(David G Urban) How To Formulate Compound Ind

How to Formulate
&
Compound Industrial
Detergents
How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents
©2002 David Urban

All rights reserved
PDF version download available at: www.davidgurban.com
Paperback book version available at: www.amazon.com
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Preface
I began in the chemical business as a truck driver. For three years I delivered drums of
various detergent compounds to accounts in San Diego. Then one day I thought I might
try starting my own chemical business. Despite not having a chemistry background, I
learned the basics of formulating by scouring chemical manufacturers literature, talking
to suppliers, attending trade shows, and plain old trial and error. During the next eight
years I sold my products to some of the biggest accounts in San Diego, including school
districts, city and county governments, cleaning contractors, and the automotive industry.
In the beginning I found, and bought, many expensively priced formula books. But
although they contained plenty of formulas, they lacked in the basic how and why of
detergent compounding. Or worse, they were so technically oriented I could not
understand the text. What I wanted most was just a straightforward book on the craft of
formulating and compounding industrial detergents. So, in the end, I ended up writing
this one.
This book will give the novice a basic understanding of the terminology, products, and
methods available to the detergent formulator. I have tried not to be too technical,
keeping in mind that the beginner does not want to be inundated with science, but would
rather deal with simple and practical applications. Nonetheless, some familiarity of the
detergent science is necessary if only to deal intelligently with suppliers (talk the same
language), and to fully understand the formulas themselves. For the reader interested in
the more technical aspects of detergency, I’ve included a recommended reading list for
further study.
I am deeply indebted to all the chemical manufacturers and suppliers listed in this book
for their invaluable aid and information. Without their help I never could have started and
run my own chemical business, nor have written this text. Every formula listed in the
Formulary section is credited to a specific manufacturer, using the original name of the
formula from the manufacturer. Trade name products are listed in bold face,-more
information on those products, manufacturer, properties, etc…, is listed in Appendix A.
The information contained in this book is for study only, and neither I, the publisher, nor
the manufacturers listed, assume any responsibility for the actual use of the chemicals,
formulas, or methods presented.
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Contents
Detergent Basics.............................................................................................................. 13
Surfactants....................................................................................................................... 14
Table A (Surfactants Comparison) ........................................................................... 16
Builders ............................................................................................................................ 17
Sodium Trypolyphosphate ........................................................................................ 17
Potassium Trypolyphosphate .................................................................................... 18
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate...................................................................................... 18
Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate ................................................................................. 18
Trisodium Phosphate ................................................................................................ 18
Disodium Phosphate ................................................................................................. 18
Monosodium Phosphate............................................................................................ 19
Sodium Carbonate..................................................................................................... 19
Sodium Bicarbonate.................................................................................................. 19
Sodium Sesquicarbonate........................................................................................... 19
Sodium Metasilicate.................................................................................................. 19
Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate............................................................................ 19
Sodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate ..................................................................... 20
Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid ................................................................... 20
Sodium Hydroxide .................................................................................................... 20
Potassium Hydroxide ................................................................................................ 20
Sodium Hexametaphosphate..................................................................................... 20
Sodium Sulfate.......................................................................................................... 20
Table B (Builder Comparison) .................................................................................. 22
Table C (Builder Names)............................................................................................ 23
Acids................................................................................................................................. 24
pH Scale ....................................................................................................................... 24
Bases................................................................................................................................. 25
Solvents ............................................................................................................................ 25
Alkanolamides................................................................................................................. 26
Hydrotropes..................................................................................................................... 26
Fragrances ....................................................................................................................... 27
Dyes .................................................................................................................................. 27
Preservatives.................................................................................................................... 28
Ingestion Deterrents ....................................................................................................... 28
Setting Up A Laboratory................................................................................................ 28
Mixing Equipment .......................................................................................................... 31
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Compounding Basics ...................................................................................................... 32

Buying Raw Materials .................................................................................................... 37
Using Pre-blended Detergent Concentrates ................................................................. 38
Using LAS (Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid) ........................................................... 39
Regulatory Information ................................................................................................. 45
Material Safety Data Sheets........................................................................................... 47
Environmental Concerns ............................................................................................... 60
Pricing .............................................................................................................................. 61
By Category .................................................................................................................. 62
Acids ......................................................................................................................... 62
Alkanolamides .......................................................................................................... 62
Bases ......................................................................................................................... 62
Builders ..................................................................................................................... 63
Glycol Ethers ............................................................................................................ 63
Hydrotropes............................................................................................................... 63
Preservatives ............................................................................................................. 63
Silicones.................................................................................................................... 63
Solvents..................................................................................................................... 64
Specialty.................................................................................................................... 64
Surfactants................................................................................................................. 64
Putting It All Together ................................................................................................... 65
Marketing & Pricing ...................................................................................................... 69
FORMULARY ................................................................................................................ 74
Acid Aluminum Cleaner ........................................................................................... 74
Acid Metal Cleaner #1 .............................................................................................. 74
Acid Metal Cleaner #2 .............................................................................................. 75
Acidic Rust & Oil Remover #1................................................................................. 75
Acidic Rust & Oil Remover #2................................................................................. 75
Aircraft Cleaner #1 ................................................................................................... 76
Aircraft Cleaner #2 ................................................................................................... 76
Alkaline Liquid Cleaner............................................................................................ 77
All Purpose Cleaner #1 ............................................................................................. 77
All Purpose Cleaner #5 (low foam) .......................................................................... 79
All Purpose Cleaner #6 (medium foam) ................................................................... 79
All Purpose Cleaner #7 (ammoniated)...................................................................... 80
All Purpose Cleaner #8 (medium foam) ................................................................... 80
All Purpose Cleaner #9 (phosphate free, low foam)................................................. 81
All Purpose Cleaner #10 (phosphate free, medium foam)........................................ 81
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All Purpose Cleaner #11 (phosphate free, ammoniated) .......................................... 81

All Purpose Cleaner #12 (phosphate free, medium foam)........................................ 82
All Purpose Cleaner #13 ........................................................................................... 82
All Purpose Cleaning Powder................................................................................... 84
All Purpose Hard Surface Cleaner #1....................................................................... 84
All Purpose Light Duty Spray Cleaner #1 ................................................................ 84
All Purpose Liquid Detergent #1 .............................................................................. 86
All Purpose Liquid Detergent #2 .............................................................................. 86
Aluminum Brightener/Cleaner.................................................................................. 87
Aluminum Cleaner #1............................................................................................... 87
Aluminum Trailer Cleaner & Brightener #1............................................................. 88
Aluminum Trailer Cleaner & Brightener #2............................................................. 89
Anti-Static Spray....................................................................................................... 89
Automotive Cleaner .................................................................................................. 90
Automotive Engine Block Degreaser ....................................................................... 90
Automotive Spray Tank Cleaner #1 (all metals, non-foaming)................................ 90
Automotive Spray Wax #1........................................................................................ 91
Automotive Spray Wax #2........................................................................................ 91
Automotive Wash and Wax ...................................................................................... 92
Baby Shampoo .......................................................................................................... 92
Baking Pan Cleaner................................................................................................... 92
Basic Detergent......................................................................................................... 93
Boat Cleaner (fiberglass & aluminum) ..................................................................... 93
Bottle Cleaner ........................................................................................................... 93
Carpet Cleaner #1 (Liquid Shampoo) ....................................................................... 94
Carpet Cleaner #2 (Scrub type)................................................................................ 94
Carpet Cleaner #3 ..................................................................................................... 94
Carpet Cleaner #4 (foaming type)............................................................................. 95
Carpet Spot Remover................................................................................................ 95
Carpet Steam Cleaner ............................................................................................... 95
Car/Truck Road Film Remover ................................................................................ 96
Car Wash Concentrate .............................................................................................. 96
Car Wash Detergent #1............................................................................................. 96
Car Wash Detergent #2............................................................................................. 97
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Car Shampoo............................................................................................................. 97
Carwash Liquid......................................................................................................... 97
Carwash Powder #1 .................................................................................................. 98
Carwash Powder #2 .................................................................................................. 98
Chain Lubricant ........................................................................................................ 99
Chlorinated Liquid Machine Dishwashing Detergent .............................................. 99
CIP Cleaner #1.......................................................................................................... 99
CIP Cleaner #2........................................................................................................ 100
Clear Hair Shampoo................................................................................................ 100
Coffee Pot Cleaner (for commercial units)............................................................. 100
Concentrated All-Purpose Cleaner #1 .................................................................... 101
Concrete Cleaner #1................................................................................................ 101
Concrete Cleaner #3 (Heavy Duty)......................................................................... 102
Concrete Mold Release Compound ........................................................................ 103
Concrete Truck Cleaner .......................................................................................... 104
Copper Metal Cleaner Paste.................................................................................... 104
Dairy Pipeline Cleaner............................................................................................ 104
Derusting Hot Tank Compound.............................................................................. 105
D'Limonene Based Household and Industrial Cleaner #2 ...................................... 105
Descaler................................................................................................................... 106
Detergency Booster for Liquid Laundry Detergents .............................................. 106
D'Limonene Based All Purpose Cleaner ................................................................ 106
D'Limonene Based Household and Industrial Cleaner #1 ...................................... 107
D'Limonene Based MultiPurpose Cleaner.............................................................. 107
D'Limonene Based Waterless Hand Cleaner .......................................................... 108
Drain Cleaner .......................................................................................................... 108
Drain Opener........................................................................................................... 109
Engine Cleaner #1................................................................................................... 109
Engine Cleaner #2................................................................................................... 109
Engine Cleaner #3 (Stoddard Solvent based) ......................................................... 110
Engine Degreaser .................................................................................................... 110
Environmental Safety Cleaner ................................................................................ 110
Ferrous Metal Cleaner #1 (soak tank)..................................................................... 111
Ferrous Metal Cleaner #2 (Powder-- Heavy Duty)................................................. 111
Ferrous Metal Cleaner #3 (Powder--Light Duty) ................................................... 112
Ferrous Metal Cleaner #4 (CIP Cleaner -Spray Cabinet) ....................................... 112
Ferrous Metal Cleaner #5 (CIP Cleaner -Spray Cabinet) ....................................... 112
Floor Cleaner .......................................................................................................... 113
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Floor Cleaner/Wax Stripper #1............................................................................... 113

Floor Cleaner/Wax Stripper #2............................................................................... 114
Floor Polish Stripper #1 .......................................................................................... 114
Flowable Caustic Gel.............................................................................................. 116
Fuel Additive .......................................................................................................... 116
General Degreaser................................................................................................... 116
General Purpose Cleaner #1.................................................................................... 117
General Purpose Cleaner #2.................................................................................... 117
General Purpose Cleaner #3 (Pac-Kleen) ............................................................... 118
General Purpose Cleaner #4 (Easy Orange).......................................................... 118
General Purpose Spray & Wipe Cleaner ................................................................ 119
Glass Cleaner #1 ..................................................................................................... 119
Glass Cleaner #2 ..................................................................................................... 120
Glass Cleaner #3 ..................................................................................................... 120
Glass Cleaner #4 ..................................................................................................... 120
Glass Cleaner #5 ..................................................................................................... 121
Glass Cleaner #6 ..................................................................................................... 121
Glass Cleaner #7 (ammoniated).............................................................................. 121
Glass Cleaner #8 (ammoniated, higher foaming) ................................................... 122
Glass Cleaner #9 ..................................................................................................... 122
Glass Cleaner #10 ................................................................................................... 122
Glass Cleaner #11 ................................................................................................... 123
Glass Cleaner Concentrate...................................................................................... 123
Graffiti Remover #1................................................................................................ 123
Graffiti Remover #2................................................................................................ 124
Grill Cleaner............................................................................................................ 124
Hair Shampoo ......................................................................................................... 124
Hand Dishwashing Detergent ................................................................................. 125
Hand Soap............................................................................................................... 125
Hard Surface Cleaner #1......................................................................................... 126
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Hard Surface Cleaner #10....................................................................................... 129

Hard Surface Floor Cleaner #1 ............................................................................... 131
Hard Surface Floor Cleaner #2 ............................................................................... 132
Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #1 (low foam)............................................................ 132
Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #2 (medium foam)..................................................... 132
Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #3 (medium foam)..................................................... 133
Hand Wash Laundry Detergent .............................................................................. 133
Heavy Duty Cleaner................................................................................................ 134
Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #1 ......................................................................... 134
Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #2 (Laser Degreaser)............................................ 134
Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #3 (Pro Laser) ...................................................... 135
Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #4 (Turbo Jetkleen).............................................. 136
Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #5 ......................................................................... 136
Heavy Duty Hand Dishwashing Detergent............................................................. 137
Heavy Duty Truck Cleaner (Low foaming)............................................................ 137
Heavy Duty Truck Cleaner (Moderate foaming).................................................... 138
High Foaming Cleaner #1....................................................................................... 138
High Foaming Cleaner #2....................................................................................... 138
Jewelry Cleaner....................................................................................................... 139
Jet Carwash Concentrate......................................................................................... 139
Laundry Detergent #1 ............................................................................................. 139
Laundry Detergent #6 (Linen Supply, Moderate to High Alkalinity) .................... 141
Laundry Detergent #7 (Linen Supply-High Alkalinity) ......................................... 142
Laundry Detergent #8 (Industrial Supply-Moderate Alkalinity) ............................ 142
Laundry Detergent #9 (Home Use)......................................................................... 143
Laundry Detergent #10 (Low Alkalinity) ............................................................... 143
Laundry Detergent #11 ........................................................................................... 143
Light Duty Liquid Detergent .................................................................................. 144
Liquid Alkaline Cleaner.......................................................................................... 145
Liquid Car Wash ..................................................................................................... 145
Liquid Hand Dishwashing Detergent...................................................................... 145
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Lipstick/Wax Marker Remover .............................................................................. 146

Liquid Detergent ..................................................................................................... 146
Liquid Hand Dishwash Detergent #1...................................................................... 146
Liquid Hand Soap ................................................................................................... 147
Liquid Household Drain Cleaner #1 ....................................................................... 148
Liquid Household Drain Cleaner #2 ....................................................................... 148
Liquid Laundry Detergent #1.................................................................................. 148
Liquid Soap............................................................................................................. 149
Liquid Steam Cleaner #1 ........................................................................................ 149
Liquid Steam Cleaner #2 ........................................................................................ 149
Makon All Purpose Cleaner.................................................................................... 150
Marine-Quality Rust Preventative, Water Displacer, Penetrant and Lubricant #1. 150
Marine-Quality Rust Preventative, Water Displacer, Penetrant and Lubricant #2. 150
Mechanics Hand Cleaner #1 ................................................................................... 151
Mechanics Hand Cleaner #2 ................................................................................... 151
Mechanics Hand Cleaner #3 (Fast acting for heavy soils) ..................................... 151
Metal Degreaser ...................................................................................................... 152
Metal Destainer....................................................................................................... 152
Metal Protector........................................................................................................ 153
Milkstone Remover and Acid Cleaner.................................................................... 153
Oil Additive For Automobiles ................................................................................ 153
Paint Brush Cleaner #1 ........................................................................................... 154
Paint Brush Cleaner #2 ........................................................................................... 154
Paint Remover #1.................................................................................................... 154
Paint Remover #2.................................................................................................... 155
Paint Stripper #1 ..................................................................................................... 155
Paint Stripper #2 ..................................................................................................... 155
Paint Stripper #3 (dip-tank) .................................................................................... 156
Paint Stripper #4 ..................................................................................................... 156
Paste Copper Cleaner.............................................................................................. 156
Peel & Stick Tile Floor Cleaner.............................................................................. 157
Penetrant-Lubricant-Rust Inhibitor......................................................................... 157
Penetrating Oil ........................................................................................................ 157
Pet Shampoo with D’Limonene.............................................................................. 158
Pine Oil Cleaner...................................................................................................... 158
Plastic and Leather Cleaner .................................................................................... 159
Plastic and Leather Cleaner/Polish ......................................................................... 159
Pot And Pan Cleaner............................................................................................... 159
Powdered Laundry Detergent ................................................................................. 160
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Powdered Steam Cleaner ........................................................................................ 160

Portable Toilet Additive (PTA) .............................................................................. 161
Retail Shelf Cleaner (spray & wipe)....................................................................... 161
Rug Shampoo.......................................................................................................... 162
Rust Remover and Delimer..................................................................................... 162
Sanitizing Cleaner................................................................................................... 162
Silicone Polish (High Gloss)................................................................................... 163
Silk Screen Cleaner (BioSolve!)............................................................................. 163
Silver Dip ................................................................................................................ 164
Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #1 (Ferrous Metals)....................................................... 164
Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #2 (Ferrous or Non-ferrous Metals).............................. 164
Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #3................................................................................... 165
Solvent Based Pre-Wash Spotter ............................................................................ 165
Solvent Based Spot Cleaner.................................................................................... 165
Solvent Degreaser #1 (Power-Flo).......................................................................... 166
Solvent Degreaser #2 .............................................................................................. 166
Solvent Degreaser #3 .............................................................................................. 167
Spray Cleaner #1..................................................................................................... 167
Spray Cleaner #2 (sanitizing type).......................................................................... 167
Spray Cleaner.......................................................................................................... 169
Spray Metal Cleaner #1 .......................................................................................... 169
Spray Metal Cleaner #2 .......................................................................................... 170
Spray On Metal Cleaner #1 (Powder- For Ferrous Metals).................................... 170
Spray On Metal Cleaner #2 (Solvent based-for all metals) .................................... 170
Steam Cleaner #1 .................................................................................................... 171
Steam Cleaner #2 .................................................................................................... 171
Steam Cleaner #3 (Powder) .................................................................................... 172
Steam Cleaner #4 .................................................................................................... 172
Steam Extraction Carpet Cleaner #1....................................................................... 172
Steam Extraction Carpet Cleaner #2 (powder-with deodorizing action)................ 173
Steam Metal Cleaner............................................................................................... 173
Tar Removal Solvent For Automobiles .................................................................. 173
Terrazzo Cleaner..................................................................................................... 174
Tile Cleaner............................................................................................................. 174
Toilet Bowl Cleaner #1........................................................................................... 174
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Traffic Film Remover ............................................................................................. 176

Truck Wash Powder #1........................................................................................... 176
Truck Wash Powder #2........................................................................................... 177
Vehicle Wash #1 ..................................................................................................... 177
Vehicle Wash #2 ..................................................................................................... 178
Vehicle Wash #3 ..................................................................................................... 178
Vehicle Wash #4 (phosphate-free).......................................................................... 178
Vinyl/Leather Cleaner............................................................................................. 179
Wallpaper Remover #1 ........................................................................................... 179
Wallpaper Remover #2 ........................................................................................... 180
Water Based Pre-wash Spotter................................................................................ 180
Water Displacing Rust Preventative ....................................................................... 180
Waterless Hand Cleaner #1..................................................................................... 181
Waterless Hand Cleaner #2..................................................................................... 181
Waterless Handcleaner #3....................................................................................... 182
Waterless Hand Cream ........................................................................................... 182
Wax Stripper #1 ...................................................................................................... 183
Wax Stripper #2 ...................................................................................................... 183
Wax Stripper #3 ...................................................................................................... 184
Wax Stripper #4 (Powder) ...................................................................................... 184
Wax Stripper #5 ...................................................................................................... 184
White Wall Tire Cleaner #1.................................................................................... 185
White Wall Tire Cleaner #2.................................................................................... 185
Windshield Washer Solvent #1 (summer formula) ................................................ 185
Windshield Washer Solvent #2 (winter formula) ................................................... 186
Websites ......................................................................................................................... 187
Recommended Reading................................................................................................ 188
More Sources for Formulas ......................................................................................... 189
Sources for Equipment................................................................................................. 190
APPENDIX A (Chemical Descriptions)...................................................................... 193
APPENDIX B (Trademarked Products by Supplier) ............................................... 243
APPENDIX C (Supplier Addresses & Websites)....................................................... 250
Appendix D (Sample MSDS) ....................................................................................... 257
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Detergent Basics
Detergents are designed with one primary purpose: to remove soil from some type of
surface. From that simple premise all formulas are designed, although the variety of soils
and surfaces encountered will give an almost infinite range of formulating possibilities.
An effective, general-purpose detergent must be capable of four basic cleaning functions.

First, since most soil is acidic in nature, it must be able to neutralize acidic soil
components. Secondly, to clean oil and grease from a surface, it must be able to emulsify,
or homogenize, oil and grease into tiny water dispersible particles. Third, it must
deflocculate, or break down, particulate soils such as carbon, dust, and clay, into very
fine particles. And fourth, once the above three functions are accomplished, the detergent
should keep the soil in suspension so that redeposition onto the surface just cleaned does
not occur during rinsing.
Detergents universally use two components to accomplish these functions: surfactants

and builders. Surfactants can be either a liquid or a powdered ingredient comprised of
organic molecules. Builders are inorganic ingredients, usually in powdered form, such as
phosphates, silicates, carbonates, and orthophosphates. The combination of surfactants
and builders is the basis of detergent compounding.
As a detergent is formulated, different weight may be given to each of the four basic
cleaning functions, depending on the intended use of the detergent. Consideration will
also be given to the type of surface to be cleaned to prevent possible damage to the
substrate. In addition, there are three other factors that influence the effectiveness of a
detergent: agitation, time, and heat. For example, if a soak tank is set up and a greasy
panel is immersed into a detergent solution, the detergent will show a certain level of
cleaning effectiveness after a set period of time. Increase the time and the effectiveness
goes up. Add agitation and heat and maximum effectiveness is achieved. The combined
action of detergent, agitation, time, and heat give the best results. Leave one factor out,
and you must compensate with more of the others.
These variables account for the different products produced today. There are hand dish-
washing detergents and machine dish-washing detergents, baby shampoos and pet
shampoos, engine degreasers and car wash detergents; all purpose cleaners, metal
cleaners, solvent-based cleaners, hand cleaners, concentrated products and RTU (ready to
use) cleaners, each different, but all accomplishing the basic function of removing soil
from a surface.
It is important to note the difference between the terms detergent and soap. In this book
13
the emphasis is on formulating synthetic detergents, not soap. Soap is commonly

produced when a fatty acid is neutralized by a sodium or potassium base. Up until the
1940's soap was the primary cleansing agent used for most types of cleaning. The
introduction of synthetic surfactants, with their superior cleaning and rinsing capability,
has sharply reduced the use of soap products. However, the terms soap and detergent are
oftentimes used interchangeably, and sometimes detergent formulations will actually
contain a varying amount of soap.
Surfactants
Water alone does not have sufficient detergency to produce the results we normally
would desire. That's not to say that water alone is not capable of cleaning. Anybody who
has taken the garden hose to the family car will admit it looks better after a quick rinse.
And a good rainstorm removes a great amount of dirt and grime. But the cleaning ability
of plain water can be improved tremendously by the small addition of a surfactant.
The word surfactant is a contraction of "surface active agent." There are many different
types of surfactants, but they can be grouped into four main classes: anionic, nonionic,
cationic, and amphoteric. The anionics have a negative charge. Nonionics have no
charge. Cationics are positively charged. And amphoterics can be either negative or
positive. Surfactants lower the surface tension of a liquid. Added to water, for example,
water will seem "wetter" and penetrate through to surfaces and surround soil particles for
better cleaning. Surfactants also reduce the interfacial tension between two liquids.
Where oil will normally float on water, a small addition of surfactant will allow the oil
and water to "mix,” forming an emulsion.
Let's look at one type of surfactants called ethoxylated nonylphenols. They are nonionic
and are comprised with molecules having an oil-soluble (lipophile) hydrocarbon end and
a water-soluble (hydrophile) polyalkoxylate chain. The lipophile used is nonylphenol; the
hydrophile used is ethylene oxide. The more ethylene oxide the greater the water
solubility of the surfactant. A nonylphenol modified (ethoxylated) with four moles of
ethylene oxide per mole of nonylphenol is soluble in kerosene, but not in water. A
nonylphenol modified with 13 moles of ethylene oxide is soluble in water, but not in
kerosene. The term “mole” is not short for molecule. It is a unit of measurement. The mix
between the hydrophile (ethylene oxide) and the lipophile (nonyl phenol) is expressed as
the hydrophile/lipophile balance, or HLB. HLB's range from 1 - 20, the higher numbers
representing higher water solubility.
Union Carbide produces a line of nonylphenol surfactants under the TERGITOL NP™
14
name. The number following the NP is the average number of moles of ethylene oxide
added. Here is a list of those surfactants with a brief description of each:
TERGITOL NP-4™: oil soluble, liquid surfactant, forms water in oil emulsions, HLB
8.9
TERGITOL NP-6™: oil soluble, liquid surfactant, forms water in oil emulsions, HLB
10.9
TERGITOL NP-7™: oil soluble, liquid surfactant with limited water solubility, HLB
11.7
TERGITOL NP-9™: water soluble, liquid surfactant, limited oil solubility, HLB 12.9
TERGITOL NP-13™: water soluble, liquid surfactant, forms oil in water emulsions,
HLB 14.4
As a general guide, HLB numbers can be useful in determining the application of a

surfactant. A surfactant with a HLB between 4-6 would be useful in dissolving water into
a solvent (w/o emulsions). A range of 7-9 would make a good wetting agent. From 8-18
is good for dissolving oil into water (o/w emulsions). From 13-15 is good as an all-
purpose detergent. And 10-18 is good for solubilizing other ingredients.
It is also possible to combine surfactants with different HLB values. For example, a
simple detergent formula that calls for ten parts NP-9 dissolved into 90 parts water would
be improved by the addition of 2 parts NP-6. Normally, NP-6 would not be water soluble,
but the NP-9 will act as a solubilizer. The NP-6 will increase the cleaning ability of the
detergent on oils and grease.
Anionics are high-foaming surfactants commonly used in hair shampoos, car wash
detergents, hand dish wash detergents, etc... One of the most common is sodium lauryl
sulfate. Because anionics are negatively charged, they are deactivated by positively
charged hard water ions. When using anionics care must be taken to include chelating
agents to deactivate hard water ions. Other common anionics are alcohol sulfates, alcohol
ether sulfates, ordinary soap, and alkylaryl sulfonates (see section on LAS).
Cationic surfactants are generally used in anti-static products such as fabric softeners,
hair conditioners, and in sanitizing compounds. Because they are positively charged, they
are not compatible with anionics. Common cationics are quaternary ammonium
compounds.
15
Amphoterics are a special class of surfactants. They are anionic at an alkaline pH, have
no charge at neutral pH, and cationic at acidic pH. Due to their mildness and high
foaming properties, amphoterics are used in personal care products and as substitutes for
anionics when cationics are present. Examples of amphoterics are
lauroamphopropylsulfonate and cocoamphopropylsulfonate.
Table A (Surfactants Comparison)
PROPERTIES NONIONICS ANIONICS CATIONICS AMPHOTERICS
low to medium to
Foam medium high high high
good to
Wetting good excellent poor fair
good to
Emulsification excellent good poor good
good to good to
excellent excellent poor good to excellent
Detergency
Irritation mild to
mild to severe mild to severe very mild
(skin & eye) severe
Compatibility
compatible incompatible incompatible compatible with
with other
with all types with cationics with anionics all types
surfactants
In general, nonionics are used heavily in industrial detergents, with anionics,

amphoterics, and cationics used in personal care products. However, there can be
significant crossover depending on the individual product.
16
Builders
Builders are ingredients that are added to cleaning products to enhance the performance
of a surfactant/water blend alone. Builders accomplish this through several means.
First, most builders act as water softeners. That is to say the builders either precipitate or
sequester calcium and magnesium ions in hard water and prevent them from interfering
with the surfactants, especially anionics. When precipitation occurs, the hardness ions
form insoluble salts that drop out of solution. Sequestration, on the other hand, occurs
when the positively charged hardness ions are surrounded by the negatively charged
builder and are thereby made inactive. Sequestration is preferable over precipitation
because precipitated salts tend to redeposit onto surfaces being cleaned, forming that
hard, white-looking scale buildup. Sequestered hardness ions stay in solution and are
rinsed away.
Secondly, builders impart a reserve alkalinity to the cleaning solution. Acidic soils lower
the pH of a cleaning solution to below the optimum level needed for the surfactant to
perform well. Builders act as a buffer against acidic soils by neutralizing them and
maintaining the pH at a designed level of alkalinity.
Third, builders tend to break down larger clumps of soil into tiny particles. This is called
deflocculation, which is a fancy word for disperse.
Fourth, builders can contribute towards soil anti-redeposition by increasing the negative
charge that already exists on particulate soils. When this happens particulate soils tend to
repel each other and are less likely to bind together or redeposit onto a freshly cleaned
surface.
And fifth, builders peptize, or keep in suspension, soil particles. Good suspension of soil
particles means better rinsing ability.
The term "built detergent" refers to a detergent containing a surfactant that has been
"built" by the addition of one or more builders. The most common builders are listed
below:
Sodium Trypolyphosphate
One of the most frequently used builders, especially in powdered formulations, sodium
trypolyphosphate (STPP) acts as an excellent water softener by sequestering hardness
ions. In addition, STPP breaks up soils into small particles and keeps them in suspension.
17
It is often combined with sodium metasilicate because the two together produce a
synergistic effect, where the combination of the two works better than corresponding
amounts of either component used alone. STPP cannot solubilize fatty soils by itself, but
a combination of SDDBS (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) and STPP dramatically
increases the ability of SDDBS to solubilize fatty soils. STPP can be dissolved into water
at the rate of 14 grams STPP per 100 grams of water (14% maximum solubility). A 1%
solution of STPP produces a pH of 9.7.
Potassium Trypolyphosphate
Another frequently used builder, although more expensive than STPP, Potassium
Trypolyphosphate (KTPP) is also an excellent sequestrant of hardness ions, and also a
good deflocculant and peptizing agent. KTPP is more water soluble than STPP with a
solubility of over 60%. A 1% solution of KTPP produces a pH of 9.6.
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate
Whereas polyphosphates contain three phosphorus atoms, pyrophosphates contain only

two. The pH of Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate (TSPP) is slightly higher than STPP at 10.2,
and water solubility is 8g per 100g of water. TSPP is a better sequestering agent than
STPP.
Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate
Due to its high water solubility (over 60%), Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate (TKPP) is
used in liquid formulations as a sequestrant and deflocculant. The pH is 10.2.
Trisodium Phosphate
A common household cleaner, Trisodium Phosphate is a sodium orthophosphate, which

in turn, is the single, double, or the triple salt of phosphoric acid. The "tri" indicates it is
the triple salt. TSP softens hard water by precipitation. It has a pH of 11.4, and a water
solubility of 14g per 100g of water.
Disodium Phosphate
DSP is the double salt of phosphoric acid. It has a lower pH than TSP, at about 9.2. It
also softens water by precipitating hardness ions. The water solubility is 14g per 100g of
water.
18
Monosodium Phosphate
MSP is the single salt of phosphoric acid, with the lowest pH of 4.6. Again, it precipitates
hardness ions, and has a water solubility of 87g per 100g of water.
NOTE: tri, di, and mono sodium phosphate are also available in potassium versions with
similar pH values but greater water solubility.
Sodium Carbonate
The biggest single used builder in heavy-duty laundry products, Sodium Carbonate, or
soda ash, is a low cost, high alkaline builder that softens water by precipitation. However,
soda ash is often combined with Sodium Trypolyphosphate to eliminate any formation of
scale. Sodium Carbonate has a pH of 11.4, and a water solubility of about 7%,
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate is a low alkaline version of Sodium Carbonate. It has a pH of 8.4; it

has a water solubility of 10%. It also precipitates hardness ions. Sodium Bicarbonate is a
useful builder in aluminum and other soft metal cleaners where low pH is desired.
Sodium Sesquicarbonate
By combining Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Sesquicarbonate is

produced. The pH of Sodium Sesquicarbonate is 9.8, with a water solubility of 15%.
Sodium Metasilicate
Sodium Metasilicate is a member of the sodium silicate family, which are compounds of
silicon dioxide (silica) and sodium oxide (alkali). The ratio of silica to alkali determines
the degree of alkalinity. Sodium silicates can be either liquid or powder. Although not
significant water softeners, silicates provide alkalinity and can protect soft metals such as
aluminum, copper, zinc, brass and tin from the corrosive effects of strongly alkaline
cleaning solutions. Silicates also reduce the redeposition of soils. Sodium Metasilicate
has a silica/alkali ratio of 1:1. It has a pH of 12.6 and a water solubility of about 18%.
Sodium Metasilicate is most often used in powdered detergents.
Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate
This is the hydrated version of Sodium Metasilicate. Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

also provides alkalinity and corrosion inhibition. The main difference is the high water
content (41%) of the pentahydrate version, which allows for faster dissolution in water
19
and a higher water solubility of 36%. This makes it more suitable for liquid detergents,
although it is also good in formulating fast dissolving powdered detergents. The pH is
12.4.
Sodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate
Known as EDTA, Sodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate is an aminocarboxylate valued

for its exceptional sequestering ability and high solubility (over 60%). EDTA prevents
scale formation and improves rinsability. The pH is 13.
Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid
With superior water softening ability, Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid (HEDP) is

commonly used as a co-builder in low phosphate or no phosphate detergents. HEDP can
inhibit the precipitation of scale even at very low concentrations. The pH is 9, and the
water solubility is 20%.
Sodium Hydroxide
This is also called caustic soda, or lye. Sodium Hydroxide is used to formulate high pH
detergents that must neutralize high amounts of acid soil. Sodium Hydroxide does not
contribute to water softening, or the suspension of soils. The pH is 13.1, and the water
solubility is 60%.
Potassium Hydroxide
Also known as caustic potash, Potassium Hydroxide is used mainly in liquid detergents.
It is used to provide high alkalinity to a formulation, but like Sodium Hydroxide does not
contribute to water softening or soil suspension. It is easier to rinse from a surface than
Sodium Hydroxide. The pH is 13, and the water solubility is 75%.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate
An excellent water softener, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is the ingredient in

"Calgon™," which is a contraction for "calcium gone." The pH is 8, and the water
solubility is 5%.
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Sulfate is a low cost filler for powdered detergent formulations. The pH is 9, and
water solubility is 7%.
20
Sometimes formulas will express builders by their chemical composition such as KOH
for potassium hydroxide, or NA4P2O7 for tetrasodium pyrophosphate. Or a less common
name may be used.
Builders are usually sold in 50 or 100 lb bags. And although all of the above come in
powder form, there are different grades of powders. For example, sodium
trypolyphosphate comes in a fine powder grade, and a granular, coarse granular, and
premoisturized grade. Each grade will also be available in a different density. A light
density STPP will weigh approximately 35 lbs per cubic foot, while a heavy density
STPP will weigh up to 68 lbs per cubic foot.
The different grades and densities of STPP will serve different formulations. For
example, when manufacturing liquid detergents the low-density granular grade dissolves
fast, as does the premoisturized heavy density form. For dry blending powdered
detergents, the granular medium density grade will easily absorb a high percentage of
liquid surfactants during the manufacturing process.
21
Table B (Builder Comparison)
BUILDER pH Sequestrant Precipitant Solubility Cost
Sodium Trypolyphosphate 9.4 yes no 17% medium

Potassium
Trypolyphosphate 9.2 yes no 60% high
Tetrasodium
Pyrophosphate
10.2 yes no 15% medium
Tetrapotassium
Pyrophosphate
Trisodium Phosphate 10.2 yes no 60% high
Disodium Phosphate 11.4 no yes 14% medium
Monosodium Phosphate 8.4 no yes 14% medium
Hydroxyethylidene 6.4 no yes 15% high
Diphosphonic Acid
Sodium Metasilicate 9 yes no 20% high
Sodium Metasilicate 12.6 no no 17% medium
Pentahydrate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate 12.4 no no 36% low
11.4 no yes 7% low
Sodium Sesquicarbonate
9.2 no yes 10% low
Sodium Hydroxide
9.8 no yes 15% low
Potassium Hydroxide
13.1 no yes 60% low
Sodium Sulfate
13 no yes 75% medium
Sodium
Hexametaphosphate 9 no yes 7% low
8 yes no 5% medium
Sometimes builders are available in both powder and liquid form. EDTA comes in a 60%
solution in water, as does TKPP. Sodium Hydroxide comes in a 50% solution in water,
and also a 30% and 18% solution. Sodium silicates can also be in liquid form.
Usually a formulation will specify the form and grade of each ingredient. Sometimes it
won't, and you may have to ask advice from suppliers, or just plain experiment to get the
results you desire.
22
Table C (Builder Names)
Formula Common Names (in bold type)
NAOH Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda, Lye
KOH Potassium Hydroxide, Caustic Potash, Potash Lye

Trisodium Phosphate, TSP, Sodium Phosphate Tribasic,
NA3PO4 Trisodium Orthophosphate, Phosphoric Acid Trisodium Salt
Disodium Phosphate, DSP, Sodium Phosphate Dibasic
Anhydrous, Disodium Orthophosphate, Disodium Acid
Phosphate
NA2HPO4 Monosodium Phosphate, MSP, Sodium Phosphate
Monobasic, Acid Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic Sodium
Phosphate
NAH2PO4 Sodium Carbonate, Soda Ash, Calcined Soda, Disodium
Carbonate
NA2CO3 Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate, TSPP, Tetrasodium
Diphosphate, Sodium Diphosphate
NA4P2O7 Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate, TKPP, Potassium
Diphosphate, Potassium Pyrophosphate
Sodium Trypolyphosphate, STPP, STP, Pentasodium
K4P2O7
Triphosphate, Sodium Triphosphate
Potassium Trypolyphosphate, KTPP, Pentapotassium
NA5P3O13 Trypolyphosphate, Potassium Triphosphate
K5P3O13
NAHCO3 Sodium Bicarbonate, Baking Soda, Bicarbonate of Soda

Sodium Metasilicate, Sodium Silicate, Disodium
NA2SiO3 Monosilicate, Silicate Acid Disodium Salt
NA2SiO3*5H2O Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

EDTA NA4 Sodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate, EDTA
C2H8O7P2 Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid, Etidronic Acid
O18P6*6Na Sodium Hexametaphosphate, SHMP
Na2O4S Sodium Sulfate, Glauber's salt, Disodium Sulfate

C = Carbon H = HydrogenK = Potassium Na = Sodium
O = Oxygen P = Phosphorus S = Sulphur Si = Silicon
23
Acids
Acids are compounds having a pH less than 7. They react with metals, and when
dissolved in water give off hydrogen ions. When reacted with a base, salt and water are
formed. Acids range from mild, such as citric acid, to very strong, such as hydrochloric
acid (also known as muriatic acid). Vinegar is a dilute (5%) solution of acetic acid.
Acids are used in metal cleaners to brighten and etch; toilet bowl cleaners to remove hard
water mineral deposits, and drain cleaners to dissolve hair and other waste. The most
common acids for metal cleaners are phosphoric and citric, while sulfuric and
hydrochloric acid is used in bowl cleaners and drain openers. Acids are also used for pH
adjustment.
Caution must be used when handling acids for a number of reasons. They are corrosive to
skin, eyes, and tissue. This corrosiveness is not always readily apparent. For example,
hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid and upon skin contact it doesn’t feel as though it is
burning, but it migrates down to your bones and begins dissolving from the inside out (!).
Most acids are exothermic, meaning they generate heat when mixed with water. Always
add acid to water, never water to acid. If you added water to hydrochloric acid the heat
generated would cause the mixture to splatter, possibly into your eyes. Add the acid to
the water slowly to allow heat to dissipate. Do not store acid in metal containers. The acid
may react with the metal and form explosive hydrogen gas.
People are often surprised when a formula, for example a hair shampoo, calls for an acid
to adjust the pH. The formula before adjustment may be at pH 8, and needs a little
phosphoric acid to bring it down to neutral. The first thought is that the acid is dangerous
to use in a hair shampoo. But not really. As the acid is added, it is neutralized by the
alkalinity of the formulation. The pH is slowly lowered as more acid is added, until a
neutral pH is achieved. So although the formula contains acid, the acid was neutralized
and is no longer a factor. Now if too much acid was added, bringing the pH down below
7, the formula would be considered as having “free” acid; that is, acid in an un-
neutralized state, which could be undesirable depending on the formula.
pH Scale
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Hydrochloric Acid Neutral Sodium Hydroxide
24
Bases
Bases have a pH more than 7, give off hydroxyl ions when mixed with water, and react
with acids to form salt and water. Common bases include sodium hydroxide (very
strong), potassium hydroxide, ammonia, and triethanolamine. Bases are often used as pH
buffers. Since most soils are acidic in nature, bases serve as a defense (buffer) against
soil, keeping the detergent alkaline in nature where it generally works best. Bases are also
used to neutralize acid surfactants and hydrotropes. Triethanolamine also serves as an
anti-corrosion agent.
Sodium hydroxide is very corrosive, and can be dangerous to work with. It is exothermic,
giving off heat when mixed with water, so you need to go slowly when adding it to water.
(As with acid, add the sodium hydroxide to water, never water to sodium hydroxide).
Formulas containing sodium hydroxide are corrosive to non-ferrous metals, especially
soft metals like brass and aluminum, so oftentimes sodium metasilicate is added to offset
the corrosive properties. If a product is designed for soft metals it is best to leave the
sodium hydroxide out.
Solvents
Besides surfactants and builders, another common ingredient in detergents is solvent. By

far and away the most commonly used solvent ingredients are glycol ethers, which are
sometimes just referred to as "butyl.” Glycol ethers are water-thin, clear liquids with a
mild odor and an evaporation rate ranging from medium to slow. They will generally
dissolve in either water or oil, and are used in cleaners to improve the emulsification of
grease, oils, fats, waxes, and tar. Glycol ethers are also biodegradable.
Glycol ethers are manufactured from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. The propylene
oxide family, or "P series" has gained popularity over the ethylene oxide family, or "E
series,” due to health concerns. Although E series glycol ethers have been used safely for
years, there has been some concern raised over tests that show they may cause embryo
toxicity and fetotoxicity.
Because of that concern, detergent formulations have been advertised as "butyl-free,” or

