ANSI/IEEE Calculation Methods

ETAP provides two short circuit calculation methods based on ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards. You can select the calculation method
from the Short Circuit Study Case Editor. This section describes the ANSI/IEEE standard method of calculation.

Standard Compliance
ETAP short circuit calculation per ANSI/IEEE Standards fully complies with the latest ANSI/IEEE and UL Standards, as listed below:

Standard Pub. Year Title

IEEE C37.04 1979 (1988) Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
IEEE C37.04f 1990 Symmetrical Current Basis and Supplements
IEEE C37.04g 1986
IEEE C37.04h 1990
IEEE C37.04i 1991
IEEE C37.04 1999

IEEE C37.010 1979, 1988,1999 IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
IEEE C37.010b 1985 Symmetrical Basis and supplements
IEEE C37.010e 1985
IEEE C37.010 1999

IEEE C37.13 1990 Standard for Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures

IEEE C37.013 1997 Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis

IEEE C37.20.1 2002 Standard for Metal Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear

IEEE Std 399 1990 & 1997 Power System Analysis – the Brown Book

IEEE Std 141 1986 & 1993 Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants – the Red Book

IEEE Std 242 1986 & 2001 IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial
and Commercial Power Systems – the Buff Book

UL 489_9 1996,2000,2002 Standard for Safety for Molded-Case Circuit Breakers, Molded-Case
Switches, and Circuit-Breaker Enclosures

General Description of Calculation Methodology

In ANSI/IEEE short circuit calculations, an equivalent voltage source at the fault location, which equals the prefault voltage at the
location, replaces all external voltage sources and machine internal voltage sources.

All machines are represented by their internal impedances. Line capacitances and static loads are neglected. Transformer taps can be set
at either the nominal position or at the tapped position, and different schemes are available to correct transformer impedance and system
voltages if off-nominal tap setting exists. It is assumed that for 3-phase fault, the fault is bolted. Therefore, arc resistances are not
considered. You can specify fault impedance in the Short Circuit Study Case for single-phase to ground fault. System impedances are
assumed to be balanced 3-phase, and the method of symmetrical components is used for unbalanced fault calculations.

Three different impedance networks are formed to calculate momentary, interrupting, and steady-state short circuit currents, and
corresponding duties for various protective devices. These networks are: ½ cycle network (subtransient network), 1.5-4 cycle network
(transient network), and 30 cycle network (steady-state network).

ANSI/IEEE Standards recommend the use of separate R and X networks to calculate X/R values. An X/R ratio is obtained for each
individual faulted bus and short circuit current. This X/R ratio is then used to determine the multiplying factor to account for the system
DC offset.

Using the ½ cycle and 1.5-4 cycle networks, the symmetrical rms value of the momentary and interrupting short circuit currents are
solved first. These values are then multiplied by appropriate multiplying factors to finally obtain the asymmetrical value of the
momentary and interrupting short circuit currents.

Definition of Terms
The following terms are helpful in understanding short circuit calculations using ANSI/IEEE standards.

½ Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate momentary short circuit current and protective device duties at the ½ cycle after the fault. The
following table shows the type of device and its associated duties using the ½ cycle network.

Type of Device Duty

High voltage circuit breaker Closing and latching capability
Low voltage circuit breaker Interrupting capability
Fuse Interrupting capability
Switchgear and MCC Bus bracing
Relay Instantaneous settings
½ Cycle Network Duty

The ½ cycle network is also referred to as the subtransient network, primarily because all rotating machines are represented by their
subtransient reactance, as shown in the following table:

Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator Xd”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding Xd”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd”
Synchronous motor Xd”
Induction Machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less Xd”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm Xd”
All other > 50 hp 1.2 Xd”
< 50 hp 1.67 Xd”
½ Cycle Network Impedance

(Xd” = 1/LRC for induction motors)

1.5-4 Cycle Network

This network is used to calculate the interrupting short circuit current and protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the fault. The
following table shows the type of device and its associated duties using the 1.5-4 cycle network.

