MANUAL ON SOIL CEMENT SABO DAM

(DRAFT)

BASED ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

KALIADEM SABO DAM IN
MT. MERAPI MODEL AREA OF
ISDM PROJECT

September 2005
 MANUAL ON SOIL CEMENT SABO DAM
(DRAFT)
BASED ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
KALIADEM SABO DAM IN
MT. MERAPI MODEL AREA OF ISDM PROJECT

Table of Contents

1. THE MANUAL ................................................................... 14

1.1 BACKGROUND OF ISDM PROJECT ................................ 14
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF MANUAL ............................................... 14
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF SABO SOIL CEMENT............... 14
2.1 BACKGROUND OF SABO SOIL
CEMENT DEVELOPMENT ................................................ 14
2.2 APPLICABLE WORKS OF SABO SOIL CEMENT ............. 14
2.3 REQUIRED MINIMUM STRENGTH................................... 14
2.4 PROCEDURES OF PLANNING, DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF
SABO SOIL CEMENT STRUCTURE ................................. 14
3. DETERMINATION OF
REQUIRED SOIL CEMENT STRENGTH .......................... 14
3.1 PROCEDURES OF DETERMINATION ............................. 14
3.2 DESIGN STRENGTH OF SOIL CEMENT .......................... 14
4. MIX DESIGN OF SOIL CEMENT....................................... 15
4.1 OBJECTIVES AND PROCEDURES OF MIX DESIGN ...... 15
4.2 SELECTION OF SITES TO OBTAIN SOIL ........................ 16
4.3 MIX TEST .......................................................................... 19
4.3.1 Procedures of Mix Test......................................... 19
4.3.2 Test of Site-generated Soil ................................... 20
4.3.3 Optimum Water Content and Dry Density ............. 24
4.3.4 Fabrication of Specimen ....................................... 26
4.3.5 Test on Sabo Soil Cement Specimens ................. 32
4.4 DECISION OF CEMENT VOLUME .................................... 33

ii
 5. TEST CONSTRUCTION .................................................... 35
5.1 OBJECTIVES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION ....................... 35
5.2 PROCEDURES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
AND TEST ITEMS ............................................................. 35
5.3 PREPARATION FOR TEST CONSTRUCTION ................. 35
5.3.1 Test yards ............................................................ 35
5.3.2 Collection of Site-generated Material .................... 35
5.3.3 Machines .............................................................. 35
5.3.4 Instruments and Materials for Tests...................... 35
5.4 MIXING TEST .................................................................... 35
5.4.1 Procedures of Mixing Test .................................... 35
5.4.2 Measurement and Specimens .............................. 35
5.4.3 Decision of Mixing Method.................................... 35
5.5 SPREADING AND COMPACTION TEST .......................... 35
5.5.1 Procedures of Test ............................................... 35
5.5.2 Measurement ....................................................... 35
5.5.3 Decision of Compaction Method ........................... 35
6. CONSTRUCTION OF SOIL CEMENT SABO DAM ........... 35
6.1 PROCEDURES OF CONSTRUCTION .............................. 35
6.2 QUALITY CONTROL ......................................................... 35
6.2.1 Quality Control of Sabo Soil Cement .................... 35
6.2.2 Monitoring Control ................................................ 35
6.2.3 Photograph Control .............................................. 35

ATTACHMENT 1 PLANNING OF KALIADEM DAM

ATTACHMENT 2 DESIGN MANUAL ON SABO DAM
FOR DEBRIS FLOW

iii
14
4. MIX DESIGN OF SOIL CEMENT

4.1 OBJECTIVES AND PROCEDURES OF MIX DESIGN

Objectives of mix design of sabo soil cement are: 1) to grasp the properties of
site-generated soil and 2) to decide cement volume to be mixed to the site-generated
soil so that the structure to be made by sabo soil cement would satisfy the
predetermined “required soil cement strength”.

Design of dam
body &
decision of soil
cement
strength
Possible site-generated
soil

Design density (dry)

Mixing test

Grain size distribution Design of dam body

Selection (mixing ratio)

Soil cement strength
of site-generated soil

Water content and dry

density

Dry density >

No
design density

Yes

Fabrication of specimen

Compaction test

Decision of cement
volume

Figure 4.1 Procedures of Mix Design of Sabo Soil Cement

15
In case that the actual dry density is smaller than the assumed density used for the body
design and stability analysis, shape of the main body shall be redesigned. Furthermore,
in case that the unconfined compaction strength can exceed the required soil cement
strength, on ly when a lot of cement volume needs to be added and/or cobbles need to
be added to site-generated soil, portions, for which sabo soil cement was planned to be
applied, may be changed so as to lower the design strength.

