Escuela Superior de Computo

Learning unit:
Fundamentals of circuits analysis
Teacher: M. in C. Santillán Luna Raúl
Practice 2: Ohm's Law
Team members:
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Realization day: 00/00/00

Delivery day: 00/00/00

1
Índex
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................3
George Simon Ohm ................................................................................................................................................3
Ohm’s Law ..............................................................................................................................................................3
Electric Potency ......................................................................................................................................................3
Electric Potency in Continuous Current .................................................................................................................3
Potentiometer ........................................................................................................................................................4
How to Wire a Potentiometer ................................................................................................................................4
Table 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................5
Graph 1 .......................................................................................................................................................................9
Table 2 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Graph 2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Questionnaire .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................................. 15

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Introduction
George Simon Ohm
George Simon Ohm was a physicist and mathematician from Germany that contributed with to the electric theory
with our own law, The Ohm Law. We know him because of his investigation about electric currents, he analyzed
the interaction between the voltage, the electric force and the resistance, getting as result in 1827 the famous
law.

George Simon Ohm was born in 1789 in Erlangen Baviera, His father Johann Wolfgang Ohm and his mother was
Maria Elizabeth Beck.

Ohm’s Law
The Ohm’s Law is one basic law from the electric circuits and indicates that the Voltage (V) that we applicate
between the ends of a conductor is proportional to the electric current (I) tha circulate across for the circuit. Ohm
added to the law the notion of the Resistance ® which is the proportional factor that appear in the relation of
Voltage and Electric Current.

Mathematically we can write the Ohm’s Law like this:

The previous expression is known as the General expression of the Ohm’s Law, where the V corresponds to the
voltage, I to Electric Current and R the resistance. The unit we use for these quantities is volts (V), ohms (Ω), and
amperes(A).

Electric Potency
We can understand the Electric Potency as the relation of the pass of a electric flow for the time, basically, is the
quantity of energy that a element can absorb or deliver in a determined time. The unit for the Electric Potency is
the watt(W).

Electric Potency in Continuous Current

When we want to talk about Potency in Continuous Current, the Electric Potency developed in a specific period
by a device with two terminals, we refer to the multiplication of the Voltage (V) and the Electric Current (I) that
goes through the device.

Mathematically we can write the Electric Potency like that:

When the device is a Resistor with the value of R or we can calculate the equivalent resistance, the Potency also
can be calculated as:

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Potentiometer
A Potentiometer a resistance o resistor we can manipulate as we want. Is a three-terminal-resistor with a sliding
or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage-divider.

Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment.
Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick.
Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since the power dissipated
in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load.

We can represent graphically the Potentiometer like this

1) European Representation:

2) American Representation

How to Wire a Potentiometer

1. Identify the 3 terminals on the pot.

2. Ground the first terminal of the pot.
3. Wire the second terminal to the circuit's output.
4. Wire the third terminal to the circuit's input.
5. Test the pot to make sure it's wired correctly.
6. Position the potentiometer inside the electrical component.

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Table 1
Voltage 𝑉 Measure-
Mathematical calculations 𝐼=
source 𝑅 -ments Simulations
(V) ( mA ) ( mA )

𝑉 𝑂𝑉
0 𝐼= = =𝑂𝐴 0
𝑅 3500 Ω

𝑉 1𝑉
𝐼= = = 2.85714 𝑥10−4 𝐴 ó
𝑅 3500 Ω
1 0.27
0.2857

𝑉 2𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 5.71428 𝑥10−4 𝐴 ó
2 0.54
0.5714

5
 𝑉 3𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 8.57142 𝑥10−4 𝐴 ó
3 0.8571 0.85

4 𝑉 4𝑉 1.09
𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 1.1428

𝑉 5𝑉
5 𝐼= = = 1.4285 1.34
𝑅 3500 Ω

6
 𝑉 6𝑉
6 𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 1.7142 1.64

𝑉 7𝑉
7 𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 2 1.92

𝑉 8𝑉
8 𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 2.2857 2.2

𝑉 8𝑉
9 𝐼= = = 2.5714 2.49
𝑅 3500 Ω

7
 𝑉 10 𝑉
10 𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 2.8571 2.76

𝑉 11 𝑉
11 𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 3.1428 3.04

𝑉 12 𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 3.4285
12 3.33

𝑉 13 𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 3.71428
13 3.61

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 𝑉 14 𝑉
14 𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 4 3.89

𝑉 15 𝑉
15 𝐼 = 𝑅 = 3500 Ω = 4.28571 4.19

Graph 1

Graph 1
0.009
0.008
0.007
Current (mA)