"non-butyl." But those terms have come to mean an absence of E series glycol ethers
only. Many "non-butyl" cleaners use P series butyl-glycol ethers. P series glycol ethers
show no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, or reproductive toxicity
resulting from exposure. Tests have been done on cleaner formulations substituting a P
series glycol ether for an E series glycol ether with equivalent or better results.
25
One of the more popular P series glycol ethers is propylene glycol t-butyl ether, under the
name ARCOSOLVE PTB™. This glycol ether, when added to detergent formulations,
improves the emulsification of grease, fats, oils, and tar. Other popular P-series glycol
ethers are BUTYL PROPASOL™ (propylene glycol monobutyl ether), and DPM™
(Dipropylene glycol methyl ether). Both PROPASOL™ and DPM™ have successfully
been used in cleaner formulations.
Other solvents used in cleaners include mineral spirits, kerosene, aromatic hydrocarbons,
alcohols, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, and naphtha. However, the trend today
is to move away from these types of potentially dangerous solvents towards the use of
non-toxic, biodegradable solvents. One of the most popular solvents now in use is
d'Limonene. D'Limonene is a solvent distilled from citrus oils. It is not citric acid, a
common misconception. It has excellent solvency power and is used in degreasers,
deodorants, hand cleaners, and general-purpose cleaners. D'limonene is non-toxic,
biodegradable and has the added bonus of smelling like fresh citrus.
Alkanolamides
Alkanolamides are created by reacting a fatty acid (derived from coconut oil most
commonly) with an alkanolamine such as diethanolamine, triethanolamine, or
monoethanolamine. The ratio is usually 2/1 amine/fatty acid. Alkanolamides provide
benefits to a formulation such as foam boosting, foam stabilization, thickening, corrosion
prevention, anti-rust properties, emolliency in personal care products, lowered cost, and
are readily biodegradable.
Although alkanolamides are usually added at a rate of 1-5% to a formula containing other
surfactants, some alkanolamides have been modified so that they can stand alone as the
only surfactant in a formula.
Hydrotropes
Nonionic surfactants may have trouble staying in solution, especially if a high percentage
of builders is used, or if the pH of the formulated detergent is high. Hydrotropes are used
to prevent the surfactants from separating out of the formula. Sodium xylene sulfonate is
a common hydrotrope. It does not add any detergency to a formula. SXS is sold in either
powder or liquid form.
Other surfactants, such as Petro 22™ or Triton X-102™, have the ability to solubilize
less soluble surfactants and thus, as a secondary function, serve as hydrotropes. They are
sold in either liquid or powder form.
26
Phosphate esters serve as combination surfactant/hydrotropes. Usually supplied in their

acid form, they are neutralized in solution to pH 7 or above for use. Pre-neutralized
phosphate esters are available in 50% active solutions. Although initially higher in cost
than SXS, phosphate esters are usually more cost effective to use in formulations since
less is used and they contribute to overall detergency.
Fragrances
The appeal of one detergent over another may have less to do with performance than with
smell and color. There seems to be a universal desire to smell a detergent on first
examination. Show people a new product and the first thing they do is uncap the bottle
and raise it to their nose. An unpleasant odor makes a poor first impression.
The variety of scents available to detergent formulators is endless. Besides the common
fragrances like lemon, forest pine, mint, tutti-frutti, bubble gum, herbal, rose, jasmine,
etc..., the formulator can chose between coconut, baby powder, apple blossom, cherry,
almond, cherry-almond, cedar, banana, cranberry, grape, pina colada, and even smoke,
rain, fresh cut grass and new car scent. And there are hundreds more to chose from.
Fragrances are added in very small amounts. For example, 2 ounces of cherry-almond
can be enough for a 55 gallon batch. If the fragrance is needed to mask the odor of the
detergent blend, then more will be necessary. Deodorizers, like the ones made for
portable toilets, can require 3% or more of fragrance.
Dyes
Dyes are used to give a detergent an appealing color. It also gives identity to a product,
making it easier to distinguish it from other products or even just plain water.
Concentrated products are usually made darker. When diluted with water the lighter color
produced can serve as a visual guide to diluted strength.
Many dyes are pH sensitive and need to be matched to the pH of the detergent. A blue
dye intended for a neutral pH product may turn violet or even green if the pH becomes
acidic or alkaline. Although it isn't religiously followed, certain products are expected to
have specific colors. For example, a window cleaner is blue, disinfectants violet or
purple, and all-purpose cleaners green. For personal care products there are restrictions
on the type of dyes used. Choosing a dye is best done with the help of a dye
manufacturer. Samples and advice are usually available free.
27
Preservatives
Preservatives are needed to keep an adequate shelf life. Bacteria will spoil a product and
produce an awful sewer-like smell over time if preservatives are not included. For
industrial detergents the most common preservative is formalin. Formalin is a 37%
solution of formaldehyde in water. Normally only 0.1% is needed (one tenth of one
percent), which works out to approximately 7 ounces per 55 gallons of detergent, or 1
part formalin to 1000 parts detergent. A non-formaldehyde based preservative for
industrial detergents is made by DOW Chemical Company, under the trade name
DOWACIL 75™. DOWACIL 75™ is a powdered preservative used at .1 to .2% in
formulations.
For personal care products, different preservatives are used. The most common are
methyl paraben and ethyl paraben, which are used together in a formulation for maximum
value.
The choice of preservatives in personal care products requires careful thought and a local
supplier can be invaluable in furnishing pertinent information.
Ingestion Deterrents
Ingestion deterrents are added to cleaning products to prevent children from accidently
drinking or eating a cleaning product. In 1988 over 800,000 cases of poisonings
involving children under the age of six were reported in the United States alone. Cleaning
products frequently accounted for these poisonings. One of the best ingestion deterrents
is denatonium benzoate, marketed under the trade name Bitrex™. When added at only
20 to 50 parts per million, Bitrex™ makes a cleaning product taste extremely bitter.
Setting Up A Laboratory
The word "laboratory" conjures up images of fantastically complex equipment and men
in white coats and glasses wandering around with foaming test tubes. However, for
detergent compounding a simple basic lab can be set up in any office or home kitchen
without too much trouble. A "starter set" would include the following:
Refractometer
pH meter or pH paper
Electronic scale
28
Lab mixer
1000ml Pyrex beaker
100ml Pyrex beaker
30 ml Pyrex beaker
10ml Pyrex beaker
Stirring utensils and spoons
A refractometer is a clever little hand device used to measure the concentration level of
water-based detergents. This is useful when comparing two or more different detergents.
A couple drops of detergent A placed on the slide may read 15% Brix, which indicates
the detergent contains basically 15% active ingredients. Detergent B, however, may read
22% Brix, indicating that detergent B is more concentrated than detergent A. It is
important to point out that a high percentage of active ingredients does not automatically
mean a detergent is better than one with a lower percentage, but concentration levels are
good starting points for comparison.
A refractometer is one of the greatest selling tools for the chemical salesman. By showing
a potential customer the relative concentration levels of Product A versus Product B, a
dramatic point can be hammered home about the value of your product. For example,
suppose a customer is using a product that costs $200.00 per 55 gallon drum, and it has a
concentration level of 15%. You show the customer that your product also costs $200.00
per 55 gallon drum, but it has a concentration level of 20%. Your potential customer will
be forced to admit you are offering a superior product for the same price. One of my
favorite sales techniques was to call on a prospective customer and get a sample of his
current product and, if possible, find out what he was paying. After analyzing the current
product, I was in a good position to make a sales pitch with a more concentrated product
for the same or less cost. Also, by analyzing the competitors’ products I could avoid the
danger of under or over pricing.
Spray and wipe cleaners will give readings of 1 to 5%, hand dishwash detergents 15 to
38%, laundry detergents 22 to 35%, all-purpose cleaners 10 to 18%, hair shampoos 12 to
18%, and so forth. I have found that many of the name brands test in the high range,
while some of the generic brands test a little low. But these numbers are just guidelines
and some name brand products have seemed lacking while some generics have surprised
me. After using a refractometer a while you'll develop a pretty good feel for comparing
products.
A refractometer is also useful for checking the target concentration level of a detergent
you are compounding. Before pumping out a tank a quick reading, if off the mark, will
alert you to an error in the formula.
29
A pH meter or pH paper will let you know if a product is acidic, neutral, or alkaline. A
pH meter is much more accurate and I recommend it over the paper. With a meter, a
reading of under 7 indicates an acid product, 7 is neutral, and over 7 is alkaline. The pH
paper lets you know by changing color. By matching up the color to a chart you
determine the pH.
The electronic scale is invaluable for measuring out trial size formulas. Suppose a
formula calls for:
Ingredient Parts By Weight
Water 84
Surfactant A 10
Surfactant B 2
Builder C 2
Builder D 2
100
With an electronic scale set to measure in grams, you could measure out 84 grams water,
10 grams surfactant A, 2 grams surfactant B, 2 grams builder C, and 2 grams builder D.
Then you would mix the ingredients in the order called for in the formula. Or, if you
wished to make a larger trial batch, you might set the scale to ounces and measure out 84
ounces water, 10 ounces surfactant A, etc...
The lab mixer is a small table top unit that stirs everything into solution. The most
common is called a magnetic drive mixer. The beaker filled with your solution is placed
on top, and a “stirrer” is placed into the solution. The stirrer is a plastic encased metal
piece that spins due to the magnetic influence of the mixer, thus mixing your solution.
The speeds are usually adjustable. A variable speed hand drill can be used instead if
desired, although the lab mixer has the advantage of allowing both hands to be free. I've
also seen a countertop drill press used. The important thing is to get good mixing without
aeration and generating foam, which is why using an ordinary household food blender
won’t work.
The Pyrex beakers are very useful in mixing small trial formulas for testing. The 1000ml
size serves as the mixing vessel, and the smaller sizes are used to measure and add the
various ingredients.
This starter lab will serve your basic needs for quite a while. Extra equipment can be
added anytime your budget allows, of course.
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Mixing Equipment
For a small detergent compounder, there are two methods of blending detergents.
The first, for liquid detergents, utilizes a 55 gallon open top metal or plastic drum with a
clamp-on mixing motor. The motor, usually about rated at 1750 rpm and 1/3 horsepower,
drives a 30" long shaft that has a three bladed propeller attached. The propeller is only
about three inches across. The idea is to generate good agitation without forming an air-
sucking whirlpool. Too little agitation and powdered ingredients will settle to the bottom
before they have time to dissolve. Too much agitation forms a vortex that generates foam
and entraps air. In lieu of a clamp-on mixer, a hand-held, variable speed 3/8" size drill
can be used. There are long shaft mixing blades sold at hardware stores and different
sized and shaped props that are designed for mixing mortar, stucco, and paint. These
mixing blades will work fine for detergents as well.
In cold climates a drum heater might be necessary. Some surfactants will not be pourable
under 60 degrees F. A drum heater clamps around the drum and provides mild heat to
keep the contents warm enough to pour easily.
For powdered formulas a method called dry blending is used, at least for smaller
compounders. Dry blending is simply tumbling powders together until uniformly mixed.
If you added 2 ounces each of phosphate, metasilicate, and soda ash to a plastic container,
snapped on the lid and shook it for a minute, you will have dry blended the powders.
On a bigger scale, a 55 gallon open top drum can be half-filled with 250 lbs of various
powders, the lid fastened on, and then set over on its side onto a machine called a drum
rotator. The drum rotator does just that, rolling the drum at about 10 to 20 rpm until the
powders inside are mixed. Another way is by using a horizontal tank mixer that can be
loaded with 500 to 10,000 lbs of powders. Inside the mixer are paddles that rotate slowly
and blend the powders.
When just starting out, a regular cement mixer will work just fine for batches up to 200
lbs or so. A cement mixer will thoroughly mix a full load in about 5 minutes. Although
using a cement mixer may sound strange, remember the idea in dry blending is to tumble
the powders over and over until mixed, and a cement mixer is basically nothing more
than a rotating drum.
One of the advantages, actually, of using a cement mixer is that you can easily add liquid
surfactants to the powders by spraying the surfactant onto the powder as it is being
tumbled. I’ll touch on that more later in the book.
31
Besides dry blending, there is a method called spray drying. This is the method the mega-
giant chemical companies use. Spray drying involves mixing the powders with water to
form a slurry. This slurry is sprayed through nozzles from inside the top of an enclosed
tower. As the sprayed droplets fall they are met, or dried, by a rising current of hot air.
This process forms those nice, fluffy beads you see packed into a laundry detergent box.
The spray drying process can produce huge amounts of uniform product per hour.
Compounding Basics
There are dozens of ways detergents can be blended, but there are a few general rules
helpful to know. First, for liquid blending, the water is added to the tank first. The mixer
should be turned on and the powders are added next. The powders are added in the order
of increasing alkalinity. The powders should be added slowly and allowed to completely
dissolve before the next ingredient is added. Don't just dump a load into the tank or you'll
get settling in the bottom of the tank. Hydrotropes are added next, then surfactants. After
that, glycol ethers can be added. Then add the dye and preservative.
In powder mixing, the most absorbent powder is added first. Then, as it is being tumbled,
a liquid surfactant can be sprayed onto it. After the powder has absorbed the surfactant,
the non-absorbent ingredients are added and everything is allowed to tumble until
thoroughly mixed.
To gain familiarity with blending basics, a couple of formulations can be used for
examples. We'll start with a liquid all-purpose detergent, and a high alkaline, heavy duty
cleaning powder. Both formulas are given by weight (bw). First, the liquid detergent
formula:
All-Purpose Detergent Concentrate
Water 71.8
Sodium Trypolyphosphate 2
(granular, medium density)
Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate 2
Sodium Hydroxide 0.2
Sodium Xylene Sulfonate 4
(40% solution)
Tergitol NP-9™
Arcosolve PTB™ 10
10
We'll make 50 gallons of this detergent, mixing it in a 55 gallon open head steel drum.
Looking at this formula, we can see that the ingredients were listed in the order of
32
addition. This isn't always the case, and hopefully most formulas will advise you if the
order of addition is different. Now, for 50 gallons we calculate a total weight of 416.5 lbs.
That is 50 multiplied by 8.33 lbs, the weight of one gallon of water.
To be more accurate, the pounds per gallon of the surfactant (which is generally heavier
than water) and the pounds per gallon of the glycol ether (which is lighter than water)
could all be factored in, along with the weight of the builders, expressed in lbs per cubic
foot. However, most detergent formulas do not suffer from a little "rounding off,” and
simplicity goes a long way in detergent compounding.
So, starting with the idea that we will make approximately 400 lbs of liquid detergent,
we'll fill our tank about two-thirds full of water. Since the formula specifies 71.8 parts of
water, we know that two-thirds (about 66 parts) will leave enough room in the tank for
the rest of the ingredients. We can top off once all the ingredients are added.
Now we will turn on the mixer and add 2 parts of Sodium Trypolyphosphate. That is two
parts out of 100 parts total, or two percent by weight. And two percent of 400 lbs is 8 lbs.
So after adding 8 lbs of Sodium Trypolyphosphate we'll give it a minute or two to
dissolve. The formula specifies granular, medium density for a fairly rapid rate of
dissolution.
Next, we'll add two parts (again, 8 lbs) of Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. The
pentahydrate version of Sodium Metasilicate dissolves very rapidly.
Now we'll add the Sodium Hydroxide, but only 0.2 parts by weight. That is 0.2% of 400
lbs, or 0.8 lbs, which works out to approximately 13 ounces (0.8 x 16 oz = 12.8 oz).
Now that all the builders have been added and dissolved, we'll add the hydrotrope. The
hydrotrope is Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40%). Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (SXS) is sold
in both liquid and powdered form. When it is sold as a liquid, it comes as a 40% active
solution. That means in our formula we are adding 4 parts of SXS or 4%, but in terms of
active content we are actually adding only 1.6% (40% of 4%). This can be confusing at
times when evaluating a formula. If we were using the powdered form of SXS (100%
active), we would have to make an adjustment. For example, our formula calls for 4% of
SXS (40%), or 16 lbs. So that is what we will add. If we decided to use the powdered
SXS (100% active), we would add only 6.4 lbs. This would compensate for the difference
in active content and the net result would be the same.
After the hydrotrope is added, the Tergitol NP-9™ can be added. The Tergitol NP-9™
is a liquid, nonionic surfactant that is designed as an all-around general purpose
detergent. We'll add 10 parts or 10%, which is 40 lbs. It'll take a minute or two to
33
dissolve, and then we'll add the 10 parts of the Arcosolve PTB™ which is also 40 lbs
worth.
The formula doesn't call for dye or preservatives, but it is understood it will be added. So
a tablespoon of dye that is designed for high pH cleaners, plus 0.1% of Formalin, or
about 7 ounces, is added, and we're done. We can top off the tank with water if necessary.
We have created an excellent, general purpose concentrated degreaser/cleaner that shows

outstanding detergency even when diluted with up to 50 parts water. It can be used for
floor cleaning, steam cleaning, engine degreasing, truck washing, metal degreasing, etc...
It is moderate foaming and biodegradable. Using the refractometer, we’ll get a reading of
about 17-18 Brix.
It pays to give a little thought to the manufacturing process when evaluating a formula. In
the above sample, the ingredients were added by weight. But adding ingredients by
volume would be easier and faster than weighing everything out. So let's look at it from
that angle.
First, the powders. A one gallon container of Sodium Trypolyphosphate, medium density
weighs about 7.5 lbs. The same with Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Instead of
weighing out the powder, you could just use a one gallon container to measure out the
powder. And a cup and a half of Sodium Hydroxide will do instead of weighing out 13
ounces. The SXS (40%) hydrotrope weighs 9.8 lbs per gallon. By throwing in a couple
gallons you're adding 19.6 lbs, which is just a little more than the formula calls for, but it
isn't critical.
The Tergitol NP-9™ weighs 8.8 lbs per gallon, so why not add 5 gallons to the formula.
This gives you 44 lbs instead of 40, but extra surfactant will be a plus. The Arcosolve
PTB™ weighs 7.26 lbs per gallon, so five gallons will weigh 36.3 lbs. That's just a bit
under the 40 lbs called for, but it won't be noticed.
By adding the ingredients this way the formula is being changed slightly. To reflect the
changes, the formula, still written by weight, would look like this:
All-Purpose Detergent Concentrate
Original Adjusted
Water 71.8 72.22

Sodium Trypolyphosphate 2 1.8
(granular, medium density)
Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate 2 1.8
34
Sodium Hydroxide 0.2 0.18

Sodium Xylene Sulfonate 4 4.7
(40% solution)
Tergitol NP-9™ 10 10.6
Arcosolve PTB™ 10 8.7
As you can see, there is very little difference. Without the need to weigh out each and
every ingredient, the ease of manufacture is increased. For the small compounder this
greatly simplifies matters. The large compounders prefer formulating by weight since the
machinery they use automatically adds ingredients according to preset weights. And
when making 10,000 lb batches it's simpler to go by weight rather than volume.
Now let's look at a powdered detergent formula:
Heavy-Duty Powder
Sodium Metasilicate Anhydrous 31.7

Sodium Hydroxide Flakes 31.7
Sodium Carbonate 31.6
Monaterge 85™ 5.0
This formula is not listed in the order of addition. But, using the general rules for
compounding powders, we know we want to add the most absorbent powder first. In this
case, it will be the Sodium Carbonate. Then the surfactant (Monaterge 85™) will be
sprayed onto the Sodium Carbonate as it is being tumbled. After the surfactant has been
absorbed, the Sodium Metasilicate will be added, followed by the Sodium Hydroxide.
But first we should think about fitting the formula to a simplified method of production.
Basically, the formula calls for equal parts of three builders, plus surfactant amounting to
5% of the total weight. The Sodium Metasilicate, Sodium Hydroxide, and Sodium
Carbonate can be purchased in 50 lb bags. So why not plan on making a 150 lb batch,
plus the weight of the surfactant?
We'll do it this way. We'll empty a 50 lb bag of Sodium Carbonate into the cement mixer
and turn it on. Then, using a 2 gallon hand pressurized sprayer (the plastic lawn and
garden type) we'll spray approximately 7.5 lbs of Monaterge 8S onto the Sodium
Carbonate as it is being tumbled. Monaterge 8S weighs 8.5 lbs per gallon so 7.5 lbs is
about 3.5 quarts (113 ounces). The spray should be atomized enough so that the
surfactant is deposited evenly onto the Sodium Carbonate without clumping.
35
After the surfactant has been absorbed, we'll add a 50 lb bag of Sodium Metasilicate
Anhydrous. The formula specifies anhydrous because the pentahydrate grade contains
about 50% water and would not be compatible with Sodium Hydroxide, which is
hygroscopic (water absorbing). If they were blended together a rock-hard sticky
compound would result after about a day or so.
After adding the Sodium Metasilicate, a 50 lb bag of Sodium Hydroxide is added.

Approximately 5 minutes worth of tumbling will produce a highly concentrated alkaline
detergent with low to moderate foaming. At a dilution ration of one to two ounces per
gallon of water it is suitable for degreasing ferrous metals in soak tanks or recirculating
spray cabinets, or as an aggressive concrete cleaner.
If the idea of spraying surfactants onto powders seems complicated to you, then
powdered surfactants may be your answer. One of the advantages of buying powdered
surfactants is that they are available in 50 lb bags, or 100 to 200 lb drums. Liquid
surfactants, on the other hand, are sold most often in 55 gallon drums and represent a
higher initial outlay of money. When using powdered surfactants some means of dust
control is necessary. A 32 oz spray bottle filled with alcohol or glycol ether can be used
to mist the tumbling mixture and eliminate dust. If a little fragrance is added to the spray
the powder will retain the pleasant scent.
The preceding two formulas can be altered to suit your requirements. The liquid detergent
can be made without the Sodium Hydroxide, for example, and the glycol ether can be
eliminated. This will make the detergent less alkaline and thicker. To further lower the
pH, besides removing the Sodium Hydroxide, the Sodium Metasilicate can be removed,
and the Sodium Trypolyphosphate doubled. More surfactant can be added if desired, and
a fragrance added. The detergent will now be more suitable as a general purpose cleaner
rather than a degreaser. How you change the formula will depend on the intended use of
the cleaner.
The powder formula can be altered by removing the Sodium Hydroxide and replacing it
with Sodium Trypolyphosphate. By doing this the detergent can be safely used on both
ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Again, the possibilities are numerous. This is why an
office or home lab proves invaluable for making small trial batches before beginning
production of a formula.
Don't be put off by the thought of using a plain open head steel or plastic drum as your
first tank, or using a cement mixer for powder mixing. In touring various compounding
plants I've admired some pretty fancy equipment. But I've also noticed many times on the
premises some very home-made looking equipment that gives testimony to the early
years of a company when ingenuity was more plentiful than money.
36
Buying Raw Materials
Surfactants are sold by the pound. Even when purchased by the 55 gallon drum, a liquid
surfactant will be priced like this: Tergitol NP-9™ 483 lb drum, 0.75/lb. The exception
is when you buy from a chemical company that repackages surfactants into 5 gallon and
1 gallon containers. Then the surfactant will be priced by the gallon, and normally priced
two to three times more than the cost of buying by the drum.
Don't assume that "by the drum" always means 55 gallons. Different surfactants will have
different drum weights. A 55 gallon drum of Ninol 11-CM™ has a net weight of 420 lbs.
Since Ninol 11-CM™ weighs 8.28 lbs per gallon, by dividing the net weight of 420 lbs
by 8.28 lbs, you'll discover that a 55 gallon drum of Ninol 11-CM™ actually contains
50.7 gallons. It's a good habit to constantly make this calculation when buying
surfactants. It's not that drums are short-filled, but just that surfactants are packaged by
weight, not volume. Incidentally, the Tergitol NP-9™ drum does contain 55 gallons.
But a drum of Steol CS 460™ has a net weight of 450 lbs and contains 52.14 gallons.
The other calculation you must constantly make is the comparison between the actives
content and the price per pound. Some surfactants are 100% active. Others are only 30%
active, or 60% active. Surfactant A may be priced one-third less per pound than
surfactant B, but have only one-half the actives content. In that case, the surfactant A will
actually cost you more to formulate an equal product (in terms of activity) than if you
used surfactant B.
For example, if surfactant A cost $1.00 per pound, and surfactant B cost $1.50 per pound,
and you have a simple surfactant and water formula that calls for 10% actives:
Using surfactant A, Using surfactant B,

the formula looks like this: the formula looks like this:
Water 67 parts Water 83 parts

Surfactant A (30% active) 33 parts Surfactant B (60% actives) 17 parts
Both formulas will have approximately the same actives content, but you will need twice
the amount of surfactant A over surfactant B. Assuming for simplicity that you are
making a hundred pound batch, you need 33 lbs of surfactant A at $1.00/lb or $33.00
worth. You need only 17 lbs of surfactant B at $1.50/lb or $25.50 worth. Surfactant B
actually costs about 23% less to use in the formula over surfactant A.
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As a general rule of thumb, using the higher actives product will be more cost effective.
Using Pre-blended Detergent Concentrates
Several chemical suppliers offer surfactant blends that need only be diluted with water to
form detergent concentrates. For example, Mona Industries manufactures Detergent
Concentrate 840™, which is designed to be diluted with water to form a high foaming
detergent suitable for car shampoos, liquid dishwash detergents, and all-purpose cleaners.
A typical formula using Detergent Concentrate 840™ would be:
Water 70
Detergent Concentrate 840™ 30
This formula can be diluted 1-400 with water and still produce excellent detergency and
foam. If desired, the formula can be modified by the addition (1-2%) of a builder such as
sodium metasilicate, sodium trypolyphosphate, or trisodium phosphate.
Mona Industries also produces Monamine 779™ which is a 100% active surfactant
blend that can simply diluted with water to form personal care products such as family
shampoos, bubble baths, hand cleaners, facial cleaner, etc... A typical formulation using
Monamine 779™ is:
Water 90 - 75
Monamine 779™ 10 - 25
100
Higher percentages of Monamine 779™ produce higher viscosities and higher pH levels.
Mona Industries recommends that that the pH be adjusted to between 6.5 and 7.0 with an
acid such as phosphoric or hydrochloric if the formula is intended for personal care
products.
Rhone-Poulenc manufactures a whole line of preblended surfactant specialties. It

includes:
Alkasurf WHC-347™ (waterless hand cleaner concentrate)

Miracare ANL™ (hand and body shampoo concentrate)
Rhodaterge 206C™ (upholstery cleaner concentrate)
38
Rhodaterge SMC™ (liquid laundry and dishwashing concentrate)

Rhodaterge RS-25™ (rug shampoo concentrate)
Rhodaterge CAN™ (heavy duty concentrate)
Rhodaterge DCA™ (industrial and household cleaner concentrate)
Rhodaterge FSC™ (fabric softener concentrate)
These pre-blends can be useful for someone just starting out in detergent compounding.
Less initial capital is needed, and the formulating work has been done for you. All you
need to do is dilute the pre-blend with water to produce your product.
Using LAS (Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid)
LAS is an economical surfactant commonly used in industrial formulations. It comes

most often in acid form and must be neutralized with a base to form SDDBS, or sodium
dodecyl benzene sulfonate. For liquid formulations it is a simple process.
For example, LAS can be neutralized with sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,
triethanolamine, and ammonium hydroxide.
The procedure is to add the water first, then the base, then follow with the LAS. Don't
add the LAS too fast. LAS is a fairly strong acid (pH 1.5) and during the neutralization
process heat is generated. You don't want the mixture to go over 120 degrees F, or the
detergent blend will darken. Also, don't add too much LAS and let the pH of your
detergent blend go below neutral. Keep checking the pH as you go and you'll be fine.
After you have neutralized the LAS, you can add any remaining ingredients. Of course, if
your formula is an acid based cleaner such as a phosphoric acid based metal cleaner, you
don't need to neutralize the LAS at all.
The approximate ratios to neutralize 10 gallons of LAS in the following 100 gallon
formulas are as follows:
NOTE: In all the following formulas, builders, hydrotropes, and other surfactants would
normally be added after the LAS is neutralized, but for simplicity I've left them out.
General Purpose Detergent
Using sodium hydroxide, 50% solution, to neutralize LAS
Ingredient Gallons
39
Water88.18
NaOH (50%) 1.82
LAS10.00
Note: Resulting formula contains 9.62% active SDDBS*
Using potassium hydroxide, 45% solution to neutralize LAS
Ingredient Gallons
Water 87
KOH (45%) 3
LAS 10
Note: Resulting formula contains 9.91% % active SDDBS*
Using ammonium hydroxide, 28% solution, to neutralize LAS
Ingredient Gallons
Water87.9
Ammonium hydroxide (28%) 2.1
LAS10.0
Using triethanolamine, 85%, to neutralize LAS
Ingredient Gallons
Water 84.44
TEA (85%) 5.56
LAS 10.00
40
*Note: the differences in actives content reflect the relative efficiency of the base used.
For example, looking at it this way:
To make 100 lbs of SDDBS, you need:
25.6 lbs NaOH (50%) + 97.1 lbs LAS= 100lbs SDDBS

(122.7 lbs of material to make 100 lbs active)
or
38.2 lbs KOH (45%) + 92.7 lbs LAS= 100 lbs SDDBS
(130.9 lbs to make 100 lbs active)
or
19.8 lbs ammonium hydroxide (28%) + 98.5 lbs LAS = 100 lbs SDDBS
or
42.1 lbs triethanolamine (85%) + 70.9 lbs LAS = 100 lbs SDDBS
The triethanolamine/LAS combination results in the best materials/actives ratio, which is

why in the above formulas the triethanolamine/LAS combination has the highest actives
content, even though the amount of LAS used was the same in each formula.
Incidentally, you can use the above neutralizing ratios to figure out the costs of producing
100 lbs of SDDBS by simply getting quotes per pound of the various bases and LAS and
doing the math.
Price per lb (approximate, supplier prices vary):
NaOH (50%) $0.36 per lb ($4.59 per gallon)
KOH (45%) $0.31 per lb ($3.75 per gallon)
Ammonium hydroxide (26%) $0.18 per lb ($1.51 per gallon)
Triethanolamine (85%) $0.88 per lb (8.26 per gallon)
LAS $0.85 per lb ($7.48 per gallon)
41
Calculating the relative per pound costs of neutralized LAS are as follows:
25.6 lbs NaOH (50%) + 97.1 lbs LAS= 100lbs SDDBS

(25.6 lbs x$0.36 = $9.22)
(97.1 lbs x $0.85 = $82.53)
$9.22 + $82.53 =$91.75 to produce 100 lbs of SDDBS, or $0.92 per lb using sodium
hydroxide (50%) as the base to neutralize the LAS.
Calculating the per pound cost using Potassium Hydroxide:
38.2 lbs KOH (45%) + 92.7 lbs LAS= 100 lbs SDDBS
(38.2 lbs x $0.31 = $11.84)
(92.7 lbs x $0.85 = $78.79)
$11.84 + $78.79 =$90.63 to produce 100 lbs of SDDBS, or $0.91 per lb using
potassium hydroxide (45%) as the base to neutralize the LAS.
Calculating the per pound cost using Ammonium Hydroxide:
19.8 lbs ammonium hydroxide (28%) + 98.5 lbs LAS = 100 lbs SDDBS
(19.8 lbs x$0.18 = $3.56)
(98.5 lbs x $0.85 = $83.72)
ammonium hydroxide (28%) as the base to neutralize the LAS.
Calculating the per pound cost using Triethanolamine:
42.1 lbs triethanolamine (85%) + 70.9 lbs LAS = 100 lbs SDDBS
(42.1 lbs x $0.88 = $37.05)
(70.9 lbs x $0.85 = $60.26)
triethanolamine (85%) as the base to neutralize the LAS.
As you can see, ammonium hydroxide (28%) is the cheapest way to neutralize LAS, but
there is a risk of free ammonia, that is, excess ammonia over and above what is needed to
42
neutralize the LAS, giving your formula an ammonia smell. If that is not objectionable,
then by all means use it. Sodium and potassium hydroxide are corrosive and could pose a
health risk if splashed onto your skin and eyes, and again, excess base could give your
formula too high of a pH. This can be corrected of course by adding more LAS acid.
Triethanolamine would be my choice because it is easy to work with, and any excess
TEA is beneficial to most formulas as a mild pH buffer, grease cutter, soil anti-
redeposition agent, and metal corrosion inhibitor.
The relative material cost per gallon of the formula, using the same pricing, would be as
follows:
Using sodium hydroxide, 50% solution, to neutralize LAS
Ingredient Gallons
Water88.18
NaOH (50%) 1.82
LAS10.00
Materials cost: $83.15 for 100 gallons, or $0.83 per gallon. Formula is 9.62% active.
Using potassium hydroxide, 45% solution to neutralize LAS
Ingredient Gallons
Water 87
KOH (45%) 3
LAS 10
Materials cost: $86.05 for 100 gallons, or $0.86 per gallon. Formula is 9.91% % active.
Using ammonium hydroxide, 28% solution, to neutralize LAS
Ingredient Gallons
Water87.9
LAS10.0
43
Materials cost: $77.97 for 100 gallons, or $0.78 per gallon. Formula is 10.22% active.
Using triethanolamine 85%, to neutralize LAS
Ingredient Gallons
Water 84.44
TEA (85%) 5.56
LAS 10.00
Materials cost: $120.67 per 100 gallons, or $1.21 per gallon. Formula is 14.73% active.
Again, the triethanolamine/LAS formula is more expensive, but the resulting actives
content is higher. Just for fun, if I wanted to use ammonium hydroxide (28%) for its
lower cost, but come out with the same actives content as the triethanolamine/LAS
formula, I could alter the formula accordingly:
Ingredient Gallons
Water82.7
LAS14.0
Note: Resulting formula contains 14.62% active SDDBS
Materials cost: $109.70 per 100 gallons, or $1.10 per gallon. .
The formula cost per gallon, compared on an actives basis, is actually fairly close
between the cheapest base, ammonium hydroxide, and the most expensive base,
triethanolamine. Which is another reason I would use triethanolamine to neutralize the
LAS.
LAS can also be used in powdered products. The process is a little more involved,
however, and requires dedicated powder mixers with the capability to spray the LAS onto
the powder as it is being blended. For the small compounder it is better to stick with
surfactants that are available in powdered form. LAS, for example, is available from
44
Stepan Company in a pre-neutralized, powdered form under the trademarked name

Nacconol 90G™. Pilot Chemical Company has their trademarked Calsoft F-90™, also a
pre-neutralized LAS. Both products are 90% active linear alkyl benzene sulfonates in
flake powder form.
LAS is usually used in conjunction with a nonionic surfactant. The LAS/nonionic

combination will produce better detergency than either product used alone. And adding
STPP as a builder greatly enhances the detergency of LAS on fatty soils.
Regulatory Information
This article appeared in the San Diego Union in October 2000:
Quick Action On Chemical Spill Praised By Officials
SANTEE---The accidental spillage of a compound used on false teeth and implants

caused the evacuation of a medical building in the 8700 block of Cuyamaca St., and tied
up traffic for several hours Tuesday afternoon.
The substance, known as methyl methacrylate, is a liquid polymer used for tooth
binding.
Eight ounces of the chemical were accidentally spilled in the office of Bradley K.
Silva, DDS around 3 p.m., bringing three fire engines from Santee, four from El Cajon,
several medical units and a Hazardous Materials Unit to the scene within minutes.
“It can cause headaches, respiratory tract irritation, and is a human

carcinogen,” said Santee Fire Chief Bob Pfohl. “Fortunately, only one person was
treated at the scene and released, and that was for a headache.”
After the fire brigades cleared, cleaned and ventilated the building, Hazardous
Materials handlers secured and checked the facility for fumes or other noxious gases
before declaring it safe to enter again.
“It was a very smart move to call 911 immediately after the spill occurred,” Pfohl
said. “Whoever did knew what that material would do and their quick action saved
everyone a lot of problems.”
___
45
I have included this article because it typifies the current over-regulation, hysteria, and
misinformation about chemicals. Eight ounces spilled brought 7 fire engines, a
Hazardous Materials team, medical personnel, caused the evacuation of an entire
building, and tied up traffic on a busy street for hours. The MSDS for Methyl
Methacrylate is included in Appendix D for review. The Health Rating is considered
“moderate.”
The regulation of chemical compounds is growing in scope every year. Local and state
governments are increasingly involved in the process, sometimes exceeding Federal
guidelines. However, basic detergents are mostly exempt from over-regulation, except for
three important exceptions.
First, if a cleaning compound is designed for use in federally inspected meat and poultry
plants, it must be evaluated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Look on some labels of cleaning products and you might see "USDA Authorized." This
means that the cleaning compound has been sanctioned as suitable for use in meat and
poultry processing plants. Federally inspected plants must use only USDA authorized
compounds. The procedure for obtaining USDA approval is fairly simple, and as yet does
not involve any fees. For complete information write to the USDA and request the USDA
Food Safety and Inspection Service Agriculture Handbook No. 562.
Secondly, if a cleaning compound makes any claim to disinfecting ability, it must be

registered with the Environmental Protection Agency. Unfortunately, registration
involves annual fees that can amount to several thousand dollars. Therefore, it pays to
give some thought about how your product will be marketed. For example, if your
product contains a quaternary ammonium compound it will have disinfecting ability. But
if you market it as a deodorizer you won't have to register it as a disinfectant. But beware:
make sure you don't make any claims of disinfecting ability on your label, advertising
literature, or even verbally, or you'll risk running afoul of the EPA.
A good example of this type of thinking is found on ordinary household bleach products.
Look close on the label of a brand name bleach and you'll see the EPA registration
numbers. The label will advertise the bleach as a cleaner, whitener, deodorizer, and
disinfectant. Look at a generic brand of household bleach and chances are the
manufacturer didn't bother with EPA registration. His label will advertise the bleach as a
cleaner, whitener, and deodorizer. The two products will be identical, but one is allowed
to advertise the disinfecting properties since it has been EPA registered.
There has been talk of expanding the registration requirements to products that claim to
deodorize, so make sure you check with the EPA, plus your state and local governments
46
for current information.
If you wish to go ahead and produce a disinfectant type product there is one other way to
go to avoid massive EPA testing and registration fees. Some chemical companies allow
co-registration if you use their formulas and products. For example, Stepan Company has
a complete "sub-registration" program available for manufacturers. You use their
formulas (and their products, of course) which have already been tested and registered
with the EPA. Contact Stepan Company for more information.
And the third area of common regulation is the use of phosphates. Some areas of the
country have banned phosphate based compounds. However, most of these bans apply to
household detergents only and not industrial detergents. For example, in the same state, a
phosphate based product intended for industrial steam cleaning may be exempt from the
ban, while a phosphate based product intended for home laundry may not be. Contact
your local regulatory authority for the rules governing phosphate use.
Those are the three main areas of regulation, but new ones are coming up every year. In
California the regulation is pretty burdensome and oftentimes exceeds Federal guidelines.
Some states have stringent label requirements regarding ingredient listing and warnings.
And local governments have sometimes jumped into the chemical regulation game by
requiring special permits and reports. It pays to check with your local city or county
government.
One word of advice though: you will undoubtedly receive conflicting information from
various sources, but don't be unduly alarmed. The current (and unjustified) hysteria about
"chemicals" has generated tremendous misinformation, and some of the people you will
be dealing with simply don't know what they are talking about. If you run into a
bureaucrat who thinks aerosols still destroy the ozone layer, or that all chemicals, by
definition, are "toxic" and "dangerous,” resist the urge to argue with him or her. Just
smile and ask for a copy of the current regulations in your part of the country. Then study
it to protect yourself.
Material Safety Data Sheets
Since 1986 the Federal government (OSHA) has required chemical manufacturers to
supply MSDSs to their customers, and employers to post, or make readily available,
MSDSs to their employees using chemical compounds. Every time you request a sample
or buy a raw material you will receive a MSDS for that product. As you receive these
MSDSs file them away in a neat, orderly fashion. You are required to have them readily
on-hand, even if you are a one-man business. If you have employees, make a three-ring
binder and keep it accessible to your employees. If you have Spanish speaking employees
47
who cannot read English request from your suppliers MSDSs that have been translated.
If you compound a product, that makes you a manufacturer and you are required to create
and provide a MSDS to give to your customers. Fortunately, OSHA has provided a
recommended format for MSDSs. This format is not required, but by using it you can
achieve some uniformity to your MSDSs. You do not have to give a MSDS every time
you sell the same product to the same customer, only the first time. I recommend on your
invoice that you put a little initial box that states the customer has received a MSDS for
the product. The first time he buys it, have him initial it then file that invoice away.
There are some basic terms that appear on MSDSs that you should be familiar with:
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Publishers of
Threshold Limit Values, which lists the TLVs of over 700 chemicals.
Acute Toxicity
The effects of one over-exposure to a chemical.
Boiling Point
Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas. Water has a boiling point of 212 degrees
F. If a material has a low boiling point, care must be taken to store it away from heat
sources.
Carcinogen
A substance that has been shown to cause cancer in animals, and is believed to cause
cancer in humans. Methylene chloride, for example, is considered a carcinogen. If your
formula contains more than .1% of methylene chloride, your product presents a
carcinogenic hazard under OSHA standards.
CAS
Stands for Chemical Abstracts Registry Number. This number positively identifies a
chemical, no matter how many different names it is known by. CAS numbers are not
required by OSHA on a MSDS, but are often included.
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act 0f 1980.
CERCLA provides a list of about 800 chemicals that must be reported to the EPA
National Response Center (NRC), if a reportable quantity (RP) is spilled.
Chemical Formula
The composition of a chemical expressed in chemical elements. For example, water is
48
comprised of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. It is expressed as H2O.
Chronic Toxicity
The effects of repeated exposure to a chemical over a long period of time.
Combustible
The terms combustible and flammable appear on MSDSs frequently. The difference is
that combustible refers to a chemical having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and
flammable means the flash point is below 100 degrees F.
Corrosive
A chemical that causes damage to living tissue. Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is
corrosive, as is sulfuric acid. If your product contains a corrosive chemical, you will need
to include this information on your MSDS. With products that are corrosive you will see
a warning “Do not induce vomiting if product is ingested.” The reason for this is that
regurgitation of a corrosive substance may produce additional damage to the throat and
mouth.
Dermal Toxicity
A term used for poisoning through skin contact alone. The ability of a chemical to induce
poisoning through skin contact alone may be increased if it has been dissolved into a
solvent/surfactant mixture.
Dermatitis
Skin irritation produced from contact with a material.
DOT
Department of Transportation. If there are special shipping requirements the MSDS will
list them.
Evaporation Rate
A chemical will have an evaporation rate (if applicable) expressed as a number relative to
the evaporation rate of butyl acetate, which is ranked as 1 (BuAc=1.0). If a chemical
evaporates faster than butyl acetate, the number will be higher. If the evaporation rate is
slower, the number will be less. Acetone rates a 5.6, common alcohol 1.4. Water rates a
.3.
Flammable Limits
Usually expressed as LEL (lower explosive limit) and UEL (upper explosive limit). If
only a little flammable vapor is released into a room, there is not enough fuel to support
ignition. When just enough flammable vapors are released into the air to support ignition,
49
the LEL has been reached. This would be the LEL. If too much flammable vapors are
released, there is not enough air to support ignition. This would be the UEL. The
concentration levels for LEL and UEL are expressed as percent fuel by volume.
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency.
Explosive
A material capable, under certain conditions, of exploding. For example, nitroglycerin
explodes very easily without much stimulus. Gasoline vapors form an explosive mixture
with air.
Flammable
A material having a Flash Point under 100 degrees F.
Flash Point
The temperature at which a liquid gives off a sufficient amount of vapors to support
combustion.
Hazardous Decomposition
Decomposition is the process of breaking down. Decomposition can be accelerated by
contact with air, heat, fire, or by reacting with other chemicals. A MSDS will list hazards
that may be created by the decomposition process.
Hygroscopic
A hygroscopic material absorbs water from the atmosphere, or other materials. Sodium
hydroxide is hygroscopic. An opened or unsealed container of sodium hydroxide begins
to absorb water fairly fast from moist air, forming a corrosive liquid and generating heat.
If sodium metasilicate pentahydrate is mixed with sodium hydroxide, the sodium
hydroxide will absorb the water present in the sodium metasilicate pentahydrate.
IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer. The IARC Monographs lists known and
probable carcinogens. The IARC Web site is www.iarc.fr/
Incompatible Materials
Materials that, when combined, produce a reaction that is hazardous to your health and
safety. For example, bleach is incompatible with ammonia, producing toxic gas when
combined. A MSDS will list incompatible materials.
Irritant
50
A material or chemical that produces an inflammatory effect on skins, eyes, and tissue.
LC50, 50% Lethal Concentration

A LC50 value is the concentration level in air needed to kill 50% of test animals. Usually
expressed in parts per million (ppm).
LD50, 50% Lethal Dose