4.2 SELECTION OF SITES TO OBTAIN SOIL

Soil to be used for sabo soil cement shall be selected in consideration of grain size,
which determines strength of sabo soil cement together with cement volume. Preferable
soil for sabo soil cement may be river bed material, which contains 1) a small amount of
silt particles of less than 0.075 (less than 5 %) and 2) more volume of cobbles than that
of sand.

C SG M ethod
　P aticle S ize D istribution (in Japan)
ISM M ethod
100.0 (in Japan)
Kaliadem
90.0 N o.R B -1
Kaliadem
80.0
A ccum ulated W eight （％）

N o.R B -2
70.0 Field B ed
M aterial
60.0 Field B ed
C obbles
50.0 M ix B ed &
C ob
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
G rain S ize (m m )

Figure 4.2 Typical Grain Size Distribution of Soil Used for Sabo Soil Cement

Figure4.2 shows grain size distribution of soil, which have been used for sabo soil
cement. The distribution shows that weight of silt and sand are less than 40 % in most
cases. The maximum grain size for the INSEM method is mostly 150 mm, which is
decided from thickness of a layer and capability of compaction machine. When cobbles
larger than 150 mm are included, these shall be excluded manually or by a machine.

Figure 4.3 indicates relations between strength of soil cement and amount of cement in
connection with contents of silt particles, which is less than 0.075 mm.

16
 Relations between amount of cement and Unconfined Compression strength
by the difference in the containing rate of 0.075mm under
Existent Data
15.0 INSEM&CSG　
0.075mm＜5%
y = 0.0673x - 2.381
Unconfined comoressive strength R2 = 0 . 8 8 1 5 Existent Data
INSEM&CSG　
5%≦0.075mm
10.0
(N/mm2)

y = 0.0134x + 0.3727
R2 = 0 . 6 6 1 7

5.0

0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Amount of Cement (kg/m3)

Figure 4.3 Effect of Silt Particles on Strength of Soil Cement

When content of finer particles (silt) is greater than 5 %, strength of sabo soil cement is
difficult to be improved even though cement volume/ratio is increased as shown in
Figure4.3.

Therefore, the following measures may be taken, if a lot of finer materials is included in
site-generated soil.

(1) Add soil with greater particles or cobbles to the site-generated soil so that content
of silt is less than 5 % and also grain size distribution is same like typical one
shown in Figure 4.2.

(2) Use the site-generated soil with finer materials to facilities and/or portions, which
require less strength, such structures level I and/or II.

[Japan]

Photo 4.1 shows two (2) materials possible for sabo soil cement, namely Material A and
B, both of which deposited in river bed as indicated. Material B, which deposits near the
river water, is judged to be typical river bed material, in which smaller particles such as
silts are washed out. On the contrary, material A is of color brownish and considered to
be earth fallen from the scarps near the river. Material A contains leaves and trees in
addition to smaller soils such as clay and silts, thus judged to be improper for the sabo
soil cement.

17
 Material A

Material B

Photo 4.1 Possible Materials for Sabo Soil Cement

[Kaliadem Dam]

When bed material of the site of Kaliadem Dam is surveyed, it is judged to be good
material for soil cement with enough volume of cobbles as shown in Photo 4.2 (For
Grain size distribution, see Figure 4.2, Kaliadem No. RB-2).

Photo 4.2 Bed Material Photo 4.3 Collected Bed Material

However, when bed materials are collected for the construction test, the components
are mostly sand (Figure 4.3, Field Bed Material), though some large cobbles are
included, and thus same volume of cobbles (Photo 4.4) are decided to be mixed with
the collected bed Materials. Grain size distribution of cobbles and mixed soil is shown in
Figure 4.2, as field bed cobbles and Mix. Bed & Cob., respectively.

