ANALYSIS OF HONEY VALUE CHAIN IN CHATO DISTRICT, TANZANIA

ANALYSIS OF HONEY VALUE CHAIN INCHATO DISTRICT, TANZANIA.

 By

Juma Yusuph Ally

A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Award of the Degree of Masters of Project Planning and Management (PPM) of
Mzumbe University.

2018
 CERTIFICATION

We, the undersigned, certify that we have read and hereby recommend for acceptance
by the Mzumbe University, a dissertation entitled “Analysis of Honey Value Chain
in Chato District, Tanzania” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of
the degree of Masters of Project Planning and Management (PPM) of Mzumbe
University.

Signature___________________________________
Dr. T. E. Nsindagi
(Major Supervisor)

Signature
Internal Examiner

Signature___________________________
External Examiner

Accepted for the Board of…………………..

Signature
DEAN/DIRECTOR FACULTY/DIRECTORATE/SCHOOL/BOARD

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 DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT

I, Juma Yusuph Ally, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that
it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a
similar or any other degree award.

Signature …………………………………..
Date ………………………………………..

©
This dissertation is a copyright material protected under the Berne convection, the
copyright Act of 1999 and other international and national enactments, in that behalf,
on intellectual property. It may not be produced by any means in full or part, except
for short extracts in fair dealings, for research or private study, critical scholarly
review or discourse with an acknowledgment, without the written permission of
Mzumbe University, on behalf of the author.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This master’s thesis has been not easy experience for me. Several months working on
this research have taught me a huge knowledge all the way through its ups and downs
journey. First, I would like to thank Allah Subhanahu Wataalah who gave me health
life, strength and mental ability throughout my study. Below, I would like to thanks
some people who have contributed and supported me to go through all the learning
experiences both directly and indirectly.

I would like to thank my supervisor; Dr. T. E. Nsindagi for his detailed, tireless and
constructive feedbacks on my thesis report without his support, this thesis would not
have been possible.

Next, I would like to thank my classmates, Samson Kagwe, Kesuma S.Lemta, Suzan
Mwendi, Kapama Mgavi, Renatus Nyasebwa, Asha Bihonyi, Alex Mnzava, Neema
Masao and as well my mentor Mr. Masaga Elikana who constantly gave me support
to go through hard times during my master’s thesis. Without their support, this thesis
would not have been finished.

I would personally like to thank Tanzania Forest Services (TFS) Chief Executive
Officer Prof. Dos Santos Silayo who is my current employer, undergraduate lecturer
and research supervisor who permitted me to go for farther studies to study
Master’s degree at Mzumbe university, but again TFS Lake zone Headquarters
especially Zonal Manager Mr. Cosmas Ndakidemi and his co-team. I’ll never forget
support from TFS District Forest Manager (DFM) Chato Mr. Chacha Mniko, Ms
Kwinhwa Lugiana, Gerald Katunzi, Huruma Mwakiluma and Baraka Mlaponi. Also,
special thanks go to Mr. Patrick Mbughi the District Forest Officer for Chato and
Biharamulo Plantation Manager Mr. Thadeus Shirima and his staff. Many other
individuals have also in one way or another contributed to the success of this study.
Since, it is difficult to mention all individually, I collectively extend my sincere
appreciation to all of them.

Consequently, I would like to thank all study interviewees for their time. Without
their support, time, inputs, this thesis would not have reached its objectives.

Thus, I would like to express my deepest gratitude for my wives, Jamila and Dorah,
who always stands beside me on the hardest and the greatest events in my life. My
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wife Jamila C. Semgalawe was tirelessly looked after our two beloved sons when I
was away from home for my studies. Deepest appreciation goes to my beloved late
father Ally Juma Ng’ozoma (May Allah rest his soul in eternal peace, Amin) and
mother who are the best ever that I have in my life. Also, I appreciate my beautiful
sons, Ally Juma and Wahabi Juma, who gave me the strength and courage to finish
this thesis.

Finally, this work was made possible through moral and financial support, back-up
and advice from my father in-law Advocate C. K. Semgalawe and his wife Hanifa K.
Mbawala who contributed significantly to the success of this work. Without their
support, this master studies would have been impossible.