A LD50 value is the amount of a chemical needed to kill 50% of test animals when given
in a single dose, usually injected or given orally.
Molecular Weight
The sum of the atomic weights (expressed in amus) of each atom in a chemical formula.
For example, the formula for water is H2O. That is two atoms of hydrogen combined
with one atom of oxygen. The atomic weight of hydrogen is 1 amu. The atomic weight of
oxygen is 16. Therefore the molecular weight is 1(x2) + 16= 18 amus. AMU stands for
atomic mass unit. The amu was defined by agreeing that the mass of one carbon-12 atom
equals 12 amus. Molecular weights will generally not be of any concern to the detergent
compounder, but I’ve included it here only as a reference.
Mutagen
A chemical that causes an increase in the rate of change (mutation) of genes. Mutagens
are not necessarily carcinogenic.
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Web address: www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html
NTP
National Toxicology Program (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). They
issue an annual report on carcinogens.
Oxidizer
A chemical that can cause other materials to combust more easily, and that can cause
materials to burn more intensely.
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limit. The OSHA regulated maximum amount of a chemical a
worker can be exposed to at one time.
Poison
A poison is a chemical that causes injury, illness, or death. A poison can be ingested,
51
absorbed through the skin, or inhaled.
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. This act gave the EPA authority over all
aspects of hazardous waste, including generation, transportation, treatment, and disposal.
RQ
Reportable Quantity. Every one of CERCLA’s hazardous chemicals has a reportable
quantity attached to it. It will be expressed as one of five levels: 1, 10, 100, 1000, or 5000
pounds. Anything spilled or released into the environment over the RQ level must be
reported to the EPA National Response Center.
SARA
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. This act broadened and increased the
scope of CERCLA.
Sensitizer
A chemical that causes people to develop an allergic reaction to that chemical after
repeated exposure. Once a person has become “sensitized,” even small amounts of the
chemical will irritate.
Specific Gravity
A measurement comparing the mass of a liquid to the mass of water, when both have the
same volume. The measurement is expressed as a ratio (water=1.0). So a pint of liquid
with a specific gravity of 1.2 will be 1.2 times heavier than a pint of water.
STEL
Short Term Exposure Limit. The amount of chemical a worker can be exposed to for a
short period of time without harm.
Teratogen
Chemical that causes a change or harms a fetus or embryo.
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976. This act requires the EPA to track over 75,000
industrial chemicals being produced or imported into the United States.
TWA
Time Weighted Average. A value that determines the OSHA regulated maximum
average exposure over an 8 hour work shift.
52
The following pages contain a sample of OSHA’s recommended MSDS form. It is not
required that you use their format. Following the OSHA form is a MSDS I used for my
Laser Degreaser. I liked to keep my MSDS forms simple whenever possible. When
promoting my product I used Product Information Sheets that were printed on both sides.
Side one was my promotional blurb about the wonderful features of my product, side two
contained the MSDS.
53
Material Safety Data Sheet U.S. Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health
May be used to comply with Administration
OSHA's Hazard Communication

(Non-Mandatory Form)
Standard,
29 CFR 1910.1200. Standard must be
Form Approved
consulted for specific requirements.
OMB No. 1218-0072
IDENTITY (As Used on Label and List) Note: Blank spaces are not permitted. If any
item is not applicable, or no information is
available, the space must be marked to
indicate that.
Section I
Manufacturer's Name Emergency Telephone Number
Address (Number, Street, City, State, and ZIP Telephone Number for Information
Code)
Date Prepared
Signature of Preparer (optional)
Section II - Hazard Ingredients/Identity Information
Hazardous Components (SpecificOSHA ACGIH Other Limits

Chemical Identity; Common Name(s)) PEL TLV Recommended %(optional)
Section III - Physical/Chemical Characteristics
Boiling Point Specific Gravity (H2O = 1)
54
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg.) Melting Point
Vapor Density (AIR = 1) Evaporation Rate

(Butyl Acetate = 1)
Solubility in Water
Appearance and Odor
Section IV - Fire and Explosion Hazard Data
Flash Point (Method Used) Flammable Limits LEL UEL
Extinguishing Media
Special Fire Fighting Procedures
Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards
(Reproduce locally) OSHA 174, Sept. 1985
Section V - Reactivity Data
Stability Unstable Conditions to Avoid
Stable
Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid)
55
Hazardous Decomposition or Byproducts
HazardousMay Occur Conditions to Avoid

Polymerization
Will Not
Occur
Section VI - Health Hazard Data
Route(s) of Entry: Inhalation? Skin? Ingestion?
Health Hazards (Acute and Chronic)
Carcinogenicity: NTP? IARC Monographs? OSHA Regulated?
Signs and Symptoms of Exposure
Medical Conditions
Generally Aggravated by Exposure
Emergency and First Aid Procedures
56
Section VII - Precautions for Safe Handling and Use
Steps to Be Taken in Case Material is Released or Spilled
Waste Disposal Method
Precautions to Be taken in Handling and Storing
Other Precautions
Section VIII - Control Measures
Respiratory Protection (Specify Type)
Ventilation Local Exhaust Special
Mechanical (General) Other
Protective Gloves Eye Protection
Other Protective Clothing or Equipment
Page 2 * U.S.G.P.O.: 1986 - 491 - 529/45775
57
Laser Degreaser (Material Safety Data Sheet)
Section I Manufacturer
Pac-Chem
1456 N. Magnolia Ave
El Cajon CA 92019
Ph. (619) 222-5555
Section II Hazardous Ingredients
Glycol Ether (OSHA PEL-25ppm)

Nonionic surfactantNo established limits
Section III Physical Characteristics
Boiling Point 212 degrees F. Specific Gravity (H2O=1) Approximately 1.1

Solubility in water Complete Vapor Pressure N/A Melting Point N/A
Evaporation Rate (butyl acetate=1) N/A
Appearance and Odor Water-based liquid detergent, red liquid, water consistency,
slight glycol ether odor
Section IV Fire and Explosion Hazard Data
Product is non-flammable. No special fire fighting procedures needed.
Section V Reactivity Data
Stability Product is stable. Do not mix with any other chemicals. Avoid storing in high
temperatures or freezing, to avoid separation.
Hazardous Decomposition None
Hazardous Polymerization Will not occur
Section VI Health Hazard Data
Routes of Entry Inhalation, ingestionHealth Hazards May cause acute eye

irritation if splashed into eyes. May irritate skin. Ingestion may cause nausea and
vomiting. No chronic effects known.
Carcinogenicity None OSHA Regulated No
Signs of Overexposure EYES: redness, irritation SKIN: redness, drying, itching
58
Medical Conditions Aggravated by Exposure None known

Emergency and First Aid Procedures EYES: Rinse well with water for 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists. SKIN: wash affected area with mild soap and
water.
Section VII Precautions For Safe Handling and Use
Steps To Be Taken in Case Material is Released or Spilled: Contain spill, keep from
entering streams or rivers. Contained product may be collected and disposed into
municipal sewer system.
Waste Disposal Method: Flush to sewer system
Precautions to be Taken in Handling and Storage Avoid freezing and heat. Product
may undergo separation. Stirring will restore product uniformity.
Other Precautions None
Section VIII Control Measures
Respiratory Protection (Specify type) None needed if ordinary ventilation is provided

Ventilation Local exhaust Protective Glove Gloves recommended if repeated skin
contact will occur Eye Protection If splashing will occur, or any risk of eye contact is
present, goggles are recommended
Other Protective Clothing or Equipment None Work/Hygenic Practices Always
provide good ventilation and minimize skin contact to avoid excessive skin dryness
59
Environmental Concerns
Contrary to popular belief, almost all detergent formulations are biodegradable. Some
products, as a marketing ploy, paste BIODEGRADABLE! all over the label, leaving
consumers to believe that other products may not be. But since 1964 chemical companies
have used LAS surfactants which readily biodegrade. The problem today is that the word
"chemical" has been made synonymous with "toxic" and "dangerous" regardless of
individual properties. Therefore, if one is in the "chemical" business, it conjures up
images of dirty factories and midnight dumping of drums near school yards, etc...
The truth is that environmental concerns need not be ignored, and, in fact, can be
advanced by the responsible use and control of chemical compounds. In fact, safe
formulations are being produced every day designed to replace older, more dangerous
formulations. The biggest opportunities for the chemical formulator are in creating
alternate, safer products for consumer and industrial use.
The chemical formulator himself needs to be responsible in his manufacturing

techniques. There should never be any direct discharge into the environment.
Biodegradable or not, the Clean Water Act of 1980 forbids anything but rain water and
irrigation water into lakes, streams, oceans, and storm drains. Local sewer departments
will almost always allow the discharge of water-based soaps and detergents into the
sewer drains without special permits, although some sewer departments require that the
pH be between 5 and 11. Therefore, the rinse water from mixing tanks should be
disposed of into the sewer system and not dumped onto the ground. A containment
system surrounding the mixing tank, especially if it is more than 55 gallons, should be set
up in case the tank topples or leaks. Empty (well-drained) drums of raw materials need to
be stored properly on their side, with the bungs screwed in. The chemical suppliers will
usually pick them up for you at no charge, so don't let them pile up on the premises. Raw
materials need to be protected from vandals who may destructively dump chemicals into
the environment. And the manufacturing process should be done in a neat, orderly
fashion to minimize spills, which, should they occur, need to be cleaned up promptly.
Your manufacturing facility should always look orderly and tidy. Neighbors tend to be
suspicious of chemical manufacturers and they can cause trouble. I’ve had to deal with
inspectors who came around asking questions because of anonymous tips from
“concerned citizens.” The DEA even came by one night when I was working late to
search my shop. It seems someone had seen the drums of glycol ether and thought I must
have been manufacturing methamphetamine. They confused the glycol ether for ether,
which the druggies use for drug manufacturer. Fortunately, I was able to convince them
that I only manufactured detergents.
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Pricing
I've included a ballpark list of raw material prices here. I say ballpark because prices do
vary, sometimes by outrageous amounts. Please don’t go around showing suppliers this
book and insisting on these prices. Use these prices as estimates only.
If you call over the phone to a supplier for a quote, you are likely to get the "A" list
pricing, or rather, the highest price a supplier thinks he can get. If you call and ask for
one of the sales representatives to set up an appointment to discuss your chemical needs,
you will be treated as a potential account and the prices quoted will be much more
reasonable.
One of the favorite sales tricks is to offer "10 drum pricing" even though you will be
buying only one drum or two at a time. Don't feel anyone is doing you a favor here.
Remember, you are the customer. They need you. Negotiate the best prices you can, and
by all means shop around. If possible, however, try to buy everything from one supplier.
If a supplier feels you are loyal to him, he is more likely to treat you better. Also, a
supplier you have built a relationship with will be more helpful with inside information
and how-to advice, which can prove very valuable indeed.
Every sales rep I've ever dealt with positively bleeds over the discount prices he is forced
to give you. Let him bleed. If he wasn't making money he wouldn't sell to you. I had a
sales rep who absolutely insisted I was receiving rock-bottom prices. Then one day one
of his delivery drivers dropped off a sealed envelope containing the latest price quote
sheet for my review. The only problem was that the quote sheet was for a company called
"Pro-Chem." My company was called "Pac-Chem.” A honest mistake by the driver, and I
of course forwarded the quote sheet off to Pro-Chem. Did I open the envelope? Did I
look at the price quotes my competitor was receiving? Did I compare item by item every
single product's price and compare it to my price? Did I casually mention to my sales rep
I hoped I was receiving the same pricing as my competitors, for example, Pro-Chem?
What do you think? As I said, get the best price you can, and let them moan.
The following prices are per pound, unless otherwise noted. For liquid products, look in
Appendix A to get the pounds per gallon for a particular product, then multiply by the
per pound price to determine the per gallon price. In the first list the products are divided
into categories to make price comparisons easy. I have also separated glycol ethers from
other solvents for the same reason.
When looking at a potential formula, compound it on paper first using these prices as a
starting point. Then, if the numbers are right, request samples and try making some trial
batches for evaluation.
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NOTE: these quotes are for 55 gallon drum quantities, unless otherwise noted.
Remember, however, a 55 gallon drum may contain only 52 gallons or so. Expect to pay
twice the price for 5 gallon quantities, and triple the price for 1 gallon quantities. These
prices are not absolute,-different distributors will have different prices. But generally
speaking, you should be able to count on being fairly close to the prices listed here.
By Category
Acids
Citric Acid, Anhydrous Granular $0.95 per pound

Hydrochloric Acid $0.11 per pound
Oleic Acid $0.80 per pound
Phosphoric Acid 75% $0.39 per pound
Phosphoric Acid 85% $0.69 per pound
Alkanolamides
Avamid 150™ $5.98 per pound

Calamide C™ $0.85 per pound
Monamid 150-GLT™ $1.80 per pound
Monamid 716™ $1.92 per pound
Monamine I-76™ $1.72 per pound
Ninol 40CO™ $0.88 per pound
Bases
Aqua Ammonia 26 Degree $0.18 per pound

Caustic Potash 50% Solution $0.25 per pound
Caustic Soda 50% Solution $0.18 per pound
Caustic Soda Beads (50 pound bag) $0.36 per pound
Monoethanolamine 85% $0.77 per pound
Triethanolamine 85% $0.78 per pound
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Builders
EDTA, 60% Solution $0.71 per pound

EDTA $1.75 per pound
Monosodium Phosphate $0.88 per pound
Soda Ash $0.15 per pound
Sodium Gluconate $0.72 per pound
Sodium Metasilicate Anhydrous $0.51 per pound
Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate $0.35 per pound
Sodium Nitrate $0.26 per pound
Sodium Orthosilicate $0.55 per pound
Sodium Silicate 40% Solution $0.18 per pound
Sodium Trypolyphosphate $0.60 per pound
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate $0.63 per pound
Trisodium Phosphate Crystal $0.45 per pound
Trisodium Phosphate Anhydrous $0.75 per pound
Glycol Ethers
Arcosolve PTB™ Glycol Ether $0.47 per pound

Butyl Cellosolve™ $0.58 per pound
Glycol Ether EB $0.55 per pound
Hexyl Carbitol™ $1.95 per pound
Hydrotropes
Monafax 1283 $1.80 per pound

Cedephos FA 600 $1.60 per pound
Sodium Xylene Sulfonate 40% $0.49 per pound
Preservatives
BTC 2125™ $2.25 per pound
Silicones
346 Silicone™ (Dow Corning) $4.85 per pound

63
Solvents
Acintene DP 738™ $0.75 per pound

Aromatic 100™$3.30 pg
Cycle Sol 63 $1.85 per gallon
Deodorized Kerosene $1.85 per gallon
Isopropyl Alcohol $0.45 per pound
Methanol $1.95 per gallon
Pine Oil 85% $0.82 per pound
Propylene Glycol (Industrial Grade) $0.84 per pound
Specialty
Acusol 445N™$0.80 per pound

Alox 111™ $0 .77 per pound
Alox 164™ $1.49 per pound
Alox 488™$0.96 per pound
Alox 1680™ $0.85 per drum
Alox 2213C™ $1.35 per pound
Aqualox 2295™-50 $0.77 per pound
Glycerin 96% $0.96 per pound
Monacor 39™ $2.58 per pound
Monastat 1195™ $8.73 per pound
Monamulse 653-C $1.16 per pound
Monamulse 947™ $1.85 per pound
Pumice ½ Grade $0.35 per pound
Ucarcide 250™ $1.40 per pound
Surfactants
Bio-Terge AOS-40™ $0.75 per pound

Calfoam SEL-60™ $0.81 per pound
Detergent Concentrate 840™ $1.64 per pound
LAS-99 $0.88 per pound
Monamate LA-100™ $8.28 per pound
Monaterge ALX-100S $1.67 per pound
Monaterge 779 $1.90 per pound
Monaterge 85™ $1.89 per pound
Monaterge LMM-30™ $1.51 per pound
Monateric CA-35™ $1.33 per pound
Monaterge LF-945 $1.95 per pound
64
Monateric CyNa-50™ $1.82 per pound

Monawet MO66-150 $1.76 per pound
Monawet MO-70E™ $1.80 per pound
Nacconol 40G™ $0.85 per pound
Nacconol 90G $1.29 per pound
Ninol 11-CM $1.10 per pound
NP-9 $0.73 per pound
Petro 22 (powder) $1.55 per pound
Steol CS-460™ $1.10 per pound
Surfonic N-40 $0.89 per pound
Tergitol NP-9™ $0.82 per pound
Triton X-100™ $1.38 per pound
Triton X-102™ $1.49 per pound
Putting It All Together
This is where detergent formulating becomes fun. The formulator can use his/her
creativity to develop specialized products for themselves, or to sell to a specific market.
To illustrate, let’s say we wanted to develop a product for the automotive repair industry.
The most common need in that industry is a good cleaner/degreaser. They use it for the
floors, equipment, engines, parts, etc…The cleaner has to be good at cutting grease and
oil. For the floors, a powder formula works well, so let’s start with a simple formula
based on sodium metasilicate. To soften the water and to promote better rinsing lets add a
few percent of sodium trypolyphosphate. A surfactant will aid in emulsifying the grease
and oil so we’ll add a bit of powdered LAS for simplicity. So to start we will try:
Sodium Metasilicate 90
LAS (powdered form such as Stepan’s Nacconol 40G™) 5
This is a very simple formula to start, but maybe we can improve it. Nacconol 40G™ is
only 40% active, so if we switch to Nacconol 90G™ we can more than double the
surfactant level without taking anything else out. So now we have this formula:
65
Nacconol 90G™ 5
Maybe we could improve the way the formula dissolves in water, making it faster
dissolving by substituting sodium metasilicate pentahydrate for the sodium metasilicate.
But the pentahydrate doesn’t have quite the bite the anhydrous sodium metasilicate does,
so let’s take about 20% of the sodium metasilicate pentahydrate out and replace it with
trisodium phosphate. So now we have this:

Trisodium Phosphate 20
LAS (powdered form such as Stepan’s Nacconol 40G™) 5
But TSP precipitates hardness ions, making our formula harder to rinse. We have some
STPP in there, but maybe a little more would help. So let’s take out another 5% of the
sodium metasilicate, and replace it with more STPP. Now we have:

Nacconol 90G™ 5
The next step would be to test the original formula side by side with the “evolved”
formula to see if the changes were worth it. Compare the relative cost of each product
and decide if the improved product’s performance justifies the added expense.
How about a liquid cleaner/degreaser? A basic formula would be to start with a 10%
surfactant solution such as this:
Water 90
Nonionic surfactant (such as Union Carbide’s Tergitol NP-9™ 10
Of course, we know we can greatly improve the performance of this formula by adding
66
builders, so let’s add sodium trypolyphosphate and sodium metasilicate, since these two
builders work synergistically. But how much? We could start with 1% of each, without
fear of “knocking” the surfactant out of solution, so the formula will look like this:
Water 88
Tergitol NP-9™ 10
For heavy grease and oil it would be better to add more of the builders. A hydrotrope
such as sodium xylene sulfonate can be added to stabilize everything, but it doesn’t add
detergency. But it is cheap to use. So I could try this:
Water 80
Tergitol NP-9™ 10
SXS 4
Instead of using SXS, I could add a phosphate ester such as Triton QS-44™, which
serves as a hydrotrope and surfactant. I will have to neutralize it since it is supplied as an
acid. So now the formula might become:
Water 81.5
Tergitol NP-9™ 10
Triton QS-44™ 2
Sodium Hydroxide .5
As long as I have to neutralize the QS-44, should we start to think about using LAS?
Since LAS and nonionics work well together, why don’t we think about removing half of
the Tergitol NP-9™ and replacing it with the LAS?
So now we have:
Water 81
Sodium hydroxide (to neutralize the LAS and phosphate ester) 1
67
LAS (such as Stepan’s Bio-Soft S-100) 5

Triton QS-44™ 2
Tergitol NP-9™ 5
It might be that 1% sodium hydroxide is not sufficient to neutralize the LAS and Triton
QS-44™. Maybe more, or less, is needed. How do you tell? By experimenting with small
quantities and checking the results with a pH meter as you go.
Since grease and oil are the targeted soils, maybe a glycol ether should be added. By
taking out 10% of the water and replacing it with Butyl Cellosolve™, the grease cutting
properties will be improved. The final formulation may look like this:
Water 71
Sodium hydroxide (to neutralize the LAS and phosphate ester) 1
LAS (such as Stepan’s Bio-Soft S-100) 5
Triton QS-44™ 2
Tergitol NP-9™ 5
Butyl Cellosolve™ 10
After all the changes, you may wonder if this formula is any better than the Laser
Cleaner/Degreaser formula I had developed and sold to just about every automotive
shop in town. The answer is, I don’t know. On paper the formula looks better. But I have
never tested the two formulas against each other. Does the extra complication, and
possibly cost, of this formula justify itself? This is the question every formulator must be
constantly asking himself as he develops products.
A basic rule of thumb is this: if you are formulating products for your own use, make the
best you can. You will always save money by formulating your own products, and since
you will be the one using it, the product will be used correctly. If you are formulating
products for profit, watch your bottom line. A cheaper product sometimes outsells the
better one because of marketing techniques, and the consumers are sometimes resistant to
paying more for products that are hard to evaluate in their eyes. Powdered laundry
detergent is powdered laundry detergent to many people, regardless of what you explain
about surfactants, builders, chelating agents, etc…
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Marketing & Pricing
After developing a product for sale it has to be marketed, which is just a fancy way of
saying you have to sell it to somebody to make any money. So what is the best way? I’ve
found over the years of selling chemicals that the best way, by far, is to put the product in
the consumers’ hands and let them use it. No surprise here, but most companies make the
mistake of handing out little sample packets that they think will wow the customer into
buying. This is not effective. When I wanted to sell an automotive repair facility on my
product, I gave it to them first. Not a small sample, but in 5 gallon pails, 100 lb drums, 55
gallon drums, whatever they were used to buying. They used it every day, they stopped
buying from my competitor (why buy when they had just been given a free supply?), and
most importantly, they got used to my product. I would come around on a regular basis
and check on their progress, and I would certainly be there for re-order time. It is
amazing how many times I would ask for an initial order and the owner of the shop
would ask his guys “is the stuff any good?”, and his guys would shrug and say “not bad,”
which is employee-speak for “it’s as good as anything else we’ve used,” and I would get
the order and all the subsequent orders.
By selling product this way I took advantage of the weak spots of my competitors. The
average chemical salesman can’t give away product, not without the sales manager
climbing on his back and crying about profit and loss margins. The average chemical
salesman has to charge ridiculously high prices to earn a decent commission on the sale.
If he discounts his price, his commission takes disproportionate hits. I considered the cost
of the product I gave away my advertising costs, which I made up on my first sale. Just so
you know, I did try the 8 ounce sample bottle technique, dropping off hundreds around
town. I would go to sleep at night thinking that if I could just get 1 out of ten accounts I
would be doing well. But I got tired of coming back and seeing my sample bottles with
the nice label and literature on the shelf, collecting dust, along with a hundred others. Or
worse, the sample would be gone and nobody remembered anything.
Sometimes you have to challenge your customer. There was a company called Laidlaw
Waste Systems that was buying up every portable toilet company in town. They had a
lock on the business, practically, and every chemical supplier in town wanted the
deodorant business. I got it, and here is how I did it.
When calling on the account I had noticed literally dozens of samples on the buyer’s
desk. I asked if he was testing or evaluating the products. His answer was that first, he
checked for formaldehyde free products, since the company wanted to get away from
that. Other than that there were too many products to deal with. I asked him if he wanted
to set up a fair test that once and for all would settle the question over whose product was
best. I explained that 8-10 portable toilets could be set up in the yard area and each one
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would be charged with a deodorant product, exactly according to the manufacturer’s

specifications. Then raw sewage (obtained from their septic tank pump-out service)
would be added, the same amount in every toilet. Each day he could evaluate the odor
control until a clear cut winner was decided.
The test was set up and after one week he invited me to view, or rather, smell the results.
I did not know which toilet contained my product, and the buyer asked me to rate each
toilet based on odor. Some were so bad I almost passed out, two were decent, but one was
completely odor free even after a week in the sun. I, of course, selected that one as the
clear-cut winner, as had the buyer. I suspected it was my formulation, since he had called
me up, but this particular buyer was very straight faced and hard to read. But sure
enough, it was my product and I began receiving 10 drum orders every month from then
on. My price, compared to others, was middle to the high side of the road. But as the
buyer explained, my product worked, and anyway, the cost of chemically charging a
portable toilet is really only a few cents per rental.
There will be times, however, when it is impossible to sell somebody. I had one prospect
where I dropped off one of my products, a low foaming hot tank cleaner, that I knew to
be superior and cheaper than what they were currently using. After using it the prospect
claimed it wasn’t as good, which, I felt, was impossible. I had looked at his current
product and saw that it was loaded with cheap soda ash, whereas mine contained more
expensive STPP. Other accounts I had had verified my opinion of my product’s
effectiveness.
I told the potential prospect I would return with another, improved product. I went and
bought some of my competitor’s product, repackaged it into my container, and then
dropped off the “new” sample. One week later I returned and asked for his opinion. The
result? “Well, it’s O.K., but still not as good as my usual stuff. Leaves too much residue,
in fact, your first sample was better.” I didn’t tell him what I had done since exposing a
man as a fool only makes an enemy, and besides, I had my answer. This prospect, for
whatever reason, was not going to change his supplier. Maybe the salesman was his
brother-in-law, who knows, but he was loyal, and that was that.
When selling to government accounts, who usually buy through the low-bid system, price
will be the determining factor. You will need to provide a cheap product, without it
looking cheap. This was why I developed PAC-KLEEN. It was inexpensive to make, but
due to its viscosity and fragrance, it appeared to be a much more concentrated product. I
had the most success with PAC-KLEEN in school districts. The janitors loved the smell.
The most common mistake in marketing a chemical product is branching off too fast. It is
better to create one product, and then push that product until you have a good solid base
70
of customers. Don’t be tempted to create a whole line of products, especially in the

beginning. You’ll be stretched out too far, and your raw material supplies will be too
diverse and eat up all your free capital. Look at companies like WD-40 and Simple
Green. All their marketing was designed to push one product until they became
household names. Only then did they branch out.
Stay in your field of expertise. If you are a carpet cleaner, develop a carpet cleaning
detergent. Sell it to other carpet cleaners. If you are a steam cleaner, develop a steam
cleaning detergent. Sell it to other steam cleaners. Your expertise will show through, and
people respect that.
If you want to become rich, identify a common problem and find a way to solve it. For
example, when I first started my chemical manufacturing business, I worked at the
business during the day, and worked as a janitor for a school district at night. Want to
know what really irritates janitors at an elementary school? Glue. Specifically, Elmer’s
Glue. In the carpet, on the desk tops, everywhere. It has to be scraped or picked out to get
rid of it. Develop a spray-on product that would dissolve Elmer’s Glue easily, sell it to
elementary school districts nation wide, and retire early. I experimented a little by drying
quarter sized chips on glue on a Formica table top, scraping them off and dropping them
into beakers of different chemicals to see the effects. I discovered ammonia seems to
work a little, but the smell is too strong. My next step would be to try a detergent that
contains a little diethanolamide, maybe, and a glycol ether. I never followed up on it so I
never became rich. But maybe you can.
What if you approached a zoo with a cleaner based on diluted Alpha-Step ML-40? This
is a surfactant with outstanding non-toxic qualities. Shouldn’t they be using such a
cleaner? How about kennels, animal hospitals, etc...?
How about this idea: manufacture a good, basic detergent and sell it to cleaning
maintenance companies. The angle? Sell it right from the tank by the gallon. They come
with their own containers (which you could also sell) and fill up, right from the tank.
They could probably save 50% on chemical costs, and you save the hassle of deliveries
and packaging.
I ride a motorcycle and I’ve always wanted an easy way to clean the spokes on the
wheels. How about a spray-on product that contains phosphoric acid, say about 15-20%,
some LAS surfactant, D’Limonene or mineral spirits, a corrosion inhibitor, and maybe a
high foaming surfactant to give it some eye appeal? Simply spray on, let sit, then hose
off. If the D’Limonene or mineral spirits content were high enough it would be a real
road-grime buster, and the phosphoric acid would make the spokes shine. Some testing
would be required, of course, but once you got it right think of the potential market. Any
71
motorcycle dealership who needs to clean used motorcycles for sale would be a potential
customer.
Instead of manufacturing a detergent, can you use your chemical knowledge to solve
another problem? I saw an aerosol can of leaf spray that gives a shine to indoor plants.
The label stated that the product contained an additive that tasted bitter, thus discouraging
young children from eating the leaves of potentially poisonous plants. In the Ingestion
Deterrents section, you read about an additive to make products taste bitter. Using that
additive, how about producing a product designed to be sprayed on outdoor gardens and
plants to discourage pests like rabbits, deer, birds, etc...? It could be a powder form that is
mixed in water, and then sprayed. Or maybe a liquid product, a concentrated form
designed to be diluted. Maybe if a small percentage of mineral oil is emulsified into the
solution, using a non-toxic surfactant, the product would last longer.
How much should you charge for your product? As a rule of thumb, try to triple your
money. For example, if a product costs 80 cents a gallon to make, and 50 cents a gallon
to bottle, charge $3.90 per gallon. ($0.80 + $0.50= $1.30 x 3 = $3.90 per gallon). I
guarantee you, if you manufacture and sell direct, no one will be able to match your
pricing. Use your refractometer to analyze competitors’ products. Show your potential
customers that the product they are buying is only 15% actives, while yours is 20% and
cost less (probably).
On bid items, which usually involve a decent quantity of product, try to double your
money. With bulk drum sales, charge a deposit for the drums, and figure your costs on
material costs only. On the PTA product, I charged 6.50 per gallon. The product costs
were $3.50 per gallon, so I made $3.00 per gallon, $165.00 on a 55 gallon drum,
$1650.00 per 10 drum order. It required less than three hours to make ten drums (550
gallons, or one tank full) of product and deliver it. I didn’t deliver it myself; I paid a local
freight company $125.00 to do it for me. It was only an 8 mile distance, but I didn’t have
a truck big enough to hold 10 drums.
I sold individual drums of PTA to smaller portable toilet companies for $9.00 per gallon.
However, most of the smaller companies still used formaldehyde products.
I sold Laser Degreaser in 30 gallon drums to a 14 unit chain of oil change shops, and I
doubled my material costs easily. I even threw in a cheap plastic drum pump with each
order. Eventually almost every oil change facility in San Diego was buying my product.
For the smaller manufacturer it is better to sell in bulk. Stay away from small accounts
that nickel and dime you to death. Don’t package in 1 gallon containers, go 5 gallons and
bigger. Set up minimums for free delivery; don’t run around town with small orders
72
(under $75.00). It won’t pay off. Find accounts that buy chemicals by the drum, or large
quantities of 5 gallon pails. Be aggressive in your pricing, but not for small accounts.
Small accounts will run out to Smart & Final or Home Depot to buy a few gallons if you
aren’t right there at order time. Big accounts tend to lock you in as their regular supplier.
73
FORMULARY
The following formulas were taken from manufacturers' literature and from my own
private formula book. These formulations should be used as a study guide. Neither the
manufacturers listed in this book nor myself claim any responsibility for the use of these
formulations. The best way to use this formulary or any other is to study the formulas,
then contact the manufacturers for more information and samples of their products.
Always make a trial batch first to test the suitability of any formulation.
Read the information given in Appendix A for each ingredient. This will give you a
better understanding of the formula.
Acid Aluminum Cleaner
Source: Pilot Chemical
Calsoft LAS-99™(Pilot) 3
Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) 4
Phosphoric Acid (85%) 3
Citric Acid 4
Water 85.95
Sodium Chromate .05
Add the water, then the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Calsoft LAS-99™. Add the Phosphoric
and Citric acids next. Add the sodium chromate last.
Acid Metal Cleaner #1
Source: BASF Corporation
Water 86
Ethylene glycol butyl ether 4
Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) 3
Add the water, then the Phosphoric Acid and Glycol Ether. Add the Plurafac D-25™
last. The Glycol Ether can be any number of different types, although Butyl Cellosolve™
74
(Union Carbide) will probably be the most readily available. This is a very simple,
effective metal cleaner that isn't too harsh. The Plurafac D-25™ is a relatively non-toxic
linear alcohol ethoxylate, 100% active, biodegradable, with a HLB of 10. The amount of
Phosphoric Acid can be increased if desired.
Add in order listed.
Acid Metal Cleaner #2
Source: Urban Formulas
Water 74
Citric Acid 10
Ethylene Glycol Methyl Ether 6
Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) 10
Acidic Rust & Oil Remover #1
Source: Union Carbide
Glycol Ether 5
Triton N-101™ (Union Carbide) 1
Water 80
Add the water to the tank, followed by the acid, glycol ether and Triton N-101™ . In this
formula, the Triton N-101™ serves primarily as a wetting agent, allowing the glycol
ether and phosphoric acid to work faster and more effectively. Triton N-101™ is a
nonionic surfactant containing 9 moles of ethylene oxide, and is an excellent detergent
for hard surfaces. This formula is probably best suited as a spray and wipe cleaner for
oily and/or lightly rusted metal surfaces.
Acidic Rust & Oil Remover #2
Source: Pilot Chemical Company
LAS 4
75
Sodium Hydroxide0.53
Water91.47
Calamide C™ (Pilot)2.0
Pilot SXS-96 (Pilot)2.0
Add the water first, then dissolve the Sodium Hydroxide. Be careful working with
Sodium Hydroxide as it is corrosive to skin and eyes. Add the LAS next. After the LAS
is neutralized, add the Calamide C™, then the SXS. Calamide C™ is a coconut
diethanolamide. It provides extra detergency, stable foam, and viscosity to a formula. The
Pilot SXS-96 is a powdered form of Sodium Xylene Sulfonate, 96% active.
Aircraft Cleaner #1
Source: PQ Corporation
Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation) 30

STPP 30
Ammonium Bifluoride 8
TSPP 20
Sodium Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate 8
Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate Powder 4
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Petro 22™ (Witco) can be used as the Sodium
Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate, and Calsoft F-90™ (Pilot) as the Sodium Alkylaryl
Sulfonate. Metso Pentabead 20™ is the PQ Corporation trade marked name for Sodium
Metasilicate Pentahydrate.
Aircraft Cleaner #2
Source: BASF
Sodium Carbonate 21
Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate (60%) 3
Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) 1
Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate to the powder mixer. While
tumbling spray on the Klearfac AA-270™. Add the Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate and
76
Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate last.
Alkaline Liquid Cleaner
Source: Stepan Company
Ninol 1301™ (Stepan) 10

Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate 5
Stepanate X™ (Stepan) 8
Water 67
Add the water first, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and Sodium Metasilicate
Pentahydrate. Add the Stepanate X™ (SXS) and Ninol 1301™ last. Ninol 1301™ is
supplied as a light yellow soft wax. This formula will have a medium to high viscosity.
All Purpose Cleaner #1
D-Limonene 35.0
Deodorized Kerosene 53.0
Ninate 411 (Stepan) 5.0
Makon 4™ (Stepan) 3.0
Lanolin 2
Charge tank with d-Limonene and kerosene. Add remaining ingredients in the order
shown above while mixing slowly. Continue mixing until clear. Essentially, this formula
is an excellent solvent/surfactant blend that is emulsifiable with water. The combination
of kerosene and D'Limonene gives higher solvency power than kerosene alone, but it is
better to go with D'Limonene alone and have a completely biodegradable product, or go
with the kerosene alone for the lower cost.
77
Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) 4.0

Triton H-66™ (Union Carbide) 5.0
Sodium Hydroxide (50%) 4.0
Sodium Silicate 14.0
Trisodium Phosphate 1.6
Water 71.4
Add the water, then the TSP, Sodium Silicate, and Sodium Hydroxide solution. Add the
Triton H-66™ and Triton XL-80N™ next. The Sodium Silicate could be N Sodium
Silicate (PQ Corporation). The TSP softens water by precipitation. To sequester water
hardness ions so they can be rinsed away without redeposition try adding 1-3% STTP or
EDTA to this formula.
D.I. (deionized) Water 77

Metsobead 2048 (PQ Corporation) 1
Stepanol WA Special™ (Stepan) 3
Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) 2
Glycol Ether 10
SXS 5
Monoethanolamine 2
Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Stepanol WA Special™ (Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate) will add some foaminess to this product, as the Ninol 11-CM™ is normally low
to medium foaming.
D.I. Water 82
TKPP 3
78
Sodium Gluconate 1
Ethanolamine (MEA) 1
Triton X-102™ (Union Carbide) 2
Glycol Ether 8
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Ninol 11-CM™ is not considered a fast wetting
agent, but it does have good detergent characteristics. The Triton 102 is a good wetting
agent, however, and the combination of these two surfactants produces good results.
All Purpose Cleaner #5 (low foam)

SXS (40%) 4
Water 77
Add the water, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and TSP. Add the SXS, then the
Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™. The Tergitol NP-9 is an excellent general
purpose surfactant that like most nonionics is considered low foaming. If more foam was
desired, a little Sodium Lauryl Sulfate could be added (1-3%).
All Purpose Cleaner #6 (medium foam)

Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate 3
SXS (40%) 4
Water 77
79
Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ and Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate. The
Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate adds extra detergency and foam to the formula. The
Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate used could be Calsoft F-90™ (Pilot).
All Purpose Cleaner #7 (ammoniated)

SXS (40%) 4
Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) 1.5
Water 75.5
Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ . Add the ammonia last. If the ammonia level
was tripled this formula could become a wax stripper.
.
All Purpose Cleaner #8 (medium foam)
Butyl Carbitol™ (Union Carbide) 8

Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide) 2
SXS (40%) 4
Water 77
Butyl Carbitol™, Tergitol NP-9™, and Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate. The Sodium
Alkylbenzene Sulfonate used could be Calsoft F-90™ (Pilot), which is a powder, or it
could be Calsoft L-40 (Pilot), which is a 40% active liquid. Butyl Carbitol™ differs
from Butyl Cellosolve™ in that it has a higher flash point (Butyl Cellosolve™ 145
80
degrees F, Butyl Carbitol™ 214 degrees F) and evaporates slower. In a formula that is
designed to "sit" a while, for example a wax stripper, this can be advantageous.
.
All Purpose Cleaner #9 (phosphate free, low foam)

EDTA 4
SXS (40%) 5
Water 75
Add the water, then the EDTA and Sodium Metasilicate. Add the SXS, Butyl
Cellosolve™, and Tergitol NP-9™ next. The EDTA serves as the chelating agent,
instead of STTP or other complex phosphate.
All Purpose Cleaner #10 (phosphate free, medium foam)

EDTA 4
SXS (40%) 5
Water 75
Add the water, then the EDTA and Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the SXS,
Butyl Cellosolve™ , Tergitol NP-9™ and Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate last.
All Purpose Cleaner #11 (phosphate free, ammoniated)
Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) 8
81

EDTA 4
SXS (40%) 5
Ammonium hydroxide 1.5
Water 76.5
Add the water, then the EDTA and Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the SXS,
Butyl Cellosolve™, Tergitol NP-9™, and ammonia last. Again, this formula could be
converted to a wax stripper by tripling the amount of ammonia. The Butyl Cellosolve™
could be replaced with Butyl Carbitol™ (Union Carbide) to take advantage of its
slower evaporation properties, since a wax stripper normally has to sit a few minutes
while it is working. If ammonia is objectionable, replace it with Monoethanolamine.
All Purpose Cleaner #12 (phosphate free, medium foam)
Methyl DiPropasol™ (Union Carbide) 8

Sodium Alkyd Benzene Sulfonate 3
EDTA 4
SXS (40%) 5
Water 75
Add the water, then the EDTA and Sodium Metasilicate. Add the SXS, then the Methyl
DiPropasol™, Tergitol NP-9™, and Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate. The Sodium
Alkylbenzene Sulfonate used could be Nacconol 90G™ (Stepan), which is a powder, or
it could be Bio-Soft D-40 (Stepan), which is a 40% active liquid. Methyl DiPropasol™
differs from Butyl Cellosolve™ in that it is propylene glycol based instead of ethylene
glycol based. It also is slower evaporating.
QS-44 (Union Carbide) 3.00

Sodium Hydroxide (to neutralize QS-44) 0.55
Triton X-100™ (Union Carbide) 7.60
82
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate 5.00

Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate 5.00
Water 78.85
Add the water, then the Sodium Hydroxide. Add the QS-44 next, then the two
phosphates. Add the Triton X-100™ last. In a formula like this, check the pH after
neutralizing the QS-44. If the pH is below 7 (acid), not all of the phosphate ester has been
neutralized and you need to add a little more caustic. If the pH is high, then you have
some free caustic in the formula that may make it too harsh. Add more QS-44 to bring
the pH back down to neutral. The QS-44 helps to solubilize the Triton X-100™, which
is an excellent octylphenol surfactant, being especially good at grease and oil removal
from hard surfaces. Triton X-100™ is a moderate foamer (more than Tergitol NP-9™),
but if more foam is needed 5-20% Triton X-301™ (Union Carbide) could be added.
Source: Pilot Company
Calsoft LAS-99™ (Pilot) 4

Monoethanolamine 2
Calamide C™ (Pilot) 2.5
TKPP .75
Water 90.75
Add the water, then the Monoethanolamine. Add the Calsoft LAS-99™ . Add the TKPP
next, followed by the Calamide C™.
Calsoft LAS-99™ (Pilot) 4

Sodium Hydroxide .53
Water 91.47
Calamide C™ (Pilot) 2
SXS (96%) 2
Add the water, followed by the Sodium Hydroxide. Add the Calsoft LAS-99™
next. Add the Calamide C™ and SXS last.
83
All Purpose Cleaning Powder
Source: Mona Industries
Sodium Carbonate 79
Trisodium Polyphosphate 10
Monamine ALX-100S™ (Mona) 11
Add the Sodium Carbonate to the powder mixer. While tumbling, spray on the
Monamine ALX-100S™. Add the Trisodium Polyphosphate (STTP) last. This formula,
due to the high percentage of Sodium Carbonate, represents a very low cost cleaning
product. In hard water areas, adding STPP (5-35%) would improve the product
significantly.
All Purpose Hard Surface Cleaner #1
Glycol Ether 5
EDTA 2
Tergitol 15-S-9™ (Union Carbide) 7
SXS (40%) 1
Water 81
Add the water first, followed by the TSP, Sodium Metasilicate, and EDTA. Add the
glycol ether and SXS next, followed by the Tergitol 15-S-9™. This is a well balanced,
easily made product that will effectively clean almost any surface.
All Purpose Light Duty Spray Cleaner #1
Source: Shell Chemical
Glycol Ether 3
Tetra Potassium Pyrophosphate 3
Neodol 25-7™ Surfactant (Shell) 1.0
84
Water 93
Add the water, Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate, Glycol Ether, followed by the Neodol 25-
7™ Surfactant. This is a very basic formula containing one builder, one solvent, and one
surfactant. The builder (Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate) serves as a chelating agent, the
solvent (any one of a number of glycol ethers, Such as Union Carbide's Butyl Cellosolve)
gives added grease and oil cutting power: and the surfactant serves as a wetting agent and
detergent. Neodol 25-7™ is a nonionic surfactant (linear primary alcohol ethoxylate)
with an HLB of 12.2
Source: Mona Company
Glycol Ether 3
Monamine 779™ (Mona) 3
Water 94
Add the water, Glycol Ether, followed by the Monamine 779™. The Monamine 779™
is an amido ether sulfate complex that has excellent hard water tolerance. Therefore, a
chelating agent is not called for in the formula as would normally be the case if a
nonionic surfactant was used. However, there would be no harm in adding a small
percentage (.5 to 1%) of Sodium Trypolyphosphate to give the formula a little added
power. The Monamine 779™ is a high foamer, which in a spray and wipe cleaner can be
visually appealing.
Glycol Ether 5
Makon 10™ Surfactant (Stepan Company) 3
TSP 2
Water 90
Add the water, then the TSP. Add the Glycol Ether next, followed by the Makon 10™.
TSP (Trisodium Phosphate) softens water by precipitation. To prevent the precipitated
salts redepositing onto the surface being cleaned, a few percent (.5 to 1%) of Sodium
85
Trypolyphosphate could be added, which would serve as a sequestering agent. At a 5%

level, the Glycol Ether will impart substantial grease cutting ability.
All Purpose Liquid Detergent #1

Tall Oil 4
Potassium Hydroxide .8
Hexylene Glycol 2
Pine Oil 1
Water 72.2
Add the water first, then the Potassium Hydroxide. Add the Tall Oil next. "Tall" is
Swedish for Pine, but it is not the same product as Pine Oil. The Potassium Hydroxide
will react with the Tall Oil to form soap. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-
9™ next, followed by the Hexylene Glycol and Pine Oil.
All Purpose Liquid Detergent #2

Oleic Acid 4
Potassium Hydroxide .8
Hexylene Glycol 2
Pine Oil 1
Water 72.2
Add the water, then the Potassium Hydroxide. Add the Oleic Acid, which will be
neutralized by the Potassium Hydroxide to form soap. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™
and Tergitol NP-9™ , Hexylene Glycol and Pine Oil.
86
Aluminum Brightener/Cleaner
Source: BASF
Water 45
Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether 17
Add ingredients in order listed.
Aluminum Cleaner #1
Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) 45

STPP 30
Sodium Bicarbonate 20
Sodium Resinate 3
Octylphenol, 9-10 moles EO 2
Add all the powders. While tumbling, spray on the surfactant. Try Triton X-100™
(Union Carbide) as the Octylphenol. The absence of Sodium Hydroxide, the use of
milder Sodium Bicarbonate instead of Sodium Carbonate, and the high amount of Metso
Beads 2048™ (Sodium Metasilicate) insures that the aluminum will not be attacked. The
Sodium Resinate acts as a corrosion inhibitor.
Aluminum Cleaner #2

Citric Acid Anhydrous 4
Water 85
Add the water, then the acids, Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ .
87
Aluminum Cleaner #3

Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide) 2.5
Hydroxyacetic acid (70%) 10
Water 82.5
Add the water, then the acid, glycol ether and surfactant.
Aluminum Cleaner #4

Hydroxyacetic Acid (70%) 5
Citric Acid Anhydrous 3.5
Water 84.5
Add the water, then the acids, glycol ether, and surfactant.
Aluminum Trailer Cleaner & Brightener #1
Source: Exxon Company
Water 70
Exxon Acid Foamer™ (Exxon) 3
95% Sulfuric Acid 10
70% Hydrofluoric Acid 17
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Note: when adding the sulfuric acid heat will be
generated. Allow formulation to cool before adding the Hydrofluoric Acid. Exxon Acid
Foamer™ is a specialty cationic surfactant designed to be compatible in formulas
containing a high percentage of acid. It provides excellent corrosion protection,
detergency, and foams well to increase the contact time of the solution upon the metal
88
surfaces to be cleaned. This formula should be diluted 1 to 10 with water and sprayed
from bottom to top, then top to bottom against the trailer. Before the foam breaks (3 to 5
minutes), the solution is rinsed with fresh water. Note: any formulation containing
Hydrofluoric Acid should not be allowed to touch glass. Rinse promptly with fresh water
if this occurs to prevent etching.
Aluminum Trailer Cleaner & Brightener #2
Water 64
95% Sulfuric Acid 20
Ammonium Bifluoride 13
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Note: when adding the sulfuric acid heat will be
generated. Allow formulation to cool before adding the Ammonium Bifluoride. Exxon
Acid Foamer™ is a specialty cationic surfactant designed to be compatible in formulas
containing a high percentage of acid. It provides excellent corrosion protection,
detergency, and foams well to increase the contact time of the solution upon the metal
surfaces to be cleaned. This formula should be diluted 1 to 10 with water and sprayed
from bottom to top, then top to bottom against the trailer. Before the foam breaks (3 to 5
minutes), the solution is rinsed with fresh water.
Anti-Static Spray
Water 78.4
Isopropyl Alcohol 20.0
Monastat 1195™ (Mona) 1.6
Add in the order listed. Monastat 1195™ is a completely formulated anti-static/cleaner

for glass and plastic. This formula provides effective cleaning of glass or plastic surfaces,
completely eliminating any static charge. The protection against continued static charge
build-up lasts at least one week on CRT's. The spray can also be used on carpets to
eliminate static charge build-up. The alcohol serves as an evaporation aid, so that the
formula works similar to a glass cleaner. The percentage of Monastat 1195™ can be
increased up to 3%, tripling its effectiveness in eliminating static charge.
89
Automotive Cleaner
D.I. Water 85.4

Diethanolamine 2
EDTA . 5
2-propanol 1
Triton N-101™ (Union Carbide) 5
SXS 2.1
Glycol Ether 3
Automotive Engine Block Degreaser

Mineral Spirits 60
Add ingredients in order listed. The combination of a low HLB 8.9 oil-soluble surfactant
(Tergitol NP-4™), and a higher HLB 13.6 water-soluble surfactant (Tergitol NP-10™)
gives excellent grease cutting power. Because the formula contains mineral spirits, it will
not be considered biodegradable. However, a collection system is often used in heavy
duty degreasing operations that separates oil, solvent, and grease from waste water. If
such a system is in use, the fact that mineral spirits is used is not an issue.
Automotive Spray Tank Cleaner #1 (all metals, non-foaming)
STPP 30
90
Sodium Carbonate 30
Makon NF-5™ (Stepan) 5
Makon NF-12™ (Stepan) 5
Add all three powders, then while tumbling spray on the Makon NF-5™ and Makon
NF-12™. These two surfactants are low foaming (completely non-foaming above 77
degrees F.) and work well together.
Automotive Spray Wax #1
Mineral Seal Oil 20

Emulsifier 4™ (Exxon) 15
Water 61
Add the first four ingredients and mix well. Slowly add the water while mixing.
Emulsifier 4™ is a cationic surfactant designed especially for emulsifying mineral seal
oil, waxes, and silicones.
Automotive Spray Wax #2
Formula N-4™ (Exxon) 20

Water 80
Formula N-4™ is a completely formulated spray wax super concentrate that merely
needs to be diluted with water to form a concentrated spray wax. The car wash operator
would normally take five gallons of this formula and add 50 gallons of water, then siphon
this into the spray wax application system.
91
Automotive Wash and Wax
Tomah Q-17-2™ (Exxon) 1.5

Tomah Emulsifier Four (Exxon) 5
Tomah AO-728 Special (Exxon) 8.5
Tomah Amphoteric L™ (Exxon) 5
Water 80
Add the water first, then the remaining ingredients in order.