18
 Photo 4.4 Cobbles to be Mixed

4.3 MIX TEST

Field test
4.3.1 Procedures of Mix Test Sieve analysis (grain size distribution)

Figure 4.4 shows procedures of

mix test to obtain dry density and
Laboratory test for site-generated soil
determine cement volume to be (1) Sieve-analysis
(2) Density and water absorption ratio test
added so as to attain the required (3) Water content (ratio) test
soil cement strength. Mix test (4) Compacting test

consists of 1) field test for

site-generated soil and 2)
Decision of cement volume to be added
laboratory test for both to soil (three cases)

site-generated soil and sabo soil

cement. Test Items and quantity
Laboratory test for soil cement
of mix test are tabulated below. (1) Unconfined compression test
(2) Permeability test

Relation between unconfined

compressive strength and cement ratio
(volume)

Figure 4.4 Procedures of Mix Test

19
 Table 4.1 Test Items and Quantity of Mix Test

Test Items Criteria Unit Quantity Remarks

1. Field test and laboratory test of site-generated soil

(1) Field test of site-generated soil

a. Grain-size JIS. A1204 Sample 3 Grain size at site
distribution test SN103-1968-1990 Dmax＝about 150
SKSNIM-08-1989-F mm

(2) Laboratory test of site-generated soil

a. Grain-size JIS. A1204 Sample 1 53mm and below
distribution test SN103-1968-1990 Select and mix 3
SKSNIM-08-1989-F samples.
b. Water content JIS. A1203 -ditto- 1 Separatioin into 4
(ratio) test SN103-1965-1990 groups, smaller than
SKSNIM-04-1989-F 4.76, 4.76 to
19.1,19.1 to 37.5,
and 37.5 to 53mm

c. Density and water JIS. A1110 JIS. A1109 -ditto- 1 Separation into 4
absorption ratio test SN103-2411-1991 groups
SKSNIM-01-1989-F
d. Compacting test JIS. A1210 Sample 1 53mm and below
ASTM D 3990-72 φ200×h 240mm、
SN103-2832-1992 1.0 Ec、
SKSNIM-18-1991-03 1 Sample×5 Water
content
2. Laboratory test of sabo soil cement
a. Unconfined JIS. A1108 Specimens 18 φ150,
compression test SN103-1974-1990 3mix×2age×3specim
SKSNIM-14-1989-F ens
2age：σ7,σ28
b. Permeability test JIS. A1218 Specimens 3 φ200×h 240mm,
SN103-2435-1991 1.0Ec
SKSNIM22-1990-F 1mix×3 specimens

4.3.2 Test of Site-generated Soil

In order to grasp characteristics of site generated soil, following tests shall be carried
out.

(1) Field Test

(a) Grain-size Analysis

Based on grain-size analysis at field, applicability of site generated soil for

20
 the planned facilities and/or portions can be roughly estimated from view
points of; 1) percentage of silt particles and 2) shape of grain size
distribution.

Grain size analysis shall be carried out for the size of particle from 0.075
mm up to diameter of 150 mm by sieves.

Photo 4.5 Site-generated Photo 4.6 Field Grain Size

Soil Analysis

Photo 4.7 Weighting for Grain Size Distribution

(2) Laboratory Test

(a) Convey of Site-generated Soil to Laboratory

Site-generated soil shall be conveyed and kept well in a laboratory for the
following tests in the way that water content does not change during
conveyance and storage.

21
 Photo 4.8 Packing of Soil Photo 4.9 Conveyance of Soil

Photo 4.10 Storage in Laboratory

(b) Grain-size Analysis

This analysis obtains the grain-size distribution of the materials by

laboratory test, size of which is less than 53 mm and larger than 0.075 mm.

Photo 4.11 Soil for Laboratory Test Photo 4.12 Separated Soil by Size
for Weighting

(c) Density and Water Absorption Ratio Test

Density and water absorption ratio test are carried out to grasp basic
mechanical properties of soil. This test shall be conducted for coarse

22
 aggregates for which test is made further separating them into three (3)
sizes ; 1) 37.5 mm to 53 mm, 2) 19.1 mm to 37.5 mm and 3) 4.76 mm to
19.1 mm and fine aggregates which is less than 4.76 mm, in order to
obtain exact density.

Photo 4.13 Water Content Test Photo 4.14 Water Absorption for
Cobble

(c) Compaction Test

Compaction test is conducted to grasp properties of compaction due to

difference of water content for the purpose of setting density of
site-generated soil. Normally, test is carried out for materials with five (5)
different water content. The result can be summarized as shown in
compaction curve in Figure 4.5.

