Computer101 Mod1

3/11/2010
© Islamic Online University.com Computers 101
Computer 101
Welcome…
Uvais Qidwai
Assistant Professor
Computer Science & Engineering Department
QatarUniversity
Email: uqidwai@qu.edu.qa
Mobile: +974 519 8513
URL: http://faculty.qu.edu.qwa/qidwai
bais.islamiconlineuniversity.com
1
3/11/2010
Course Objectives
This course is comprised of a study of the following:
Fundamentals of Computer Technology (Module 1)
Windows Operating System (Module 2)
Computer Networks
Fundamental usage of Microsoft Office components:
MS Office (Module 3)
MS PowerPoint (Module 4)
MS Excel (Module 5)
Prerequisite(s):
Basic Knowled
Each module is 4 to 6 50-minute Lectures long.
Course Objectives
The course aims to give the students:
A deeper look into various Concepts related to the
Organization of Computers.
Introduction to various Hardware/Software components of
Computers.
Various types of Computer Network.
Basic knowledge of commonly used Computer Applications
such as
MS Word
MS PowerPoint
MS Excel
Internet Browsers
Outlook Express
Etc…
2
3/11/2010
Software Requirement
We will be using WINDOWS XP environment extensively

in the course.
Most commonly used components of MS Office.
Commonly used Internet Browsers
Internet Explorer
Google Chrome
Firefox
What & Why of Computers
3
3/11/2010
In Today’s world…
Computers are indispensable
They are more complex than ever before
What is a computer?
A machine which solves problems for people written in the
form of programs
What is a program?
- A sequence of instructions telling the computer what to do.
What is an Instruction?
- Can be in Assembly language, Machine Language or High
level Language.
4
3/11/2010
What is a computer?
Computer
an electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory unit
this memory unit can
accept data – input
manipulate data – process
produce information – output
store results for future use - storage
What does a computer do?

Computers perform four general operations
input, process, output, and storage
Information processing cycle
inputting, processing, outputting, and storing make-up this
cycle
Processing requires data
data – collection of raw facts, figures, and symbols given to
a computer during the input operation
Manipulate data to create information
information – data that is organized, meaningful, and
useful
5
3/11/2010
Why is a computer so powerful?

Power is derived from the computer’s capability to
perform the information processing cycle with
speed, reliability, and accuracy
The computer’s capacity to store huge amounts of
data and information
The computer’s ability to communicate with other
computers
How does a computer know

what to do?
It must be given a detailed set of instructions
These instructions are called a computer program or
software
Executes one program instruction after another
until the job is complete
6
3/11/2010
What are the components

of a computer?
Six primary components
input devices
the processor
memory
output devices
storage devices
communications devices
the processor, memory, and storage device are
housed in a box-like case called the system unit
In the Beginning…
7
3/11/2010
ABACUS
4th Century B.C.
B.C. (Long Long Ago)
The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have been invented in

Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth century B.C.
This device allows users to make computations using a system of
sliding beads arranged on a rack.
History of Computers - Way Back When
• Slide Rule 1630

• based on Napier’s rules for
logarithms
• used until 1970s
8
3/11/2010
History of Computers - 19th Century
first stored program - metal

cards
first computer manufacturing
still in use today!
Charles Babbage
English inventor
1791-1871
taught math at Cambridge
University
invented a viable mechanical
computer equivalent to modern
digital computers
9
3/11/2010
Babbage’s first computer
•built in early 1800’s
• special purpose calculator

• naval navigation charts
Difference engine
Babbage’s second computer

Analytical engine
general-purpose
used binary system
punched cards as input
branch on result of previous
instruction
Ada Lovelace (first
programmer)
machined parts not accurate
enough
never quite completed
analytical engine, 1834
10
3/11/2010
How the Computer Evolved

1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical
adding machine
Early 1800’s Jacquard – uses punch
cards to control the pattern of the
weaving loom
1832 Charles Babbage - invents the
Difference Engine
1890 Herman Hollerith – invents a
machine using punch card to tabulate
info for the Census
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
invention of the light bulb, 1878