Type of Device Duty

High voltage circuit breaker Interrupting capability
Low voltage circuit breaker N/A
Fuse N/A
Switchgear and MCC N/A
Relay N/A
1.5-4 Cycle Network Duty

The 1.5-4 cycle network is also referred to as the transient network. The type of rotating machine and its representation is shown in the
following table:

Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator Xd”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding Xd”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd” *
Synchronous motor 1.5 Xd”
Induction machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less 1.5 Xd”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm 1.5 Xd”
All other > 50 hp 3.0 Xd”
 < 50 hp Infinity
1.5-4 Cycle Network Impedance

(Xd” = 1/LRC for induction motors)

* Note that, in the 1.5-4 cycle network, the positive sequence reactance value for a condenser depends on the option selected for
SCANSICondenserMFOpt in the Options (Preferences). For details see the ETAP.Ini section.

30 Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate the steady-state short circuit current and duties for some of the protective devices 30 cycles after
the fault. The following table shows the type of device and its associated duties using the 30 cycle network:

Type of Device Duty

High voltage circuit breaker N/A
Low voltage circuit breaker N/A
Fuse N/A
Switchgear and MCC N/A
Relay Overcurrent settings
30 cycle Network Duty

The type of rotating machine and its representation in the 30 cycle network is shown in the following table. Induction machines,
synchronous motors, and condensers are not considered in the 30 cycle fault calculation.

Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator X d’
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding X d’
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding X d’
Condenser Infinity
Synchronous motor Infinity
Induction machine Infinity
30 Cycle Network Impedance

ANSI Multiplying Factor

The ANSI multiplying factor is determined by the equivalent system X/R ratio at a particular fault location. The X/R ratio is calculated
by the separate R and X networks.

Local and Remote Contributions

A local contribution to a short circuit current is the portion of the short circuit current fed predominately from generators through no
more than one transformation, or with external reactance in a series, which is less than 1.5 times the generator subtransient reactance.
Otherwise the contribution is defined as remote.

No AC Decay (NACD) Ratio

The NACD ratio is defined as the remote contributions to the total contributions for the short circuit current at a given location.

l Total short circuit current Itotal = Iremote + Ilocal

l NACD = 0 if all contributions are local.
l NACD = 1 if all contributions are remote.

Calculation Methods
Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short Circuit Current Calc. (Buses and HVCB)
The momentary short circuit current at the ½ cycle represents the highest or maximum value of the short circuit current before its AC
and DC components decay toward the steady-state value. Although the highest or maximum short circuit current actually occurs
slightly before the ½ cycle in reality, the ½ cycle network is used for this calculation.

The following procedure is used to calculate momentary short circuit current:

1. Calculate the symmetrical rms value of momentary short circuit current using the following formula:

where Zeq is the equivalent impedance at the faulted bus from the ½ cycle network.

2. Calculate the asymmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current using the following formula:

where MFm is the momentary multiplying factor, calculated from

3. Calculate the peak value of momentary short-circuit current using the following formula:

where MFp is the peak multiplying factor, calculated from

This value is the calculated Asymmetrical kA Crest printed in the Momentary Duty column of the Momentary Duty page in the output
report.

In both equations for MFm and MFp calculation, X/R is the ratio of X to R at the fault location obtained from separate X and R
networks at ½ cycle.

The value of the fault current calculated by this method can be used for the following purposes:

l Check closing and latching capabilities of high voltage circuit breakers

l Check bus bracing capabilities

l Adjust relay instantaneous settings

l Check interrupting capabilities of fuses and low voltage circuit breakers

High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty Calculation

The interrupting fault currents for high voltage circuit breakers correspond to the 1½-4 cycle short-circuit currents, i.e., the 1½-4 cycle
network is used for this calculation.

Contact Parting Time

The magnitude of the DC component of the short circuit current is dependent on the contact parting time of the individual circuit
breaker. On the Rating page of High Voltage Circuit Breaker editor, you can specify the contact parting time for a circuit breaker. If the
C37.010-1999 option is selected on the Standard page of the Short Circuit Study Case, then the contact parting time entered in the High
Voltage Circuit Breaker editor will be used in the calculation.