(t/m3)
Maximum dry density

× x x
× × x
Dry Density.
x
（ρd） × × Second maximum
dry density
x
ω
Water Content (ω) (%)

(a) Soil with Silt (b) Soil without Silt

Figure 4.5 Compaction Curve

23
 As shown above, the results of compaction test indicates two (2) different
types of curves depending on the volume of silts included in soil. When soil
includes considerable volume of silt, peak of dry density is observed. On
the contrary, dry density increases when water content increases for soil
with small amount of silts.

4.3.3 Optimum Water Content and Dry Density

Dry density and optimum water contents for soil with silt shall be determined as follows.

(1) Dry density of soil cement is set as 95% of maximum dry density of soil (ρd95). Two
water contents (ω1 and ω2) can be read from compaction curve (Figure 4.6) from
ρd95.

(2) Water content should be determined between ω1 and ω2 and preferably within the
range of plus or minus 3 % of natural water contents (Figure 4.7).

(t/m3)

ρdmax ρdmax

ρd95 Density. of Specimen

Dry Density.
（ρd）

ω1 ωopt ω2 (%)
Water Content (ω)

Figure 4.6 Dry Density of Site-generated Soil (ρd95)

(3) For soil with less silt, the maximum dry density may be obtained when water
comes out to surface. In this case, water content should be lowered to the second
maximum dry density as shown in Figure 4.5 (b), considering mixing and easy
compaction by heavy equipment during actual construction.

24
 (t/m3)
ωｎ±3%
ω1 ～ ω2
ρdmax ρdmax

ρd95 Density. of Specimen

Dry Density.
（ρd）

The control range of water contento

ω1 ωｎ ωopt ω2 (%)
Water Content (ω)

Figure 4.7 Control Range of Water Content

[Kaliadem Dam]

2.05

1.655 1.670355 5.96355 7.822583 10.86526 12.21304 12.8667 14.630

2

rdmax=1.95g/cm3
Vol.weightdry soil (gr/cm3)

1.95

1.9

ｒｄ95%＝1.85g/cm3

1.85

Wopt=12.8%
Wn=7.64%

1.8
0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000
Water content w (%)

Figure 4.8 Compaction Curve for River Bed Material

at Kaliadem Dam Site

Figure 4.8 indicates compaction curve of riverbed material at dam site of the Kaliadem.
Due to small amount of silt (2.3 %), compaction curve does not show clear peak density
as shown in Figure 4.5. Based on the reason explained in Figure 4.5, it is considered
that rdmax and ωopt are 1.95 g/cm3 and 12.8 %, respectively, while rd95 and ωn are 1.85

25
g/cm3 and 7.6 %, respectively. This density is larger than the one assumed in the design
of main body (1.8 kg/cm3) and, thus it is judged that redesign of the main body is not
necessary. Furthermore, based on this result, dry density and optimum water content of
specimens are set 1.80 t/m3 and 12 %, respectively.

4.3.4 Fabrication of Specimen

Specimen shall be fabricated for laboratory test, namely 1) unconfined compression test
and 2) permeability test, as described below. The cases for laboratory test are three (3)
in which thee (3) different volume of cement is tested. For each case, three (3)
samples/specimens for compression test and one (1) sample/specimen for permeability
test are prepared.

(1) Preparation

Before the compression test, the followings shall be confirmed and/or prepared
in addition to the materials for the test, namely, soil, cement and water.

(a) Mold

The size of mold to make the specimen of soil cement shall be 15 cm in

diameter and 30 cm in height. Number of samples/specimens for one case
shall be six (6), namely three (3) samples/specimens for 7-day strength
and three (3) samples for 28-day strength.

(b) Mixing Machine

To well mix soil, cement and water, mixing machine may be necessary.

(c) Mortar

Mortar shall be used when top or bottom surface of a sample is not smooth
due to larger cobbles included in the soil so that pressure of compression
test apparatus is transmitted equally to surface of the sample.

(d) Polypropylene Bag and Tape

For curing of samples, polypropylene bag shall be use to cover samples so

as to prevent water evaporation.

(e) Compression Test Apparatus

26
 Strength of the sabo soil cement to be tested is smaller than that of the
concrete. The compaction test apparatus to be used for the test shall
accurately measure strength between 0.5 N/mm2 and 15 N/mm2. Also the
apparatus, which is calibrated once year by the related government
agency or the manufacturer, shall be used for the compression test.