Baby Shampoo
Source: Miranol Chemical Company
Water 50
Compound 1™ (Miranol) 50
Compound 1™ is a blend of six surfactants and a preservative that merely needs to be

diluted in half with water to produce a completely formulated baby shampoo.
Baking Pan Cleaner
Sodium Carbonate 35
STPP 12
Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EO 3
Add the first two powders. While tumbling spray on the surfactant (try Tergitol NP-9™
from Union Carbide). Add the Metso Pentabead 20™ last. This formula is a very basic
built detergent that could be used for many uses, including concrete cleaning and metal
cleaning. The Metso Pentabead 20™ (Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate) is a fast
dissolving builder and gives corrosion protection against the harsher alkali Sodium
Carbonate. The STTP (Sodium Trypolyphosphate) serves as the sequestering agent. The
surfactant here serves as the wetting agent. Notice how in a powdered product less
surfactant can be used and still obtain good results.
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Basic Detergent
Water 75
This formula makes a good, high foaming general purpose cleaner. If desired, the pH can
be adjusted with Phosphoric Acid to 7, which is more suitable for use as a mild hand
dishwash detergent, etc...
Boat Cleaner (fiberglass & aluminum)
Source: Exxon
Water 89
Hydrochloric Acid 10
Exxon Acid Foamer™ (Exxon) 0.5
Exxon Amphoteric L™ (Exxon) 0.5
Add ingredients in order listed. The Exxon Acid Foamer™ serves as a wetting agent and
corrosion protector, while the Exxon Amphoteric L™ adds detergency, viscosity, extra
wetting action, and serves as a foam stabilizer for the Exxon Acid Foamer™.
Bottle Cleaner
Source: BASF
Sodium Hydroxide (50%) 98

Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) 0.5
Sodium Gluconate 1.5
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Carpet Cleaner #1 (Liquid Shampoo)
Water 62.5
TSP 2.0
STPP 5.0
Kasil # 6 (PQ Corporation) 20.0
Phosphate Ester, Anionic 3.0
Sodium Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate 3.5
Octylphenol, 7-8 moles EO 4.0
Add in the order listed.
Carpet Cleaner #2 (Scrub type)
Source: BASF
Water 84
Triethanolamine 6
Coconut Diethanolamide 7
Carpet Cleaner #3
Triton XL-80N™ Surfactant (Union Carbide) 4.0

Triton H-66™ Surfactant (50%) (Union Carbide) 3.4
Sodium Trypolyphosphate, STPP 5.0
Trisodium Phosphate, TSP 2.0
Potassium Silicate 19.9
Sodium Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate (60%) 3.5
Water 62.2
Add the water first, followed by the STTP, TSP, and Potassium Silicate. Add the Triton
94
H-66™ next, then the Triton XL-80N™ and Sodium Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate.
Carpet Cleaner #4 (foaming type)
Source: BASF
Water 85
Isopropyl Alcohol 8
Plurafac C-17™ (BASF) 5
Add the water, then the STTP. Add the Plurafac C-17™ and alcohol next.
Carpet Spot Remover
Source: Mona
Water 71.8
Monaterge 1164 25
EDTA (40% solution) .2
Sodium Bicarbonate 3
Add in order listed. Use at 1-20 dilution. This formulation could be pre-diluted for the
customer, and sold as RTU (ready to use). Monaterge 1164 dries to a crisp powder so
any residue is easily vacuumed up.
Carpet Steam Cleaner
Water 79.6
Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) 7.8
Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40%) 8.7
C12-C15 linear alcohol, 12 moles EO 3.9
Add in the order listed. The linear alcohol could be Neodol 25-12™ (Shell). It wouldn't
95
hurt to replace 2-3% of the Metso Beads 2048™ with STTP.
Car/Truck Road Film Remover
Water 74
Na2SiO3 (anhydrous) 1
Na4EDTA (40%) 19.3
Monafax 1293™ (Mona) 2
NaOH (50%) 7
Monaterge LF-945 (Mona) 3
Car Wash Concentrate
Water 68
This simple formula produces excellent detergency and foam.
Car Wash Detergent #1
Water 80
Detergent Concentrate 840™ (Mona) 20
Use 1-2 ounces per gallon for hand washing vehicles. This simple formula has excellent
detergency and foam.
96
Car Wash Detergent #2

Triton H-66™ Surfactant (Union Carbide) 7.7
Potassium or Sodium Silicate 4.7
Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate, TKPP 11.2
Water 71.7
Add the water, silicate solution, and TKPP. Add the Triton H-66™ and Triton XL-
80N™ last.
Car Shampoo
Water 50
Steol CS-460™ (Stepan) 30
Mirataine CDMB™ (Miranol) 10
Bio Terge AS-40™(Stepan) 10
Add in the order listed. The Mirataine CDMB™, when used with Sodium Lauryl Ether
Sulfate, will increase the viscosity of the formula, as well as being a high foaming
surfactant on its own. This formula is 25% active. It is effective in both hard and soft
water.
Carwash Liquid
Water 77
TKPP (60%) 12
Kasil #6 Potassium Silicate (PQ Corporation) 5
Phosphate Ester 1
C9-C11 linear alcohol, 6 moles EO 5
97
Add the water, then the TKPP, Kasil #6™, and Phosphate Ester. Add the surfactant last.
The Phosphate Ester could be Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF), which would help solubilize
the surfactant, which could be Neodol 91-6™ (Shell). This will not be a high foaming car
wash for retail use, but it would make a good detergent for in-house delivery vehicle,
truck, and bus cleaning.
Carwash Powder #1

STPP 40
TSP 5
Sodium Carbonate 20
Alkylaryl Sulfonate Powder 5
Add all the powders, then while tumbling spray on the liquid surfactant. Metso Beads
2048™ is Sodium Metasilicate. Try Neodol 91-6™ (Shell) as the linear alcohol
surfactant. The Alkylaryl Sulfonate Powder could be Calsoft F-90™ (Pilot). This is a
premium formula, and is very effective at removing road grime.
Carwash Powder #2

STPP 44
Sodium Carbonate 15
CMC 1
Octyphenol, 7-8 moles EO 5
Octyphenol, 5 moles EO 5
Add the STPP, Sodium Carbonate, and CMC first. While tumbling spray on the two
surfactants. Add the Metso Pentabead 20™ (Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate) last.
Iconol Company trade marked OP-7 and OP-5 could be used as the surfactants. The
98
OP-7 will solubilize the OP-5, which is not water soluble but which gives added oil and
grease cutting power to the formula.
Chain Lubricant
Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) 28.5

Propylene Glycol 9.5
Na4EDTA 4.8
Water 52.4
Add the water first, then the EDTA. Add the Propylene Glycol and alcohol, then the
Ninol 11-CM™.
Chlorinated Liquid Machine Dishwashing Detergent
Source: Rohm & Haas
Water 26.1
Acusol 445™ (Rohm & Haas) 12.5
Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate (60%) 16.6
Kasil #1™ (PQ Corporation) 6
Potassium Hydroxide (45%) 22.2
Sodium Hypochlorite 16.6
Add in order listed. The use of Acusol 445™ allows a smaller percentage of TKPP to be
used, decreasing cost and reducing spotting and filming of glassware.
CIP Cleaner #1
Source: BASF
Plurafac RA-40™ (BASF) 3
Sodium Hydroxide 20
99
Add Sodium Trypolyphosphate to the mixer. While tumbling, spray on the Plurafac RA-
40™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate, followed by the Sodium Hydroxide. Because of the
Sodium Hydroxide content, this cleaner is not recommended for cleaning non-ferrous
metals.
CIP Cleaner #2
Source: BASF
Sodium Carbonate 22
Plurafac R-40 (BASF) 3
Add Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate to the mixer. While tumbling,
spray on the Plurafac R-40. Add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate.
Clear Hair Shampoo
Source: Miranol Chemical Company
Mirataine XL™ (Miranol) 50

Super Amide L-9C (Onyx) 4
Water 46
Heat the Mirataine XL™ and Super Amide L-9C until the amide is dissolved. Add cool
water and adjust pH to 5.9-6.1 with hydrochloric acid. This formula is 23% active with
high viscosity.
Coffee Pot Cleaner (for commercial units)
Source: Urban Chemicals
Water 49
100
Add in the order listed. Note: add the acid slowly enough so that excess heat is not
generated. Use undiluted to remove burned on coffee from glass pots.
Concentrated All-Purpose Cleaner #1
Water 75
TKPP 5
Bio Soft D-62 (Stepan) 5
STEPANATE X™ (Stepan) 5
Add the water, TKPP, and Stepanate X™. Add the Bio Soft D-62 and Ninol 11-CM™
last. Bio-Soft D-62 is a pre-neutralized LAS. It is supplied as a 58% active liquid slurry.
Concrete Cleaner #1
Pine Oil 6
This very simple powdered concrete cleaner is very effective, either by mixing a few
ounces per gallon of water and using a mop, or by wetting down the concrete and
broadcasting the powder around and scrubbing with a stiff bristled broom. To make this
powder, add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate to the powder mixer first, then while
tumbling spray on the Klearfac AA-270™. The Sodium Trypolyphosphate will absorb
the surfactant. Although 4% actives of surfactant seems little, compared to liquid
detergent percentages, you'll find that powdered detergents in general don't require high
percentages of surfactants. The very high percentage of builders does the work, with the
surfactant generally serving as a wetting agent. Spray on the Pine Oil next (or use
D'Limonene if desired), then add the Sodium Metasilicate. For a faster dissolving powder
use Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. A powdered dye can be added to the formula, but
stay away from green. Automotive shops use this type of powder and green colored
solutions look like anti-freeze spills, which may attract unwarranted attention from the
101
local Hazardous Materials Response people.
Concrete Cleaner #2
STPP 10
Sodium Carbonate 26
Pine Oil 3
Metso Pentabead 20 (PQ Corporation) 55
Add the first two powders, then while tumbling spray on the nonylphenol. Try Tergitol
NP-9™ (Union Carbide) as the surfactant. Spray on the Pine Oil, then add the Metso
Pentabead 20™.
Concrete Cleaner #3 (Heavy Duty)
TSP 20
Sodium Carbonate 25
Pine Oil 2
Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate 9
Metsobead 2048 (PQ Corporation) 30
Sodium Hydroxide Beads 14
Add the first two powders, then spray on the Pine Oil. If desired, D'Limonene can be
used instead of Pine Oil. Add the Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate. Try Calsoft F-90 (Pilot)
for the Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate. Add the last two ingredients. This is a good formula
for removing build-ups of grease and oil in parking lots. Wet the concrete then broadcast
the powder onto the oil and grease. Scrub with a stiff bristle broom. Rinse off with water.
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Concrete Cleaner #4
Source: BASF
Water 83
Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether 6.5
Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) 2.5
Add the ingredients in the order listed.
Concrete Cleaner #5
Source: BASF
Kearfac AA-270 (BASF) 4
Pine Oil 6
Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate. While tumbling spray on the Klearfac AA-270™
and Pine Oil. Add the Sodium Metasilicate last.
Concrete Mold Release Compound
Source: Alox Corporation
ALOX 111™ (Alox) 12

VM&P Naphtha 88
Alox 111™ is a mold release and rust preventative used for cast concrete metal forms.
The forms are sprayed or dipped with the above formula, then allowed to dry before use
(approximately 30 minutes). No heating is required when blending with the VM&P
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Naphtha. In colder weather less ALOX 111™ and more VM&P Naphtha may be used (8
parts ALOX 111™ to 92 parts solvent)
Concrete Truck Cleaner
32% Hydrochloric Acid 97

This inexpensive, easy, and very effective formula simply calls for the addition of Exxon
Acid Foamer™ to 32% Hydrochloric Acid. Hydrochloric Acid is no fun to work with,
however, as it gives off extremely irritating fumes. Note: add 0.1 to 0.3% Exxon Tomah
Product Inhibitor 605™ (Exxon) for 99+% corrosion protection to trucks.
Copper Metal Cleaner Paste

Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) 32.0
Phosphoric Acid (85%) 47.0
Silica, Technical Grade 11.0
Add ingredients in the order listed. The Silica comes in different abrasive grades, fine to
coarse. Some experimentation may be necessary to find the best one.
Dairy Pipeline Cleaner

Phosphoric Acid (85%) 22.0
Water 73.0
Add the water first, then the acid. Add the Triton XL-80N™ last.
104
Derusting Hot Tank Compound
Source: Witco Company
Sodium Carbonate 6
Sodium Gluconate 20
Triethanolamine (85%) 2
Sodium Chloride 1
Sodium Nitrate 1
Caustic Soda Beads 69
Kerosene .5
Petro 22™ (Witco) .5
Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Kerosene is used to keep dusting down to a
minimum. The name of the formula infers that it is for use on ferrous metals, but on any
labeling for this product make sure it states "For Use On Ferrous Metals Only.” The high
percentage of caustic will attack softer, non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, brass, and
copper.
D'Limonene Based Household and Industrial Cleaner #2
D'Limonene 10
Ninate 411™ (Stepan) 4
Makon 8™ (Stepan) 4
Bio Terge PAS-8S (Stepan) 4
Water 68
Add the ingredients in the order listed. This formula remains clear upon dilution, but
you'll find the tar dissolving effectiveness of the D'Limonene diminishes greatly once the
active level goes under 10%. The Butyl Cellosolve™ remains effective on oil and
grease even at low levels, but isn't as effective on tar as D'Limonene. So for tough jobs
like tar and sticky residue removal use this cleaner undiluted as a spray and wipe product.
Dilute up to 50 parts water for light to medium duty cleaning.
105
Descaler
Water 31
Petro 22™ Liquid (Witco) 4
Citric Acid 5
Add in the order listed. The Phosphoric Acid should be added slowly to prevent heat
build-up.
Detergency Booster for Liquid Laundry Detergents
Source: Tomah
Adding Tomah E-14-2 to nonylphenol based laundry detergents significantly boosts

performance. If the formula calls for 10% nonionic such as Tergitol NP-9™, adding
another 4-5% Tomah E-14-2 can triple the percentage of soil removed. The combination
of Tomah E-14-2 and Tergitol NP-9™ (or other nonylphenol) could be utilized in other
detergents, especially where grease and oil will be encountered.
D'Limonene Based All Purpose Cleaner
D'Limonene 50.0
Ninate 411™ (Stepan) 12.5
Water, D.I. 25.0
Add surfactants to D'Limonene, mix until clear. Add water slowly while under
continuous high agitation Mix until clear. This formula makes an excellent biodegradable
heavy duty degreaser and tar remover that is water rinsable.
106
D'Limonene Based Household and Industrial Cleaner #1
D'Limonene 30
Bio Terge PAS-8S (Stepan) 10
Water 40
Add the ingredients in the order listed. This formula gives a clear microemulsion
concentrate which upon dilution remains clear, and effectively removes oil, grease, tar,
wax, chewing gum, graffiti, lithographic ink, solder flux, etc.
D'Limonene Based MultiPurpose Cleaner
D'Limonene 6.0
Na4 EDTA 2.0
Alpha Step ML-40™ (Stepan) 3.0
Water, D.I. 83.0
Add Ninol 11-CM™ to D'Limonene and mix until clear. Add water (80-90F) with
agitation until clear. Add Alpha-Step ML -40 and mix thoroughly. Finally, add Na4
EDTA and mix until clear. The addition of Alpha-Step ML-40 will increase the foam
level of the formulation. Although this formula specifies deionized water, if it isn't
available use regular water. The formula shouldn't be affected substantially.
107
D'Limonene Based Waterless Hand Cleaner
Phase I

Oleic Acid 5.0
Triethanolamine (85%) 1.5
D'Limonene 45.0
Phase 2
Glycerol 1.5
Water, D.I. 39.5
Mix ingredients in Phase I and heat to 70C. Mix ingedients in Phase 2 and heat to 80C.
Add 2 to I with vigorous stirring. Where facilities are available for packaging gels or
paste consistency, above formulation can be prepared at room temperature as follows:
Mix first four ingredients in Phase I. Add D’Limonene at room temperature and mix
until a clear solution is obtained. Add Phase 2 to the solution and stir with a paddle. A
gel is immediately formed.
Drain Cleaner
Water 71
Sodium hydroxide (50%) 20
Metso Beads 2048 (PQ Corporation) 5
Nonionic Surfactant 4
Add the water first, then the Metso Beads 2048™. Add the Sodium Hydroxide solution
carefully. The Nonionic Surfactant goes last, but it has to be considered carefully, since
not many will be compatible in a strongly alkaline system Such as this one. To help
solubilize a nonionic, an anionic product Such as QS-44 (Union Carbide) could be used
108
in conjunction, or just by itself. Mona Industries manufactures Monateric CyNa-50™,

an alkali compatible amphoteric surfactant that could be used in this formula.
Drain Opener
Water 88
Sodium Hydroxide 10
Add the water, then the Sodium Hydroxide. Sodium Hydroxide is corrosive and generates
heat when added to water, so be careful. Add the Monafax 1293™ last. Monafax
1293™ is a phosphate ester hydrotrope/surfactant that is supplied in the acid form. It is
stable in highly alkaline systems.
Engine Cleaner #1
Sodium Carbonate 40
TSPP 20
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Neodol 91-6™ (Shell) could be used as the linear
alcohol surfactant.
Engine Cleaner #2
Kerosene 79.8
Monamulse 653-C (Mona) 20.2
Monamulse 653-C is an anionic-nonionic emulsifier-solubilizer for many different types

of solvents. Don't be put off by the rather exact nature of this formula,-the percentage of
Monamulse 653-C can vary from 5-30% and still be effective.
109
Engine Cleaner #3 (Stoddard Solvent based)
Stoddard Solvent (Amsco) 81.0

Monamine 1-76 (Mona) 6.0
Engine Degreaser
LAS 10
Perchloroethylene 10
Kerosene 73
Monoethanolamine 5
Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Butyl Cellosolve™ serves as a coupler and
clarifier. This degreaser is very effective when applied to greasy and oily surfaces. It can
be rinsed off with water. D'limonene can replace the kerosene and perchloroethylene. If
D'limonene is used, then the formulation will be considered biodegradable.
Environmental Safety Cleaner
Water 50
Alpha-Step ML-40 (Stepan) 50
Alpha-Step ML-40 is a biodegradable, mild, safe anionic surfactant derived from lauric
oils. It is non-toxic to aquatic organisms, and is an ideal surfactant to use around
environmentally sensitive areas Such as zoos, ponds, animal pens and cages, etc... It
performs well in hard or soft water.
110
Ferrous Metal Cleaner #1 (soak tank)
Water 49
Potassium hydroxide (45%) 12
TKPP (60%) 12
Sodium xylene sulfonate (40%) 12
Add the water, then the Potassium Hydroxide solution and Metso Beads 2048™
(Sodium Metasilicate). Add the TKPP solution, SXS and surfactant last. The
Nonylphenol could be Tergitol NP-13 (Union Carbide), although you might find
Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) more readily available at less cost, and the
substitution shouldn't affect the formula. Instead of SXS as the hydrotrope, you might try
a phosphate ester Such as QS-44 (Union Carbide). Less hydrotrope would be needed,
plus the QS-44 adds detergency, which SXS doesn't, thereby giving the formula a little
more power.
Ferrous Metal Cleaner #2 (Powder-- Heavy Duty)
Sodium Carbonate 22
TSPP 10
Sodium Gluconate 5
Add the first two powders, then spray on the Nonylphenol. Try NP-13 (Union Carbide)
as the surfactant. Add the remaining ingredients in the order listed. Sodium Gluconate is
an excellent sequestering agent in highly alkaline systems, preventing scale build -up on
the surfaces being cleaned. If, in use, the surfactant won't stay in solution, add a
hydrotrope to the formula. Either SXS, or you could try Petro 22™ Powder (Witco)
which would also add a little extra detergency.
111
Ferrous Metal Cleaner #3 (Powder--Light Duty)
Sodium Carbonate 45
STPP 25
Add the first two powders, then spray on the Nonylphenol. Try NP-13 (Union Carbide)
as the surfactant. Add the remaining ingredients in the order listed. This formula would
be easier to make if the proportions of builders were slightly changed to 1 part Metso
Beads 2048™, 1 part STPP, and 2 parts Sodium Carbonate. To make a 200lb batch, you
could simply add one 50lb bag each of Metso Beads 2048™ and STPP, and two 50lb
bags of Sodium Carbonate. Then spray on approximately 5% surfactant, or about one
gallon to the 200 lbs of combined powders.
Ferrous Metal Cleaner #4 (CIP Cleaner -Spray Cabinet)
STPP 10
Sodium Carbonate 12
Add the first two powders, then spray on the linear alcohol. Tergitol 25-L-3™™ (Union
Carbide) could be used as the surfactant. Add the final two ingredients. A C12-13 linear
alcohol, 3 moles EO, is not water soluble. But in a continuously recirculating spray
cabinet it will be effective as an oil and grease cutter, without generating foam. However,
I would probably add a low foaming hydrotrope/surfactant Such as Petro 22™ Powder
(Witco) to solubilize the linear alcohol anyway, and to add extra detergency. About 1-2%
could be used.
Ferrous Metal Cleaner #5 (CIP Cleaner -Spray Cabinet)
112
STPP 40
Sodium carbonate 12
Add the first two powders, then spray on the linear alcohol. Tergitol 25-L-3™™ (Union
Carbide) could be used as the surfactant. Add the final two ingredients. A C12-13 linear
alcohol, 3 moles EO, is not water soluble. But in a continuously recirculating spray
cabinet it will be effective as an oil and grease cutter, without generating foam. This
formula is basically similar to Ferrous Metal Cleaner #4 but without the caustic, which
allows the use of the faster dissolving Metso Pentabead 20™ (Sodium Metasilicate
Pentahydrate).
Floor Cleaner

Methyl DiPropasol™ (Union Carbide) 4.0
Monoethanolamine, MEA 0.5
EDTA (38%) 6.0
Sodium Metasilicate 3.5
Water 77.0
Add the water, then the EDTA, Sodium Hydroxide and MEA. Add the Triton H-66™
next. Add the glycol ether and Triton XL-80N™ last. The Triton H-66™ is a pre-
neutralized phosphate ester with a pH of 8-10, therefore the Sodium Hydroxide and MEA
are not used to neutralize the phosphate ester, as would be the case if QS-44 (Union
Carbide) was used.. The caustic and MEA serve as pH buffering agents in this formula.
Floor Cleaner/Wax Stripper #1
Water 83
113
Potassium Hydroxide (45%) 2
Add the water, then the Potassium Hydroxide solution. Add the Klearfac AA-270™.
Add the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate last. Klearfac AA-270™ is an anionic phosphate
ester surfactant, 85% active, and comes as a clear, light yellow liquid. As supplied, the
pH is 2.2. The Potassium Hydroxide will neutralize the Klearfac-270 to its potassium
salt. (Sodium Hydroxide can also be used to neutralize it to its sodium salt).
Floor Cleaner/Wax Stripper #2
Source: BASF
Water 86
Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether 4
Plurafac B-25-5™ (BASF) 4
Add the water, then the TKPP. Add the glycol ether and Plurafac B-25-5™ next.
Floor Polish Stripper #1

Monoethanolamine 5
Oleic Acid 5
Water 75
Add the water, then the Monoethanolamine, Tergitol NP-9™, and Methyl
Dipropylsol. Add the Oleic Acid last. A portion of the Monoethanolamine will react with
the Oleic Acid to form soap, but there will still be enough free amine available for
stripping power. The combination of soap and surfactant will insure better rinsability than
using soap alone, but it might be a good idea to add 1-3% STTP as a chelating agent so
that hard water won't adversely affect the soap portion of the formula..
114
Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) 10

Water 79
Add the water, then the TSP and Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Butyl
Carbitol™ and Tergitol NP-9™ last.

Monoethanolamine 5
Oleic Acid 5
Water 75
Add the water, then the Monoethanolamine. Add the Oleic Acid next. A portion of the
Monoethanolamine will be used to react with the Oleic Acid to form soap. The remaining
Monoethanolamine, or "free" amine will provide wax stripping power. Add the Butyl
Carbitol™ and Tergitol NP-9™ last.

Ammonium Hydroxide 3.5
Water 76.5
Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Butyl Carbitol™
115
and Tergitol NP-9™ next. Add the Ammonium Hydroxide last.
Flowable Caustic Gel
Water 72
Sodium Hydroxide 25
Blend A* 3
Add in the order listed under agitation. After all ingredients are dissolved, shut off the
mixer and allow to exotherm to approximately 176 degrees F. Hold for 1/2 hour, then
resume mixing until product cools to room temperature. The product will transform into a
smooth, flowable gel in about 8 hours.
*Blend A is made by pre-blending 3 parts Monateric CyNa-50™ (Mona) and 1 part

Monateric CA-35™ (Mona).
Fuel Additive
ALOX 488™ (Alox Corporation) 20

Light refined Napthenic Oil 80
ALOX 488™, when added to the gasoline, lubricates the upper cylinder region, helps
starting in sub-zero weather, dissolves gum and carbon deposits in older engines,
prevents gum and carbon deposits in new engines, and helps insure longer engine life.
Four to six ounces of this formula per 5-10 gallons of gasoline are recommended.
General Degreaser

Kerosene 42
116
Butyl Carbitol™ (Union Carbide) 5.5

Water 25.8
Mixing procedure. Combine all the ingredients except water in the order given and mix
until clear. Add the water slowly and continue mixing until clear.
This formulation gives a clear, low viscosity microemulsion that is useful for removing
grease, tar, and carbon from engine blocks, metal parts, garage floors, etc. It can be
applied to the greasy surface by brushing, spraying or dipping and the loosened soil can
be washed away with water, leaving a clean surface. Odorless mineral spirits or
D'Limonene can replace the kerosene if desired.
General Purpose Cleaner #1
Source: Pilot Chemical Company
LAS 4
Monoethanolamine 2
Calamide C™ (Pilot) 2.5
TKPP 75
Water 90.75
Add the water first to the tank, then the monoethanolamine. Slowly add the LAS. After
the LAS is neutralized add the TKPP (Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate), then the
Calamide C™. Calamide C™ is a coconut diethanolamide. It provides extra
detergency, stable foam, and viscosity to a formula. STPP could be substituted for the
TKPP if desired. Use as is as a spray and wipe cleaner, or dilute 4 to 16 ounces per gallon
of water for floor cleaning.
General Purpose Cleaner #2
Glycol Ether 5
TSP 2
EDTA 2
117
SXS 40% 1.0

Water 81
Add the water first, then the powders. Add the Tergitol 15-S-9™ next, followed by the
glycol ether, then the sodium xylene sulfonate. Tergitol 15-S-9™ is a secondary alcohol
ethoxylated with nine moles of ethylene oxide. It provides good detergency over a wide
range of conditions. The addition of the glycol ether gives the formula extra grease
cutting power. STPP could be substituted for the TSP. Since STPP is an excellent
sequesterant on its own, the EDTA could be left out. Use as is for a powerful spray and
wipe cleaner, or dilute 2 to 8 ounces per gallon of water for floor and hard surface
cleaning.
General Purpose Cleaner #3 (Pac-Kleen)
Source: Urban Formulary
Water 94
STPP 1
Ninol CM-11 (Stepan Company) 1
Add the ingredients in the order listed. I developed this formulation for a school district
that wanted a low cost, concentrated general purpose cleaner. I always added a strong,
fresh-smelling fragrance, which the janitors liked. The four percent addition of Tergitol
NP-9™ is sufficient as a surfactant, but by adding a bit of Ninol CM-11, the resulting
product thickens up, making the cleaner seem more concentrated than it really is, as well
as adding extra detergency. The school district bought several hundred 5 gallon pails of
Pac-Kleen every year.
General Purpose Cleaner #4 (Easy Orange)
Water 93
STPP 2
Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco) 1
D'Limonene 1
118
This cleaner was sold as an economical spray and wipe cleaner containing D'Limonene.
It smells like fresh oranges, and can be diluted at the rate of 2-8 ounces Easy Orange per
gallon of water for floor cleaning. It can also be added to laundry for extra cleaning. I
sold Easy Orange to a kennel operator who used it to clean out his dog pens and cages.
General Purpose Spray & Wipe Cleaner
Ninol 11-CM™ Stepan) 2

Bio-Soft EA-10 (Stepan) 2
Bio-Terge PAS-85 (Stepan) 3
Na4 EDTA (100%) 2
D'Limonene 3
Water, D.I. 88
Premix D'Limonene, Ninol 11-CM™, and Bio-Soft EA-10. Mix until clear. Permissive
EDTA in water and add to surfactant mixture slowly with high agitation. Lastly add Bio-
Terge PAS-8S and dye while mixing. Product will be opaque prior to the addition of
Bio-Terge PAS-8S. If desired, 3-5% Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) could be
added to this formula for extra solvency and grease cutting power.
Glass Cleaner #1

Methyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) 2.0
Isopropanol 30.0
Ethylene or Propylene Glycol 5.0
Water 62.9
Add the water first, then the remaining ingredients in order.
119
Glass Cleaner #2
D.I. Water 92.78

2-propanol 5.0
Stepanol WA Special™ (Stepan) .05
Neodol 25-7™ (Shell) .02
Ammonium Hydroxide 28% .15
Glycol Ether 2.0
Glass Cleaner #3
D.I. Water 90.39

2-Propanol 2
Sodium Gluconate 1
Neodol 91-2.5™ (Shell) .50
Ethanolamine .20
Stepanol WA Special™ (Stepan) 2.41
Glycol Ether 3.50
Glass Cleaner #4
D.I. Water 92.4

Ammonium Hydroxide 28% 2.5
Triton N-101™™(Union Carbide) .1
Glycol Ether 5
120
Glass Cleaner #5
D.I. Water 91.85

Stepanol WA Special™ (Stepan) .05
TRITON N-101™(Union Carbide) .1
Glycol Ether 5
Sodium Silicate "E" (PQ Corporation) 2
Monoethanolamine 1
Glass Cleaner #6

Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) .1
Isopropanol 5
Water 91.9
Add the water, then the other three ingredients in any order.
Glass Cleaner #7 (ammoniated)

Isopropanol 5
Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) 1
Water 90.9
Add the water then the first three ingredients. Add the ammonia last.
121
Glass Cleaner #8 (ammoniated, higher foaming)

Isopropanol 5
Steol CA 460 (Stepan) .1
Water 90.8
Add the water, then the Butyl Cellosolve™ , alcohol, Tergitol NP-9™ , and Steol
CA-460™. Add the ammonia last.
Glass Cleaner #9
Source: BASF
Water 76.5
Isopropyl Alcohol 18
Plurafac RA-20™ (BASF) 0.5
Ammonium hydroxide (28%) 2
Glass Cleaner #10
Water 91.6
Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether 3.5
Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) 1.7
Coconut Diethanolamide 0.5
Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate 1.7
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Glass Cleaner #11
Source: BASF
Water 76.5
Add the water, followed by the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate. Add the alcohol,
Plurafac RA-20™, and Ammonium Hydroxide.
Glass Cleaner Concentrate

Isopropanol 29
Steol CA 460 (Stepan) .5
Water 50
Add the water, then the Butyl Cellosolve™, alcohol, Tergitol NP-9™, and Steol
CA-460™. Add the ammonia last. This formula is meant to be diluted up to 5 times with
water for use as a spray and wipe cleaner.
Graffiti Remover #1

Isopropanol 20
Add in order listed. The combination of the two glycol ethers works better than an equal
123
amount of either glycol ether alone.
Graffiti Remover #2

Pine Oil 10
Naphtha 20
Grill Cleaner
Water 78.2
Sodium acrylate (MW 4500-5500) 0.5
Metso Beads (PQ Corporation) 7.9
TKPP (60%) 3.0
Phosphate ester 5.4
Add the ingredients in the order listed. The polymer (Sodium Acrylate) adds a number of
benefits to the formulation, including sequestering, reduced scale build-up, and soil anti-
redeposition. Try Accusol 445 (Rohm and Haas) as the polymer. Although a liquid
solution of TKPP is listed, the powder version will work also. Try Triton X-100™
(Union Carbide) as the Octylphenol, and Triton H-55™ (Union Carbide) as the
Phosphate Ester. If I were using this formula, I would round off the percentages. The
important part will be using sufficient Phosphate Ester to solubilize the Octylphenol. If 2-
5% Sodium Hydroxide were added to this formula, Triton QS-44™ (Union Carbide)
might be a better choice of phosphate ester
Hair Shampoo
124
Monamate LA-100™ (Mona) 9.5

Monateric LMM-30 (Mona) 20
AOS (40%) 15
Water 55.5
Add the water, followed by the first three ingredients in order. Adjust pH to 4.5 to 5.0.
Hand Dishwashing Detergent
LAS 20
Diethanolamide 3.50
Sodium Hydroxide, 50% 3.40
Secondary alcohol ethoxalate 2.50
Pilot SXS-40 (Pilot Chemical) 6.30
Water 64.30
Add the water first, then the Sodium Hydroxide and Diethanolamide Add the LAS. After
the LAS is neutralized add the remaining ingredients. Tergitol 15-S-9™ (Union
Carbide) could serve as the secondary alcohol ethoxalate. When making a hand
dishwash product, double check the pH. It should be neutral (pH 7-8).
Hand Soap
Water 85
Avamid 150™(Mona) 3
Monamid 150-GLT™ (Mona) 2
Add ingredients in order listed. Avamid 150™ is Avocadamide DEA and Avocado Oil.
It adds viscosity, emolliency, and lubricity to hand soap. The Monamid 150-GLT™ is a
modified Lauric Diethanolamide that acts as a foam booster and thickener. Although
Monamine ALX-100S™ can be used alone, the other two ingredients significantly
improve the final product.
125
Hard Surface Cleaner #1
Water 71.4
TSP 1.6
Starso™ Sodium Silicate (PQ Corporation) 14.0
Phosphate Ester 5.0
C9-C11 linear alcohol, 2.5 moles EO 1.2
Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Phosphate Ester could be QS-44 (Union
Carbide), which would work well in this formula with the Sodium Hydroxide.
Water 28
N Clear (PQ Corporation) 10
EDTA, Tetrasodium (37%) 20
Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40%) 30
C12-C13 linear alcohol, 6.5 moles EO 7
Add the ingredients in the order listed. N Clear is a Sodium Silicate solution with a pH of
11.3. This formula requires quite a bit of SXS to solubilize the linear alcohol. Some
consideration might be given to replacing it with a Phosphate Ester, since you would
need less and gain the benefit of added detergency.
126
Water 50.9
Acrysol ASE-108™ (Rohm and Haas) 6.9
Triton DF-16™ (Union Carbide) 3.0
TKPP (60%) 25.0
N Clear (PQ Corporation) 5
Add the water then the Acrysol ASE-108™. Add the TKPP solution, N Clear, and
Potassium Hydroxide next. Add the Triton DF-16™ last. The Acrysol ASE-108™ will
stabilize the formula. Triton DF-16™ is a low foam nonionic surfactant.
Water 10
Kasil #1 (PQ Corporation) 30
TKPP (60%) 20
Sodium Hypochlorite (15%) 5
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Kasil #1™ is a liquid Potassium Silicate solution.
STPP 40
Metsobeads 2048 (PQ Corporation) 20
Sodium Carbonate 15
Chlorinated TSP 5
Add the ingredients in the order listed. This would be a good formula for cleaning
127
grocery loading docks. The percentages of Metsobeads 2048 and STPP could be
reversed for a more economical product.
STPP 40
Sodium Carbonate 24
Add the first two ingredients. While tumbling spray on the linear alcohol. Try Tergitol
25-L-5 (Union Carbide) as the surfactant.
D'Limonene 30.0
Ninate 411™ (Stepan) 10.0
Bio-Terge PAS 85 (Stepan) 10.0
Water, D.I. 39.9
Charge tank with d-Limonene. Add Ninate 411™ and Makon 8™, mix until clear and
uniform. Add water slowly while mixing. Add Bio-Terge PAS-85 while under
agitation. Mix until homogeneous. The high percentage of D'Limonene will insure
excellent grease, tar, and oil cutting properties when this product is used straight.. The
percentage of D'Limonene could be reduced to 20% without a real noticeable effect on
performance. Keep the surfactants at the same levels and replace the D'Limonene with
more water.
D'Limonene 30.0
128
Ninol 11-CM (Stepan) 20.0

Na4 EDTA 1.0
Water, D.I. 39.0
Add first three ingredients and mix well. Combine water and EDTA and add slowly with
high agitation.
Water 88
Urea 2
Linear Alkylaryl Sulfonate Sodium Salt (60%) 5
Trilon B Liquid (EDTA, tetrasodium salt (40%) (BASF) 2
Add the water, then the EDTA solution. Add the Urea, Linear Alkylaryl Sulfonate
Sodium Salt (60%), and Tergitol NP-9™. Add the ammonia last. The Linear
Alkylaryl Sulfonate Sodium Salt (60%) could be Calsoft L-60™ (Pilot).
Source: BASF
Water 85
Add the water, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and Sodium Metasilicate. Add the
SXS solution and surfactant last.
129
D.I. Water 86.5

Ethanolamine . .5
Versene 100 1
Neodol 23-6.5™ (Shell) 2
Glycol Ether 6
Add the water, then the Metso Pentabead 20™, Ethanolamine and Versene 100. Add
the Glycol Ether, Neodol 23-6.5™, and Ninol 11-CM™ last. For the ethanolamine try
Triethanolamine. Monoethanolamine can also be used if a higher pH is desired.
D.I. Water 90.8

Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation) . .2
Ethanolamine .2
Sodium DDBS 2
Glycol Ether 5.80
Add the water, followed by the Metso Pentabead 20™. Add the remaining ingredients
in the order listed.
Source: BASF
Water 91.5
Plurafac D-25 (BASF) 1
Trilon B Powder™ (EDTA, tetrasodium salt) (BASF) 2.5
130
Add the water, then the Trilon B. Add the Glycol Ether followed by the Plurafac D-
25™
Source: BASF
Water 75.5
Plurafac C-17™ (BASF) 5
Add the water, then the TKPP and Sodium Metasilicate Pyrophosphate. Add the SXS
next, followed by the Glycol Ether. Add the Linear Alkylaryl Sulfonate, Plurafac C-
17™ and Plurafac RA-40™ last. The combination of the two Plurafacs (one oil soluble,
the other water soluble) and the LAS give this cleaner excellent detergency.
Hard Surface Floor Cleaner #1
Water 81
Add the water, then the two builders. Add the SXS next, followed by the Ninol 11-
CM™. The Ninol 11-CM™ gives high detergency, excellent wetting ability, controlled
foam, and viscosity to this formulation.
131
Hard Surface Floor Cleaner #2
Source : Stepan Company
Water 81.5
Na3NTA 2.5
Add ingredients in the order listed.
Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #1 (low foam)

EDTA .5
SXS (40%) 4
Water 88
Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate and EDTA. Add the SXS, then
the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ .
Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #2 (medium foam)

Cocodiethanolamine .5
EDTA .5
SXS (40%) 4
Water 87
132
the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ . Add the cocodiethanolamine last. The
cocodiethanolamine will boost the foam level and add a little more viscosity to the
formula. Ninol 40-CO (Stepan) could be used.
Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #3 (medium foam)

Cocodiethanolamine .5
EDTA .5
SXS (40%) 4
Water 87
the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ . Add the cocodiethanolamine last. The
cocodiethanolamine will boost the foam level and add a little more viscosity to the
formula. If more foam is desired, Steol CS-460™ (Stepan) or Bio Terge AS-40™
(Stepan) could be added at about 2-3%.
Hand Wash Laundry Detergent

Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (60%), LAS 21.0
Fatty Acid Amide 3.2
Sodium Chloride 2.1
Fluorescent Whitener 0.1
Water 66.2
Add the water, then the Triton H-66™. Add the Triton XL-80N™ next, followed by the
LAS. The Fatty Acid Amide, Sodium Chloride, and Fluorescent Whitener are added last.
133
Heavy Duty Cleaner
D.I. Water 78
SXS 4
Glycol Ether 8
Diethanolamine 2
TKPP 3
Versene 100 (Dow) 1
Add the water, then the SXS, TKPP, Versene 100, and Diethanolamine. Add the Glycol
Ether next, followed by the Triton X-102™.
Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #1
D'Limonene 50.0
Ammonyx Lo™(Stepan) 0.5
Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) 10.0
Water, D.I. 25.0
Add surfactants and Butyl Cellosolve™ to D'Limonene and mix until clear. Add water
slowly while under high agitation. Mix until clear. This cleaner could replace petroleum
solvent based engine degreasers and tar removers.
Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #2 (Laser Degreaser)
55 Gallon Formula
Fill drum 2/3 full with water
134
Add in the following order:

1) 8 lbs Sodium Trypolyphosphate
2) 8 lbs Sodium Metasilicate (pentahydrate)
3) 5 gallons Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco)
4) 5 gallons Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide)
5) 1 gallon SXS (40%)
Top off drum with water to make 55 gallons.
Color: Rhodine Red (Keystone Dye Company)
I sold several thousand gallons of this formula under the name Laser Degreaser. The
primary markets were automotive shops and steam cleaners. At one point almost every
"quick-lube" outfit in San Diego was using Laser as a general purpose shop cleaner. This
basic formula cuts oil and grease well, will not attack metals, and can be diluted with
water at the rate 2-8 ounces Laser per gallon of water for mop and bucket use, or
siphoned into steam cleaning units for high pressure cleaning. Butyl Cellosolve™
(Union Carbide) was originally used in place of the Arcosolve PTB™ , but I switched
over when my supplier at that time was pushing the health advantages of Arcosolve
PTB™ . Although I was never entirely convinced that one glycol was safer over the
other, the marketing angle was good.
Note: the easy way to add the 8 lbs of builders was to simply fill a 1 gallon container. It
wasn't exactly 8 lbs, but it was close enough. Also, if you wish, add the surfactant before
the glycol ether, using a five gallon pail to measure. Then, using the same pail, add the
glycol. This makes the pail easier to rinse out with water when you are finished.
Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #3 (Pro Laser)
55 Gallon Formula
Fill drum 2/3 full with water

Add in the following order:
1) 8 lbs Sodium Trypolyphosphate
2) 8 lbs Sodium Metasilicate (pentahydrate)
3) 8 lbs Caustic Soda
4) 5 gallons Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco)
135
5) 5 gallons Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide)

6) 5 gallons SXS (40%)
Top off drum with water to make 55 gallons.
Color: Rhodine Red (Keystone Dye Company)
This formula was a pumped up Laser for customers who wanted something a little
stronger. I had to add more SXS to keep the caustic soda from "knocking-out" the
surfactant. Be careful anytime you sell a product containing caustic soda. If it is miss-
used, the customer tends to blame the manufacturer (you). This happened to me once. A
customer used Pro-Laser on his car, despite the warnings I had put on the label, and due
to the caustic content it damaged the paint. He insisted I pay for a new paint job. I did,
and from that point on I sold it only to specific customers whom I believed would use the
product correctly. The best market was for steam cleaning dumpsters and trash bins.
Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #4 (Turbo Jetkleen)
To make 55 gallons, fill drum halfway with Laser Degreaser. Top off with water to
make 55 gallons.
Surprised? Don't be. I learned this trick while working for a specialty chemical company
based in Los Angeles. They would make a thousand gallons of Premium Heavy Duty
Carpet Shampoo, pack off 500 gallons, top off the tank with water, add a little dye, and
now have 1000 gallons of Rug and Upholstery Shampoo. I sold Turbo Jetkleen as an
"economical" alternative to Laser Degreaser.
Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #5
Aromatic 150™ (Exxon) 40

Monamulse 947™ (Mona) 20
NaOH (50%) 4
Water 36
136
Mix the Aromatic 150™ and Monamulse 947™ together. Add the NaOH to the water
portion, then add this mixture to the first slowly while mixing.
Heavy Duty Hand Dishwashing Detergent
Calsoft LAS-99™(Pilot) 20
Diethanolamine 3.5
Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate 2.5
SXS (40%) 6.3
Water 64.3
Add the water, followed by the Diethanolamine and Sodium Hydroxide. Add the Calsoft
LAS-99™next. The Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate and SXS are added last. The
final pH should be 7-8.
Heavy Duty Truck Cleaner (Low foaming)

SXS (40%) 15
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate 3
Water 51
Add the water, then the two builders. Add the SXS, Butyl Cellosolve™, and
Tergitol NP-9™. The formula is considered low foaming since the nonylphenol nonionic
used, like most nonylphenol nonionics, generates only a modest amount of foam. If less
foam was desired to facilitate faster rinsing, a specific low foaming nonionic like Makon
NF-12™ (Stepan) could be used. If higher foam was desired, Triton X-100™ (Union
Carbide) could substitute for the Tergitol NP-9™, with improved hard surface cleaning
ability, or a product like Stepanol WAC™ (Stepan) could be coupled in with the
Tergitol NP-9™.
137
Heavy Duty Truck Cleaner (Moderate foaming)
Butyl Cellosolve (Union Carbide) 15

Tergitol NP-9 (Union Carbide) 5
Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate 15
SXS (40%) 15
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate 3
Water 46
Add the water, then the two builders. Add the SXS, then the Butyl Cellosolve™,
Tergitol NP-9™, and SDDBS. The SDDBS could be Nacconol 90G™ (Stepan), which
is pre-neutralized linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LAS) in powder form. However, in
this formula you can just use the less expensive linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LAS)
and neutralize it to the sodium salt yourself. If you do this, add the water first, then the
proportionate amount of Sodium Hydroxide to neutralize the LAS, which is added next.
Then the builders, glycol ether and nonionic are added.
High Foaming Cleaner #1
Water 30
Mirataine CB™S (Miranol) 30
Mirataine CB™ (Miranol) 20
Add ingredients in order listed. This experimental formula should be a very high foaming
product that works well in both hard and soft water. You can vary the percentages to
control costs.
High Foaming Cleaner #2
Water 40
Miranol C2M-SF™ Conc. (Miranol) 40
138
Stepanol WAC™ (Stepan) 15

Monamid 150 GLT (Mona) 5
Add in order listed. This is an extremely high foaming, mild cleaner with good actives
content (approximately 27%). It could be used as a hand dishwash detergent, car
shampoo, or diluted down 10 parts water to make a foamy spray and wipe cleaner.
Jewelry Cleaner
Water 72.5
Hexylene Glycol 2.5
Monamine ADS-100 25
Add in order listed. Can be diluted 1-100 for use.
Jet Carwash Concentrate
Water 70
Detergent Concentrate 840 (Mona) 30
This formula can be diluted 1-400 with water and still produce good detergency and
foam.
Laundry Detergent #1
Sodium Carbonate 10
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 0.5
Sodium Sulfate 19.5
139
Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate to the mixer. While tumbling
spray on the Plurafac D-25™. After the Plurafac D-25™ has been absorbed by the
powders, add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, CMC, and Sodium Sulfate. The
CMC, even at the low concentration of .5%, is an essential part of this formulation. CMC
is an effective soil anti-redeposition agent that should not be left out. The Sodium Sulfate,
which is essentially a filler, can be left out and replaced by more Sodium
Trypolyphosphate. But if you find caking is a problem, leave the Sodium Sulfate in since
it does have anti-caking properties.
Water 89
STPP 17
Kasil #6™ (PQ Corporation) 7.4
LAS 5
Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Potassium Hydroxide will neutralize the LAS
into Potassium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate. Kasil #6™ is a liquid Potassium Silicate
solution, with a pH of 11.7.
Water 54.5
TKPP 4.6
Starso™ (PQ Corporation) 15
Phosphate ester 5
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Use the acid form Phosphate Ester since the
formula contains so much caustic. The surfactant could be Tergitol 25-L-9 (Union
140
Carbide).
Water 28.7
Fluorescent Brightener 0.1
CMC 0.5
Acrysol ASE-108™ (Rohm & Haas) 6.0
Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EO 10.0
TKPP (60%) 40.0
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide) could be
the surfactant in this formulation.
Water 69
STPP 17
LAS 5
Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Potassium Hydroxide solution will neutralize
the LAS. It might be advisable to add .5-1% CMC for its soil anti-redeposition properties.
Laundry Detergent #6 (Linen Supply, Moderate to High Alkalinity)
Sodium Carbonate 30
STPP 20
141
Sodium Sulfate 6
LAS 4
CMC 2
Add the first two powders then spray on the LAS while tumbling. Note: dry neutralizing
LAS requires a small amount of water (.5-3% added to the powder first before spraying
on the LAS). Avoid adding too much water. Experimentation with small batches is
advised to find the right percentage for each formula. After neutralizing the LAS, add the
Sodium Sulfate, Metso Beads 2048 and CMC, then spray on the Nonylphenol.
Laundry Detergent #7 (Linen Supply-High Alkalinity)

Sodium Carbonate 20
STPP 20
LAS 12
CMC 2
Add all ingredients except LAS. While tumbling spray on the LAS.
Laundry Detergent #8 (Industrial Supply-Moderate Alkalinity)
Sodium Carbonate 20
STPP 15
Sodium Sulfate 16
Polyvinylpyrolidone 1
CMC 1
Add the first two ingredients, then spray on the Nonylphenol while tumbling. Add the
remaining ingredients.
142
Laundry Detergent #9 (Home Use)
STTP 44
CMC 2
Calsoft F-90™(Pilot) 10
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Since all the ingredients are powders this formula
is very simple to produce. To reduce cost Sodium Carbonate can replace up to half of the
STTP.
Laundry Detergent #10 (Low Alkalinity)
Britesil C24 (PQ Corporation) 20

STPP 16
Sodium Carbonate 20
Sodium Sulfate 30
Polyvinylpyrolidone 1
CMC 1
Nonylphenol,9-10 moles EO 12
Source: BASF
Sodium Carbonate 47
Plurafac A-38 (BASF) 12
Sodium Hydroxide 15
CMC 2
Add the Sodium Carbonate to the powder mixer. While mixing spray on the Plurafac A-
143
38. Add the Sodium Metasilicate, followed by the Sodium Hydroxide and CMC. This
type of caustic detergent is best used in industrial machines under controlled conditions,
and is not suitable for home use. To convert to a home use detergent, replace the caustic
with STPP. (You could then use Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate and achieve a faster
dissolving powder).
Source: BASF
Sodium Carbonate 47
Sodium Hydroxide 15
CMC 2
Add the Sodium Carbonate to the powder mixer. While mixing spray on the Plurafac D-
25™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate, followed by the Sodium Hydroxide and CMC.
Source: BASF
Sodium Carbonate 10
CMC .5
Sodium Sulfate 19.5
Add the first two powders to the mixer, then spray on the Plurafac D-25™ while
tumbling. Add the next three ingredients.
Light Duty Liquid Detergent
Water 90
144
It is recommended to add .1% Sodium Metasilicate or .2% Sodium Metasilicate

Pentahydrate to the formula to inhibit corrosion, since aqueous solutions of Monamine
ALX-100S™ are corrosive to steel.
Liquid Alkaline Cleaner
Monateric CA-35™ (Mona) 10

Water 70
Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Monateric CA-35™
last. A few percent (1-5%) of Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate can be replaced with
STTP or TKPP as a chelating agent if desired.
Liquid Car Wash
Water 84.5
Versene 100 (Dow) 1
Monamine ALX-100S™ (Mona) 3.5
Liquid Hand Dishwashing Detergent
Water 82
Detergent Concentrate 840™ (Mona) 15
Monamid 716 (Mona) 3
145
Phosphoric Acid (75%) (to ph 7)
Add ingredients in order listed. The Phosphoric Acid is only used to adjust the pH down
to neutral.
Lipstick/Wax Marker Remover

Methyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) 15
Naphtha 64
Liquid Detergent
LAS 5
Calsuds CD-6™(Pilot Chemical) 20
Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate 5
SXS-40 10
Water 60
Add the water, then the Calsuds CD-6™. Slowly add the LAS next, followed by the
Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate and SXS-40. The Calsuds CD-6™ is a modified coconut
diethanolamide with enough free amine to neutralize the LAS. The Secondary Alcohol
Ethoxylate could be replaced by any number of nonionic surfactants, preferably with a
HLB number of 12-14. This is a very concentrated all-purpose liquid detergent.
Liquid Hand Dishwash Detergent #1
Water 20
Alpha Step LD-200™ (Stepan) 80
146
Alpha Step LD-200™ is a completely formulated liquid dishwash super concentrate that
merely needs to be diluted with water to make a premium product. This formula will be
40% active, which is equal to the best commercial hand dishwash detergents.
Water 40
This product will be 30% actives, which is still excellent.
Water 60
This product will be 20% active. It may be a little "thin,” so a few percent (1-2) of an
amide Such as Ninol 40-CO (Stepan) can be used to add viscosity and foam boosting
power.
Liquid Hand Soap
Water 68
Alpha-Step ML-40 (Stepan) 15
Bio Terge AS-40™(Stepan) 15
Ninol 40-CO (Stepan) 2
Add the ingredients in order listed. Alpha-Step ML-40 and Bio Terge AS-40™ are
mild, high foaming surfactants suitable for personal care products. The Ninol 40-CO is
added to stabilize the foam and provide extra viscosity.
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Liquid Household Drain Cleaner #1
Water 89.5
Monaterge 85™ (Mona) 1
Liquid Household Drain Cleaner #2
Water 88
NaOH 10
Liquid Laundry Detergent #1

Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (60%), LAS 24.5
Coconut Fatty Acid 1.6
Monoethanolamine, MEA 1.6
Citric Acid (anhydrous) 6.6
Fluorescent Whitener 0.1
Water 28.4
Add the water first, then the Triton H-66™, Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate, and
Triton XL-80N™. Add the Coconut Fatty Acid, then the MEA. Add the Sodium
Hydroxide solution, then the Citric Acid.. Add the Fluorescent Whitener last.
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Liquid Soap
Propyl Carbitol (Union Carbide) 5

Oleic Acid 20
Potassium Hydroxide 5
Glycerin 20
Water 50
Add Potassium Hydroxide to 1/3 the water. With slow mixing, add the Oleic acid. Add
glycerin and Propyl Carbitol and mix well. Continue mixing while adding the remaining
water.
Liquid Steam Cleaner #1
Source: Rohm and Haas Company
Water 68
Miranol C2M-SF™ Concentrate (Miranol Company) 15
Acusol 445N™ (Rohm and Haas Company) 2
Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Miranol C2M-SF™
and Acusol 445N™. The Miranol C2M-SF™ tolerates high levels of builders without
the use of hydrotropes. The Acusol 445N™ is a polymer that serves as a builder and
chelating agent, replacing phosphates. If phosphates are banned in your area, using
polymers may be the only way to go.
Liquid Steam Cleaner #2
Source: Miranol Company
Water 54
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Miranol C2M-SF™ Concentrate (Miranol) 15
Add the water, then the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Metasilicate
Pentahydrate, followed by the Potassium Hydroxide. Add the Miranol C2M-SF™ last.
The Miranol C2M-SF™ is a 39% actives amphoteric surfactant that tolerates high levels
of builders without the use of hydrotropes. The Sodium Trypolyphosphate serves as the
chelating agent, while the Sodium Metasilicate serves as the major builder. The
Potassium Hydroxide gives the formula a little extra punch.
Makon All Purpose Cleaner
Glycol Ether 5
Water 90
Add the water, then the TSP. Add the Glycol Ether and Makon 10™ next. This formula
would be improved by adding 1-2% STTP for its chelating action.
Marine-Quality Rust Preventative, Water Displacer, Penetrant and Lubricant #1
ALOX 2213C™ (Alox Corporation) 12

Paraffinic or Naphthenic oil 12
Mineral Spirits (Kb 37 or higher) 76
This formula provides superior corrosion protection against salt atmospheres, as well as
water displacing, penetrating and lubricating properties. The Mineral Spirits needs to
have a Kb value of 37 or higher to aid in dissolving the Alox 2213C™, which is supplied
as a soft waxy solid.
Marine-Quality Rust Preventative, Water Displacer, Penetrant and Lubricant #2
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ALOX 2213C™-50 (Alox Corporation) 24

Mineral Spirits (Kb 37 or higher) 76
ALOX 2213C™-50 is a liquid 50/50 mixture of Alox 2213C™ and oil, making it easier
to blend. The resulting formula has the same properties as the preceding one.
Mechanics Hand Cleaner #1
Ninate 411™ (Stepan ) 12

Kerosene 38
Water 50
Add the Ninate 411™ to the Kerosene. Then slowly add the water under agitation. A
clear stable emulsion should form. Using Kerosene in handcleaners tends to irritate and
dry out the skin. An alternative is to try D'Limonene, mineral oil, or deodorized mineral
spirits, and also to add glycerin, lanolin, or propylene glycol as skin conditioners.
Mechanics Hand Cleaner #2

Oleic Acid 8
Light Mineral Oil 38
Water 42
Add the Ninate 411™, Oleic Acid and Light Mineral Oil together. Slowly add the water.
The Oleic Acid solubilizes the Ninate 411™ into the mineral oil.
Mechanics Hand Cleaner #3 (Fast acting for heavy soils)
Stoddard Solvent (Amsco) 22.9

Solvesso 150 (Exxon) 25.9
151

Water 38.4
Add first three ingredients, mix until clear. Add water slowly while mixing.
Metal Degreaser
Water 62
EDTA (37%) 10
Phosphate ester 10
C9-C11 linear alcohol 6 moles EO 5
C9-C11 linear alcohol 2.5 moles EO 5
Add the water first, then add the Metso Beads 2048™ (Sodium Metasilicate) and EDTA
solution. Add the Phosphate Ester and two surfactants next. Phosphate Esters will
normally come in an 80-100% actives acid form with a pH around two, or a potassium
salt version of 50% actives with a pH of 7-10. If you use the acid form you may need to
adjust the pH of your formula with Sodium Hydroxide to keep your formula alkaline..
With the potassium salt version you won't have to. In this formula I would use Monafax
872 (Mona) as the Phosphate Ester, and Neodol 91-6™ (Shell) as the water soluble
surfactant (C9-C11 linear alcohol 6 moles EO), and Neodol 91-2.5™ (Shell) as the oil
soluble surfactant (C9-C11 linear alcohol 2.5 moles EO). By combining these two
surfactants greater oil and grease cutting power is generated.
Metal Destainer
STPP 25
Octylphenol 2
Sodium Sulfate 8
PQ Epsom Salt™ (PQ Corporation) 2
Sodium Perborate, monohydrate 38
Add the first two powders, then spray on the Octylphenol (try Triton X-100™ from
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Union Carbide). Add the Sodium Sulfate, PQ Epsom Salt™, and Sodium Perborate.
Metal Protector
AQUALOX 2295™ (Alox) 60

Water 40
Aqualox 2295™ is an emulsifiable rust preventative concentrate. Simply dilute with

water in the proportion shown. Heating the solution helps the mixing. This formula, when
sprayed onto metal surfaces, forms a residual film that provides long term protection
especially against salt water and salt spray.
Milkstone Remover and Acid Cleaner
Water 48
Petro LBA™ Powder (Witco) 4
Hydroxyacetic Acid (70%) 5
Oil Additive For Automobiles
ALOX 164™ (Alox) 10

65 SSU @ 100 degree F oil 90
ALOX 164™ is a blend of components designed to improve engine oils. The above
formula is added at the rate of 12 to 16 ounces per 5 to 6 quarts of oil. This formula will
give improved anti-wear, detergency, solvency, and anti-rust properties to regular engine
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oil. The 65 SSU @ 100 degree F oil is a way of specifying a certain viscosity of oil, in
this case a very light bodied oil of about SAE 0-W. A regular engine oil by comparison is
rated at SAE 30-W.
Paint Brush Cleaner #1

Paint Brush Cleaner #2

Stepanol WAC™ (Stepan) 10
Xylene 74.5
Sodium Hydroxide .5
Water 5
Paint Remover #1
Source: BASF
Sodium Carbonate 25
Sodium Hydroxide 67
In a powder mixer add the Sodium Carbonate then spray on the Klearfac AA-270™
while tumbling. Add the remaining two powders. The Klearfac AA-270™ will remain
stable even on caustic. Add 6-8 ounces per gallon of water for stripping paint.
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Paint Remover #2
Source: BASF
Methylene Chloride 81
Toluene 4
Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) 3.5
Paraffin Wax 2
Hydroxpropyl Methylcellulose 2
Methanol 7
Acetic Acid .5
Add in the order listed. In use, the Paraffin Wax retards the evaporation of the Methylene
Chloride, allowing it to work longer.
Paint Stripper #1

Sodium Hydroxide 15
SXS (40%) 3
Water 69
Add the water, then the Sodium Hydroxide. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and SXS next,
followed by the Steol CS-460™.
Paint Stripper #2
Source: Du Pont Chemical
DBE Tribasic Ester™ (Du Pont) 40

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 15
Aromatic 150™ Solvent (Exxon) 40.2
Potassium Oleate 4
Methocel 311 (Du Pont) .8
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Paint Stripper #3 (dip-tank)
Source: Du Pont Chemical
DBE Tribasic Ester™ (Du Pont) 60

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 40
N-Methyl -2-Pyrrilidone is an excellent paint stripper, often times used as a replacement

for Methylene Chloride. The only drawback to N-Methyl -2-Pyrrilidone is its high cost.
Paint Stripper #4
Triton QS-44™ (Union Carbide) 1.5

Water 83.5
Add the water, then the Sodium Hydroxide. Add the Triton QS-44™ last.
Paste Copper Cleaner

Tergitol NP-8 (Union Carbide) 9
Celite Diatomaceous Earth 26
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Peel & Stick Tile Floor Cleaner
Water 88
STTP 2
Ninol 1301™ (Stepan) 10
Add ingredients in order listed. Ninol 1301™ has excellent detergency, but is not a
particularly good wetting agent. (Manufacturers refer to this as "controlled wetting"). But
in this case you don't want a cleaner that will penetrate between and under tiles and
possibly loosening them.
Penetrant-Lubricant-Rust Inhibitor
SAE 40 Motor Oil 25

Monawet MO65-150™ (Mona) .5
Monacor 39™ (Mona) 3
Aromatic 150™ (Exxon) 71.5
Add the Aromatic 150™, followed by the first three ingredients.
Penetrating Oil
ALOX 1680™ (Alox Corporation) 10

Kerosene 90
ALOX 1680™ is a liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon that blend easily with kerosene to
make a highly effective penetrating oil. This formula meets Federal Specification VV-P-
216 "Penetrating Oil For Loosening Frozen Metallic Parts." If desired, some of the
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kerosene can be replaced with oil to make a combination penetrant/lubricant.
Pet Shampoo with D’Limonene
Source: Mona
Water 70
Monaterge 779 25
D’Limonene 5
Add ingredients and adjust pH to 7. Use 2-3 ounces per gallon.
Pine Oil Cleaner
Part A

Pine Oil 20
Oleic Acid 18
Part B

Water 52.4
Mix Part A and Part B separately, then add Part B to Part A. Mix until clear. At 20%
levels Pine Oil is considered to have disinfectant properties, however, EPA registration is
required if this claim is made.
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Plastic and Leather Cleaner

Oleic Acid 2
Morpholine 1
Mineral spirits 20
Water 71
Add the water, Methyl Propasol™ , and Tergitol NP-9™ . Add the Mineral Spirits,
Oleic Acid and Morpholine last.
Plastic and Leather Cleaner/Polish

Tergitol NP-9™(union Carbide) 1
Union Carbide Silicone Fluid L-45™, 350 cSt 2
Oleic Acid 2
Morpholine 1
Mineral Spirits 20
Water 69
Add the water, Methyl Propasol™ , and Tergitol NP-9™ . Add the silicone oil next.
Add the Mineral Spirits, Oleic Acid and Morpholine last.
Pot And Pan Cleaner

159
SXS (40%) 5
Water 86
Add the water. Add the Sodium Metasilicate and SXS next, followed by the glycol ether
and surfactant. It wouldn't hurt to add 2-3% STPP to this formula to take advantage of the
chelating action, and also the synergistic cleaning power of a STPP and Sodium
Metasilicate combination.
Powdered Laundry Detergent

Sodium Carbonate/Soda Ash 50.0
Sodium Silicate 12.0
Sodium Sulfate 21.7
Carboxymethylcellulose, CMC 1.0
Fluorescent Whitening Agent 0.3
Add the Sodium Carbonate to the mixer. While tumbling spray on the Triton XL-80N™.
Add the remaining ingredients in order listed.
Powdered Steam Cleaner
Sodium Carbonate 11
Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate first. While tumbling spray on
the Plurafac B-25-5™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate last. Notice how close
this formula is to the Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #2 formula, which shows how one
formula can be adapted or slightly changed to fit another purpose.
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Portable Toilet Additive (PTA)
To Make One 55 Gallon Drum of PTA:
1) Fill a 55 gallon open-topped drum two-thirds full with water

2) Add 4 gallons Ucarcide 250™ (Union Carbide)
3) Add 1 gallon fragrance
4) Add 3.5 gallons Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide)
5) Add 1 gallon SXS
6) Add .5 gallons Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco)
7) Add blue dye
8) Top off drum with water
Use dilution: 8-16 ounces per 5 gallons of water.
PTA was a very successful formulation that I sold in 10 drum quantities to Laidlaw
Waste Disposal Systems. They wanted to get away from formaldehyde-based portable
toilet deodorants. When this product was tested, it beat every single other formulation
they had tried to date. The fragrance I used was called Bubble Gum, which is one of the
less expensive fragrances. In this type of formulation don't be afraid to use plenty of
fragrance. I added the Arcosolve PTB™ because it seemed to bring out the fragrance
even more. There is a special, inexpensive blue dye available from Keystone Dye
Company that is used for these types of formulations. Put plenty of dye into the formula.
Even after diluting 8 ounces PTA to 5 gallons of water, the color should still be dark blue.
Retail Shelf Cleaner (spray & wipe)
D'Limonene 20
Retail store personnel are constantly changing out and cleaning the displays and shelving
units, and peeling off old labels. The sticky adhesive residue and other dirt and grime is
easily removed with this formula. The alcohol serves as a cleaning agent and evaporative
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aid. The D'Limonene removes the sticky residues, while the Tergitol NP-9™ adds a
little extra detergency and wetting action. If desired, a few percent of Arcosolve PTB™
or Butyl Cellosolve™ could be added.
Rug Shampoo
Water 75
Monamate LA-100™ (Mona) 5
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (28%) 20
Rust Remover and Delimer

Water 59
Add the water first, then the acid. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™
last. This would make a good spray on metal cleaner prior to painting.
Sanitizing Cleaner
STPP 30
Sodium Carbonate 25
C12-C16 linear alcohol,12 moles EO 10
Quaternary Germicide 5
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Add the first two powders. While tumbling spray on the surfactant. Try Neodol 25-12™
(Shell) as the linear alcohol surfactant. Add the Metso Pentabead 20™, then add the
Quaternary Germicide last. Try BTC 2125 M P40™ from Stepan as the germicide. If I
were producing this formula, I would simply add equal parts of the three builders (say
one 50lb bag of each), then spray on the surfactant at 10% total weight (about two
gallons), then add the germicide (about one gallon dry measure).
Silicone Polish (High Gloss)
Source: Dow Corning
Water 67.5
Dow Corning 929 (Dow) 5.0
Dow Corning 346 (Dow) 25.0
NP-9 1.0
Sodium Citrate 1.0
Acetic Acid . .5
Add in the order listed. The combination of the two silicone emulsions gives the best
gloss and durability. The Sodium Citrate acts as a stabilizer., the Acetic Acid as a
preservative. This would be considered a premium product. A more economical product
can be made by simply increasing the percentage of water.
Silk Screen Cleaner (BioSolve!)
D'Limonene 49.5
Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco) 49.5
This very simple formula was sold to a silk screen company that made mirror signs for
beer companies. They had been using an extremely expensive specialty cleaner shipped
in from out of state. BioSolve! was half the cost, safer to use, more effective in use, and
they bought it by the 55 gallon drum. Originally I used Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union
Carbide) as the glycol ether, but when the price of Arcosolve PTB™ dropped lower I
switched over. The performance was not affected, but Arcosolve PTB™ has a better
safety profile.
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Silver Dip
Water 83
Thiourea 7
Add in the order listed. The thiourea adds corrosion protection
Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #1 (Ferrous Metals)
Sodium Carbonate 25
Plurafac B-25-5™ (BASF) 1.5
Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) 1.5
Sodium Hydroxide 20
Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate first. While mixing spray on
the Plurafac B-25-5™ and Klearfac AA-270™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate and
Sodium Hydroxide last. Remember, don't use Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate in a
powdered formula containing Sodium Hydroxide. The water content of the pentahydrate
will react with the caustic and form a hard sticky mass. The Klearfac AA-270™ is a
phosphate ester surfactant that helps solubilize the Plurafac B-25-5™ in highly alkaline
systems. This formulation can be used at 4-12 ounces per gallon of water, preferably hot
water (120 degrees F).
Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #2 (Ferrous or Non-ferrous Metals)
Sodium Carbonate 10
Plurafac B-26™ (BASF) 2
164
Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate first. While tumbling spray on
the Plurafac B-26™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate last. Again, notice that
in powdered formulations a low percentage of surfactant is effective, in this case only 2%
is required. Because no caustic is included, this formula could be used for non-ferrous
metals. (See the Powdered Steam Cleaner #1 formula for additional notes)
Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #3
Source: BASF
Sodium Carbonate 10
Plurafac B-26™ (BASF) 2
Add the First two powders to the powder mixer. While tumbling spray on the Plurafac
B-26™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate last.
Solvent Based Pre-Wash Spotter
Propyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) 5

Isoparaffinic Solvent 75
Add the first three ingredients to the Isoparaffinic Solvent. Mix until clear.
Solvent Based Spot Cleaner

VM&P Naphtha 40
165
Isopropanol 13
Solvent Degreaser #1 (Power-Flo)

Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco) 2
This formula was developed for a steam cleaning company that needed a cleaner that
would remove oil and grease from concrete. Many cleaners can remove the top layer of
oil and grease from concrete, but they leave a "shadow" behind. Power-Flo cleans oil and
grease superbly, and actually removes the "shadow" from the concrete. The Aromatic
100™ has a high Kb value of 91, and the Ninol 11-CM™, Tergitol NP-9™, and
Arcosolve PTB™ work together to add extra solvency, penetrating, and emulsifying
properties. The owners of the steam cleaning company claimed Power-Flo worked better
than anything else they had ever tried.
Solvent Degreaser #2

Monamulse 947™ will mix easily into the Aromatic 150™ without the need for a
coupling agent. The result is a powerful, water rinsable degreaser for heavy duty use.
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Solvent Degreaser #3
Water 25
Isopropanol 25
Monawet MO65-150™ (Mona) 10
Spray Cleaner #1
Glycol Ether 3
Water 94
Add the water then the Glycol Ether and Monamine 779™. The Glycol Ether could be
Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) or Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco).
Spray Cleaner #2 (sanitizing type)

Tetradecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride .5
Water 92
Add the water first, then the metasilicate. Add the Propyl Propasol™ and Tergitol NP-
10™ next, followed by the ammonium chloride. Try BTC 824 P100 (Stepan) as the
sanitizing agent.
167

Tetradecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride .5
Water 92
Add the water first, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, Butyl Cellosolve™,
and Tergitol NP-9™. Add the Tetradecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride
last. Instead of 1.5 % Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, you could add a combination of
.5% STTP (for chelating action) and 1% Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate.

Hyamine 2389™ .1
Water 92.9
Add the water, Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate.

Add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ next. Add the Hyamine 2389™ last.

Dowicide A™ (Dow) .1
Water 92.9
Add the water first, then add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ next. Add
168
the Dowicide A™ last.

Ucarcide 250™ (Union Carbide) .2
Water 92.8
Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™
and Tergitol NP-9™ next. Add the Ucarcide 250™ last.
Spray Cleaner
Water 93
Butyl Cellosolve 3
Spray Metal Cleaner #1
Source: BASF
Sodium Carbonate 40
Add the first two powders to the mixer. While tumbling spray on the Plurafac D-25™.
Add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate last.
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Spray Metal Cleaner #2
Source: BASF Company
Water 68
Propylene Glycol 6
SXS (40%) 6
Sodium Gluconate 4
EDTA 3
Add the water, then the EDTA, SXS, Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, and Sodium
Gluconate. Add the Propylene Glycol, Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate and Plurafac D-25™
last.
Spray On Metal Cleaner #1 (Powder- For Ferrous Metals)
Source: BASF
Sodium Carbonate 45
Iconol TDA-6 (BASF) 10
Sodium Hydroxide 15
Add the Sodium Carbonate to the powder mixer. While tumbling spray on the surfactant.
Add the Sodium Metasilicate and Sodium Hydroxide last. Because of the Sodium
Hydroxide content, this cleaner should not be used on soft metals. Use 2-8 ounces per
gallon of water.
Spray On Metal Cleaner #2 (Solvent based-for all metals)
Glycol Ether 20
Makon 10™ Surfactant (Stepan) 20
Kerosene 60
This is a very effective degreaser. When used straight it will almost instantly remove
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heavy deposits of oil, grease, and tar. The cleaning solution can be rinsed off with water.
The Makon 10™ forms a cloudy mix with the kerosene alone, but the glycol ether
"couples" it into solution, forming a nice clear mix. Different solvents besides kerosene
can be used. Odorless mineral spirits would work well, or D'Limonene, which has
increased solvency power, as well as being biodegradable. D'Limonene attacks some
plastics, however, so more care is needed on where it is used.
Steam Cleaner #1
Water 18.8
TKPP 17.2
Phosphate Ester 2.3
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Starso™ is a sodium silicate solution with a pH
of 12.9. The Phosphate Ester could be QS-44 (Union Carbide). QS-44 is supplied in the
acid form, but there is plenty of Potassium Hydroxide to offset the acid. The QS-44 will
also add extra detergency.
Steam Cleaner #2
Water 34.1
TKPP 17.2
Potassium hydroxide (45%) 31.1
Phosphate Ester 2.0
Add the ingredients in the order listed. Starso™ is a sodium silicate solution with a pH
of 12.9. The Phosphate Ester could be QS-44 (Union Carbide). QS-44 is supplied in the
acid form, but there is plenty of Potassium Hydroxide to offset the acid. The QS-44 will
also add extra detergency. The linear alcohol could be Neodol 91-6™ (Shell).
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Steam Cleaner #3 (Powder)
STPP 35
Sodium Carbonate 20
Add the first two powders, then while tumbling spray on the linear alcohol surfactant.
The surfactant could be Neodol 25-12™ (Shell). Add the Metso Beads 2048™ last
(Sodium Metasilicate). To simplify a formula like this, I would add equal parts of all
three powders, then add 10% by weight of surfactant.
Steam Cleaner #4
STPP 50
Sodium gluconate 2
Add the STPP. While tumbling, spray on the linear alcohol surfactant. Try Neodol 25-
12™ (Shell) as the surfactant. Add the remaining two ingredients. In practice, it is
simpler to have equal parts of STPP and Metso Pentabead 20™. To make a small batch
I would throw in a 50lb bag of STPP, a 50lb bag of Metso Pentabead 20™, a couple lbs
of Sodium Gluconate, then while tumbling spray on a half gallon or so of surfactant.
Steam Extraction Carpet Cleaner #1
Water 91
Petro 22™ Powder (Witco) 5
EDTA 4
Perfume (if desired) .1-.5
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Add ingredients in order listed. Use 1-2 ounces per gallon of water.
Steam Extraction Carpet Cleaner #2 (powder-with deodorizing action)
Petro 22™ Powder (Witco) 5

STTP 90
BTC 2125 M P40™ (Stepan) 5
Add ingredients in order listed. Use 1-2 ounces per 5 gallons of water.
Steam Metal Cleaner
Source: BASF
Water 79.5
Triethanolamine 1.5
Add the water, then dissolve the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate and Tetrapotassium
Pyrophosphate. Add the Klearfac AA-270™ next, followed by the Triethanolamine.
Tar Removal Solvent For Automobiles

D'Limonene 30
Odorless Mineral Spirits 38
Mix ingredients in the order listed. One day my father followed a roof repair truck that
was towing a hot tar-kettle trailer, and tar residue was deposited all over his new car. I
tried D'Limonene by itself to remove the tar and it worked, but not as well as I thought it
173
would. I tried Butyl Cellosolve™ next and it also didn't work well. It was the same for
the mineral spirits. My brother, Robert, suggested in his practical way to mix them all up
and see what happened. While my father nervously watched, we discovered a synergistic
effect with the combination of solvents, and the tar was easily removed. I added the
Ninol 11-CM™ to make rinsing it all off easier. This formula, of course, could be used
for many different types of tough tar and grease removal operations.
Terrazzo Cleaner
Water 90
Hampene 100™ 2
Tile Cleaner
Source: BASF
Water 77
SXS (40%) 6
Add the water, then the two builders (Sodium Metasilicate and TKPP). Add the SXS
next, followed by the Glycol Ether, Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate, and Plurafac D-25™.
Toilet Bowl Cleaner #1
LAS 2
Hydrochloric Acid 20
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Calfax DB-45™ (Pilot) 3

Water 75
Add the water, then the LAS, Hydrochloric Acid, and Calfax DB-45™ . The LAS is left
unneutralized in this formula since this is an acid based cleaner. The Calfax DB-45™
is a 45% actives combination hydrotrope and surfactant that is very stable in acid based
cleaners. It is not biodegradable. If biodegradability is an issue, try substituting Calfax
10L-45 for the Calfax DB-45™.
Water 70.6
75% Phosphoric Acid 2
Tomah Acid Thickener™ (Exxon) 3
37% Hydrochloric Acid 24.4
Add the water, then the Phosphoric Acid, Tomah Acid Thickener™, followed by the
Hydrochloric Acid. The Tomah Acid Thickener™ is a cationic surfactant that acts as a
viscosity builder and metal corrosion protector in acid based systems. It should be heated
and mixed before adding to the formula. The small amount of Phosphoric Acid in the
formula helps solubilize the Tomah Acid Thickener™.
Water 77.7
75% Phosphoric Acid 12.7
Tomah Acid Thickener™ (Exxon) 4.0
Salt (NaCl) 5.0
Surfonic N-150™ (Jefferson Chemical) 0.5
Add the water, Phosphoric Acid, then the Tomah Acid Thickener™. Add the Salt and
Surfonic N-150™ last. The Tomah Acid Thickener™ is a cationic surfactant that acts
as a viscosity builder and metal corrosion protector in acid based systems. It should be
heated and mixed before adding to the formula. Adding the Phosphoric Acid before the
Tomah Acid Thickener™ makes solubilizing it easier. The Surfonic N-150™ is a
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100% active nonionic surfactant that serves as a wetting agent. The Salt helps thicken the
formula. Toilet bowl cleaners based on Phosphoric Acid are milder and less irritating to
use than Hydrochloric Acid based cleaners, which emit strong fumes.
Traffic Film Remover
Source: Exxon
Tomah Q-17-2™ (Exxon) 2

Tomah AO-14-2™(Exxon) 2
Metso Anhydrous (PQ Corporation) 1
EDTA 10
Water 82
Add the water, then the EDTA. and Metso Anhydrous (Metso Bead 2048-PQ
Corporation). Add the remaining ingredients in the order listed. Tomah Q-17-2™
works synergistically with the nonionic Tergitol NP-9™, giving better cleaning power
than either one used alone at comparable use levels.
Truck Wash Powder #1

Sodium Carbonate 30
STPP 35
Add the ingredients in the order listed. If you use Calsoft F-90™(Pilot) as the
Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate, this formula is very simple to make since no spraying is
necessary. The Metso Pentabead 20™ is fast dissolving and gives corrosion protection
against the Sodium Carbonate. The high percentage of STPP insures good results even in
hard water areas.
176
Truck Wash Powder #2
Sodium Carbonate 40
TSPP 25
Add the Sodium Carbonate, then while tumbling spray on the Nonylphenol surfactant (try
using Tergitol NP-9™from Union Carbide). The Sodium Carbonate should readily
absorb the surfactant. Add the remaining ingredients. The Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate
could be Calsoft F-90™(Pilot). This is a very effective formula. The combination
of the two surfactants gives good soil cutting properties. STPP could be substituted for
the TSPP.
Vehicle Wash #1
Water 87
Ammonium Hydroxide 3
Add the water, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate. Add the Plurafac D-25™ and
Ammonium Hydroxide next. The Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate serves as the builder
and sequestering agent, while the nonionic surfactant (Plurafac D-25™) gives
detergency. The Ammonium Hydroxide gives extra soil cutting power, but some users
will find the ammonia odor objectionable. If that is the case, leave the Ammonium
Hydroxide out and add another 3% of Plurafac D-25™. If higher foaming is desired, try
replacing the Ammonium Hydroxide with Sodium Lauryl Sulfate or Monamine 779™
(Mona Company).
177
Vehicle Wash #2
Water 74
Propylene Glycol 6
SXS (40%) 6
Sodium Gluconate 4
EDTA 3
Add the water, Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, EDTA, Sodium Gluconate, then the
SXS. Add the Propylene Glycol and Plurafac D-25™ last. The EDTA serves as a
sequestering agent, the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate is the major builder, and the
Sodium Gluconate serves as an excellent sequestering agent in high alkaline systems. The
SXS (Sodium Xylene Sulfonate) keeps the nonionic surfactant (Plurafac D-25™) in
solution, and the Propylene Glycol adds extra solvency to the formula. If higher foam is
desired, try adding a few percent of Monamine 779™ (Mona Company).
Vehicle Wash #3
Source: BASF
Water 87
Tetra Potassium Pyrophosphate 2
Add the water, then the Tetra Potassium Pyrophosphate. Add the Plurafac D-25™ next,
followed by the Ammonium Hydroxide.
Vehicle Wash #4 (phosphate-free)
Source: BASF
Water 74
Propylene Glycol 6
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SXS (40%) 6
Sodium Gluconate 4
EDTA 3
Vinyl/Leather Cleaner