If the C37.010-1979 and Older option is selected, then the default contact parting time given in the following table will be used. The
default contact parting time is dependent on the rated cycle of the circuit breaker. In this case, the contact parting time entered in the
High Voltage Circuit Breaker editor will be ignored in the calculation.

Circuit Breaker Contact Parting

Rating in Cycles Time in Cycles
8 4
5 3
3 2
2 1.5

S Factor
The S Factor reflects the ability of a symmetrically rated high voltage circuit breaker to interrupt a fault current with a DC component.
It is defined as the ratio of asymmetrical interrupting rms rating over symmetrical interrupting rms rating of a circuit breaker.

If the C37.010-1999 option is selected on the Standard page of Short Circuit Study Case, the S Factor for a symmetrically rated circuit
breaker is calculated using the contact parting time entered in the High Voltage Circuit Breaker editor and the standard time constant
for the DC component provided in IEEE Standards. According to IEEE Standard C37.10-1999, the time constant is equal to 45 ms for
an AC high voltage circuit breaker rated on a symmetrical current basis. According to IEEE Standard C37.013-1997, the time constant
is equal to 133 ms for an AC high voltage generator circuit breaker rated on a symmetrical current basis. The calculated S Factor is also
displayed on the Rating page of the High Voltage Circuit Breaker editor.

If the C37.010-1979 and Older option is selected, the default S factor given in the following table will be used. The default S Factor is
dependent on the rated cycle of the circuit breaker. In this case, the S Factor displayed in the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor will
not be used in the calculation.

Circuit Breaker
Contact Parting Time S Factor
4 1.0
3 1.1
2 1.2
1.5 1.3
S Factor for AC High Voltage Circuit Breaker
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis

Calculation Procedure
The following procedure is used to calculate the interrupting short circuit current for high voltage circuit breakers:

1. Calculate the symmetrical rms value of the interrupting short circuit current using the following formula:

where Zeq is the equivalent impedance at the faulted bus from the 1½-4 cycle network.

2. Calculate the short-circuit current contributions to the fault location from the surrounding buses.

3. If the contribution is from a Remote bus, the symmetrical value is corrected by the factor of MFr, calculated from

where t is the circuit breaker contact parting time in cycles.

The following table shows the Multiplying Factors for Remote Contributions (MFr) for default contact parting time.

X/R Ratio 8 Cycle CB 5 Cycle CB 3 Cycle CB 2 Cycle CB

 (4 cy CPT) (3 cy CPT) (2 cy CPT) (1.5 cy CPT)
100 1.487 1.540 1.599 1.63
90 1.464 1.522 1.585 1.619
80 1.438 1.499 1.569 1.606
70 1.405 1.472 1.548 1.59
60 1.366 1.438 1.522 1.569

50 1.316 1.393 1.487 1.54

45 1.286 1.366 1.464 1.522
40 1.253 1.334 1.438 1.499
35 1.215 1.297 1.405 1.472
30 1.172 1.253 1.366 1.438

25 1.126 1.201 1.316 1.393

20 1.078 1.142 1.253 1.334
18 1.059 1.116 1.223 1.305
16 1.042 1.091 1.190 1.271
14 1.027 1.066 1.154 1.233

12 1.015 1.042 1.116 1.190

10 1.007 1.023 1.078 1.142
9 1.004 1.015 1.059 1.116
8 1.002 1.009 1.042 1.091
7 1.001 1.005 1.027 1.066

6 1.000 1.002 1.015 1.042

5 1.000 1.00. 1.007 1.023
4 1.000 1.000 1.002 1.009
3 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.002
2 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

If the contribution is from a Local generator, the symmetrical value is corrected by the factor of MFl, which is obtained from:
ANSI/IEEE C37.010, Application Guide for AC High-Voltage. Since the standard only provides curves for several typical contact
parting time values, if a curve exists for the contact parting time of a circuit breaker, the factor MFl will be obtained from the curve.
Otherwise, the two curves with closest contact parting time values, one on each side, will be used to interpolate MFl. In the High
Voltage Circuit Breaker editor, you can only enter a contact parting time that is within the range limited by the curves available in the
standard. This ensures that MFl will only be calculated by means of interpolation on available curves, not extrapolation.