(2) Determination of Cement Ratio

Using Figure 4.3, which indicates the amount of cement and compression
strength prepared based on the data in Japan, cement ratio corresponding to the
required strength shall be computed and then two (2) more cement ratio for the
test shall be determined, centering the cement ratio for the necessary strength.
The spacing of the cement volume may be set to be 50 kg/m3.

[Kaliadem Dam]

For Kaliadem dam, the required soil cement strength is 4.5 N/mm2 . Based on
the data obtained in Japan, cement ratio corresponding to required strength is
set to be 100 kg/m3 and two (2) more cement ratio are set to be 50 kg/m3 and
150 kg/m3.

(3) Computation of Necessary Volume of Cement, Soil and Water

Necessary weight of cement, soil and water of one (1) sample for compression
test shall be computed as follows, based on the design dry density of soil cement
(ρsc), cement ratio (Rc) determined above, present water content of the soil (ωP)
and optimum water content of the soil cement (ωopt).

At first, weight of cement (Wc) is obtained as follows from cement ratio (Rc) and
volume of mold (V).
Wc = Rc * V
Where, volume of mold (V) is computed from diameter (d) and height (h).
V = (d/2)2 * h

Then total weight of water (Wwtotal), which shall be contained in a mold, can be
computed from optimum water content (ωopt) and design dry density of soil
cement (ρsc).
Wwtotal =ωopt /100 * ρsc * V * 1000

27
 Further, the total weight of materials (Wtotal) in a mold of volume V can be
expressed by design dry density of soil cement (ρsc) and optimum water content
(ωopt).
Wtotal =ρsc * (1 + ωopt/100) * V

Also, the total weight of materials is summation of weight of cement, water and
soil and, thus, can be expressed as follows.
Wtotal = Wc + Wwtotal + Wt * (100 – ωp)/100
Where, the third item of right hand side is weight of soil excluding water, which is
expressed by total soil weight (Wt) and present water content (ωp).

From the above equation, soil weight to be added to the mold is obtained as
follows.
Wt = (Wtotal – Wc – Wwtotal)/(100 - ωP)*100

Thus, water weight to be added to the mold (Wwadd) is obtained as follows.

Wwadd = Wwtotal – ωp* Wt/100

One (1) specimen shall be composed of six (6) samples as explained above.
The necessary weight of one (1) specimen shall be one that can make seven (7)
samples in consideration of waste.

Photos of total volume of materials shall be taken as explained and indicated

below.

Photo 4.15 Cement for Specimen Photo 4.16 Water for Specimen

Photos shall be taken each of materials with papers indicating date, kind of
material and weight. When more than two (2) kinds of soil is mixed, photos of
respective soil shall be taken. Also, all materials shall be taken as shown in

28
Photo 4.18.

Photo 4.17 Soil for Specimen Photo 4.18 Materials for Specimen

[Kaliadem Dam]

For Kaliadem Dam, followings are values obtained by the tests conducted prior
to the compaction test.

ρsc = 1.8 ton/m3, ωopt = 12 % , ωp = 2.3 % for soil of bed materials.

Using these values, weight of the respective materials is obtained as indicated in

Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Weight of One Sample for Specimen of Bed Material

(Unit: kg)
Cement Ratio
3 3 3
Material 50 kg/m 100 kg/m 150 kg/m
Cement (Wc) 0.265 0.530 0.795
Soil (Wt) 9.490 9.219 8.948
Water (Wwadd) 0.926 0.932 0.939
Total (Wtotal) 10.681 10.681 10.681

The size of a mold is 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height and thus volume of

the mold is 0.005298 m3 and total weight of materials (Wtotal) is computed as
10.681 kg. Total weight of water (Wwtotal) in the mold is 1.144 kg.

Necessary materials to make seven (7) samples are tabulated in Table 4.3,
which is computed from Table 4.2.

29
 Table 4.3 Weight of Total Materials for Specimen of Bed Material
(Unit: kg)
Cement Ratio
3 3 3
Material 50 kg/m 100 kg/m 150 kg/m
Cement 1.854 3.709 5.563
Soil 66.430 64.532 62.634
Water 6.483(8.008) 6.526(8.008) 6.570(8.008)

(4) Mixing of Total volume of cement, water and soil

The measured cement, water and soil for seven (7) samples/specimens, shall be
completely mixed by a mixing machine or manual operation.