Oleic Acid 7.5
Triethanolamine, TEA 1.5
Propylene Glycol 1.5
Kerosene (odorless) 40.0
Water 41.5
Add the Kerosene, followed by the Triton XL-80N™, Butyl Carbitol™, Oleic Acid and
Triethanolamine. Add the Propylene Glycol to the water, then add the water mixture
slowly to the Kerosene mixture.
Wallpaper Remover #1

Water 75
Add in order listed. This type of wallpaper remover works by penetrating through the
paper and dissolving the glue behind. The Steol CS-460™ serves as the wetting and
penetrating agent, and the Butyl Carbitol™ serves as the solvent. If the wallpaper is
non-porous, small cuts must be made with a wallpaper scoring tool to allow the remover
to penetrate.
179
Wallpaper Remover #2
Water 80
Monawet MO-70E™ (Mona) 10
Propylene Glycol 10
Add in order listed. Use 1-2 ounces per gallon of water.
Water Based Pre-wash Spotter

Tergitol 15-S-3 (Union Carbide) 10
Isoparaffinic Solvent 15
Isopropanol 12
Oleic acid 2.4
Triethanolamine 1.2
Water 39.4
Add the water, followed by the Propyl Propasol™ and Isopropanol. Add the
Triethanolamine and Oleic Acid. Add the Tergitols next, followed by the Isoparaffinic
Solvent.
Water Displacing Rust Preventative
ALOX 165 (Alox Corporation) 4-10%

Mineral Spirits Balance
ALOX 165 is a non-emulsifiable, water displacing rust preventative. It is supplied as a

soft waxy solid that is easily mixed into the mineral spirits. When the formula is sprayed
onto metal surfaces a thin film is left behind that gives good corrosion protection.
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Waterless Hand Cleaner #1
Phase 1:

Oleic Acid 5
Triethanolamine (85%) 1.5
Deodorized Mineral Spirits 45
Phase 2:
Glycerol 1.5
Water 42
Mix ingredients in Phase 1 and heat to 70 degrees C. Mix ingredients in Phase 2 and heat
to 80 degrees C. Add Phase 2 to Phase 1 with vigorous stirring. As the formulation cools
a gel forms. D'Limonene can be substituted for the mineral spirits with better cleaning
action and less irritation to the skin.
Waterless Hand Cleaner #2
Oleic Acid 1.6

TEA (85%) 0.4
D'Limonene 34.0
Water, D.I. 49.0
Add the D'Limonene first, followed by the Oleic Acid, TEA, Makon 10™, and Ninol
11-CM™. With agitation slowly add the water. A gel will form.
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Waterless Handcleaner #3
Source: BF Goodrich
Water 62.7
Propylene Glycol 2
Glycerin 2
Isopar M™ (Exxon) 30
Neodol 25-7™ (Shell) .5
Germaben IIE .8
Carbopol 645™(BF Goodrich) .2
Add the first six ingredients and mix well. Then add Carbopol 645™. The formulation
will instantly thicken into a smooth pumpable cream.
Waterless Hand Cream
Phase 1

Ammonyx Lo™(Stepan) 0.5
D'Limonene 40.0
Phase 2
Glycerol 1.5
Water, D.I. 41.5
Mix ingredients in Phase I and heat to 70C. Mix ingredients in Phase 2 and heat to 80C.
Add 2 to I with vigorous stirring. Package before gel sets. Where facilities are available
for packaging gels or pastes the following procedure is recommended; Mix first three
ingredients in Phase I. Add d-Limonene and mix until clear. Add Phase II to solution
182
slowly with good agitation. A gel is immediately formed.
Wax Stripper #1
LAS 2
Monoethanolamine 5
Versene 100 liquid (Dow Chemical) 2
TSP 5
Pilot SXS-96 (Pilot) 2
Ethoxylated Octyl Phenol 1
Water 83
Add the water, followed by the Monoethanolamine, then the LAS. Add the TSP, Versene
100, and Pilot SXS-96 next. Add the Ethoxylated Octyl Phenol surfactant last (an
example is Union Carbide's Triton X-100™). There is more than enough
Monoethanolamine to neutralize the LAS. The excess serves as an effective wax
stripping ingredient. The TSP also serves to strip wax, while the Ethoxylated Octyl
Phenol acts as a wetting agent (along with the neutralized LAS). The Versene 100 is an
EDTA solution that serves as a sequestering agent. The Pilot SXS-96 is the powdered
form of Sodium Xylene Sulfonate, a hydrotrope that keeps the surfactants in solution.
Wax Stripper #2
Water 38.6
C12-C15 linear alcohol, 3-4 moles EO 3.0
Acrysol ASE-108™ (Rohm and Haas) 8.3
TKPP (60%) 41.7
Kasil # 6 (PQ Corporation) 5.0
Add in the order listed.
183
Wax Stripper #3
Water 75
Diethanolamine 1
EDTA, Tetrasodium (37%) 6
Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether 4
Phosphate Ester 3
Wax Stripper #4 (Powder)

Sodium Carbonate 30
TSP 20
Add in the order listed. The Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate could be Calsoft F-90™
(Pilot).
Wax Stripper #5
Triton QS-44™ (Union Carbide) 4.0

Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate 20.0
Sodium Metasilicate, anhydrous 0.4
Water 74.8
Add the water, then the Triton QS-44™. Add the Sodium Hydroxide to neutralize the
QS-44. Add the TKPP and Sodium Metasilicate last.
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White Wall Tire Cleaner #1
Butyl Carbitol 6
Water 83
Add the water first, then the metasilicate and Potassium Hydroxide. Add the glycol ether
and Tergitol NP-9™ last. If the surfactant doesn't quite stay in solution, or looks cloudy,
add 1-2% SXS or .5% QS-44 (Union Carbide) to clarify. If hard water is a problem, try
adding 1-2% STTP.
White Wall Tire Cleaner #2
Butyl Carbitol 6
Water 83
Add the water first, then the metasilicate and Potassium Hydroxide. Add the glycol ether
and Tergitol NP-9™ last. If the surfactant doesn't quite stay in solution, or looks cloudy,
add 1-2% SXS or .5% QS-44 (Union Carbide) to clarify.
Windshield Washer Solvent #1 (summer formula)

Isopropanol 8
Water 90
185
Add the water, followed by the Methyl Propasol™ , Tergitol NP-9™ , and Isopropanol.
Windshield Washer Solvent #2 (winter formula)

Isopropanol 30
Ethylene Glycol 5
Water 63
Add the water, followed by the Methyl Propasol™ , Tergitol NP-9™, Isopropanol. and
Ethylene Glycol.
186
Websites
Here are some related websites I have found that may prove interesting to the beginner:
www.foamerscorner.com
Manufacturer and direct seller of carpet cleaning chemicals.
www.lyesoap.com
Manufacturer of homemade lye soap.
www.epicindustries.com
Larger scale manufacturer of detergents.
www.warwickint.co.uk
High quality website for chemical manufacturer.
www.sidco.com.sa
Even Saudi Arabia is in the act.
www.happi.com
On-line magazine with news and formulas.
www.vtr.org/maintain/oil-additives.html
This article debunks the usefulness of “miracle” oil additives that are advertised on TV. If
I were to produce and market an oil additive, I would copy this article, show it to the
people at Alox Corporation, and ask their help in formulating a new oil additive that
avoids the pitfalls and myths the article talks about. Then I would go after the industrial
market with my new oil additive, using the article to help explain the technology of oil
additives and why mine is a genuine product and not “snake oil.”
www.chemextra.com
On-line chemical and chemical manufacturer database.
www.inter-s.com/speedy
Another manufacturer of detergents, this time from Israel.
www.foxglovemeadows.com
Handcrafted herbal soaps.
www.wholesaleSuppliesPlus.com
187
Soap and candle making supply store.
www.chemfind.com
A website that sells surplus chemicals, usually at reduced pricing.
Recommended Reading
Macmillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry

Explains in detail chemicals, chemical terms and concepts.
McCutcheon’s Detergents & Emulsifiers

Listing and description of surfactants and specialty chemicals.
Gardner’s Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names

Cross reference of trade named products and generic terms.
Surface Active Agents and Detergents (Anthony M. Schwartz, James W. Perry,

Julian Birch)
A bit dated, but gives detailed technical explanations of detergency and surfactants.
Specialty Chemicals Source Book (Michael & Irene Ash)

Listing of products and suppliers.
Handbook of Green Chemicals (Michael & Irene Ash)

Lists surfactants and specialty chemicals based on their “friendliness” to the environment,
in terms of biodegradability, toxicity, etc…
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Additives (Michael & Irene Ash)

Comprehensive listing of chemical products with descriptions.
Thesaurus of Chemical Products-Trade Name to Generic, Generic to Trade Name

(Michael & Irene Ash)
Good cross reference book that helps you find substitutes for trade named products.
Encyclopedia of Surfactants (Michael & Irene Ash)

Three-volume set that lists trade name surfactants, with a description of each and a
supplier listing.
188
More Sources for Formulas
The premier source for thousands of formulas is The Chemical Formulary, edited by H.
Bennet, published by the Chemical Publishing Co., Inc... Since 1933, the Chemical
Formulary has come out with chemical formulas covering all types of applications. A
cumulative index lists the formulas. It is interesting to review some of the older formulas,
and compare them to the newer formulas. When searching for a formula remember that
many different names are used for essentially the same type of product. Car shampoo
formulations can be listed under car shampoos, automobile cleaners, wash and wax, car
wash detergents, vehicle cleaners, bus and truck cleaners, transportation cleaners, high
foaming cleaners, jet wash, fleet service cleaners, etc…Review the index carefully. Your
local library may have the complete set in the reference section.
The Formula Book, Vol. 1, 2, 3 by Norman Stark is interesting to read for its very simple
approach to formulating. There are some interesting formulas such as dance floor wax,
fireplace flame color formula, and newspaper logs. Oftentimes you can get ideas for new
products. For example, regarding the fireplace flame color formula. It is equal parts of
calcium chloride, borax, and sodium chloride (salt). The calcium chloride gives an orange
color to the flames, borax green, and sodium chloride yellow. What if you recycled old
newspapers as logs, coated somehow with the colored flame formula? Or approached a
pressed log maker such as DuraFlame with the idea, using your formula? Or packaged
the formula in small pressed forms (using free sawdust from cabinet shops) and sold it
through firewood dealers? Maybe these ideas would work, maybe not, but his books will
give you ideas. They are published by Sheed & Ward, Inc...
An interesting book that covers a multitude of subjects, including formulas, is Formulas,

Methods, Tips, and Data for Home and Workshop by Kenneth Swezey. It is published by
Popular Science Publishing Co., Harper and Row. This book has tons of interesting
information relating to formulating, including basic uses for common chemicals.
Michael and Irene Ash have several books, including the Formulary of Detergents and
other Cleaning Agents, a Trade Name to Generic Name Guide (for surfactants, useful
when a formula specifies a trade marked product without identifying exactly what it is),
and a Generic Name to Trade Name Guide (also for surfactants, useful when substituting
one surfactant for another). The Chemical Publishing Co. publishes them.
189
Sources for Equipment
The Thomas Guide of American Manufacturers is a 33 volume, 60,000 page listing of

who makes what. It is invaluable in finding and pricing the equipment you will need to
start manufacturing on a larger scale than one drum at a time. Your library may have a
set. They are also on the web: www.thomasregional.com
Here are some websites taken from the Thomas Guide:
www.mixmor.com
MixMor Company
3131 Casitas Ave.
Los Angeles, CA 90039
Tel: 323-664-1941 Fax: 323-660-5677
Manufacturers of mixing equipment, large to small.
www.marionmixers.com
Marion Mixers
P.O. Box 286
Marion, Iowa 52302
Tel: 800-852-8963 Fax: 319-377-1204
Manufacturers of small to large ribbon and paddle mixers
www.lightnin-mixers.com
Lightnin Mixers
135 Mt. Read Blvd.
Rochester, New York 14611
Tel: 888-MIX-BEST Fax: 716-527-1742
Well known manufacturer of small mixers, including clamp on models
www.neptune1.com
Neptune Chemical Pump Company
204 Dekalb Pike
Lansdale, PA 19446
190
Tel: 215-699-8701 Fax: 215-699-0370
Manufacturers of small to large mixers.
www.usplastic.com
United States Plastic Corporation
1390 Neubrecht Rd.
Lima, Ohio 45801-3196
Tel: 800-809-4217
Great website with on-line catalog, including prices on tanks, mixers, drums, pails, etc…
www.hcdavis.com
HC Davis & Sons Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Box395
Bonner Springs, KS 66012-0395
Tel: 913-422-3000 Fax: 913 422-7220
Manufacturers of mixing equipment.
www.warehouse-supply.virtuedomain.com
A Plus Warehouse
76 Sanderson Ave.
Lynn, MA 01902
Tel: 800-209-8798
Fax: 800-244-6231
Materials handling equipment such as drum dollies, drum heaters, mixers, etc…
www.fishersci.com
Fisher Scientific
P.O. Box 1546
9999Veterans Memorial Dr.
Houston, TX 77251-1546
Tel: 281-405-4000
Fax: 281-878-2407
191
Lab equipment including glassware, scales, mixers, refractometers, etc…
www.morsemfg.com
Morse Mfg Company
727 W. Manlius St.
P.O. Box 518-I
East Syracuse, NY 13057-0518
Tel: 315-437-8475
Fax: 315-437-1029
An Internet source for used and new equipment that you place bids for is:
www.labx.com/cw.cfm
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APPENDIX A (Chemical Descriptions)
A brief description of the chemicals and chemical terms listed in the formulary is given
here.
2-Propanol
Isopropyl alcohol. Clear liquid, water-soluble. Alcohol/solvent odor.
45% KOH
Potassium hydroxide, 45% solution
65 SSU @ 100 degree oil

Oil with a viscosity rating of 65 SSU at 100 degrees F. SSU stand for Saybolt Seconds
Universal.
Acetic Acid
Mild organic acid, colorless liquid with vinegar taste. Common household vinegar
contains 2-10% acetic acid.
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Publishers of
Threshold Limit Values that lists the TLVs of over 700 chemicals. See section on
Material Safety Data Sheets.
Acrysol ASE-108™
Rohm and Haas trademarked acrylic emulsion copolymer. Used for thickening and
stabilizing emulsions. 20% solids.
Acusol 445™
Rohm and Haas trademarked acrylic polymer. Used as a partial or total replacement for
phosphates. At a 200 ppm use level, Acusol 445™ adds detergency, sequesters hardness
ions, provides anti-scaling benefits to equipment, and gives soil anti-redeposit ion
properties. Acusol 445™ is a colorless to straw colored liquid, 48% active, pH 4, 10.16
lbs per gallon. Acusol 445N™ is a neutralized version, 45% active, ph 7, 10.91 lbs per
gallon. Acusol 445N™D is a 92% active powder for use in powdered detergents. To
achieve the 200 ppm use level in liquid concentrated detergent, you must add
approximately 2.5% polymer (as supplied) to give an actives level of about 1.25%. When
193
the detergent is diluted at a rate of 2 ounces detergent per gallon of water (1-64), the
polymer level will be about 200 parts per million. For powdered detergents, add about 1
to 1.5% polymer (powdered form) to achieve the same result at 1 to 64 dilutions. For
laundry detergents, the dilution ratio is greater, so plan to use twice to three times the
amount of polymer in your formula.
Acute Toxicity
The effects of one over-exposure to a chemical. See section on Material Safety Data
Sheets.
Aliphatic Solvent
Petroleum hydrocarbon that has carbon atoms arranged in an open chain such as
paraffinic solvents, as opposed to aromatic hydrocarbons that have at least some of their
carbon atoms in closed rings.
Alkali Surfactant™
Exxon trademarked amphoteric surfactant. Used in formulas containing high levels of
builders and/or caustic. Hydrotrope, will solubilize non-ionic surfactants that have trouble
staying in highly built solutions. Light amber liquid, pH 6-9, 35% actives. 8.66 lbs per
gallon. Moderate foamer, excellent wetting agent. Biodegradable.
Alkyl aryl Sulfonate, Acid (98%)

Another way of saying LAS. See BioSoft S-100.
Alpha Step ML-40™

Stepan Company trademarked surfactant. Sodium alpha sulfo methyl ethyl laurate, 37%
active. Anionic, high foaming, pH 6. Clear yellow liquid. 8.8 lbs per gallon. Derived
from lauric oils. Excellent human and environmental safety profile. Non-toxic to aquatic
organisms. Works well in hard or soft water. Used in laundry detergents, dishwashing
detergents, fine fabric washes, hard surface cleaners, carpet shampoos, car washes,
bubble baths, hair shampoos, hand soaps. Mild to skin. Biodegradable.
Alpha Step LD 200

Stepan trademarked fully formulated liquid dishwash concentrate. Clear liquid, 50%
actives, pH 7, high foaming. 8.8 lbs per gallon. The viscosity of a formula containing less
than 30% Alpha Step LD-200™ can be increased by adding 1-2% Ninol 40-CO and/or
salt if desired. Biodegradable.
Alox 111™
Alox Corporation trademarked product. Tan colored liquid, soluble in solvents. 100%
active. 7.66 lbs per gallon. Used as a base for concrete mold release compounds. Also
194
protects metal molds from rust. Can be blended cold with mineral spirits or kerosene.
Alox 164™
Alox Corporation trademarked product. A blend of four components designed as a
crankcase oil additive. Improves anti-wear, detergency, solvency, and anti-rust properties.
Liquid form. Must be stirred before use.
Alox 488™
Alox Corporation trademarked product. Tan colored liquid, soluble in solvents. 100%
active. Used as a fuel additive. Improves the lubrication of upper cylinder area, and
reduces ring wear. In new engines, Alox 488™ retards the formation of carbon deposits.
Alox 488™ will also dissolve gum deposits and carbon deposits in old dirty engines.
Weight: 7.3 lbs per gallon. Flash Point: >230 degrees F.
Alox 1680™
Alox Corporation trademarked product. Additive for preparing low cost, highly effective
penetrating oils that meet Federal Specification VV-P-216 "Penetrating Oil (For
Loosening Frozen Metallic Parts)".. Dark liquid, blends easily with oils and solvents.
Flash point 350 degrees F. Weight: 7.6 lbs per gallon.
Alox 2213C™
Alox Corporation trademarked product. Oil & solvent soluble rust preventative and water
displacer. Formulations based on Alox 2213C™ show excellent water displacing,
penetrating, lubricating, and salt spray resistant properties. Soft waxy form, melting
point 100 degrees F. Weight: 8.1 lbs per gallon.
Alox 2213C™-50
Alox Corporation trademarked product. Oil & solvent soluble rust preventative and water
displacer, pre-dissolved in oil for ease of handling and mixing. Mixture contains 50%
Alox 2213C™ and 50% oil. Alox 2213C™-50 does not have to be melted in order to
blend with solvent.
Ammonium Bifluoride
NH4HF2. Crystal form, water soluble. Corrosive, causes irritation and burns to skin and
eyes. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption.
Ammonium Hydroxide
Very strong aqueous ammonia solution. Penetrating ammonia odor.
Ammonium Hydroxide (28%)

Ammonium hydroxide, 28% ammonia. Also known as aqua ammonia. By comparison,
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common household ammonia is about 5-7% ammonia.
Ammonyx Lo™
Stepan Company trade marked lauryl dimethylamine oxide. Clear liquid, 30% actives.
7.99 lbs per gallon. Used in shampoos, dishwashing detergents, cleansers, creams and
lotions. Biodegradable.
Amphoteric L™
Exxon Chemical Co. trade marked surfactant. Very mild, high foamer, used to boost and
stabilize foam in formulations, and add viscosity. Liquid form, 37% active, pH 5-8. 8.66
lbs per gallon. Excellent wetting agent, improves detergency. Used in shampoos, liquid
hand soaps, dish wash detergents, alkaline or acidic cleaners. Biodegradable.
Anionic Surfactant
Surfactant, usually high foaming. Common anionics are soap, alkylaryl sulfonates,
alcohol ether sulfates, alkyl sulfates, alcohol sulfates, and alcohol sulfonates. Anionic
surfactants are not effective in hard water, since positively charged calcium and
magnesium ions present in hard water react with the negatively charged anionic..
AO-14-2™
AOS (40%)
Sodium alpha olefin sulfonate, 40% actives. See Bio Terge AS-40™ .
Aqualox 2295™
Alox Corporation trade marked emulsifiable rust preventative. Tan paste, 55% active.
Water soluble. 8.16 lbs per gallon. Useful in automotive rust proofing applications.
Arcosolve PTB™
Arco trade marked glycol ether, specifically Propylene Glycol Mono-T-Butyl Ether.
Clear solvent with distinct odor. 7.26 lbs per gallon. Soluble up to 14% PTB in water.
Lower toxicity than ethylene glycol butyl ethers. It is a severe eye irritant in its pure
form, but a 20% solution in water is only slightly irritating. Arcosolve PTB™ may have
a slight performance edge over ethylene glycol butyl ether in formulations for hard
surface cleaning and wax stripping; otherwise the performance is comparable.
Biodegradable.
Aromatic 100™
Exxon Co. trade marked petroleum solvent. Kb 91. Flash point 108 degrees F. 7.26 lbs
per gallon. Excellent degreasing solvent for concrete and other hard surfaces.
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Aromatic 150™
Exxon Co. trade marked petroleum solvent. Kb 95. Flash point 150 degrees F. 7.5 lbs per
gallon. Much slower evaporating than Aromatic 100™. Excellent degreasing solvent for
concrete and other hard surfaces.
Aromatic Naphtha
High solvency petroleum distillate with pleasant odor. See Aromatic 100™ and
Aromatic 150™.
Avamid 150™
Mona Industries trade marked Avocadamide DEA and Avocado Oil. Clear amber liquid,
100% active, 10.5 pH. Avocado oil has rapid skin penetrating properties and very little
oily after
feel. Imparts a smooth silky feel to skin and hair. Stabilizes foam, increases viscosity.
Used in hand soaps, conditioning shampoos, creams and lotions. Biodegradable.
Bio Soft D-60™

Stepan Company trade marked surfactant. Linear sodium alkylaryl sulfonate. 50%
actives, liquid slurry. Biodegradable.
Bio Soft D-62

Stepan trade marked surfactant. Sodium Dodecylbenzene sulfonate. Liquid slurry, pH
7.5, 60% actives. 9.0 lbs per gallon. High foamer, good detergency. Used in laundry and
dish washing detergents, all purpose cleaners, vehicle washes, heavy duty and industrial
cleaners. Should be stirred with mild heat before using. Biodegradable.
Bio Soft EA-10™

Stepan trade marked nonionic surfactant. Modified fatty alcohol ethoxylate. Liquid form,
pH 7.5, 100% active. 8.42 lbs per gallon. Used in heavy duty laundry detergents,
industrial cleaners, metal cleaners, detergent sanitizers. Biodegradable.
Bio Terge AS-40™

Stepan trade marked surfactant. Sodium alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS). High foaming,
good detergency, mild to skin. 40% actives, pH 8-9, liquid form. Used in hand soaps,
shampoos, bath products, high foaming industrial detergents. Biodegradable.
Bio Soft S-100™

Stepan trade marked linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LAS). Dark, viscous liquid, ph
1.5 (before neutralization), 100% active. 8.8 lbs per gallon. Neutralized with various
bases to form DDBS. High foamer, good detergency. Generally cheaper in cost compared
to non-ionic surfactants. Used in all types of industrial and household cleaners.
197
Biodegradable.
Boiling Point
Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas. Water has a boiling point of 212 degrees
F. If a material has a low boiling point, care must be taken to store it away from heat
sources. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Britesil™ C24 Hydrous Polysilicate

PQ Corporation trade marked sodium silicate powder. 2.4 ratio. White, free flowing
powder. pH 9.
BTC 2125™M-80
Stepan Company trade marked anti-microbial. Liquid form, 80% active. Sanitizes,
disinfects, deodorizes. Also used as an algaecide and fabric softener.
BTC 2125 M P40™

Stepan Company trade marked anti-microbial. Powder form, 40% active. Sanitizes,
disinfects, deodorizes. Also used as an algaecide and fabric softener.
BTC 824 P100™

Stepan Company trade marked anti-microbial. Powder form, 95% active. Sanitizes,
disinfects, deodorizes.
Butyl Carbitol™
Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name diethylene glycol monobutyl
ether. Completely soluble in water. Flash point 214 degrees F. Slow evaporation.
Biodegradable.
Butyl Cellosolve™
Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether. Completely soluble in water. 7.5 lbs per gallon. Very popular glycol ether for use
in cleaners. Oftentimes referred to in formulas as EB glycol ether, or glycol ether EB.
Flash point 145 degrees F. Used in hard surface cleaners, all purpose cleaners, pine
cleaners, glass cleaners, metal cleaners, engine cleaners, paint strippers, graffiti removers.
Biodegradable.
C9-C10 Linear Alcohol, 12 moles EO

Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion,
with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C9-C10. The hydrophile portion is
comprised of 12 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the high EO content, this surfactant
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would be water soluble with a HLB of about 14. Biodegradable.
C9-C11 Linear Alcohol, 2.5 moles EO

comprised of 2.5 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the low EO content, this surfactant
would be oil soluble with a HLB of about 8. An example would be Neodol 91-2.5™.
Biodegradable.

comprised of 6 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the higher EO content, this surfactant
would be water soluble with a HLB of about 12.5. An example would be Neodol 91-6™.
Biodegradable.
C12-C13 Linear Alcohol, 1 Mole EO

comprised of 1 mole ethylene oxide. Because of the low EO content, this surfactant
would be oil soluble with a HLB of about 4. Biodegradable.

comprised of 3 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the low EO content, this surfactant
would be oil soluble with a HLB of about 8. Biodegradable.

comprised of 5 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the low EO content, this surfactant
would be oil soluble with a HLB of about 10 Biodegradable.
C12-C13 Linear Alcohol, 6.5 moles EO

comprised of 6.5 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the higher EO content, this surfactant
would be water soluble with a HLB of about 12 An example would be Neodol 23-6.5™..
Biodegradable.
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would be water soluble with a HLB of about 13. An example would be Neodol 25-9™..
Biodegradable.
C12-C15 Linear Alcohol, 3-4 moles EO

comprised of 3 or 4 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the low EO content, this surfactant
would be oil soluble with a HLB of about 8. An example would be Tergitol 25-L-3™.
Biodegradable.

would be water soluble with a HLB of about 14. An example would be Neodol 25-12™..
Biodegradable.
Calamide C™
Pilot Chemical Co. trade marked coconut diethanolamide, "super amide." Liquid form,
100% active. Used to stabilize foam, emulsify, increase viscosity, and impart mildness in
liquid hand dish wash detergents, bubble baths, hair shampoos, and all purpose cleaners.
Biodegradable.
Calamide C™W -100

Pilot Chemical Co. trade marked coconut diethanolamide, regular 2:1 amide. Liquid
form, 100% active. Used to stabilize foam, emulsify, and increase viscosity,
Biodegradable.
Calcium Carbonate
CACO3. White alkaline powder.
Calfax DB-45™
Pilot Chemical Co. trade marked surfactant/hydrotrope. Technical name disulfonated
alkyl diphenyl oxide. Pale, yellow brown liquid. 45% active. Stable, with high solubility
when used with acids and bleaches. Non-biodegradable.
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Calsoft L-60™
Pilot Chemical Company trade marked sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (SDDBS),
60% actives. Paste form. Used in all purpose cleaners, liquid dishwashing formulas, rug
shampoos. Biodegradable.
Calsoft LAS-99™
Pilot Chemical Co. trade marked linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid (LAS). Thick liquid,
97% active. Usually neutralized to form a high foaming anionic surfactant for use in
alkaline hard surface cleaners, all-purpose cleaners. Good wetting and detergency.
Biodegradable.
Calsoft F-90™
Pilot Chemical Company trade marked pre-neutralized LAS in powdered form. Sodium
linear alkyl benzene sulfonate. 90% active, free flowing flake powder. Used in powdered
cleaners, all purpose cleaners, heavy duty laundry powders, liquid cleaners.
Biodegradable.
Calsuds CD-6™
Pilot Chemical Co. trade marked modified coconut diethanolamide. 100% active. Used as
a viscosity modifier, foam stabilizer, and emulsifier. Biodegradable.
Carbopol 645™
BF Goodrich Co. trade marked polymer used for thickening formulations. Carbopol
645™is a 50% actives solution of polymer/mineral spirits. 8.66 lbs per gallon. The
entire Carbopol line is an interesting study of thickening, suspending, and stabilizing
agents. Carbopol polymers are particularly good with waterless hand cleaner formulas
that contain pumice.
Carboxymethylcellulose
CMC. Carboxymethyl cellulose. Fluffy powder, thickener, soil anti-redeposition agent.
Used extensively in powdered laundry detergents.
Carcinogen
A substance that has been shown to cause cancer in animals, and is believed to cause
cancer in humans. Methylene chloride, for example, is considered a carcinogen. If your
formula contains more than .1% of methylene chloride, your product presents a
carcinogenic hazard under OSHA standards. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
CAS
Stands for Chemical Abstracts Registry Number. This number positively identifies a
chemical, no matter how many different names it is known. CAS numbers are not
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required by OSHA on a MSDS, but are often included. See section on Material Safety
Data Sheets.
Cationic Surfactant
Surfactant with a positive charge on one end. Generally used as anti-stat agents, fabric
softeners, sanitizing agents.
Caustic Potash
See potassium hydroxide.
Caustic Soda
Sodium hydroxide. Corrosive white powder. Sold in powder, flake, bead and liquid
solution forms.
Caustic Soda Beads

A form of sodium hydroxide. Easy to work with.
Cedepal TD407MF™
Miranol Company trade marked anionic surfactant. High foaming, mild, pH 9.0. 74%
actives. Used in liquid hand soaps, bubble baths, and hair shampoos. 8.91 lbs per gallon.
Biodegradable.
Cellosolve
Union Carbide trade marked ethylene glycol Monomethyl ether solvent. See also methyl
Cellosolve, Propyl Cellosolve™, and butyl Cellosolve,-all Union Carbide trade marked
glycol ethers with different characteristics. Biodegradable.
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act 0f 1980.
CERCLA provides a list of about 800 chemicals that must be reported to the EPA
National Response Center (NRC), if a reportable quantity (RP) is spilled. See section on
Chemical Formula
The composition of a chemical expressed in chemical elements. For example, water is
comprised of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. It is expressed as H2O.
See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Chlorinated TSP
Trisodium phosphate containing approximately 3.5% available chlorine.
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Chronic Toxicity
The effects of repeated exposure to a chemical over a long period. See section on
CIP
Clean-in-place
Citric Acid, Anhydrous

Translucent crystals or white crystalline powder. Extremely soluble in water. Used in
acid metal cleaners by itself, or in combination with phosphoric acid.
Cloud Point
The temperature at which a surfactant comes out of solution. If a water/surfactant mixture
is heated, it will reach a point where the surfactant will start to become cloudy and begin
falling out of solution. This temperature is called the "cloud point." The cloud point can
be affected by the amount of builders in the detergent formula, or the amount of
hydrotrope added. The cloud point of a surfactant becomes an issue in high temperature
cleaning applications.
CMC
Carboxymethyl cellulose. Fluffy powder, thickener, soil anti-redeposition agent.
Important ingredient in powdered laundry detergents, greatly improving performance of
formulas at low use levels (1-2%).
Cocodiethanolamine
Coconut oil fatty acid reacted with diethanolamine. Usually 2/1 amine/acid ratio. Used as
foam boosters and stabilizers in liquid formulas. Viscosity modifier, thickens liquid
formulas. When combined with SDDBS in laundry detergents, the detergency is
increased by up to 40%. See Calamide C™W-100™ . Biodegradable.
Coconut Diethanolamide
Coconut oil fatty acid reacted with diethanolamine. Usually 2/1 amine/acid ratio. See
Calamide C™W-100™ . Biodegradable.
Coconut Fatty Acid

Coconut oil, coco oil. Reacted with DEA to form coconut diethanolamine.
Biodegradable.
Combustible
The terms combustible and flammable appear on MSDSs frequently. The difference is
that combustible refers to a chemical having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and
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flammable means the flash point is below 100 degrees F. See section on Material Safety
Data Sheets.
Compound 1™
Miranol Chemical Company trademarked blend of six surfactants designed to be diluted
with water to form a baby shampoo. Compound 1™ is a 60% actives formula that
contains PEG-80 Sorbitan Laurate, Cedepal TD 407MF (Sodium Trideceth Sulfate),
PEG 150 Distearate, Mirataine CB™S (Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine), Miranol
BM™ (Lauraamphocarboxyglycinate), Miranate LEC™ (Sodium Laureth-13
Carboxylate), and Quaternium 15 (Dowicil 200-Dow Chemical Company). 8.74 lbs
per gallon. Biodegradable.
Corrosive
A chemical that causes damage to living tissue. Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is
corrosive, as is sulfuric acid. If your product contains a corrosive chemical, you will need
to include this information on your MSDS. With products that are corrosive you will see
a warning “Do not induce vomiting if product is ingested.” The reason for this is that
regurgitation of a corrosive substance may produce additional damage to the throat and
mouth. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Coupling Agent
An agent used to dissolve one ingredient into another, or "couple" them. For example, if
you desired to make an emulsifiable solvent degreaser using kerosene and Tergitol NP-
9™, you would add 1-10% Tergitol NP-9™to the solvent. This makes a simple
solvent degreaser that can be sprayed or brushed onto greasy surfaces, then hosed off
with water. But Tergitol NP-9™does not really dissolve into kerosene. It disperses
into a hazy looking cloud. However, if you add a percent or two of a coupling agent such
as glycol ether, for example Butyl Cellosolve™ , the Tergitol NP-9™ clearly dissolves
to make a nice, clear and stable formulation. The glycol ether in this case would also add
to the formula's overall penetrating and solvency capability.
DBE Tribasic Ester™

Du Pont trademarked solvent mixture. Contains dimethyl adipate, dimethyl glutarate,
and dimethyl succinate. Clear colorless liquid with a low odor. Soluble in alcohol, glycol
ethers, and most hydrocarbons. Biodegradable, very low toxicity.
DEA
Diethanolamine. Biodegradable.
Deodorized Mineral Spirits
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Petroleum distillate, very low odor. Used commonly in waterless hand cleaners, although
it can irritate the skin.
Dermal Toxicity
A term used for poisoning through skin contact alone. The ability of a chemical to induce
poisoning through skin contact alone may be increased if it has been dissolved into a
solvent/surfactant mixture. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Dermatitis
Skin irritation produced from contact with a material. See section on Material Safety
Data Sheets.
Detergent Concentrate 840™

Mona Industries trademarked completely formulated detergent blend. Liquid form, pH
8.7, 84% actives. 8.74 lbs per gallon. Can be simply diluted with water to make a variety
of concentrated cleaners. Works well in either hard or soft water. Compatible with
common builders such as STTP and sodium metasilicate. High foamer, good detergency.
Biodegradable.
Diethanolamine
DEA. One of several ethanolamines, two others being monoethanolamine (MEA) and
triethanolamine (TEA). Used in cleaners to impart alkalinity. Also serves as a soil anti-
redeposition agent. 9.07 lbs per gallon. Viscous Liquid form, 100% active. Ph 11.5 at
10% solution diethanolamine in water. Biodegradable.
Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether

Glycol ether. Dow trademarked DB Glycol Ether™ solvent. Biodegradable.
Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether

Union Carbide trademarked Carbitol LG™(low gravity) glycol ether solvent.
Flash point 182 degrees F. Water soluble, slow evaporating. 8.25 lbs per gallon. Used in
all purpose hard surface cleaners, floor polish strippers, paint strippers, graffiti removers.
Biodegradable.
Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether

Union Carbide trade marked Methyl Carbitol™ glycol ether solvent. Dow Chemical
Company trade marked Dowanol DM™. Flash Point 188 degrees F. Water soluble, slow
evaporating. 8.52 lbs per gallon. Used in hard surface all purpose cleaners, floor polish
strippers, paint strippers, graffiti removers. Biodegradable.
D.I. Water
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Water that has been treated to remove both positive and negative ions. Deionized water.
D'Limonene
Citrus distillate made from citrus pulp and peels. Pleasant citrus odor. Kb 60. Excellent
solvent for grease, oils and tar. Flash point 113 degrees F to 130 degrees F. Excellent
substitute for petroleum solvents such as kerosene and mineral spirits. Biodegradable.
Used extensively in all purpose cleaners, degreasers, graffiti removers, and waterless
hand cleaners. There is also a lemon-lime grade that has a wonderful lemon-lime odor,
and exhibits the same solvency properties as D'Limonene. 7.08 lbs per gallon.
DOT
Department of Transportation. If there are special shipping requirements a MSDS will list
them. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Dow Corning 346

Dow Corning trade marked silicone emulsion. 60% active. 8.33 lbs per gallon. Nonionic
emulsifier base. Used in polish formulas to give gloss and sheen. Milky white liquid, sold
in 40 lb containers (5 gallon pails) and 55 gallon drums.
Dow Corning 929

Dow Corning trade marked silicone emulsion. 35% active. 8.33 lbs per gallon. Cationic
emulsifier base. Used in polish formulas to give protection to surfaces. Also used in hair
care products such as shampoos and conditioning rinses to promote wet combing ease
and luster. Milky white liquid, sold in 40 lb containers (5 gallon pails) and 55 gallon
drums.
Dowicide A™
Dow Chemical trade marked anti-microbial. Sodium o-phenylphenate tetrahydrate. White
powder, contains 1-2% sodium hydroxide. Soluble in both water and many polar
solvents.
Dowicil 75 Preservative
Dow Chemical trade marked preservative. Contains 1-(3-chloroally)-3,5,7-triaza-1-
azoniaadamanntane chloride (67.5%) and sodium bicarbonate (32.5%). Used at a typical
level of 0.1 to 0.2% (approximately 1/2 to 1 lb per 55 gallon drum of formulation), a shelf
life of up to two years can be expected. Dowicil 75 can be used in formulations ranging
from pH 2 to 12. Water soluble powder, sold in 100 lb drums.
Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether

Dow Chemical Co. trade marked DPM™ . Union Carbide trade marked Methyl
DiPropasol™ . A P-series glycol ether. Completely soluble in water. Slow evaporating.
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7.96 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Dipropylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether

Union Carbide trade marked Butyl DiPropasol™ ™glycol ether solvent. Flash
point 230 degrees F. Insoluble in water. Very slow evaporating. Used in spot cleaners,
engine cleaners. 7.64 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Draves Wetting Time

The time required to wet a piece of cotton suspended in water. It works like this: a
detergent solution is made up usually containing 0.1% surfactant in water. A five gram
piece of cotton fabric is weighted and dropped into the solution. The hollow cotton fibers
cause the fabric to float until the fabric is wetted through by the detergent solution. The
time required for wetting is called the wetting time. For example, Tergitol NP-9™
has a Draves wetting time of 8 seconds, which is fairly fast. Ninol 11-CM™, on the other
hand, has a wetting time of 29 seconds. When evaluating a surfactant, remember that
wetting times are not necessarily related to soil removal effectiveness.
EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. White powder, excellent chelating agent. Very soluble
in water.
EDTA (37%)
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 37% solution in water.
EDTA, Tetrasodium (37%)

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 37% solution in water.
.
Emulsifier 4™
Exxon Chemical Company trade marked cationic surfactant. Used to emulsify mineral
seal oil, waxes, and silicones. Amber liquid, 77% active. 8.0 lbs per gallon.
Biodegradable.
Ethoxylated Nonyl Phenol

Nonyl phenol reacted with ethylene oxide to produce a surfactant. See Tergitol NP-9™
. Biodegradable.
Ethoxylated Octyl Phenol

Octyl phenol reacted with ethylene oxide to produce a surfactant. See Triton X-100™.
Biodegradable.
Ethylene Glycol
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Water soluble, colorless syrupy liquid. Toxic.
Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether

Dow Chemical Co. trade marked Dowanol EB™. Union Carbide trade marked Butyl
Cellosolve™. Also known as ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. An E-series glycol
ether. Completely soluble in water. Slow evaporating. Biodegradable.
Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether

Dow Chemical Co. trade marked Dowanol EB™. Union Carbide trade marked Butyl
Cellosolve™. Oftentimes simply referred to as glycol ether EB. Flash point 145
degrees F. Slow evaporating. Water soluble. Biodegradable.
Ethylene Glycol Monohexyl Ether

Union Carbide trade marked Hexyl Cellosolve™ glycol ether solvent. Flash point 179
degrees F. Insoluble in water. 7.4 lbs per gallon. Very slow evaporating. Used in spot
cleaners, engine cleaners, waterless hand cleaners, paint brush cleaners. Biodegradable.
Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether

Union Carbide trade marked Propyl Cellosolve™ glycol ether solvent. Flash point 135
degrees F. Water soluble, slow evaporating. 7.6 lbs per gallon. Used in hard surface all
purpose cleaners, pine oil cleaners, glass cleaners, graffiti remover, white wall tire
cleaners, and aluminum cleaners. Biodegradable.
Evaporation Rate
A chemical will have an evaporation rate (if applicable) expressed as a number relative to
the evaporation rate of butyl acetate, which is ranked as 1 (BuAc=1.0). If a chemical
evaporates faster than butyl acetate, the number will be higher. If the evaporation rate is
slower, the number will be less. Acetone rates a 5.6, common alcohol 1.4. Water rates a
.3. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Explosive
A material capable, under certain conditions, of exploding. For example, nitroglycerin
explodes very easily without much stimulus. Gasoline vapors form an explosive mixture
with air. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Exxon Acid Foamer™

Exxon trade marked cationic surfactant. Provides good foaming properties in acid based
formulas. Also a good corrosion inhibitor, providing up to 99% protection against acid
attack. Most commonly used in aluminum trailer cleaner/brightener formulations. Dark
amber liquid, 100% active. 8.8 lbs per gallon. Mild eye irritant, non-irritating to skin.
Biodegradable.
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Exxon Acid Thickener™

Exxon trade marked cationic surfactant that is used in acid formulas as a thickener and
corrosion inhibitor. 7.58 lbs per gallon. Amber colored paste, should be heated and mixed
before adding to formula. Typical use levels are 1-4%. Biodegradable.
Exxon Amphoteric L™
Exxon Chemical Co. trade marked surfactant. Very mild, used to boost and stabilize
foam, and add viscosity. 8.66 lbs per gallon. High foaming in neutral and alkaline
formulas, ultra-high foaming in acid formulas. Used in hair shampoos, personal care
products, car wash and hard surface cleaners. Liquid form, 37% active. Biodegradable.
Fatty Acid Amide