8 Cycle CB 5 Cycle CB 3 Cycle CB 2 Cycle CB

X/R Ratio
(4 cy CPT) (3 cy CPT) (2 cy CPT) (1.5 cy CPT)
100 1.252 1.351 1.443 1.512
90 1.239 1.340 1.441 1.511
80 1.222 1.324 1.435 1.508
70 1.201 1.304 1.422 1.504
60 1.175 1.276 1.403 1.496

50 1.141 1.241 1.376 1.482

45 1.121 1.220 1.358 1.473
40 1.098 1.196 1.337 1.461
35 1.072 1.169 1.313 1.446
30 1.044 1.136 1.283 1.427

25 1.013 1.099 1.247 1.403

20 1.000 1.057 1.201 1.371
18 1.000 1.039 1.180 1.356
16 1.000 1.021 1.155 1.339
14 1.000 1.003 1.129 1.320

12 1.000 1.000 1.099 1.299

 10 1.000 1.000 1.067 1.276
9 1.000 1.000 1.051 1.263
8 1.000 1.000 1.035 1.250
7 1.000 1.000 1.019 1.236

6 1.000 1.000 1.005 1.221

5 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.205
4 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.188
3 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.170
2 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.152
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.132

4. Calculate the total remote contributions and total local contribution, and thus the NACD ratio.

5. Determine the actual multiplying factor (AMFi) from the NACD ratio and calculate the adjusted rms value of interrupting short-
circuit current using the following formula.

Iint,rms,adj = AMF Iint,rms,symm

i
where
AMFi = MFl + NACD (MFr – MFl)

6. For symmetrically rated breakers, the adjusted rms value of interrupting short-circuit current is calculated using the following
formula.

where the correction factor S reflects an inherent capability of ac high voltage circuit breakers, which are rated on a symmetrical
current basis.

The value of this current is applied to check high voltage circuit breaker interrupting capabilities.

For AC high voltage circuit breakers rated on a total current basis, the interrupting current rating entered in the circuit breaker
editor is the asymmetrical value. The short-circuit current used to compare against the circuit breaker rating can be calculated by
the same formula given above with the S value equal to 1.0.

Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty Calculation

Due to the instantaneous action of low voltage circuit breakers at maximum short-circuit values, the ½ cycle network is used for
calculating the interrupting short-circuit current.

The following procedure is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current for low voltage circuit breakers:

1. Calculate the symmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current from the following formula.

where Zeq is the equivalent impedance at the faulted bus from the ½ cycle network.

2. Calculate the adjusted asymmetrical rms value of the momentary short-circuit current duty using the following formula:

where MF is the multiplying factor, considering the system X/R ratio and the low voltage circuit breaker testing power factors.
 The following equation is used to calculate the multiplication factor for an unfused power, a molded, or an insulated circuit
breaker when the Based on Peak Current option is selected in the Short Circuit Study Case:

The following equation is used to calculate the multiplication factor for an fused power, a molded, or an insulated circuit breaker
when the Based on Asymmetrical Current option is selected in the Short Circuit Study Case:

Where (X/R)test is calculated based on the test power factor entered from the Low Voltage Circuit Breaker editor. The
manufacturer maximum testing power factors given in the following table are used as the default values:

Max Design (Tested)

Circuit Breaker Type % PF (X/R) test
Power Breaker (Unfused) 15 6.59
Power Breaker (Fused) 20 4.90
Molded Case (Rated Over 20,000 A) 20 4.90
Molded Case (Rated 10,001-20,000 A) 30 3.18
Molded Case (Rated 10,000 A) 50 1.73
Maximum Test PF for Low Voltage Circuit Breaker

The calculated duty value Iint,rms,adj can be applied to low voltage breaker interrupting capabilities.

If the calculated multiplication factor is less than 1, it is set to 1 so that the symmetrical fault current is compared against the
symmetrical rating of the device. If the symmetrical fault current is less than the symmetrical rating of the device, the checking on
asymmetrical current will certainly pass.

