered and should avoid jargon.

PHILIPPINE COURT SYSTEM

Review Courts
 Supreme Court
 Court of Appeals

Trial Courts
 Regional Trial Court
 Provincial Regional Trial Court
 Metro Manila Regional Trial Court

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  Metropolitan Trial Court
 Municipal Trial Court
 Municipal Circuit Trial Court

Special Courts

 Court of Tax Appeals

 Sandiganbayan

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