0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Voltage source (V)

Calculos
calculations Mediciones
measurements

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Table 2

Total
Potentio- resistance Mathematical calculations
Measure-
-meter value = 𝑉 Simulations
-ments 𝐼=
value (Ω) ( Pot. + R) 𝑅
( mA )
(Ω) ( mA )

𝑉 15 𝑉
0 1000 15.03 𝐼= = = 15
𝑅 1000 Ω

𝑉 15 𝑉
250 1250 12.01 𝐼= = = 12
𝑅 1250 Ω

𝑉 15 𝑉
500 1500 9.88 𝐼= = = 10
𝑅 1500 Ω

10
 𝑉 15 𝑉
750 1750 8.55 𝐼= = = 8.5714
𝑅 1750 Ω

𝑉 15 𝑉
1000 2000 7.39 𝐼= = = 7.5
𝑅 2000 Ω

𝑉 15 𝑉
1250 2250 6.65 𝐼= = = 6.6666
𝑅 2250 Ω

𝑉 15 𝑉
1500 2500 5.89 𝐼= = =6
𝑅 2500 Ω

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 𝑉 15 𝑉
1750 2750 5.39 𝐼= = = 5.4545
𝑅 2750 Ω

𝑉 15 𝑉
2000 3000 4.94 𝐼= = =5
𝑅 3000 Ω

𝑉 15 𝑉
2250 3250 4.58 𝐼= = = 4.6153
𝑅 3250 Ω

𝑉 15 𝑉
2500 3500 4.25 𝐼= = = 4.2857
𝑅 3500 Ω

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Graph 2
//hagase esta grafica mas pequeña para que no sea tan notoria la diferencia

Graph 2
0.035

0.03

0.025
Curremt (mA)

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
1 2 3 4 5 15
6V 7 8 9 10 11
Voltaje source (V)

Calculos
calculations Mediciones
measurements

Questionnaire

What is the value of the electric current?

1.05 mA

What is the value of the electric power that the resistor can dissipate?

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P= (1.05mA)2(1KΩ) =1.1025 mW

What effect had place in the resistor?

Nothing noticeable

Why?
The resistor can dissipate more electric power than that

What is the value of the electric current?

0.980A

What is the value of the electric power that the resistor can dissipate?
P= (0.980A)2(1Ω)= .9604W

What effect has place in the resistor?

It started to realease heat

What is the difference with the previous circuit?

It was far closer to its limit of electric power dissipation

Why?
Since the electric power is inversely proportional to the value of the resistance, when the voltaje remains the
same. In this case the resistance was of only 1Ω so it got too close to its limit which was of 1W.

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Conclusions
In the experiment carried out, the results obtained are very close to as that what were expected to come, though
there were very small variations in the results which were negligible. The current readings recorded using the
ammeter were directly proportional to the voltage supplied. In the experiment it is to be noted that the resistance
measured using the ohmmeter of the resistor should be measured separately i.e. the resistor is to be connected
to the ohmmeter directly and not in the circuit since this will give you a false reading of the resistance (it will give
you the added up resistance of the wires and other components and not the resistance of the particular resistor).

From the experiment carried out it is hence verified and accepted that the Voltage and current are directly
proportional to each other. Both increases with the same proportion, keeping in mind that the resistance is
constant.

The results obtained from the experiment are of great importance in our daily life. They are the foundation stone
of electronics and electrical principles. Some practical implementations of this basic rule in our daily life are:
Electric fry pans, Toasters, Irons and electric bulbs.

The practice 2, Ohm's Law was notable, do it, we can check, spite of the variation of the results we got previously,
something understandable because the Potentiometer we used was not exact, the veracity of the Ohm's Law, we
noticed that the change we made to the voltage and to the potentiometer respectably, we find out that exists a
change on the Electric Current and in both cases in a proportional way, always obeying the Ohm's Law.

On the other hand, we also abstracted another usage or utility to the resistances or resistors and the potential
that these ones have to manipulate the quantity of voltage we want.

Also, we had our meeting with the famous potentiometers, truly interesting and curious devices that personally I
found pretty funny.

In this second practice, we were able to put into practice one of the most basic laws of electric circuits, the law of
ohm. This basic law applies to virtually all electronic devices that are in the home.

The measurements with the multimeter, were mostly very accurate and you can see at first sight the
proportionality between voltage and current.

As long as the resistance is greater, less current flows in the conductor, due to the opposition when passing the
charges. And if the difference in power is greater at each end of the conductors, then the current that will flow
will be greater.

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