Fuse Interrupting Short Circuit Current Calculation

The procedures for calculating the fuse interrupting short circuit current is the same as those for the Circuit Breaker Interrupting
Duty calculation.

Note: The current limiting effect of certain devices like current limiting fuses or circuit breakers is not considered for short-circuit
calculations or for device duty evaluations.

Comparison of Device Rating and Short-Circuit Duty

ETAP compares the rating of protective devices and bus bars with the fault duties of the bus. The comparison results are listed in the
summary page of the output report. The device rating and fault duty used in the comparison are shown below.

Device Type Device Capability Calculated Short-Circuit Duty

Momentary Duty
HV Bus Bracing Asymm. KA rms Asymm. KA rms
Asymm. KA Crest Asymm. KA Crest
LV Bus Bracing Symm. KA rms Symm. KA rms
Asymm. KA rms Asymm. KA rms

HVCB C&L Capability kA rms Asymm. KA rms

C&L Capability kA Crest Asymm. KA Crest
Interrupting Duty
 HVCB Interrupting kA*** Adjusted kA

LVCB Rated Interrupting kA Adjusted kA

*** The interrupting capability of a high voltage circuit breaker is calculated based on the nominal kV of the connected bus and the
prefault voltage (Vf ) if the flag is set in the Short Circuit Study Case, as shown below.

Interrupting kA = (Rated Int. kA) * (Rated Max. kV) / (Bus Nominal kV)
or
Interrupting kA = (Rated Int. kA) * (Rated Max. kV) / (Bus Nominal kV * Vf )

The calculated interrupting kA (as shown above) is then limited to the maximum interrupting kA of the circuit breaker.

Generator Circuit Breakers

Determination of Generator Circuit Breakers
In order for ETAP to evaluate a circuit breaker as a generator CB according to IEEE C37.013 1997, it must be associated with the
corresponding generator by making the selection from the rating page of the high voltage circuit breaker. Also, the generator CB must
be directly connected to the generator or it must be located along the connecting path between the generator and the unit step-up
transformer (as shown in Figures A & B below).

Generator Circuit Breakers are only rated on a symmetrical current basis. In calculating the S factor, the standard time constant for the
DC component specified in IEEE Std. C37.013 1997 is 133 ms for a generator circuit breaker.

If a circuit breaker is connected in a configuration similar to that shown in Figure C below (Gen CB1), even if the circuit breaker is
flagged as a generator circuit breaker in the editor, the program evaluates the circuit breaker device duty as regular HVCBs. This
method yields conservative results in most cases, but they are not as accurate as the current per IEEE Std. C37.013 1997. Note that, for
an HVCB assigned as a generator CB even if it is handled as a regular HVCB, the time constant will change to 133ms and it is the
value used in the calculation.

Short-Circuit Current Calculation for Generator Circuit Breakers

For a generator circuit breaker, ETAP calculates short-circuit current according to the guidelines specified in IEEE Std. C37.013 1997.
The short-circuit duty calculated includes symmetrical, asymmetrical, and peak kA for momentary and interrupting duty, as well as the
DC kA and degree of asymmetry for interrupting duty.

For each circuit breaker, it determines short-circuit current when the system side is faulted (generator-source) and when the generator
side is faulted (system-source). For each fault location it calculates short-circuit current for three generator pre-fault loading conditions:
full load at lagging power factor, full load at leading power factor and no load. The lagging power factor is the generator rated power
factor and the leading power factor can be set from the ETAP ini file. A default value of 95% is used for the leading power factor. The
calculation of short-circuit current for different loading conditions is necessary to reveal the worst possible fault current values. For
example, for the generator-source fault, the worst asymmetrical duty occurs under lagging load power factor condition, while the worst
degree of asymmetry occurs under leading power factor condition.