Sir Joseph Wilson Swan
English physicist and electrician
first public exhibit of a light bulb in 1878
Thomas Edison
American inventor, working independently of Swan
public exhibit of a light bulb in 1879
had a conducting filament mounted in a glass bulb from which the air
was evacuated leaving a vacuum
passing electricity through the filament caused it to heat up, become
incandescent and radiate light
the vacuum prevented the filament from oxidizing and burning up
11
3/11/2010
Edison’s legacy
Edison continued to experiment with light bulbs

in 1883, he detected electrons flowing through the vacuum of a
light bulb
from the lighted filament
to a metal plate mounted inside the bulb
this became known as the Edison Effect
he did not develop this any further
invention of the diode (late 1800’s)
John Ambrose Fleming

an English physicist
studied Edison effect
to detect radio waves and to convert them to electricity
developed a two-element vacuum tube
known as a diode
electrons flow within the tube
from the negatively charged cathode
to the positively charged anode
today, a diode is used in circuits as a rectifier
12
3/11/2010
the switching vacuum tube, 1906
Lee de Forest introduced a third electrode into the

vacuum tube
American inventor
the new vacuum tube was called a triode
new electrode was called a grid
this tube could be used as both an amplifier and a
switch
many of the early radio transmitters were built by de Forest

using triodes
triodes revolutionized the field of broadcasting
their ability to act as switches would later be important in digital
computing
Vacuum Tubes - 1941 - 1956

First Generation Electronic
Computers used Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with
circuits inside.
Vacuum tubes have no air inside of
them, which protects the circuitry.
13
3/11/2010
UNIVAC - 1951
first fully electronic digital
computer built in the U.S.
Created at the University of
Pennsylvania
ENIAC weighed 30 tons
contained 18,000 vacuum
tubes
Cost a paltry $487,000
First Computer Bug - 1945

Relay switches part of
computers
Grace Hopper found a
moth stuck in a relay
responsible for a
malfunction
Called it “debugging” a
computer
14
3/11/2010
First Transistor
Uses Silicon
developed in 1948
won a Nobel prize
on-off switch
Second Generation
Computers used Transistors,
starting in 1956
on/off switches in digital computers

earliest:
electromechanical relays
solenoid with mechanical contact points
physical switch closes when electricity animates magnet
1940’s:
vacuum tubes
no physical contacts to break or get dirty
became available in early 1900’s
mainly used in radios at first
1950’s to present
transistors
invented at Bell Labs in 1948
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley
Nobel prize, 1956
15
3/11/2010
transistor evolution
first transistor made from materials including a
paper clip and a razor blade
later packaged in small IC’s
eventually came VLSI

Very Large Scale Integration
millions of transistors per chip
the integrated circuit (IC)

invented separately by 2 people ~1958
Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments
Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor (1958-59)
1974
Intel introduces the 8080 processor
one of the first “single-chip” microprocessors
16
3/11/2010
Second Generation – 1965-1963

1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
Integrated Circuits
Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).

Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated
together into a single “chip”
17
3/11/2010
Operating System
Software – Instructions for Computer
Operating system is set of instructions loaded each time a
computer is started
Program is instructions loaded when needed
Third Generation – 1964-1971

1964-1971
Integrated Circuit
Operating System
Getting smaller, cheaper
18
3/11/2010
The First Microprocessor – 1971
The 4004 had 2,250 transistors

four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
108Khz
Called “Microchip”
What is a Microchip?
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)

Transistors, resistors, and capacitors
4004 had 2,250 transistors
Pentium IV has 42 MILLION transistors
Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters)
19
3/11/2010
4th Generation – 1971-present

MICROCHIPS!
Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using microchip
technology
Birth of Personal Computers - 1975
256 byte memory (not

Kilobytes or Megabytes)
2 MHz Intel 8080 chips
Just a box with flashing
lights
cost $395 kit, $495
assembled.
20
3/11/2010
IC’s are fabricated many at a time
Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 1940’s
an early computer
developed at UPenn
Size: 30’ x 50’ room
18,000 vacuum
tubes
1500 relays
weighed 30 tons
designers
John Mauchly
J. Presper Eckert
21
3/11/2010
ENIAC Computer
Miles of wiring
18,000 vacuum tubes
Thousands of resistors and
switches
No monitor
3,000 blinking lights
Cost $486,000
100,000 additions per second
Weighed 30 tons
Filled a 30x50 feet room
Could be replaced today by one
fingernail-size silicon chip
Moore’s Law example
DEC
LSI-11,
Early 1980’s
DEC
PDP-11,
mid 1970’s
These 2 computers were functionally equivalent.
22
3/11/2010
Generations of Electronic Computers