Fatty acid (typically derived from coconut oil) reacted with DEA. For example,
cocodiethanolamide. Biodegradable.
Ferrous Metals
Metals that contain iron, such as cast iron, steel, and stainless steel.
Flammable
A material having a Flash Point under 100 degrees F.
Flammable Limits
Usually expressed as LEL (lower explosive limit) and UEL (upper explosive limit). If
only a little flammable vapor is released into a room, there is not enough fuel to support
ignition. When just enough flammable vapors are released into the air to support ignition,
the LEL has been reached.. This would be the LEL. If too much flammable vapors are
released, there is not enough air to support ignition. This would be the UEL. The
concentration levels for LEL and UEL are expressed as percent fuel by volume. See
section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Flash Point
The temperature at which a solvent will start to evaporate fast enough to produce
ignitable vapors. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Fluorescent Brightener, Fluorescent Whitener

Optical brightening agent that reacts (fluoresces) with sunlight to make clothes appear
whiter and brighter.
Formula N-4™
Exxon Chemical trade marked super-concentrated spray wax formulation. Quaternary
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compounds in mineral oil. Yellowish liquid, 100% active. Designed so that a

compounder merely has to dilute four parts water to one part Formula N-4™ to make a
concentrate that is further diluted 2-4 ounces per gallon of water for use. Gives vehicles a
protective, glossy shine.
Formalin
Name for 37% solution of formaldehyde in water and methanol. Very pungent odor.
Used extensively as a preservative (.1% use level, or about 1 cup per 55 gallon drum of
formulation), and as the main ingredient in portable toilet additives.
Fragrance
Additive used to give a product a pleasant odor.
G Sodium Silicate™
PQ Corporation trade marked sodium silicate powder.
Germaben IIE
Sutton Labs trade marked antimicrobial preservative. Diazolidinyl Urea blend.
Gluconic Acid (45%)

Light amber liquid, 45% solution. Sequestrant. See Sodium Gluconate.
Gluconic Acid (50%)

Light amber liquid, 50% solution. Sequestrant. See Sodium Gluconate.
Glutaral
Glutaraldehyde. Biocide. See Ucarcide 250™.
Glycerin
Clear syrupy liquid with sweet taste. Used as a humectant (moisturizer) in hand cleaners
and skin care lotions.
Glycerol
Glycerin. Clear syrupy liquid with sweet taste. Used as a humectant (moisturizer) in hand
cleaners and skin care lotions.
Glycol ether
Catch-all term for several different glycol ether solvents including, but not limited to,
diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene
glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether, propylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, dipropylene
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glycol monobutyl ether, and propylene glycol mono-t-butyl ether. Glycol ethers add
solvency power to industrial formulas, as well as thinning out formulas that are too thick,
They are clear colored solvents with distinctive odors, generally slow evaporating, and
can be either oil or water soluble, or both. Glycol ethers can be used as coupling agents,
that is, to solubilize a surfactant into oil or water to make a clear solution. Biodegradable.
Hampene 100™
W.R. Grace & Co. trade marked EDTA solution. Pale, straw colored liquid,
approximately 40% actives. General purpose chelating agent. Ph 11-12. 10.82 pounds per
gallon.
Hazardous Decomposition
Decomposition is the process of breaking down. Decomposition can be accelerated by
contact with air, heat, fire, or by reacting with other chemicals. A MSDS will list hazards
that may be created by the decomposition process. See section on Material Safety Data
Sheets.
Hexylene Glycol
Colorless liquid, mild pleasant odor.
HLB
Hydrophile Lipophile Balance. The hydrophile is the water soluble portion of a
surfactant. The lipophile is the oil soluble portion. The HLB number is an expression of
the ratio between the two, ranging from 1-20. The higher the HLB number the more
water soluble the surfactant.
Hyamine 2389™
Rohm and Haas trade marked germicide. Liquid form, 50% active.
Hydrochloric acid (32%)

32% solution of hydrogen chloride in water. Technical grade also known as muriatic
acid. Pungent odor, very corrosive.
Hydrofluoric acid (60%)

60% solution hydrofluoric acid. Very corrosive, causes severe burns on contact.
Hydroxpropyl Methylcellulose
Thickening agent
Hygroscopic
A hygroscopic material absorbs water from the atmosphere, or other materials. Sodium
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hydroxide is hygroscopic. An opened or unsealed container of sodium hydroxide begins

to absorb water fairly fast from moist air, forming a corrosive liquid and generating heat.
If sodium metasilicate pentahydrate is mixed with sodium hydroxide, the sodium
hydroxide will absorb the water present in the sodium metasilicate pentahydrate. See
IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer. The IARC Monographs lists known and
probable carcinogens. The IARC Web site is www.iarc.fr/ See section on Material
Safety Data Sheets.
Incompatible Materials
Materials that, when combined, produce a reaction that is hazardous to your health and
safety. For example, bleach is incompatible with ammonia, producing toxic gas when
combined. A MSDS will list incompatible materials. See section on Material Safety Data
Sheets.
Irritant
A material or chemical that produces an inflammatory effect on skins, eyes, and tissue.
Isopar C™
Exxon trade marked isoparaffinic petroleum solvent. Kb value 27, flash point 19 degrees
F. Very quickly evaporates. 5.83 lbs per gallon. Used in adhesives, printing inks,
aerosols.
Isopar M™
Exxon Co. trade marked isoparaffinic petroleum solvent. Odorless and mild, Kb 27. Flash
point 176 degrees F. 6.5 lbs per gallon. Used in waterless hand cleaners.
Isopar V™
Exxon trade marked isoparaffinic solvent. Mild solvent, Kb value 25, flash point 255
degrees F. 6.78 lbs per gallon. Has more oil characteristics than typical solvent
characteristics. For example, the evaporation rate is extremely slow,-over a 24 hour
period only about 25% would evaporate. Used in dedusting operations, cattle fly sprays,
lubricant applications.
Isoparaffinic Solvent
Class of solvent. Examples would be Exxon's trademarked Isopar line of solvents, such
as Isopar C™, Isopar E, Isopar G, Isopar H, Isopar K, Isopar L, Isopar M™, and
Isopar V™. These solvents generally have a Kb value of 25-29, and a wide flash point
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range of 19 degrees F (Isopar C™) to 255 degrees F (Isopar V™). Isopar K is

considered an "odorless mineral spirits" suitable for waterless hand cleaners.
Isopropanol
Isopropyl alcohol, propanol-2.
Isopropyl Alcohol
Common solvent, fast evaporating, distinct alcohol odor. Used in glass cleaners.
Kasil #1™ Potassium Silicate

PQ Corporation trade marked liquid potassium silicate. 30% active, pH 11.3. Used in
liquid soaps and detergents, industrial cleaning compounds, also for hardening and
waterproofing concrete.
Kasil #6™ Potassium Silicate

PQ Corporation trade marked liquid potassium silicate. 40% actives, pH 11.7 Used in
industrial cleaning compounds.
Kb
Kauri-Butanol value. Used to rate the relative solvency power of solvents. The higher the
number, the greater the solvency. Common mineral spirits will be around 35 Kb.
Aromatic 150™ is 95 Kb.
Kerosene
Aliphatic petroleum distillate. Kb 29.
Kerosene (odorless)
Aliphatic petroleum distillate that has been deodorized. Used in waterless hand cleaners
and engine degreasers.
Klearfac AA-270™
BASF trade marked phosphate ester. Clear liquid, light yellow. 85% active, pH 2.2. 9.38
lbs per gallon. Used as a stand alone surfactant, especially in high alkaline formulas, or as
a surfactant/hydrotrope in combined surfactant systems. Can be sprayed directly onto
caustic soda in powdered formulas. Used in liquid and powdered formulas such as
household detergents, industrial cleaners, paint and wax strippers, bottle washing
compounds. Biodegradable.
Lanolin
Additive to skin care products. Acts as a skin moisturizer. Yellowish soft waxy solid.
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LAS
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonic Acid. Liquid surfactant. Used unneutralized in acid
cleaners. When neutralized with an alkali it becomes Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate
(Sodium DDBS). Best results are obtained when combined with a nonionic surfactant.
High foamer, good detergency. 100% active. Biodegradable.
LC50, 50% Lethal Concentration

A LC50 value is the concentration level in air needed to kill 50% of test animals. Usually
expressed in parts per million (ppm). See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
LD50, 50% Lethal Dose

A LD50 value is the amount of a chemical needed to kill 50% of test animals when given
in a single dose, usually injected or given orally. See section on Material Safety Data
Sheets.
LEL
Lower Explosive Limit. See Flammable limits.
Light Mineral Oil

Common petroleum derivative. Used in skin care products.
Light Refined Naphthenic Oil

See Aromatic 100™.
Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate Sodium Salt (60%)

60% active solution linear sodium alkyl aryl sulfonate (neutralized LAS). See Stepan
Bio-Soft D-60. Biodegradable.
Makon 4™
Stepan trade marked nonionic surfactant. Technical name Nonxynol-4. HLB 9. Light,
straw colored liquid. Soluble in oil only, pH 7-8.5, 100% active. 8.5 lbs per gallon.
Biodegradable.
Makon 8™
Stepan trade marked nonionic surfactant. Technical name Nonxynol-8. HLB 12. Light,
straw colored liquid. Soluble in water at room temperature pH 7-8.5, 100% active. 8.6 lbs
Makon 10™
Stepan trade marked surfactant. Technical name Nonxynol-10. HLB 13. Light, straw
colored liquid. Soluble in water, pH 7-8.5, 100% active. 8.7 lbs per gallon.
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Biodegradable.
Makon 12™
Stepan trade marked surfactant. Technical name Nonxynol-12. HLB 14. Hazy, straw
colored liquid. Soluble in water, pH 6.5-8, 100% active. 8.9 lbs per gallon.
Biodegradable.
Makon NF-5™
Stepan trade marked low foaming surfactant. Completely non-foaming at temperatures
above 77 degrees F. Liquid form , 97% active. 8.48 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Makon NF-12™
Stepan trade marked low foaming surfactant. Completely non-foaming at temperatures
above 77 degrees F. Liquid form , 100% active. 8.28 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
MEA
Monoethanolamine. Biodegradable.
Methocel 311
DOW trade marked cellulose ether thickener. Off white colored granules, water and
solvent soluble. Methocel thickeners come in many different grades and forms for
different applications.
Methanol
Alcohol solvent, poisonous. A few ounces taken orally can cause blindness or death.
Methyl DiPropasol™ Solvent

Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name dipropylene glycol
monomethyl ether. Completely soluble in water. Biodegradable.
Methylene Chloride
Solvent used in fast acting paint stripper formulations. Toxic, suspected carcinogen, non-
flammable.
Methyl DiPropasol™
Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name dipropylene glycol
monomethyl ether. Flash point 167 degrees F. 7.95 lbs per gallon. Very slow
evaporating. Completely soluble in water. Used in all purpose hard surface cleaners, floor
polish strippers, pine oil cleaners, liquid soaps, spot cleaners, engine cleaners.
Biodegradable.
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Methyl Propasol™
Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name Propylene glycol monomethyl
ether. Flash point 94 degrees F. 7.68 lbs per gallon. Evaporates faster than most glycol
ethers. Completely soluble in water. Used in all purpose hard surface cleaners, floor
polish strippers, pine oil cleaners, liquid soaps, spot cleaners, engine cleaners, glass
cleaners, aluminum cleaners, paint brush cleaners, wall paper removers, paint strippers.
Biodegradable.
Metso 200 Sodium Orthosilicate

PQ Corporation trade marked anhydrous sodium orthosilicate.
Metso Anhydrous
PQ Corporation trade marked sodium metasilicate anhydrous.
Metso Beads 2048™

PQ Corporation trade marked sodium metasilicate anhydrous.
Metso Pentahydrate
PQ Corporation trade marked sodium metasilicate pentahydrate. The pentahydrate form
dissolves much more rapidly in water than does the anhydrous form. Sodium metasilicate
pentahydrate cannot be used in powdered formulations containing caustic soda, as the
caustic soda will react to the water content in the pentahydrate and cake into a hard lump.
Metso Pentabead 20™

PQ Corporation trade marked sodium metasilicate pentahydrate. The pentahydrate form
dissolves much more rapidly in water than does the anhydrous form. Sodium metasilicate
pentahydrate cannot be used in powdered formulations containing caustic soda, as the
caustic soda will react to the water content in the pentahydrate and turn into a hard lump.
Mineral Seal Oil

Solvent. A cut between Kerosene and light lubricating oils.
Mineral Spirits
Petroleum distillate, broad range of properties depending on manufacturer. Commonly
referred to as paint thinner.
Miranate LEC™
Miranol Chemical Company trade marked anionic surfactant possessing some nonionic
properties. Compatible with cationic materials. 70% actives, pH 8.0. 9 lbs per gallon.
Recommended for use in conditioning shampoos (shampoos containing silicones, which
may have cationic emulsifiers such as Dow Corning Silicone Emulsion 926).
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Biodegradable.
Miranol BM™
Miranol Chemical Company trade marked Lauroamphocarboxyglycinate. Mild foaming
and cleansing agent, designed as a base for non-irritating shampoos. Clear viscous amber
liquid, 38% actives, pH 9.0. 8.91 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Miranol C2M-SF™ Concentrate

Miranol Chemical Company trade marked amphoteric surfactant. SF stands for "salt-
free." Clear liquid, 39% active. 8.66 lbs per gallon. High foamer. Compatible with high
levels of builders, effective in both hard and soft water, pH 9.6. Acts as a couple for
many cationic conditioning agents Biodegradable.
Mirataine CB™
Miranol Chemical Company trade marked Cocamidopropyl Betaine. High foaming
surfactant in both hard and soft water, 35% actives. Clear thin yellow liquid, pH 8.5. 8.75
lbs per gallon. Used as a base for shampoos, compatible with many cationic hair
conditioning agents. Often used in conjunction with sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium
lauryl ether sulfate. Biodegradable.
Mirataine CB™S
Miranol Chemical Company trade marked Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine. High
foaming surfactant in both hard and soft water, 50% actives. Clear thin yellow liquid, pH
8.2. 9.08 lbs per gallon. Used as a base for mild hair shampoos, liquid soaps, and high
foaming bath products. Compatible with cationic conditioning agents. Biodegradable.
Mirataine CDMB™
Miranol Chemical Company trade marked Coco Betaine. High foaming surfactant in both
hard and soft water, 37% actives. Clear thin yellow liquid, pH 6.0. 8.5 lbs per gallon.
Increases viscosity in formulas containing Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Sodium Lauryl
Ether Sulfate. Biodegradable.
Mirataine XL™
Miranol trade marked DEA-Lauryl Sulfate and DEA-Lauraminopropionate and Sodium
Lauraminopropionate and Propylene Glycol. High foaming surfactant for hair shampoos.
Gives hair a pleasant feel without a drying out effect. Good for oily hair, since foaming
properties are not affected by oil or greasy soil. 39% actives. Clear yellow liquid, pH 8.
8.57 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Mole
Unit of measurement. A mole is an amount containing the same number of units, as there
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are atoms in 12 grams of Carbon 12, or 602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000. The unit does

not have to expressed in atoms; it can be ions, molecules, electrons, any common
chemical unit. For example, a mole of water (H20) would be
602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 moles of water. Since every molecule of water
contains 1 atom of oxygen, one mole of water (602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000
molecules) contains 602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 atoms of oxygen, or one mole. In
addition, since every molecule of water contains two atoms of hydrogen, one mole of
water (602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 molecules) contains
602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 x 2 of hydrogen, or two moles of hydrogen. Thus, two
moles of hydrogen plus one mole of oxygen equal one mole of water. It is confusing, to
say the least, but fortunately the average compounder does not have to be concerned with
moles.
Molecular Weight
The sum of the atomic weights (expressed in amus) of each atom in a chemical formula.
For example, the formula for water is H2O. That is two atoms of hydrogen combined
with one atom of oxygen. The atomic weight of hydrogen is 1 amu. The atomic weight of
oxygen is 16. Therefore, the molecular weight is 1 (x2) + 16= 18 amu. AMU stands for
atomic mass unit. The amu was defined by agreeing that the mass of one carbon-12 atom
equals 12 amu. Molecular weights will generally not be of any concern to the detergent
compounder, but I have included it here only as a reference. If more information is
desired, go to www.webelements.com for complete information on all the chemical
elements.
Monacor 39™
Mona Industries trade marked corrosion inhibitor. Amber, viscous liquid. 100% active.
Oil soluble.
Monamate LA-100™
Mona Industries trade marked surfactant. Disodium Lauryl Sulfosuccinate. Anionic, high
foaming. Used in personal care products and high foaming cleaners. Good after-feel
effect when used in liquid soaps, hair shampoos, and shave creams. Also good for use in
rug shampoos since any residue left in the carpet dries to a crisp, dry powder.. Low eye
irritant, non-irritating to skin. 85% actives, fine white powder form. Biodegradable.
Monafax 872
Mona Industries trade marked organic phosphate ester, potassium salt version. 50%
active, ph 7-9. Used as a hydrotrope and solubilizer in built formulas. 11.24 lbs per
gallon. Biodegradable.
Monafax 1293™
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Mona Industries trade marked organic phosphate ester hydrotrope/surfactant. Acid

version, 100% active, pH <2. Stable in strong alkaline formulations, either by itself or to
couple other surfactants into solution. Excellent surfactant properties at all pH levels.
Excellent wetting agent, moderate foamer 8.9 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Monamid 150-GLT™
Mona Industries trade marked modified lauric diethanolamide. Thickener and foam
booster. Non-irritating to skin and eyes. Clear amber liquid, 100% active, pH 9-10.5.
Used in non-irritating personal care products. Biodegradable.
Monamid 716™
Mona Industries trade marked lauric diethanolamide. Excellent detergent qualities, high
foam. Nonionic, 100% active, liquid form. Non-irritating to skin and eyes. Used in
personal care products such as facial cleaners, bubble baths, hair shampoos, and also
household liquid detergents. 8.16 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Monamine 1-76
Mona Industries trade marked coconut diethanolamide. Liquid form, 100% active.
Monamine ALX-100S™
Mona Industries trade marked all purpose detergent concentrate. Viscous liquid, 100%
active. Nonionic-anionic. Ph 8.5-9.5, biodegradable. Used as an all purpose cleaner,
liquid dish wash, spray cleaner, terrazzo cleaner, glass cleaner, floor cleaner, car wash
concentrate. Excellent detergent for cotton, wool, and most synthetic fibers. 20% or more
solutions of Monamine ALX-100S™ and water have good viscosity levels, while less
than 20% the viscosity thins out. Viscosity can be improved in lighter concentrations with
the addition of phosphates and/or silicates.
Monamine 779™
Mona Industries trade marked all purpose detergent concentrate. Cocomide DEA and
DEA Laureth Sulfate. High foamer. Viscous liquid, 100% active. Ph 9.2, biodegradable.
Mild to skin and eyes. Good wetting and detergency. Effective in either hard or soft
water. Can be sprayed onto powdered detergents, unlike some detergent concentrates that
contain water. Compatible with common builders used in liquid formulas.
Monastat 1195™
Mona Industries trade marked super concentrate anti-static/cleaner for glass and plastic.
When diluted with water at the rate of 2-4 ounces per gallon, it provides effective
cleaning of glass or plastic surfaces, and eliminating any static charge. The static charge
protection can last up to a week. It can be used on CRT's, T.V. screens, computers,
electronics, phonograph records, cds, carpets, etc...Clear, amber liquid. 80% active. pH 7.
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8.2 pounds per gallon.
Monaterge 1164
Mona Industries trade marked disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
Clear liquid, 30% actives. High foaming, dries to a crisp powder. Used in carpet
shampoos, spotters, upholstery cleaners.
Monaterge 85™
Mona Industries trade marked anionic-nonionic surfactant for use in highly alkaline
formulas. Clear amber liquid, pH 8.9. .85% active. Soluble in built systems without the
need for a hydrotrope. Used in heavy duty all purpose cleaners, wax strippers, floor and
wall cleaners, drain cleaners, liquid laundry detergents. Moderate foamer, excellent
detergency. Biodegradable. 8.49 pounds per gallon.
Monateric LMM-30
Mona Industries trade marked amphoteric surfactant. Viscous amber liquid. 30% actives.
Monamulse 653-C
Mona Industries trade marked emulsifier for solvents such as mineral spirits, Stoddard
solvent, kerosene and pine oil.. Anionic-nonionic, 100% actives, liquid form pH 6.
Biodegradable. 8.66 lbs per gallon.
Monamulse 947™
Mona Industries trade marked emulsifier for aromatic solvents such as xylene, toluene,
and aromatics such as Aromatic 100™ and Aromatic 150™.. Anionic, 100% actives,
liquid form. 9.25 lbs per gallon. pH 9.5. Biodegradable.
Monateric CA-35™
Mona Industries trade marked amphoteric surfactant. Amber liquid, 35% active. High
foamer. Good compatibility in high pH formulas. Biodegradable. Excellent detergent and
wetting agent. Mild to skin and eyes. Used in personal care products, as well as industrial
cleaners. 8.5 pounds per gallon.
Monaterge LF-945
Mona Industries trade marked low foaming amphoteric/nonionic detergent. Modified
imidazoline amphoteric. Clear to hazy liquid, 8.3 lbs per gallon. pH 10-11. 100% active.
Monateric CyNa-50™
Mona Industries trade marked amphoteric surfactant. Amber liquid, 50% active. Low to
moderate foaming. Good compatibility in highly alkaline formulas, as well as acid
formulas. pH 10.8. Biodegradable.
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Monawet MO65-150™
Mona Industries trade marked anhydrous grade of sodium di-octyl sulfosuccinate.
Mostly used as an emulsifier in oil and solvent based formulas, although it can be used in
water based systems also. Outstanding wetting and penetrating agent. Clear colorless
liquid, anionic, 65% actives.8.75 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Monawet MO-70E™
Mona Industries trade marked sodium di-octyl sulfosuccinate. 70% actives, the remaining
30% are water and ethanol. 9.0 lbs per gallon. pH 6. Biodegradable.
Monoethanolamine
MEA. One of three common ethanolamines, the other two being diethanolamine and
triethanolamine. Used in cleaners to impart alkalinity. Also used in wax stripper
formulations. Liquid form, 100% active. Ph 12, at 10% solution monoethanolamine in
water. 8.47 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Morpholine
Colorless liquid with ammonia odor. Similar to triethanolamine in that it reacts with fatty
acids to form soap.
Mutagen
A chemical that causes an increase in the rate of change (mutation) of genes. Mutagens
are not necessarily carcinogenic. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone
Colorless solvent with mild odor. Mixes completely with water and glycol ethers.
Biodegradable. Usually used as a replacement for methylene chloride in paint strippers.
Much more expensive, but safer to use. Flash Point: 204 degrees F. Severe eye irritant,
moderate skin irritant. Not an inhalation hazard, but slight skin absorption hazard and
ingestion hazard. 8.33lpg.
Na2SiO3 ( Anhydrous)
Sodium Metasilicate Anhydrous
Na3NTA
Nitrilotriacetic acid, sodium salt. Chelating and sequestering agent.
Na4EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, sodium salt White powder, excellent chelating agent.
Very soluble in water.
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Na4EDTA (40%)
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, sodium salt 40% solution, excellent chelating agent.
NaCI
Sodium Chloride. Salt.
Nacconol 90G™
Stepan Company trade marked sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate. Neutralized LAS
in powdered form. 90% active, free flowing, cream colored flakes. Used in powdered
detergents, and also liquid formulations. High foaming. Biodegradable.
NaOH
Sodium hydroxide, caustic soda.
N Clear Sodium Silicate™

PQ Corporation trade marked sodium silicate solution. Viscous liquid, 30-54% actives.
Neodol 23-6.5™
Shell trade marked nonionic surfactant. Liquid form. Technical name C12-C13 linear
alcohol ethoxylate, 6.5 moles EO. HLB 12. Soluble in water, alcohols, aromatic
hydrocarbons. 100% active. Biodegradable.
Neodol 25-7™
Shell trade marked nonionic surfactant. Liquid form. Technical name C12-C15 linear
alcohol ethoxylate, 7.2 moles EO. HLB 12.2. Soluble in water, alcohols, aromatic
hydrocarbons. 100% active. Biodegradable.
Neodol 25-9™
Shell trade marked nonionic surfactant. C12-C15 linear alcohol ethoxylate, 9 moles EO.
Paste like, 100% active. HLB 13.3. Biodegradable.
Neodol 25-12™
Shell trade marked nonionic surfactant. C12-C15 linear alcohol ethoxylate, 12 moles
EO. Paste like, 100% active. HLB 14.4. Biodegradable.
Neodol 91-2.5™
Shell trade marked nonionic surfactant. Liquid form. Technical name C9-C11 Linear
alcohol ethoxylate, 2.5 moles EO. HLB 8.1. Soluble in oil, alcohols, aromatic
hydrocarbons. Insoluble in water. 100% active. Biodegradable.
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Neodol 91-6™
Shell trade marked nonionic surfactant. C9-C11 Linear alcohol ethoxylate, 6 moles EO.
Liquid form, 100% active. HLB 12.5. Excellent wetting agent. Biodegradable.
Ninol 40-CO
Stepan trade marked Cochin oil based amide. When added to light duty liquid
formulations, it adds viscosity and boosts foam. It also contains glycerin, which will
impart mildness. Used in hand dish wash detergents, bubble baths, shampoos. 100%
active, amber colored, viscous liquid. Biodegradable.
Ninate 411™
Stepan trade marked oil/solvent soluble surfactant. Alkylamine dodecylbenzene
sulfonate. Yellow viscous liquid, 88% actives. pH 3.5-4. 8.5 lbs per gallon. Good
emulsifier for aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated solvents, also pine oil and D'limonene.
Biodegradable.
Ninol 1301™
Stepan Company trade marked alkanolamine. Liquid form, 100% active.
Ninol CM-11
Stepan Company trade marked surfactant. Modified coconut diethanolamide. Viscous
liquid, 100% active. Good detergent, also thickens formulations, especially when used in
conjunction with nonionic surfactants such as Tergitol NP-9™ . Emulsifier. Low
foaming. pH 9.0. 8.28 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Web address: www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html
Non-ferrous Metals
Metals that do not contain iron, such as aluminum, copper, tin, bronze, brass, and zinc.
Nonionic Surfactant
Type of surfactant. Nonionic surfactants have no charge, and are compatible with anionic
and cationic surfactants. They can be either oil or water soluble. The most common are
ethoxylated nonylphenols and octylphenols, and ethoxylated primary and secondary
alcohols. Used extensively in institutional and industrial cleaning formulas. Generally
low to moderate foaming. Biodegradable.
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Nonionic Surfactant (HLB 13)

Nonionic surfactant with a HLB of 13, Such as Union Carbide Tergitol NP-9™
(nonylphenol), or Shell Neodol 25-9™ (Linear alcohol). Biodegradable.
Non-polar Solvent
Solvent having coinciding positive and negative charges, as opposed to a polar solvent
that has separate positive and negative charges.
Nonyl Phenol
A base material that is reacted (ethoxylated) with ethylene oxide to manufacture nonionic
surfactants.
Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EO

Nonionic surfactant based on nonyl phenol ethoxylated with 9-10 moles ethylene oxide.
Examples would be Union Carbide Tergitol NP-9™.. Biodegradable.
Nonylphenol, 11-13 moles EO

Nonionic surfactant based on nonyl phenol ethoxylated with 11 to 13 moles ethylene
oxide. An example would Union Carbide’s Tergitol NP-13. Biodegradable.
Norpar 12
Exxon trade marked paraffinic solvent. Flash point 156 degrees F. Kb value 23.
NP-4
Shorthand for a nonyl phenol based surfactant ethoxylated with 4 moles of ethylene
oxide. Biodegradable.
The low amount of EO makes this surfactant oil soluble only.
NP-10
Shorthand for a nonyl phenol based surfactant ethoxylated with 10 moles of ethylene
oxide. Biodegradable. The higher amount of EO makes this surfactant water soluble.
NTA
Nitrilotriacetic Acid. Excellent sequestration and chelating ability. Banned in the USA in
1970 due to fears it was teratogenic. EPA approved use 10 years later in industrial
detergents, but not in hair shampoos, hand soaps, liquid dish wash detergents, or other
personal care products. Still used in Canada.
NTP
National Toxicology Program (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). They
issue an annual report on carcinogens. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
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Octylphenol
A base material, which is reacted (ethoxylated) with ethylene oxide to manufacture
nonionic surfactants
Octylphenol, 5 moles EO
An octylphenol based surfactant that has been ethoxylated with 5 moles of ethylene
oxide. For example, Iconol's OP-5 surfactant. Biodegradable.
Octylphenol, 6-7 moles EO

An octylphenol based surfactant that has been ethoxylated with 6-7 moles of ethylene
oxide. Biodegradable.

oxide. For example, Iconol's OP-7 surfactant. Biodegradable.

oxide. For example, Union Carbide's X-100 surfactant. Biodegradable.

oxide. For example, Union Carbide's X-102 surfactant. Biodegradable.
Oleic Acid
Fatty acid derived from various animal and vegetable fats and oils. Also known as Red
Oil. Commonly reacted with triethanolamine to make soap. Biodegradable.
Optical Brightener
A material added to a formula to increase the whiteness or brightness of the surface being
cleaned. Usually used in laundry detergents.
Oxidizer
A chemical that can cause other materials to combust more easily, and that can cause
materials to burn more intensely. A material, which gives off oxygen easily. See section
on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Oxidizing agent
A material, due to its ability to release oxygen, gives a bleaching and/or disinfecting
ability. Chlorine is an oxidizing agent.
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Paraffinic Oil
A type of mild hydrocarbon solvent, determined by the structure of the hydrogen and
carbon atoms. See Norpar 12.
Paraffin Wax
Non-toxic wax derived from the distillate of wood, coal, or petroleum oil.
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limit. The OSHA regulated maximum amount of a chemical a
worker can be exposed to at one time. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Perchloroethylene
Chlorinated solvent, probable carcinogen. Degreasing and dry cleaning solvent.
Petro 22™ Liquid

Witco Chemical Company trade marked modified alkyl naphthalene sodium sulfonate
anionic surfactant/hydrotrope. Low foaming, 50% active. Liquid form. Biodegradable.
Used in low foaming detergents either by itself, or with other surfactants. Helps to
solubilize other surfactants into solution.
Petro 22™ Powder

Witco Chemical Company trade marked modified sodium alkylnapthalene sulfonate
anionic surfactant/hydrotrope. Low foaming, 100% active. Powder form. Witco uses the
trade marked term "Surfatrope" to describe the Petro line of sodium alkylnapthalene
sulfonates because Petro surfactants serve a dual purpose as detergents and hydrotropes.
This means that instead of adding sodium xylene sulfonate (SXS) to a formula as a
hydrotrope, you can oftentimes substitute a Petro product instead and get the
hydrotroping action along with added detergency, which SXS does not give.
Biodegradable. Used in carpet steam extraction cleaners, rinse aids, water treatment,
D'Limonene cleaners.
Petro BAF™ Liquid

anionic surfactant. High foaming, 50% active. liquid form. Excellent wetting agent.
Biodegradable. Used in Carpet cleaners, wax strippers, butyl cleaners, D'Limonene
cleaners.
Petro LBA™ Powder

anionic surfactant. High foaming, 100% active. Powder form. Biodegradable. Used in
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laundry detergents, powdered detergents, D'Limonene cleaners.
Petro LBA (50%)™

anionic surfactant. High foaming, 50% active. Liquid form. Biodegradable.
Petro ULF™
Witco Company trade marked modified alkyl naphthalene sulfonate. ULF means ultra
low foaming. Amber liquid, 50% active. Biodegradable. Used in carpet steam extraction
cleaners, high pressure cleaning, bottle washing. pH 7.5-9.5.
PH
A measure of a chemical’s acid or alkaline value. The pH scale runs from 1-14. Numbers
1-6 indicate an acid, 7 is neutral, 8-14 alkaline. Number 1 is represented by hydrochloric
acid, while sodium hydroxide represents 14. The numbers work in multiples of 10, so a
pH 9 is ten times more alkaline than pH 8, and pH 5 is ten times more acid than pH 4.
Phosphate Ester
Hydrotrope and in many cases surfactant. Usually supplied in acid form, 100% actives,
which is then neutralized in the formulation.
Phosphate Ester, Anionic

Hydrotrope. See Triton QS-44™.
Phosphate Ester, Potassium Salt

Pre-neutralized phosphate ester. Usually 50% actives.
Phosphoric acid (75%)

Clear colorless liquid, 75% solution of phosphoric acid. Used in metal cleaning
formulations, toilet bowl cleaners. Mild acid compared to sulfuric or hydrochloric.
Phosphoric acid (85%)

Clear colorless liquid, 85% solution of phosphoric acid. Used in metal cleaning
formulations, toilet bowl cleaners. Mild acid compared to sulfuric or hydrochloric. Dilute
solutions of phosphoric acid are used in cola drinks to give that "zingy, biting" taste.
Pilot SXS-40™
Pilot Chemical Company trade marked sodium xylene sulfonate, 40% actives, liquid
solution. Used as a hydrotrope in heavily built detergents. Biodegradable.
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Pilot SXS-96™
Pilot Chemical Company trade marked sodium xylene sulfonate, 96% active powder.
Used as a hydrotrope in heavily built detergents. Biodegradable.
Pine Oil
Essential oil derived from pine trees, pleasant odor. Main ingredient of pine oil cleaners.
At 20% concentration levels, pine oil is considered to have disinfectant properties.
Biodegradable.
Plurafac A-38™
BASF trade marked nonionic surfactant. Technical name linear alcohol alkoxylate. HLB
19. Solid form. Water soluble. 100% active. Biodegradable.
Plurafac 25-R-2™
BASF trade marked nonionic surfactant. Liquid form. Technical name linear alcohol
alkoxylate. HLB 12. Water soluble. 100% active. Biodegradable.
Plurafac B-25-5™
alkoxylate. HLB 12. Water soluble. 100% active. pH 5-6.5. 8.33 pounds per gallon.
Biodegradable.
Plurafac B-26™
alkoxylate. HLB 14. Water soluble. 100% active. Biodegradable.
Plurafac C-17™
alkoxylate. HLB 16. White liquid. Water soluble. 100% active. Biodegradable.
Plurafac D-25™
BASF trade marked non-ionic surfactant. Technical name: linear alcohol alkoxylate.
HLB 10 Cloudy liquid, 100% active. pH 5.0-6.5. 8.33 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Plurafac RA-20™
BASF trade marked nonionic low foaming surfactant. Liquid form. Technical name
linear alcohol alkoxylate. HLB 10. Water soluble. 100% active. Biodegradable.
Plurafac RA-40™
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linear alcohol alkoxylate. HLB 7 Oil soluble. 100% active. Biodegradable.
Plurafac RA-43™
linear alcohol alkoxylate. HLB 7 Oil soluble. 100% active. Biodegradable.
Poison
A poison is a chemical that causes injury, illness, or death. A poison can be ingested,
absorbed through the skin, or inhaled. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Polar Solvent
Solvent having separate positive and negative charges, as opposed to a non-polar solvent
that has coinciding positive and negative charges.
Polyvinylpyrilodone
PVP. Slightly yellow plastic resin.
Potassium Hydroxide
KOH. Corrosive powder. Also known as caustic potash. Used as a base to neutralize fatty
acids to form "soft soap."
Potassium Hydroxide (45%)

KOH (45%). Corrosive liquid containing 45% potassium hydroxide. Also known as
caustic potash. Used as a base to neutralize fatty acids to form "soft soap."
Potassium Oleate
Oleic acid reacted with potassium hydroxide.
Potassium Silicate
Soluble potash glass. Colorless or yellowish, translucent, glasslike particles.
PQ Epsom Salt™
PQ Corporation trade marked magnesium sulfate heptahydrate.
Propylene Glycol
Aliphatic alcohol. Clear, colorless, viscous. Humectant in skin cleaners.
Propylene Glycol Mono-t-Butyl Ether

Arco Chemical Company trade marked Arcosolve PTB™ glycol ether. Flash point 113
degrees F. Solubility in water about 15%. Slow evaporating. P-series glycol ether that is
safer to use than e-series glycol ethers. Used in all purpose cleaners, spray cleaners,
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degreasers, solvent blends, metal cleaners, acid cleaners.
Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether

Union Carbide trade marked Methyl Propasol™ glycol ether solvent. Dow Chemical
Company trade marked Dowanol PM glycol ether solvent. Arco Chemical Company
trade marked Arcosolve PM glycol ether solvent. Flash point 94 degrees F. Water
soluble, fairly fast evaporation. Used in hard surface cleaners, all purpose pine oil
cleaners, glass cleaners, liquid soaps, waterless hand cleaners, rust removers, paint brush
cleaners, wall paper removers.
Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether

Union Carbide trade marked Propyl Propasol™ glycol ether solvent. Flash point 119
degrees F. Water soluble. Slow evaporating. Used in hard surface cleaners, all purpose
pine oil cleaners, liquid soaps, waterless hand cleaners, rust removers, wall paper
removers, paint strippers.
Propyl Carbitol
Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name diethylene glycol monopropyl
ether. Completely soluble in water. Biodegradable.
Propyl Propasol™
Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name propylene glycol monopropyl
ether. Completely soluble in water. Biodegradable.
Pumice, 1/2 Grade

A grade of pumice in terms of particle size. The best size to use in mechanics waterless
hand cleaners.
Q-17-2™
Exxon Company trade marked isotridecyloxypropyl dihydroxyethyl methyl ammonium
chloride. Sold in the Tomah line of specialty surfactants. Used as an emulsifier, and
boosts the detergency effectiveness of nonionic surfactants. Biodegradable.
Quaternary Compound
Any type of compound based on quaternary ammonium salts. Quaternary compounds are
cationic in nature and are used in extensively in fabric softeners and sanitizers.
Quaternary Germicide
A disinfecting agent based on a quaternary compound Such as benzalkonium chloride.
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RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. This act gave the EPA authority over all
aspects of hazardous waste, including generation, transportation, treatment and disposal.
Red Oil
See oleic acid.
Rhodine Red
Red dye.
Ross-Miles Foam Height

A way to measure the foam generating power of a particular surfactant. The height of
foam generated is measured in mm or cm when a surfactant solution is agitated by
dropping a certain height into the same solution. The higher the measurement the higher
the foam generating power. After five minutes, another measurement is taken. This
number gives the relative stability of the foam,-the closer the 5 minute measurement is to
the original measurement, the longer lasting the foam is. For example, Tergitol NP-9, a
moderate foamer, has an initial foam height measurement of 135 mm. Five minutes later
the foam measures 30 mm.
RQ
Reportable Quantity. Every one of CERCLA’s hazardous chemical has a reportable
quantity attached to it. It will be expressed as one of five levels: 1, 10, 100, 1000, or 5000
pounds. Anything spilled or released into the environment over the RQ level must be
reported to the EPA National Response Center. See section on Material Safety Data
Sheets.
SAE 40 Motor Oil

Ordinary car engine oil.
Salt
Common table salt. Sodium chloride. NaCl. Salt is sometimes used in shampoo
formulations to thicken the product, thereby appearing more concentrated.
SARA
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. This act broadened and increased the
scope of CERCLA. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Saybolt Viscosity
The time in seconds required for 20 ml of oil to flow through a standard orifice at a
231
specified temperature.
Secondary alcohol ethoxylate

Surfactant. An example would be Tergitol 15-S-9™. Biodegradable.
Sensitizer
A chemical that causes people to develop an allergic reaction to that chemical after
repeated exposure. Once a person has become “sensitized,” even small amounts of the
chemical will irritate. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Silica, Technical Grade

Silicon dioxide. S1O2. Quartz crystals are a pure form of silica, while sand is a common
fine grained form.
Soda Ash
Sodium carbonate. Calcium carbonate. Calcined soda. Na2CO3. Inexpensive alkali used
mostly in powdered detergents.
Sodium Acrylate (MW 4500-5500)

Polymer used in detergents to provide sequestration, boost detergency, and prevent soil
redeposition.
Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate Powder

SDDBS (neutralized LAS) in powder form. For example, Pilot Chemical Company trade
marked Calsoft F-90™. Biodegradable.
Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate (60%)

A liquid solution of neutralized LAS, 60% active. For example, Pilot Chemical Company
trade marked Calsoft L-60™. Biodegradable.
Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (60%) LAS

Neutralized LAS in a 60% actives liquid/paste form. See Calsoft L-60™ .
Biodegradable.
Sodium Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate

Anionic surfactant. Powder or liquid form. An example would be Petro 22™.
Biodegradable.
Sodium Carbonate
Soda ash. Calcium carbonate. Calcined soda. Na2CO3. Inexpensive alkali used mostly in
powdered detergents.
232
Sodium Chloride
Common table salt. NaCl. Sodium chloride is sometimes used in shampoo formulations
to thicken the product, thereby appearing more concentrated.
Sodium Chromate
Sodium dichromate that has been neutralized and crystallized.
Sodium DDBS
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. LAS neutralized to its sodium salt. Biodegradable.
Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate, 2 H2O

Bleaching and sanitizing agent. Supplied in either dihydrate grade (2 H20), or anhydrous
grade. White powder.
Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate

SDDBS. LAS neutralized to its sodium salt. Biodegradable.
Sodium Gluconate
Water soluble white to tan crystalline powder. Used in alkaline cleaners such as caustic
bottle washing compounds. Also used in metal cleaning compounds to remove dissolved
metals and prevent oxide precipitates.
Sodium Hydroxide
Caustic soda. Lye. Corrosive to skin tissue. Sold in powder form, or in 50% liquid
solution.
Sodium Hydroxide Beads

A form of sodium hydroxide in a beaded powder form. Easier to work with in powdered
formulations.
Sodium hydroxide (50%)

Liquid solution of sodium hydroxide, containing 50% caustic soda by weight. Liquid
solutions of sodium hydroxide are very heavy,-one gallon weighs 12.76 lbs per gallon.
Sodium Hypochlorite (15%)

NaOCl. Sold in aqueous solutions only. A 5% solution is commonly known as household
bleach.
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

SLS. Very high foaming anionic surfactant, powder form. Used in carpet shampoos, hair
233
shampoos, bubble baths. Biodegradable.
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (28%)

SLS. Very high foaming anionic surfactant, liquid form, 28% active solution. Used in
high foaming cleaners and personal care products. Biodegradable.
Sodium Metasilicate
Na2SiO3. Builder for powdered and liquid detergents.
Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

Hydrated version of sodium metasilicate. Dissolves easily into water. Not compatible
with caustic soda in powdered detergents.
Sodium Nitrate
NaNO3. Very water soluble powder. Corrosion inhibitor.
Sodium Nitrite
NaNO2. Corrosion Inhibitor.
Sodium Perborate, Monohydrate

Bleaching agent. Oxidizer.
Sodium Resinate
Wetting and dispersing agent.
Sodium Silicate
A compound comprised of silicon (SiO2) and sodium oxide (Na2O). The ratio between
the two determines the alkalinity level. For example, Sodium Metasilicate has a ratio of 1
part SiO2 to ! part Na2O, expressed as 1:1. A liquid sodium silicate may have a ratio of
3.25 parts SiO2 to 1 part Na2O, expressed as simply as 3.25. The pH will be 11.3. As the
ratio goes down, for example, a liquid sodium silicate with a ratio of 1.6 (1.6 parts SiO2
to 1 part Na2O), the pH will increase to 13.4.
Sodium Silicate "E"

PQ Corporation trade marked Sodium Silicate. Liquid solution, 3.22 ratio. pH 11.3.
Sodium Sulfate
Na2SO4. White crystalline powder. Used as a low cost filler builder in powdered
detergents. Has an anti-caking property.
234
Sodium Trypolyphosphate
Very common builder and chelating agent. Used extensively in industrial detergents.
Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40%)