For a fault on the system side of the circuit breaker (generator-source), the short-circuit current through the circuit breaker is only from
the generator. ETAP applies generator full dynamic model in the short-circuit calculation, including transient and sub-transient
impedance and time constant. This complete model captures the detailed behavior of a generator under short-circuit, including both ac
and dc current decay. Tests have shown that ETAP calculation at no load is within 1% of the value calculated by hand in Annex
C37.013-1997. ETAP is more accurate and more conservative than the hand calculations in the example based on the standard because
ETAP does not ignore the impedances removed from the equations given in the standard to simplify the hand calculations.

For a fault on the generator side (system-source), the system contribution is the only current flowing through the circuit breaker. The
program uses the system side symmetrical fault current and the X/R calculated based only on the system side to determine the
asymmetrical current. The symmetrical closing and latching duty is calculated based on the symmetrical and dc fault current at 1/2
cycle.

The plot below displays an asymmetrical generator source short-circuit current and the pattern is identical to the results shown in Figure
A3 from C37.013-1997.
Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph Subsystem Device Duty Short-Circuit Calculation
ETAP can perform device duty short-circuit calculations for 3-phase and 1-phase subsystems. These subsystems are defined as those
connected to the output of a Panel, 1-Phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) or 1-phase elements connected below a phase adapter.
ETAP performs these calculations if the options are selected on the Info page of the Short-Circuit Study Case. The program faults every
single bus in the subsystem and it displays the fault current at every bus in the subsystem.

3-Phase Panel Subsystems Short-circuit Current

3-phase subsystems can be connected below panels. These elements are just an extension of the regular 3-phase system and ETAP will
perform the device duty for these elements in similar fashion as if these elements were connected directly to the 3-phase system (i.e.
without the 3-phase panel). However, The only differences are that the short-circuit contributions from the motors in the subsystem are
not considered. This simplification/method is acceptable since in real life applications the size of the motors connected below 3-Phase
panels are small and generally negligible in contributions to a fault.

The image below shows a 3-Phase panel subsystem with short-circuit results.
3-Ph Panel A and 3-Ph Panel B are similar buses. The image above shows both buses being faulted along with Panel1, Pnl A and Pnl B.
Every location below (and including) Panel1 are faulted when the “Run Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph System Device Duty” button is pressed
on the short-circuit toolbar. The program also determines which device’ short-circuit ratings (momentary, interrupting, close and latch,
etc) are exceeded and it generates warnings in the alert view window or on the one-line diagram by changing the color of the
overstressed device. This mechanism is similar to the regular 3-phase system alert system.

1-Phase Subsystems Short-circuit current

These systems are classified as those with the following phase types: A, B, C, AB, BC, CA, LL, L1, and L2 (center-tap 3-wire
systems). The calculation method used by the program to determine the short-circuit current depends on the type of connection and
phase being faulted. The program considers the upstream contributions (from the 3-phase system) towards the faulted elements in the 1-
phase subsystem by considering the impedance networks of the 3-phase system (i.e. positive, negative and zero sequence). The
contributions from 1-phase motor loads connected in the 1-phase subsystem are not considered by the program. The following image
shows examples of 1-phase subsystem faults:
Low voltage Circuit Breaker Device Duty below Panel/1-P UPS/1Ph Subsystem
This calculation is similar to the one for LVCBs connected in a regular three phase system. The ½ cycle network short-circuit currents
are used to evaluate the breaker interrupting and momentary capability.

Low Voltage Fuse Device Duty below Panel/1-Ph UPS/1Ph Subsystem

This calculation is similar to the one for fuses connected in a regular three phase system. The ½ cycle network short-circuit currents are
used to evaluate the fuse interrupting capability.

Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker Device Duty in 3-Ph or 1-Ph Subsystem

The program uses the ½ cycle short-circuit current to determine the momentary and interrupting duty of medium voltage circuit
breakers connected below Panels/UPS/1Ph subsystems. The use of the ½ cycle currents for evaluating the interrupting capability should
yield more conservative results for this device. This simplification is applicable for both 3-phase and 1-phase medium voltage breakers.
If more accuracy is needed, then the regular 3-phase short-circuit calculation can be used for 3-phase medium voltage breakers instead.