First Second Third Fourth Gen.
Generation Gen. Gen.
Technology Vacuum Transistors Integrated Microchips
Tubes Circuits (millions of
(multiple transistors)
transistors)
Size Filled Whole Filled half a Smaller Tiny - Palm
Buildings room Pilot is as
powerful as
old building
sized
computer
Over the past 50 years, the Electronic Computer

has evolved rapidly.
Connections:
Which evolved from the other, which was an entirely new
creation
vacuum tube
integrated circuit
transistor
microchip
23
3/11/2010
Evolution of Electronics
Microchip
(VLSIC)
Integrated
Circuit
Transistor
Vacuum
Tube
IBM PC - 1981
IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
First wide-selling personal computer
used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random Access Memory)
standard
One or two floppy disk drives
24
3/11/2010
Apple Computers
Founded 1977
Apple II released 1977
widely used in schools
Macintosh (left)
released in 1984, Motorola 68000
Microchip processor
first commercial computer with graphical
user interface (GUI) and pointing device
(mouse)
Computers Progress
UNIVAC Mits IBM PC Macintosh Pentium
(1951-1970) Altair (1981) (1984) IV
(1968 vers.)
(1975)
Circuits Integrated 2 Intel Intel 8088 Motorola Intel P-IV
Circuits 8080 Microchip 68000 Microchip
Microchip -Transistors
29,000 - 7.5 million
transistors
RAM 512 K 265 Bytes 256 KB 256 MB
Memory
Speed 1.3 MHz 2 KHz 4.77 MHz 3200 MHz
= 3.2 GHz
Storage 100 MB 8” Floppy Floppy Floppy Hard
Hard Drive Drive Drive Drives Drive,
Floppy,
CD-Rom
Size Whole Briefcase Briefcase Two Small
Room (no monitor) + Monitor shoeboxes Tower
(integrated
monitor)
Cost $1.6 million $750 $1595 ~$4000 $1000 -
$2000
25
3/11/2010
1990s: Pentiums and Power Macs

Early 1990s began penetration of computers into every
niche: every desk, most homes, etc.
Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this
Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs”
Macs became more PC compatible - easy file transfers
Prices have plummeted
$2000 for entry level to $500
$6000 for top of line to $1500
21st Century Computing

Great increases in speed, storage, and memory
Increased networking, speed in Internet
Widespread use of CD-RW
PDAs
Cell Phone/PDA
WIRELESS!!!
26

Computer101 Mod1

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Computer101 Mod1

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

3/11/2010

© Islamic Online University.com Computers 101

We will be using WINDOWS XP environment extensively

What & Why of Computers

What does a computer do?

Why is a computer so powerful?

How does a computer know

What are the components

The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have been invented in

History of Computers - Way Back When

• Slide Rule 1630

History of Computers - 19th Century

first stored program - metal

Babbage’s first computer

•built in early 1800’s

• special purpose calculator

Babbage’s second computer

analytical engine, 1834

How the Computer Evolved

invention of the light bulb, 1878

Edison continued to experiment with light bulbs

invention of the diode (late 1800’s)

John Ambrose Fleming

the switching vacuum tube, 1906

Lee de Forest introduced a third electrode into the

many of the early radio transmitters were built by de Forest

Vacuum Tubes - 1941 - 1956

First Computer Bug - 1945

on/off switches in digital computers

later packaged in small IC’s

eventually came VLSI

the integrated circuit (IC)

Second Generation – 1965-1963

Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).

Third Generation – 1964-1971

The First Microprocessor – 1971

The 4004 had 2,250 transistors

Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)

4th Generation – 1971-present

Birth of Personal Computers - 1975

256 byte memory (not

IC’s are fabricated many at a time

Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 1940’s

Moore’s Law example

These 2 computers were functionally equivalent.

Generations of Electronic Computers

Over the past 50 years, the Electronic Computer

1990s: Pentiums and Power Macs

21st Century Computing

S-ar putea să vă placă și