Types of hydraulic jump

Hydraulic jumps on horizontal floor are of several distinct types. According to the studies of the
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Stevens; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation), these types can be
conveniently classified Based on the Froude number of the supercritical flow directly upstream
of the hydraulic jump as follows:
1- For F1 = 1, the flow is critical, and hence no jump can form.
2- For F1 = 1.0 to 1.7, the water surface shows undulations, and jump is called an undular
jump.

Undular jump

3- For F1 = 1.7 to 2.5, a series of small rollers develop on the surface of the face remains
smooth. The velocity throughout is fairly uniform, and the energy loss is low. This jump
may be called a weak jump.

Weak jump

4- For F1 = 2.5 to 4.5, there is an oscillating jet entering the jump bottom to surface and back
again with no periodicity. Each oscillating produces a large wave of irregular period
which, very commonly in canals, can travel for miles doing unlimited damage to earth
banks and ripraps. This jump may be called an oscillating jump.
Roller Oscillating jet

35
 Oscillating jump

5- For F1 = 4.5 to 9.0, the downstream extremity of the surface roller and the point at which
the high-velocity jet tends to leave the flow occur at practically the same vertical section.
The action and position of this jump are least sensitive to variation in tailwater depth. The
type is well-balanced and the performance is at its best. The energy dissipation ranges from
45 to 70 %. This jump may be called a steady jump.

Steady jump

6- For F1 = 9.0 and larger, the high-velocity jet grabs intermittent slugs of water rolling down
the front face of the jump, generation waves downstream, and a rough surface can prevail.
The jump action is rough but effective since the energy dissipation may reach 85%. This
jump may be called a strong jump.

Strong jump

36