Common hydrotrope, 40% solution. Keeps surfactants in solution in highly built
formulas. Does not add any detergency by itself.
Solubilization
The ability of a surfactant to lift and suspend soil into solution. An increase in surfactant
increases solubilization, although an increase in temperature is more effective. Nonionic
surfactants show best solubilization when performing close to their cloud point
temperature.
Solvesso 150™
Aromatic petroleum solvent.
Specific Gravity
A measurement comparing the mass of a liquid to the mass of water, when both have the
same volume. The measurement is expressed as a ratio (water=1.0). Therefore, a pint of
liquid with a specific gravity of 1.2 will be 1.2 times heavier than a pint of water. See
STAR™, Sodium Silicate

PQ Corporation trade marked sodium silicate solution. 38% active, 2.5 ratio, pH 12.1.
11.75 lbs per gallon.
STARSO™, Sodium Silicate

PQ Corporation trade marked sodium silicate solution. 38% active, 1.8 ratio, pH 13.1. 12
lbs per gallon.
Stearic Acid
Fatty acid derived from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Sold in cake form, melting
point 125-131 degrees F.
STEL
Short Term Exposure Limit. The amount of chemical a worker can be exposed to for a
short period of time without harm. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Steol CA-460™
Stepan Company trade marked ammonium alcohol ethoxysulfate. For use in formulas
having a pH less than 7. Clear liquid, high foaming, pH 7. 60% actives. Mild with
235
excellent detergent and foaming properties in either hard or soft water. Biodegradable.
Steol CS-460™
Stepan Company trade marked sodium alcohol ethoxysulfate. Clear liquid, high foaming,
pH 8, 60% actives. Mild with excellent detergent and foaming properties in either hard or
soft water. Biodegradable. 8.63 pounds per gallon.
Stepanate X™
Stepan Company trade marked sodium xylene sulfonate, 40% solution. pH 9. 9.8 pounds
per gallon.
Stepanol WAC™
Stepan Company trade marked sodium lauryl sulfate, 30% active solution. pH 7.5-8.5.
High foaming, excellent detergency. Dries to a crisp, friable powder making it suitable
for carpet shampoos. Biodegradable.
Stepanol WA Special™
Stepan Company trade marked sodium lauryl sulfate, 30% active solution.
Biodegradable.
Stoddard Solvent
Cleaner's naphtha. 105 degree flash. Odorless mineral spirits. Safety solvent. Fairly
standard petroleum solvent with specific distillation and flash point values.
STPP
Sodium trypolyphosphate. Builder used in liquid and powdered detergents. Chelating
agent.
Sulfuric acid 95%

Oil of vitriol. H2SO4. Heavy, very corrosive liquid. Gives off a great amount of heat
when mixed with water. Used in drain openers and toilet bowl cleaners.
Super Amide L-9C™

Onyx Chemical Company trade marked Lauramide DEA.
Surfonic N-150™
Jefferson Chemical Company trade marked nonionic surfactant. HLB 15. Liquid form,
100% active.
SXS (40%)
236
Liquid solution of sodium xylene sulfonate, 40% active.
Tall Oil
Acid mixture recovered from pine wood. Used as a replacement for fatty acids in soap.
TEA (85%)
Triethanolamine, 85% active.
Teratogen
Chemical that causes a change or harms a fetus or embryo. See section on Material
Safety Data Sheets.
Tergitol NP-4™
Union Carbide trade marked nonionic surfactant. Ethoxylated nonylphenol. Liquid form,
4 moles of ethylene oxide. Oil soluble. Insoluble in water. HLB 8.9. 100% active 8.58 lbs
Tergitol NP-9™
9 moles of ethylene oxide. Soluble in water. HLB 12.9. Good all-purpose detergent and
wetting agent. 100% active. 8.8 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Tergitol NP-10™
10.5 moles of ethylene oxide. Soluble in water. HLB 13.6. 100% active. 8.84 lbs per
gallon. Biodegradable.
Tergitol 15-S-5™
Union Carbide trade marked nonionic surfactant. Secondary alcohol ethoxylate. Liquid
form, soluble in oil, glycol ethers, and alcohol. Insoluble in water. 5 moles of ethylene
oxide, HLB 10.5. 100% active. pH 7.4. 8.03 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Tergitol 15-S-7™
Union Carbide trade marked nonionic surfactant. Secondary alcohol ethoxylate. Liquid
form, soluble in water or kerosene, glycol ethers, and alcohol. 7 moles of ethylene oxide,
HLB 12.1. 100% active. pH 6-8. 7.66 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Tergitol 15-S-9™
Union Carbide trade marked non-ionic surfactant. Secondary alcohol ethoxylate. Liquid
form, soluble in water or kerosene, glycol ethers, and alcohol. 9 moles of ethylene oxide,
HLB 13.3. 100% active. pH 6-8. 8.37 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
237
Tergitol 25-L-3™
Union Carbide trade marked nonionic surfactant. Oil soluble, HLB 7.7. 100% active, pH
5-7. 7.73 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Tetradecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride

Disinfectant, fungicide, germicide. White powder, 90% active. Used as the active
ingredient in cleaners EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) registered as
disinfectants.
Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate
Builder for detergents.
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate
Builder for detergents.
Thiourea
Corrosion protector for metals. White powdered crystals.
Tinopal CBS-X™
Fluorescent Brightener.
TKPP
Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate.
TKPP (60%)
Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate solution in water, 60% active.
Tomah Acid Thickener™

Exxon trade marked cationic surfactant. Used to thicken acid based cleaners. Also acts as
a corrosion inhibitor on mild steel and stainless steel. Amber colored paste that needs to
be heated and agitated before adding to a formulation. 100% active.
Tomah Acid Thickener™

Exxon trade marked cationic surfactant that is used in acid formulas as a thickener and
corrosion inhibitor. Amber colored paste, should be heated and mixed before adding to
formula.
Tomah Amphoteric L™
Exxon Chemical Co. trade marked surfactant. Very mild, used to boost and stabilize
238
foam, and add viscosity. Liquid form, 37% active.
Tomah AO-14-2™
Tomah trade marked Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) isodecyloxy propylamine oxide. Ether Amine
Oxide. 50% active, liquid form.
Tomah AO-728 Special

Tomah trade marked Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) C12/C15 alkyloxy propylamine oxide. Ether
Amine Oxide. 50% active, liquid form.
Tomah Emulsifier 4™
Tomah trade marked dialkyl quaternary designed for emulsifying mineral seal oil. Used
in spray waxes. 75% active, liquid form.
Tomah Q-17-2™
Exxon Company trade marked isotridecyloxypropyl dihydroxyethyl methyl ammonium
chloride. Sold in the Tomah line of specialty surfactants. Used as an emulsifier, and
boosts the detergency effectiveness of nonionic surfactants. 74% active, liquid form.
Toluene
Colorless flammable liquid solvent. Used in thinners, spot removers, dry cleaning
solvents.
Triethanolamine (85%)
One of three ethanolamines, the other two being monoethanolamine and diethanolamine.
Used in cleaners to impart alkalinity. Reacts with fatty acids to form soap. Also serves as
a soil anti-redeposition agent. Liquid form, 85% active. Ph 10.5 at 10% solution
triethanolamine in water. 9.7 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Trilon B Liquid (EDTA, tetrasodium salt 40%)

BASF trademarked EDTA solution.
Trilon B Powder™ (EDTA, tetrasodium salt)

BASF trademarked EDTA powder.
Trisodium Phosphate
Common builder. Precipitates hardness ions, so usually used with a chelating agent such
as STTP.
Triton DF-16™
Union Carbide trade marked nonionic low-foaming surfactant. Clear liquid, 100% active.
239
pH 6. 8.22 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Excellent wetting agent on hard surfaces and
textiles.
Triton H-55™
Union Carbide trade marked phosphate ester, potassium salt, liquid form. 50% active.
Anionic surfactant/hydrotrope for highly alkaline systems. pH 8-10. 11.2 lbs per gallon.
Biodegradable.
Triton H-66™
Union Carbide trade marked phosphate ester, potassium salt, liquid form. 50% active.
Anionic surfactant/hydrotrope for highly alkaline systems. pH 8-10. 10.5 lbs per gallon.
Biodegradable.
Triton QS-44™
Union Carbide trade marked phosphate ester, acid form. Liquid, 80% active. Anionic
surfactant/hydrotrope. pH 2. 9.8 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Triton X-100™
Union carbide trade marked nonionic surfactant. Octylphenol ethoxylate containing 10
moles of ethylene oxide. Liquid form, moderate foamer, water soluble. 100% active. pH
6. 8.87 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Excellent detergent, especially in hard surface
applications.
Triton X-102™
Union Carbide trade marked nonionic surfactant. Octylphenol ethoxylate containing 12-
13 moles ethylene oxide. Liquid form, water soluble. Does double duty as a surfactant
and hydrotrope. 100% active. 8.9 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Excellent detergency.
Works well in high temperature cleaning applications.
Triton X-301™
Union Carbide trade marked alkylaryl polyether sulfate. Anionic surfactant, high foamer,
20% actives, pH 7.5. Supplied as white paste. Usually used in conjunction with nonionic
surfactants to increase and stabilize foam, and add increased detergency and wetting
ability. 8.8 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Triton XL-80N™ Surfactant

Union Carbide trade marked nonionic surfactant. Liquid form. A unique feature of XL-
80N is that it can be mixed easily with water at high concentrations. For example, a
super-concentrated 70/30 mix of Xl-80N/water can be made without excessive thickening
or gelling, which is generally impossible with regular surfactants such as alcohol
ethoxylates or nonylphenol ethoxylates. 100% active. pH 6.5. 8.16 lbs per gallon.
240
Excellent detergency and wetting characteristics. Biodegradable.
Triton N-101™
Union Carbide trade marked nonionic surfactant. Liquid form, 9 moles ethylene oxide.
HLB 13.4. Water soluble. pH 6. Insoluble in kerosene, unless a coupling agent such as
oleic acid or glycol ether is used. 100% active. 8.7 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.
Excellent wetting agent, and excellent fabric detergency.
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976. This act requires the EPA to track over 75,000
industrial chemicals being produced or imported into the United States. See section on
TSP
Trisodium phosphate.
TSP, Anhydrous
Trisodium phosphate, anhydrous.
TSPP
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate.
TWA
Time Weighted Average. A value that determines the OSHA regulated maximum
average exposure over an 8 hour work shift. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.
Ucarcide 225
Union Carbide trade marked antimicrobial containing 25% Glutaraldehyde. Excellent as
a replacement for formaldehyde in portable toilet additives. Controls odor better than
quaternary ammonium compounds. Liquid, soluble in water. 8.87 lbs per gallon. Ph 3.1
to 4.5.
Ucarcide 250™
Union Carbide trade marked antimicrobial containing 50% Glutaraldehyde. Excellent as
a replacement for formaldehyde in portable toilet additives. Controls odor better than
quaternary ammonium compounds. Liquid, soluble in water. 9.41 lbs per gallon. Ph 3.1
to 4.5.
UEL
Upper Explosive Limit. See Flammable limits.
241
Union Carbide Silicone Fluid L-45™, 350 cSt

Dimethicone.
Urea
White crystalline compound, very soluble in water.
Valfor 100™ Zeolite A™

PQ Corporation trade marked sodium aluminosilicate. A sequesterant that works by ion
exchange. Sodium aluminosilicate zeolites exchange sodium ions for calcium and
magnesium ions. The sodium ions do not adversely affect the detergency.
Versene 100 Liquid

Dow Chemical Company trade marked EDTA solution, 39% active. pH 11-11.8. 10.9 lbs
per gallon.
VM&P Naphtha
Varnish Makers and Painters Naphtha. Paint thinner. Mineral spirits.
Xylene
Solvent.
242
APPENDIX B (Trademarked Products by Supplier)
ALOX Corporation
Alox 111™
Alox 164™
Alox 488™
Alox 1680™
Alox 2213C™
Aqualox 2295™
ARCO
Arcosolve PTB™ Glycol Ether
BASF
Klearfac AA-270™
Plurafac 25-R-2™
Plurafac B-25-5™
Plurafac B-26™
Plurafac C-17™
Plurafac D-25™
Plurafac RA-20™
Plurafac RA-40™
Plurafac RA-43™
Trilon B Powder™
BF GOODRICH
Carbopol 645™
DU PONT
DBE Tribasic Ester™
243
DOW
DB Glycol Ether™
Dowanol DM™
Dowanol EB™
Dowicide A™
Dowicide 75™
DPM™
Methocel 311™
DOW CORNING
Dow Corning 346 Silicone™

Silicone Fluid L-45™
EXXON
Aromatic 100™
Aromatic 150™
Isopar C™
Isopar M™
Isopar V™
Norpar 12™
JEFFERSON
Surfonic N40™
Surfonic N-150™
MIRANOL
Cedepal TD407 MF™

Cedephos FA-600™
244
Compound 1™
Miranate LEC™
Miranol BM™
Miranol C2M-SF™
Mirataine CB™
Mirataine CBS™
Mirataine CDMB™
Mirataine XL™
MONA
Avamid 150™
Detergent Concentrate 840™
Monacor 39™
Monamate LA-100™
Monafax 1293™
Monamid 150-GLT™
Monamid 716™
Monamine I-76™
Monamine ALX-100S™
Monamine 779™
Monastat 1195™
Monaterge 85™
Monaterge LMM-30™
Monamulse 653-C™
Monamulse 947™
Monateric CA-35™
Monateric LF-945™
Monateric CyNa-50™
Monawet MO65-150™
Monawet MO-70E™
ONYX
Super Amide L-9C™
PILOT
245
Calamide C™
Calamide C™W-100™
Calfax DB-45™
Calfoam SEL-60™
Calsoft L-60™
Calsoft LAS-99™
Calsoft F-90™
Calsuds CD-6™
Pilot SXS 40™
PQ
Britesil C-24™
PQ Epsom Salt™
G Sodium Silicate™
Kasil #1™
Kasil #6™
Metso Beads 2048™
Metso Pentabead 20™
N Clear Sodium Silicate™
Star Sodium Silicate™
Starso™
Sodium Silicate E™
Valfor 100™ Zeolite A™
ROHM & HAAS
Acrysol ASE-108
Acusol 445™
Acusol 445N™
Hyamine 2389™
SHELL
Cyclo Sol 63™

Neodol 23-6.5™
Neodol 25-7™
Neodol 25-9™
246
Neodol 25-12™
Neodol 91-2.5™
Neodol 91-6™
SUTTON LABS
Germaben 11E™
STEPAN
Alpha Step ML-40™

Alpha Step LD-200™
Ammonyx Lo™
Bio Soft D-60™
Bio Soft EA-10™
Bio Terge AS-40™
Bio-Terge AOS-40™
BTC 2125™
BTC 2125 M P40™
BTC 824 P-100™
Makon 4™
Makon 8™
Makon 10™
Makon 12™
Makon NF-5™
Makon NF-12™
Nacconol 40G™
Nacconol 90G™
Ninate 411™
Ninol 1301™
Ninol 40CO™
Ninol 11-CM™
Stepanate X™
Stepanol WAC™
Stepanol WA Special™
Steol CA-460™
Steol CS-460™
247
TOMAH
AO-14-2™
Tomah Product Inhibitor 605™
Q-17-2™
Acid Foamer™
Acid Thickener™
Alkali Surfactant™
Amphoteric L™
Emulsifier 4™
Formula N-4™
UNION CARBIDE
Butyl Carbitol™
Butyl Cellosolve™
Butyl DiPropasol™ ™
Carbitol LG™
Hexyl Carbitol™
Hexyl Cellosolve™
Methyl Carbitol™
Methyl DiPropasol™
Propyl Cellosolve™
Tergitol NP-4™
Tergitol NP-9™
Tergitol NP-10™
Tergitol 15-S-5™
Tergitol 15-S-7™
Tergitol 15-S-9™
Tergitol 25-L-3™
Triton DF-16™
Triton H-55™
Triton H-66™
Triton QS-44™
Triton X-100™
Triton X-102™
Triton X-301™
Triton XL-80N™
Triton N-101™
Ucarcide 250™
248
WITCO
Petro 22™ Liquid

Petro 22™ Powder
Petro BAF™
Petro LBA (50%)™
Petro LBA™
Petro ULF™
WR GRACE
Hampene 100™
249
APPENDIX C (Supplier Addresses & Websites)
Note: Over the last few years there have been numerous mergers and acquisitions. When
looking through older formularies the wrong supplier information is often given as a
result. To make it easier to cross reference trademarked chemicals and suppliers I’ve
intentionally used the original supplier and added notations where necessary to update the
supplier information.
ALBRIGHT & WILSON AMERICAS

Technical Service Department
P.O. Box 4439
Glen Allen, VA 23060
804-968-6300
FAX 804-968-6385
www.albright-wilson.com
Good website with catalog request form.
Rhodia has now bought out Albright & Wilson.
ALOX CORPORATION
3943 Buffalo Ave.
P.O. Box 517
Niagara Falls, NY 14302
1-716-282-1295
Now owned by Lubrizol.
1-800-522-4125
Fax 1-440-354-5112
ARCO CHEMICAL COMPANY

3801 West Chester Pike
Newtown Square, PA 19073
1-800-354-1500
1-800-321-7000
www.bpamoco.com
Arco has merged with BP Amoco.
250
BASF CORPORATION
3000 Continental Dr. N
Mt. Olive NJ 07828
800-669-2273
FAX 201-426-2610
www.basf.com
Huge website with product data.
B.F. GOODRICH COMPANY

Specialty Chemicals
9911 Brecksville Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44141-3247
216-447-5000
FAX 216-447-5250
www.carbopol.com
Information on thickeners.
CK WITCO
One American Lane
Greenwich, Connecticut 06831-2559
1-203-552-2000
1-800-295-2392
Fax 1-203-552-2010
www.ckwitco.com
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

Inquiry Services
P.O. BOX 1206
Midland, MI 48674
1-800-447-4369
1-517-832-1560
Fax 1-517-832-1465
www.dow.com
Dow and Union Carbide have recently merged.
EXXON CHEMICAL COMPANY

Application Chemicals Division-Tomah Products
251
P.O. Box 682435

Park City, Utah 84068-2435
801-645-8301
800-526-0749
www.exxon.com
EXXON COMPANY, U.S.A.

Marketing Technical Services
P.O. Box 2180
Houston, Texas 77001
1-800-392-4576
FLORIDA CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC.

351 Winter Haven Blvd. N.E.
Winter Haven, FL 33881-9432
Tel: 863-294-8483 Fax: 863-294-7783
(Suppliers of D'Limonene)
www.floridachemical.com
FMC CORPORATION
Phosphorus Chemicals Division
1735 Market St
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
1-215-299-6000
Fax 1-215-299-6887
GLOBAL AROMATICS, INC.

2551 Stanwell Dr.
STE Bldg.-B
Concord, CA 94520
1-800-521-2071
FAX 707-747-5334
HAMPSHIRE CHEMICAL CORPORATION

45 Hayden Ave
STE 2500
252
Lexington MA 02421-7994
781-869-3400
FAX 781-860-5290
Dow now owns Hampshire.
H.C. DAVIS & SONS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC.

(Powder Mixer Manufacturers)
P.O. Box 395
Bonner Springs, Kansas 66012-0395
1-913-422-3000
KEYSTONE DYE COMPANY

2501 W. Fulton St.
Chicago, IL 60612
1-800-522-4DYE
KEYSTONE DYE COMPANY

13767 Milroy Place
Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670
1-800-447-4DYE
dyes.com
MIRANOL CHEMICAL COMPANY

P.O. Box 436
68 Culver Road
South Brunswick (Dayton), New Jersey 08810
Rhodia now owns Miranol.
MONA INDUSTRIES
Uniqema now owns Mona. (See Uniqema).
PILOT CHEMICAL COMPANY

11756 Burke Street
Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670
1-800-707-4568
pilotchemical.com
253
PQ CORPORATION
Technical Service Department
P.O. Box 840
Valley Forge, PA 19482
1-610-651-4507
FAX 610-651-4504
www.pqcorp.com
ROHM & HAAS COMPANY

100 Independence Mall West
Philadelphia, PA 19106-2399
Tel: 215-592-3000
Tel: 215-592-3377
www.rohmhaas.com
SHELL CHEMICAL COMPANY

Samples and Technical Assistance
Tel: 800-872-7435
Tel: 713-246-8241
Fax: 713-241-8194
www.shellchemicals.com
Shell has sold their Neodol line to Tomah.
Soap and Detergent Association

www.Sdahq.org
Good site that contains some basic information on cleaning, types of products,
manufacturing processes, and what’s new in the field.
SOAP/COSMETICS & CHEMICAL SPECIALTIES MAGAZINE

445 Broad Hollow Road
Melville, NY 11747
1-516-845-2700
STEPAN COMPANY
22 Frontage Road
Northfield, Illinois 60093
254
847-446-7500
800-745-7837 (Technical Line)
www.stepan.com
SUTTON LABS
116 Summit Ave.
P.O. Box 837
Chatham, NJ 07928-0837
201-635-1551
FAX 201-635-4964
TOMAH PRODUCTS, INC.

1012 Terra Drive
(PO Box 388)
Milton, Wisconsin 53563
888-255-9252
608-868-6811
Fax 608-868-6810
www.Tomah3.com
Technical Lines:
Ethoxylates: 800-441-0708
Other Tomah Products:800-441-0708
Sample Requests: 1-800-441-0708
UNIQEMA
Concord Plaza, 3411 Silverside Road
Wilmington, DE 19810
Tel: 800-424-2024
Tel: 302-887-5000
Fax: 302-887-3525
www.uniqema.com
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION

Ethylene Oxide Derivatives Division
39 Old Ridgebury Road
Danbury, CT 06817-0001
Tel: 800-335-8550 Tel: 203-794-5300
255
www.unioncarbide.com
Dow and Union Carbide have merged.
VALUE FRAGRANCES AND FLAVORS INC.

Rt. 17 M
Goshen, NY 10924
1-800-397-5721
W.R. GRACE & COMPANY

7500 Grace Drive
Columbia, MD 21044
Tel: 1-410-531-4000
Fax: 1-410-531-4367
www.grace.com
256
Appendix D (Sample MSDS)
Material Safety Data Sheets are provided with every raw material you will be using. I’ve
included one here, with notes, so you can become familiar with reading them. When you
produce a product you will be required to provide a MSDS for your product.
__ __ __
METHYL METHACRYLATE
MSDS Number: M5616 --- Effective Date: 11/17/99
1. Product Identification
Synonyms: Methyl methacrylate, monomer inhibited; 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester;
Methacrylic acid, methyl ester; Methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
CAS No.: 80-62-6
Molecular Weight: 100.12
Chemical Formula: CH2:C(CH3)COOCH3
Product Codes:
J.T. Baker: Q690
Mallinckrodt: 1883
2. Composition/Information on Ingredients
IngredientCAS NoPercent Hazardous

--------------------------------------- ------------ ------- ---------
Methyl Methacrylate 80-62-6 90 - 100% Yes
3. Hazards Identification
Emergency Overview
--------------------------
DANGER! HEATING, SUNLIGHT OR CONTACT WITH INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS MAY
CAUSE EXPLOSIVE POLYMERIZATION. FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOR. HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED OR INHALED. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CAUSES IRRITATION
TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION. MAY
BE HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN.
J.T. Baker SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Health Rating: 2 - Moderate
Flammability Rating: 4 - Extreme (Flammable)
257
Reactivity Rating: 2 - Moderate

Contact Rating: 2 - Moderate
Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES; LAB COAT; VENT HOOD; PROPER GLOVES; CLASS B
EXTINGUISHER
Storage Color Code: Red (Flammable)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Potential Health Effects

----------------------------------
Inhalation:
Inhalation of vapors irritates the respiratory tract. Symptoms from overexposure can include coughing,
chest pain, headache, drowsiness, nausea, anorexia, irritability and narcosis. Very high levels may cause
pulmonary edema and death. This material has been linked to cardiac arrest and other cardiovascular
problems because of its ability to lower the blood pressure.
Ingestion:
Harmful if swallowed. May cause diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Swallowing produces acute systemic
effects paralleling ingestion. Ingestion has been linked to liver and kidney damage.
Skin Contact:
Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. May cause allergic skin reactions.
May be absorbed through the skin (see chronic effects).
Eye Contact:
Causes irritation, redness, and pain.
Chronic Exposure:
Dental technicians using bare hands with methyl methacrylate molding putty developed changes in the
nerve impulse transmission in the fingers. Repeated skin exposures may cause tingling or prickling
sensation of the skin.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney or respiratory function
may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
4. First Aid Measures

Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get
medical attention.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated
clothing and shoes. Get medical attention, immediately. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids
occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
Note to Physician:
After vomiting, have victim drink a mixture of 2 tablespoonfuls of activated charcoal and 8 ounces of
water.
258
5. Fire Fighting Measures

Fire:
Flash point: 10C (50F) OC
Autoignition temperature: 435C (815F)
Flammable limits in air % by volume:
lel: 1.7; uel: 8.2
Flammable Liquid Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire.
Explosion:
Above flash point, vapor-air mixtures are explosive within flammable limits noted above. Violent eruption
of closed containers may occur when polymerization occurs. Polymerization may be caused by elevated
temperature, oxidizers, peroxides, or sunlight. Vapors can flow along surfaces to distant ignition source and
flash back. Sealed containers may rupture when heated. Sensitive to static discharge.
Fire Extinguishing Media:
Dry chemical, alcohol foam or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. Material floats on water and may
travel back to an ignition source and spread fire. Water may be used to flush spills away from exposures
and to dilute spills to non-flammable mixtures. Water spray may be used to keep fire exposed containers
cool.
Special Information:
In the event of a fire, wear full protective clothing and NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus
with full facepiece operated in the pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.
6. Accidental Release Measures

Ventilate area of leak or spill. Remove all sources of ignition. Wear appropriate personal protective
equipment as specified in Section 8. Isolate hazard area. Keep unnecessary and unprotected personnel from
entering. Contain and recover liquid when possible. Use non-sparking tools and equipment. Cover liquid
with an activated carbon absorbent, and place in a chemical waste container. Do not flush to sewer! If a
leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors, to protect personnel attempting to stop
leak, and to flush spills away from exposures. US Regulations (CERCLA) require reporting spills and
releases to soil, water and air in excess of reportable quantities. The toll free number for the US Coast
Guard National Response Center is (800) 424-8802.
J. T. Baker SOLUSORB(R) solvent adsorbent is recommended for spills of this product.
7. Handling and Storage

Protect against physical damage. Store in a cool, dry well-ventilated location, away from any area where
the fire hazard may be acute. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Separate from incompatibles.
Containers should be bonded and grounded for transfers to avoid static sparks. Storage and use areas should
be No Smoking areas. Use non-sparking type tools and equipment, including explosion proof ventilation.
Protect from direct sunlight. Regularly check the inhibitor concentration. For the inhibitor to be effective,
low levels of dissolved oxygen must be present in the methyl methacrylate. Do not store under pure
nitrogen or sparge with nitrogen or other oxygen-free gas. Containers of this material may be hazardous
when empty since they retain product residues (vapors, liquid); observe all warnings and precautions listed
for the product. Do Not attempt to clean empty containers since residue is difficult to remove. Do not
pressurize, cut, weld, braze, solder, drill, grind or expose such containers to heat, sparks, flame, static
electricity or other sources of ignition: they may explode and cause injury or death.
8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Airborne Exposure Limits:
-OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): 100 ppm (TWA)
259
-ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 100 ppm (TWA)

Ventilation System:
A system of local and/or general exhaust is recommended to keep employee exposures below the Airborne
Exposure Limits. Local exhaust ventilation is generally preferred because it can control the emissions of
the contaminant at its source, preventing dispersion of it into the general work area. Please refer to the
ACGIH document, Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practices, most recent edition, for
details. Use explosion-proof equipment.
Personal Respirators (NIOSH Approved):
If the exposure limit is exceeded, a half-face organic vapor respirator may be worn for up to ten times the
exposure limit or the maximum use concentration specified by the appropriate regulatory agency or
respirator supplier, whichever is lowest. A full-face piece organic vapor respirator may be worn up to 50
times the exposure limit or the maximum use concentration specified by the appropriate regulatory agency
or respirator supplier, whichever is lowest. For emergencies or instances where the exposure levels are not
known, use a full-face piece positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator. WARNING: Air-purifying
respirators do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
Skin Protection:
Wear impervious protective clothing, including boots, gloves, lab coat, apron or coveralls, as appropriate,
to prevent skin contact.
Eye Protection:
Use chemical safety goggles and/or a full face shield where splashing is possible. Maintain eye wash
fountain and quick-drench facilities in work area.
9. Physical and Chemical Properties

Appearance:
Clear, colorless liquid.
Odor:
Sweet, sharp odor.
Solubility:
1.5 gm in 100 gm water.
Specific Gravity:
0.944 @ 20C/4C
pH:
No information found.
% Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F):
100
Boiling Point:
100C (212F)
Melting Point:
-48C (-54F)
Vapor Density (Air=1):
3.6
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg):
40 @ 25.5C (79F)
Evaporation Rate (BuAc=1):
3.1
10. Stability and Reactivity

Stability:
Inhibited methyl methacrylate is stable at room temperature for a limited storage period. Vapors are
uninhibited and may form polymers in vents, causing stoppage. Violent eruption of closed containers may
260
occur when polymerization occurs. Polymerization may be caused by elevated temperature, oxidizers,
peroxides, or sunlight.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when heated to decomposition.
Hazardous Polymerization:
See above.
Incompatibilities:
Incompatible with polymerization catalysts (peroxides, persulfates) light, heat, nitric acid and other strong
oxidizers, ammonia, amines, halogens and halogen compounds.
Conditions to Avoid:
Insufficient inhibitor, incompatibles, heat, flame and ignition sources
11. Toxicological Information

Toxicological Data:
Oral rat LD50: 7872 mg/kg; Inhalation rat LC50: 78,000 mg/m3/4-hour. Investigated as a tumorigen,
mutagen, reproductive effector.
Reproductive Toxicity:
Has caused mutagenic and teratogenic effects on laboratory animals.
--------\Cancer Lists\------------------------------------------------------
---NTP Carcinogen---
IngredientKnown Anticipated IARC Category
------------------------------------ ----- ----------- -------------
Methyl Methacrylate (80-62-6)NoNo3
12. Ecological Information

Environmental Fate:
When released into the soil, this material may biodegrade to a moderate extent. When released into the soil,
this material may leach into groundwater. When released into the soil, this material is expected to quickly
evaporate. When released into water, this material may biodegrade to a moderate extent. When released to
water, this material is expected to quickly evaporate. This material has an estimated bioconcentration factor
(BCF) of less than 100. This material is not expected to significantly bioaccumulate. When released into
the air, this material is expected to be readily degraded by reaction with photochemically produced
hydroxyl radicals.
Environmental Toxicity:
No information found.
13. Disposal Considerations

Whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be handled as hazardous waste and sent to a
RCRA approved incinerator or disposed in a RCRA approved waste facility. Processing, use or
contamination of this product may change the waste management options. State and local disposal
regulations may differ from federal disposal regulations. Dispose of container and unused contents in
accordance with federal, state and local requirements.
14. Transport Information

Domestic (Land, D.O.T.)
-----------------------
Proper Shipping Name: METHYL METHACRYLATE MONOMER, INHIBITED
Hazard Class: 3
UN/NA: UN1247
Packing Group: II
261
Information reported for product/size: 4L
International (Water, I.M.O.)

-----------------------------
Hazard Class: 3.2
UN/NA: UN1247
Packing Group: II
International (Air, I.C.A.O.)

-----------------------------
Hazard Class: 3.2
UN/NA: UN1247
Packing Group: II
15. Regulatory Information

--------\Chemical Inventory Status - Part 1\---------------------------------
IngredientTSCA EC Japan Australia
----------------------------------------------- ---- --- ----- ---------
Methyl Methacrylate (80-62-6)Yes Yes Yes Yes
--------\Chemical Inventory Status - Part 2\---------------------------------

--Canada--
IngredientKorea DSL NDSL Phil.
----------------------------------------------- ----- --- ---- -----
Methyl Methacrylate (80-62-6)Yes Yes No Yes
--------\Federal, State & International Regulations - Part 1\----------------

-SARA 302- ------SARA 313------
IngredientRQ TPQ List Chemical Catg.
----------------------------------------- --- ----- ---- --------------
Methyl Methacrylate (80-62-6)No No YesNo
--------\Federal, State & International Regulations - Part 2\----------------

-RCRA- -TSCA-
IngredientCERCLA 261.33 8(d)
----------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------
Methyl Methacrylate (80-62-6)1000U162Yes
Chemical Weapons Convention: No TSCA 12(b): No CDTA: No

SARA 311/312: Acute: Yes Chronic: Yes Fire: Yes Pressure: No
Reactivity: Yes(Pure / Liquid)
Australian Hazchem Code: 3[Y]E

Poison Schedule: No information found.
262
WHMIS:
This MSDS has been prepared according to the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products Regulations
(CPR) and the MSDS contains all of the information required by the CPR.
16. Other Information

NFPA Ratings: Health: 2 Flammability: 3 Reactivity: 2
Label Hazard Warning:
DANGER! HEATING, SUNLIGHT OR CONTACT WITH INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS MAY
CAUSE EXPLOSIVE POLYMERIZATION. FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOR. HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED OR INHALED. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CAUSES IRRITATION
TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION. MAY
BE HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN.
Label Precautions:
Avoid breathing vapor.
Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing.
Keep container closed.
Use only with adequate ventilation.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Keep away from heat, sparks and flame.
Label First Aid:
If swallowed, induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person. If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Flush skin with soap or mild detergent
and water for at least 15 minutes. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. In all cases, get medical
attention.
Product Use:
Laboratory Reagent.
Revision Information:
No changes.
Disclaimer:
**************************************************************************************
**********
Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. provides the information contained herein in good faith but makes no
representation as to its comprehensiveness or accuracy. This document is intended only as a guide to the
appropriate precautionary handling of the material by a properly trained person using this product.
Individuals receiving the information must exercise their independent judgment in determining its
appropriateness for a particular purpose. MALLINCKRODT BAKER, INC. MAKES NO
REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION SET FORTH HEREIN OR THE
PRODUCT TO WHICH THE INFORMATION REFERS. ACCORDINGLY, MALLINCKRODT
BAKER, INC. WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM USE OF OR
RELIANCE UPON THIS INFORMATION.
**************************************************************************************
**********
Prepared by: Strategic Services Division
Phone Number: (314) 539-1600 (U.S.A.)
263
METHYL METHACRYLATE
(Group 3)
VOL.: 60 (1994) (p. 445)
CAS No.: 80-62-6
Chem. Abstr. Name: 2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid, methyl ester
5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
5.1 Exposure data
Methyl methacrylate is produced mainly by a process based on the reaction of acetone with hydrogen
cyanide. It is an important monomer used mainly in the production of acrylic sheeting, moulding powders
and resins and surface coatings. Occupational exposures have been measured during its production and
during its use in polymers, as a component of surgical bone cement, in denture fabrication and during the
preparation of artificial fingernails.
5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
A large mortality study was conducted of workers in acrylic sheet manufacture in two US plants. A
significant increase in mortality from colon cancers was seen in one plant and a nonsignificant increase in
the other; a nonsignificant increase in mortality from rectal cancer was found in the first plant. The
increases were most evident among workers employed during the earliest production period and in jobs
entailing the highest exposure. Exposure was predominantly to methyl methacrylate, but workers were also
exposed to ethyl acrylate and to volatile by-products of the polymerization process.
Another US study examined the mortality of workers employed in methyl methacrylate manufacture and
polymerization and found no significant increase in the number of cancer deaths.
5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data
Methyl methacrylate was tested for carcinogenicity in one experiment in mice and one experiment in rats
exposed by inhalation. No significant treatment-related increase in tumor incidence occurred. One study in
rats by oral administration was inadequate for evaluation.
5.4 Other relevant data
Methyl methacrylate can be absorbed through the skin and is rapidly metabolized in man. In rats, it is first
hydrolysed, and the dominant metabolic pathway is to fully oxidized carbons which are exhaled as carbon
dioxide; a very small proportion is excreted as thioethers in the urine. Methyl methacrylate produces a
number of toxic effects in man and experimental animals.
Exposure of mice and rats to methyl methacrylate by inhalation had no adverse reproductive effects.
No data were available on the genetic and related effects of methyl methacrylate in humans.
It caused chromosomal aberrations in rat bone marrow but did not induce micronuclei in mouse bone
marrow in vivo. Gene mutation, sister chromatic exchange, micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations were
induced in mammalian cells in vitro. Methyl methacrylate did not cause reverse gene mutation in bacteria
but induced forward gene mutation in Salmonella typhimurium in a single study in the presence of an
exogenous metabolic activation system.
5.5 Evaluation
There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of methyl methacrylate.
There is evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity of methyl methacrylate in experimental animals.
Overall evaluation
Methyl methacrylate is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
Previous evaluation: Suppl. 7 (1987) (p. 66)
Synonyms
2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-1-propene
Methyl 2-methylacrylate
Methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
MMA
264
Last updated 08/26/1997
METHYL METHACRYLATE AND POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE

VOL.: 19 (1979) (p. 187)
Methyl methacrylate
CAS No.: 80-62-6
Chem. Abstr. Name: 2-Methy1-2-propenoic acid methyl ester
Polymethyl methacrylate
CAS No.: 9011-14-7
Chem. Abstr. Name: 2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid methyl ester homopolymer
5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
5.1 Experimental data
Methyl methacrylate was tested by oral administration and by skin application in rats. These studies were
considered inadequate by the Working Group for an evaluation of the carcinogenicity of this compound.
No data on the mutagenicity of methyl methacrylate alone were available to the Working Group.
Polymethyl methacrylate, when implanted intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally as discs,
produced local sarcomas in rats. In mice, subcutaneous implantation of polymethyl methacrylate films also
resulted in local sarcomas. Intramuscular implantation of polymethyl methacrylate in guinea-pigs and
implantation into the cheek pouch in hamsters produced no implantation site tumors.
5.2 Human data
No case reports or epidemiological studies relating to the carcinogenicity of methyl methacrylate or
polymethyl methacrylate were available to the Working Group. The wide use of both materials, including
major industrial and specialized medical products, particularly in surface coatings, indicates human
exposure. This has been documented in two studies that relate to the toxicity of these substances.
5.3 Evaluation
The data available to the Working Group do not permit an evaluation of the carcinogenicity to humans of
methyl methacrylate or polymethyl methacrylate. However, the results of available animal experiments,
together with evidence both of occupational exposure by inhalation and of exposure by implantation arising
from medical applications, indicate the need for experimental and epidemiological studies.
Subsequent evaluation: Suppl. 7 (1987) (p. 70: Polymethyl methacrylate - Group 3); Vol. 60 (1994)
(Methyl methacrylate)
Synonyms for Methyl methacrylate
Methacrylic acid methyl ester
Methylmethacrylate
Methyl 2- methylpropenoate
Methyl 2-methy1-2-propenoate
MME
Pegalan
Synonyms for Polymethyl methacrylate
Acronal S 320 D
Acrylite
Acryloid A-15
Acrypet
Acrysol ASE
265
Akuripetto VH
Altulor M 70
A 21LV
AO 120
CMW Bone Cement
Crinothene
Degalan LP 59/03
Delpet 50M
Diakon
Disapol M
DV 400
Elvacite 2008
K 120 N
Kallocryl K
Kallodent 222
Kaneace PA 20
Korad
LPT
LSO-M
Lucite
Lucite 30
Metaplex NO:
Methacrylic acid methyl ester polymers
Methyl methacrylate homopolymer
Methyl methacrylate polymer
Methyl methacrylate resin
MH 101-2
50N
50N (polymer)
Organic glass E 2
Osteobond
Osteobond Surgical Bone Cement
Palacos
Paraglas
Parapet 60N
Paraplex P 543
Perspex
Plex 8572F
Plex 8572-F
Plexiglas
Plexigum M 920
PMMA
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Pontalite
Repairsin
Resarit 4000
Rhoplex B 85
Riston
Romacryl
Shinkolite
266
SO 95
SOL
ST 1
ST 1 (polymer)
Stellon pink
Sumipex B-LG
Superacryl AE
Surgical Simplex
Tensol 7
Torex G
Vedril
Last updated: 30 March 1998
__ __ __
267

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Compounding Basics ...................................................................................................... 32

All Purpose Cleaner #11 (phosphate free, ammoniated) .......................................... 81

Floor Cleaner/Wax Stripper #1............................................................................... 113

Hard Surface Cleaner #10....................................................................................... 129

Lipstick/Wax Marker Remover .............................................................................. 146

Powdered Steam Cleaner ........................................................................................ 160

Traffic Film Remover ............................................................................................. 176

An effective, general-purpose detergent must be capable of four basic cleaning functions.

Detergents universally use two components to accomplish these functions: surfactants

the emphasis is on formulating synthetic detergents, not soap. Soap is commonly

As a general guide, HLB numbers can be useful in determining the application of a

Table A (Surfactants Comparison)

PROPERTIES NONIONICS ANIONICS CATIONICS AMPHOTERICS

In general, nonionics are used heavily in industrial detergents, with anionics,

Whereas polyphosphates contain three phosphorus atoms, pyrophosphates contain only

A common household cleaner, Trisodium Phosphate is a sodium orthophosphate, which

Sodium Bicarbonate is a low alkaline version of Sodium Carbonate. It has a pH of 8.4; it

By combining Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Sesquicarbonate is

Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

This is the hydrated version of Sodium Metasilicate. Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

Sodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate

Known as EDTA, Sodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate is an aminocarboxylate valued

Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid

With superior water softening ability, Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid (HEDP) is

An excellent water softener, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is the ingredient in

Table B (Builder Comparison)

BUILDER pH Sequestrant Precipitant Solubility Cost

Sodium Trypolyphosphate 9.4 yes no 17% medium

Table C (Builder Names)

Formula Common Names (in bold type)

NAOH Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda, Lye

KOH Potassium Hydroxide, Caustic Potash, Potash Lye

NAHCO3 Sodium Bicarbonate, Baking Soda, Bicarbonate of Soda

NA2SiO3*5H2O Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

C2H8O7P2 Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid, Etidronic Acid

O18P6*6Na Sodium Hexametaphosphate, SHMP

Na2O4S Sodium Sulfate, Glauber's salt, Disodium Sulfate

O = Oxygen P = Phosphorus S = Sulphur Si = Silicon

Hydrochloric Acid Neutral Sodium Hydroxide

Besides surfactants and builders, another common ingredient in detergents is solvent. By

Because of that concern, detergent formulations have been advertised as "butyl-free,” or

Phosphate esters serve as combination surfactant/hydrotropes. Usually supplied in their

Ingredient Parts By Weight

All-Purpose Detergent Concentrate

We have created an excellent, general purpose concentrated degreaser/cleaner that shows

All-Purpose Detergent Concentrate

Water 71.8 72.22

Sodium Hydroxide 0.2 0.18

Now let's look at a powdered detergent formula:

Sodium Metasilicate Anhydrous 31.7

After adding the Sodium Metasilicate, a 50 lb bag of Sodium Hydroxide is added.

Buying Raw Materials

Using surfactant A, Using surfactant B,

Water 67 parts Water 83 parts

Using Pre-blended Detergent Concentrates

A typical formula using Detergent Concentrate 840™ would be:

Rhone-Poulenc manufactures a whole line of preblended surfactant specialties. It

Alkasurf WHC-347™ (waterless hand cleaner concentrate)

Rhodaterge SMC™ (liquid laundry and dishwashing concentrate)

Using LAS (Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid)

LAS is an economical surfactant commonly used in industrial formulations. It comes