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Trigonometry

Trigonometric Ratios ( SOHCAHTOA )

O A O
sin x  , cos x  , tan x  are called trigonometric ratios.
H H A

Inverse Trigonometric Ratios

O  A O
x  sin 1   , x  cos 1   , x  tan 1   are called inverse trigonometric ratios.
H H  A

When one angle and one side in a right angle triangle are given and second side to find or
two sides are given and angle to find we use ( SOHCAHTOA ).

Exercise

1. Use calculator to find the values of following.

(a) sin 30 (d) sin 1 (0.5)

(b) cos 40 (e) cos 1 (0.867)

(c) tan 15
(f) tan 1 (1)

2. Find angles or sides marked with letters.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
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(e) (f)

(g) (h)

(i) (j)

(k) (l)

3. If AB  7cm , CD  3cm and CDB  37 then calculate

(a) BC

(b) BAC

(c) AC
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4. Find

(a) SQ

(b) SRQ

(c) SR

5. If AB  10cm , AD  4cm and ABC  30 then calculate

Find

(a) AC

(b) BC

(c) ADC

Angle of Elevation and Angle of Depression

The angle of elevation is the angle above the horizontal through which a line of view is raised.
The angle of depression is the angle below the horizontal line through which a line of view
is lowered.

Example

The base of a tower is 60 m away from appoint X on the ground. If the angle of elevation of the
top of the tower from X is 40  , calculate the height of the tower.
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Exercise

1. A ladder of length 4 m rests against a vertical wall so that the base of the ladder is 1.5 m
from the wall. Calculate the angle between the ladder and the ground.

2. A ladder of length 4 m rests against a vertical wall

so that the angle between the ladder and the ground is 66.
How far up the wall does the ladder reach.

3. From a distance of 20 m the angle of elevation to the top of the tower is 35.
How high is the tower?

4. A point G is 40 m away from a building, which is 15 m high. What is the of elevation to

the top of the building form G?

5. A TV tower has an angle of depression of 40  form a house. If the horizontal distance

between the house and the tower is 300 m. Find the height of the TV tower.

6. From the top of a tower of height 75 m, a guard sees two prisoners, both due east of him.

If the angle of depression of two

prisoners are 10  and 17  ,
calculate the distance between them.

7. A and B are two villages. If the horizontal distance between them is 12 km and the
vertical distance between them is 2 km.

Calculate

(a) The shortest distance between the two villages.

(b) The angle of elevation of B from A.

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8. A girl standing on a hill at A, over looking a lake can see a small boat at a point B on
the lake. If the girl is at a height of 50 m above B and a horizontal distance of 120 m
away from B.

Calculate

(a) The angle of depression of the boat from the girl.

(b) The shortest distance between the girl and the boat.

Bearings
Bearing is an angle measured with north clockwise and is always three figured.

Examples

1. Bearing of east is 090  . 4. Bearing of A is 060  .

2. Bearing of south is 180  . 5. Bearing of B is160  .

3. Bearing of west is 270  . 6. Bearing of C is 330  .

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Note

Exercise

1. Find the bearing of

(a) B from A.

(b) A from B.

2. Find the bearing of

(a) P from Q.

(b) Q from P.

3. Find the bearing of

(a) M from L.

(b) L from M.

4. If the bearing of a port from a light house L is 080  , find the bearing of light house
from the port.

5. Find the bearing a boat A from boat B if the bearing of Boat B from boat A is 120.

6. For triangle ABC shown, find

(a) The length of BC.

(b) The angle ACB.

(c) The bearing of B from C.

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7. Find

(a) The distance of Leeds west of York.

(b) The bearing of Leeds from York.

(c) The bearing of York from Leeds.

Sine Rule, Cosine Rule

These rules are used when triangles are not right angle triangles.

Sine Rule
For a triangle ABC, shown, the Sine rule is given as

a b c
 
sin A sin B sin C

When to use Sine rule

 When two sides and one angle in a triangle are given and second angle to find.
 When two angles and one side in a triangle are given and second side to find.

Examples

1. Find the length BC.

2. Find the size of angle PQR.

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Exercise

1. Find each side marked with letters.

(a) (b)

(c)

2. Find each angle marked with x.

(a) (b)

(c)
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Cosine Rule
For a triangle ABC, shown, Cosine rule is given as

Side rule

a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A

Angle rule

b2  c2  a2
cos A 
2bc

When to use Cosine rule

 When two sides and one angle in a triangle are given and third side to find,
we use side rule.
 When all three sides in a triangle are given and any angle to find, we use angle rule.

Examples

1. Find the length AC.

2. Find the size of angle PQR.

Exercise

1. Find the sides marked with letters.

(a) (b)
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(c)

2. Find each angle marked with x.

(a) (b)

(c)

Mixed Exercise

1. In the quadrilateral ABCD, AB  77 m, BC  120m, CD  60m, AC  55m and

CAD  45, BAC  x, ADC  y .

(a) Calculate the value of x.

(b) Calculate the value of y.

(c) The bearing of D from A is 090.

Find the bearing of

(i) A from C, (ii) B from A.

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2. Felipe (F) stands 17 metres from a bridge (B) and 32 metres from a tree (T).
The point F, B and T are on level ground and angle BFT  40.

(a) Calculate

(i) The distance BT, (ii) The angle BTF.

(b) The bearing of B from F is 085. Find the bearing of

(i) T from F, (iii) B from T.

(ii) F from T,

(c) The top of the tree is 30 metres vertically above T.

Calculate the angle of elevation of the top of the tree from F.

3. On December 21st, the sum rises in Buenos Aires at 0542 and sets at 2013.
(a) Find the length of time between sunrise and sunset in hours and minutes.

(b) A plane flies from Buenos Aires (B) to Cordoba (C). It continues to Mendoza (M)
before returning to Buenos Aires. The flight distances are shown on the diagram above.
Calculate the angle MCB, showing your working, to nearest degrees.

(c) The bearing of Buenos Aires from Cordoba is 124  .

Write down the bearing of Mendoza from Cordoba.
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4. A boat B is 1200 metres from a light house L and 750 metres from a rock R.
Angle LBR  110.

(a) Calculate

(i) The length LR, correct to nearest metres,

(ii) Angle BLR, correct to nearest degrees.

(b) The bearing of B from L is 053. Calculate the bearing of

(i) L form B, (ii) B from R

(c) The boat is sailing due south.

Calculate, to the nearest metres, its closest distance to the light house.

5. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

AB  9.5cm, BC  11.1cm, ABC  70, CAD  37.

(a) Calculate the length of AC.

(b) Explain why angle ADC  110.

(c) Calculate the length AD.

A point E lies on the circle such that the

triangle ACE is isosceles, with EA=EC.

(d) Write down the size of angle AEC.

(e) Calculate the size of angle ACE.

(f) Calculate the length CE.

(g) Calculate the area of triangle ACE