[Kaliadem Dam]

For the case of a mixing machine shown in Photo 4.19, it takes 3 minutes to
completely mix the materials.

Photo 4.19 Mixing Machine

(5) Fabrication of Specimen

After materials are completely mixed and soil cement has been made, specimen
composing six (6) is prepared as described below.

(a) Measure and separate soil cement for one (1) sample.

(b) Put soil cement of smaller particles at first to bottom of a mold so that
bottom of the sample can be smooth.

(c) Put all the soil cement to the mold except a little volume of soil cement with
smaller particle.

30
 (d) Put the remaining soil cement to top of a mold so that top surface of the
sample can be smooth.

(e) When top surface is not smooth, put mortar on the top surface as shown in
Photo 4.20.

(f) Cover surface of the mold by polypropylene bags so as to prevent

evaporation of water from the top surface as shown in Photo 4.21.

(g) Prepare six (6) samples in total following the procedures from (1) to (6).

Photo 4.20 Mortal Cap on Top Surface of Sample

Photo 4.21 Covering by Polypropylene Bag

(6) Curing of Specimens

Samples can be taken from the molds after 3 days. If the bottom surface is not
smooth, capping by mortar shall be made. Then, the sample shall be wrapped
by polypropylene bags (Photo 4.22) or aluminum foil (Photo 4.23) to avoid dry
out. Curing shall not be made in water.

31
 Photo 4.22 Wrapping by Photo 4.23 Wrapping by
Polypropylene Bags Aluminum Foil

4.3.5 Test on Sabo Soil Cement Specimens

(1) Unconfined Compression Test

Unconfined compression test shall be carried out for specimens which has three
(3) different volume of cements to grasp relation between cement volume and
unconfined compression strength as shown below

(N/mm2)

Unconfined
Compressive strength
（σ）

(kg/m3)
Amount of Cement（C）
Figure 4.9 Relations between Cement Volume and Compressive
Strength

(2) Permeability Test

Permeability test shall be carried out for specimens with three (3) different
volume of cements to grasp relation between cement volume and permeability

32
 coefficient.
(cm/s)

Permeability ×
（κ）

Amount of Cement（C） (kg/m3)

Figure 4.10 Relations between Cement Volume and Permeability

4.4 DECISION OF CEMENT VOLUME

Required cement volume to be mixed with soil shall be determined as follows based on
the result of unconfined compaction test which has been made changing the cement
volume for three (3) cases.

(1) Based on the result of unconfined compression test, linear equation shall be
obtained between unconfined compressive strength σ (N/mm2) and cement
volume C (kg/m3).
(N/mm2)
  aC  b

where , a, b = constants σ = a・C ＋ b

Strength of mix 　

Unconfined
Compressive strength
（σ）
(kg/m3)
Amount of Cement to Mix

Amount of Cement（C）

Figure 4.11 Linear Equation between σ and C

33
(2) Substituting the required soil cement strength σsc to the following equation, cement
volume to be mixed Cmix can be obtained.

Cmix  ( sc  b) / a

[Kaliadem Dam]

Figure 4.12 indicates relation between cement volume (C) and unconfined compression
strength (σ) of 28-day specimen made by riverbed material. This linear equation is
obtained as follows.
Cement
Strength
Volume
(N/mm2)
(1) (kg/m3)
Linear equation which passes 9 points of test results are obtained (σ = 0.0961C -
119.655 150 11.73088 175 10.452
4.018).
118.847 150 11.65167 100 3.252
111.52 150 10.93333 75 0.852
(2) Using slope of the
33.173 100equation
3.2522550.0961, linear equation, which passes one of 9 points
35.25 the smallest
and gives 100 3.455882
y-intercept, is obtained.
39.404 100 3.863137
20.366 50 1.996667
(3) equation is; σ
This17.192 1.68549 – 6.348.
50= 0.0961C
18.289 50 1.793039
(4) Substituting 4.5 N/mm2 in this equation, cement volume of 113 kg/m3 is
determined for sabo soil cement
10.2 of the Kaliadem Dam..

15
Unconfined Strength (N/mm2)

10

σ = 0.0961C - 6.348
4.5 N/mm2
5
112.8824
113 kg/m3

0
0 50 100 150 200
Cement Volume (kg/m3)

Figure 4.12 Relation between Unconfined Strength and

Cement Volume for Riverbed Material at
Kaliadem

34
(5)

35