Device Duty Evaluation on Protective Devices for Panel Internal Circuits

In Panel/1-PhUPS/1Ph Subsystem Device Duty Short-Circuit Calculation, device duty evaluation also includes protective devices for
panel internal circuits. However, in order for ETAP to carry out the device duty evaluation for an internal circuit, protective device
parameters for the circuit must be selected from the ETAP library. This can be done from the Protective Device subpage of the
Schedule page of the Panel Editor.
Device Duty Evaluation for Protective Devices Connected to 3-Wire Center-Tap Systems
For Center-Tap 3-wire systems from center-tap transformer secondary, ETAP will use the highest short-circuit current to evaluate 2-
pole connected protective devices (PDs). That is where a 2-pole PD is connected, (either as a panel main CB or a PD along the feeder),
ETAP will take the higher of the 1-pole or 2-pole short-circuit current to evaluate the device duty. In center-tap transformers, the
following short-circuit conditions may occur:

1. The LL (2-pole) short-circuit current can be higher than that of the L1/L2 (1-pole). This normally occurs for shell type (non-
interlaced) 1-phase center-tap transformers

2. The LL (2-pole) short-circuit current can be much lower than that of the L1/L2 (1-pole). This is expected for core type (interlaced)
1-phase center-tap transformers.

The 1-phase device evaluation considers both 1-pole and 2-pole fault conditions and automatically uses the highest one to evaluate
main and feeder protective devices. The image below shows and example of this process where the main and feeder protective devices
are evaluated based on the higher current between LL and L1. In previous versions of ETAP, the main and feeder breakers would be
evaluated based only on the LL fault currents.

Center-Tap Transformer Impedance Model for 1-Phase Short-Circuit

This section describes the center-tap transformer impedance model used for the calculation of the LL, L1 and L2 short-circuit currents
in 3-wire systems.

The full-winding impedance of the transformer is defined in the impedance page of the 1-phase center-tap transformer.

As an example, the impedance for a 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer is shown below:
ETAP determines if the transformer is of “core” (interlaced) or “shell” (non-interlaced) type as defined in the “Info” page (see below):

The default type for 1-phase center type transformers is of shell type.
Once the transformer type (or construction) is determined; its impedance (p.u.) is determined according to the following formulas:

For core type [1], [3] & [4] (interlaced secondary winding construction)

For shell type [1] & [2] (non-interlaced secondary winding construction):

Note that per [1] & [2], the reactance multiplier for the secondary windings reactance should be 3.3 for (outer winding) Z1 and 3.1 for
(inner winding) (Z2); however, ETAP uses 3.2 (average) for both secondary windings as shown in the equations above. The diagram
below shows the equivalent transformer impedances in per-unit for each winding (where Z0 is used to describe the primary winding).
For the 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer shown in the example, the LL (240 Volts) and L1/L2 (120 Volts) fault currents using
(1) and (2) for core type construction would be (with full winding R = 1.2% and X = j1.4%):

As can be observed, the L1/L2 fault currents in a core type transformer can be significantly higher because of the smaller L1/L2
impedance values in an interlaced transformer.

For another system with the same rating 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer; the LL (240 Volts) and L1/L2 (120 Volts) fault
currents assuming it is of shell type construction using equations (3),(4) & (5) would be (with full winding R = 1.2% and X = j1.4%):
As can be observed, the L1/L2 fault currents are slightly smaller than the LL current for shell type 1-phase center tap transformers.

The calculation results of ETAP 16.0 and prior versions were similar to those of shell type transformers but with slightly higher L1/L2
fault current values as shown below. The method used in ETAP 16.0 was superseded with the equations provided in this section. The
image below shows ETAP 16.0 results for a similar 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer with R = 1.2% and X = j1.4%.
References for center-tap distribution transformer impedance models:

[1] Electric Power Generation. Transmission, and Distribution, 3rd ed. Edited by Leonard L. Grigsby
[2] W. H. Kersting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007
[3] IEEE Std. 242-1986, IEEE recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
table 14, pp 64.
[4] Electric Power Distribution System Engineering, Turan Gonen, 1st ed. Copyright© 1986 - pp. 115~122

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