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 DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to my late dad Mzee Ally Juma Ng’ozoma, my mum Salima
Waziri Lung’okwa, Wives and Sons. Their world outlook has provided the much
needed inspiration in the course of my study.

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

EU European Union

FAO Food African Organisation

FIAS Foreign Investment Advisory Service

GTZ German Technical Cooperation

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development

ILO International Labor Organisation

MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourisms

NGOs Non-Government Organisations

PASS Private Agricultural Sector Support Trust

PhD Doctor of Philosophy

UK United Kingdom

UNIDO United Nation Industrial Development Organisation

URT United Republic of Tanzania

USA United State of America

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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 ABSTRACT

This study aimed at analysing the honey value chain in Chato district. Specifically,
the study intended to (i) map the honey value chain in Chato district, (ii) determine
the participation rate of beekeepers in other income generating activities (iii) find out
the contributions of honey income to the total household income, and (iv) determine
the factors affecting honey production in Chato. The study used cross sectional
survey design whereby data collected at a single point in time. A total of 40
beekeepers and 13 other actors comprised 4 input suppliers, 1 wholesaler, 4 retailers
and 4 consumers were interviewed. Data were collected from primary sources to
achieve the stated objectives and analysed qualitatively using descriptive statistics
analysis. The findings reveal that there were six actors in the honey value chain in
Chato, namely service providers, input suppliers, honey producers, wholesalers,
retailers and consumers. Also, it was found that beekeepers were involved in other
economic activities, namely agriculture, livestock keeping, trade and white collar
employment. However, agriculture was found to be the main activity carried out by
majority of beekeepers. The study further found that there is increase in income
resulted from various activities undertaken by the beekeepers, of which agriculture
contributed 1.4% as income share to total households’ income, livestock keeping
contributed 6.8%, trade activity 5.4% and white-collar employment contributed 0.3%
as income share to total households’ income. However, beekeeping activity was
found to contribute 86.1% as income share to total households’ income. It was further
found that 67.5% and 50.0% of beekeepers strongly agreed that weather conditions
and little capital were the factors affected honey production. Yet, the study concluded
that beekeeping is important in additional income to the households who involved in
the activity. Therefore, the study recommends that actors in the honey value chain
should perform their functions accordingly to have good linkage among them.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION i
DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
DEDICATION v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiii

CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1
1.1. Background to the Study 1
1.2. Statement to the Problem 2
1.3. Research Objectives 3
1.3.1. General Objective 3
1.3.2. Specific Objectives 3
1.4. Research Questions 3
1.5. Significance of the Study 3
1.6. Scope of the Study 4
1.7. Organisation of the Report 4

CHAPTER TWO 5
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1. Introduction 5
2.2. Theoretical Literature Review 5
2.2.1. Explanation of Key Terms 5
2.2.1.1. The Concept of Value Chain 5
2.2.1.2. Value Chain Analysis 6
2.2.1.3. The Value Chain Actors 6

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2.2.1.4. Value Chain Governance 6
2.2.2. Global Honey Production and Marketing 7
2.2.3. Beekeeping Potentials and Honey Production in Tanzania 8
2.2.4. Honey Market and Marketing 9
2.2.4.1. Honey Marketing in Tanzania (Local Market) 9
2.2.4.2. International Market for Honey from Tanzania 9
2.2.5. Generic Honey Value Chain Mapping 10
2.2.5.1. Input Suppliers 11
2.2.5.2. Honey Producers 12
2.2.5.3. Wholesalers 12
2.2.5.4. Informal and Formal Retailers 13
2.2.5.5. Domestic and Foreign Market 13
2.2.6. Beekeepers Participation Rate in Other Income Generating Activities 14
2.2.6.1. Beekeeping Activity 15
2.2.6.2. Agricultural Activity 15
2.2.6.3. Livestock Activity 16
2.2.6.4. White Collar Employment Activity 16
2.2.6.5. Trade Activity 16
2.2.7. Contribution of Honey’s Income to Total Households Income 16
2.2.8. Factors Affecting Honey Production in Tanzania 17
2.3. Analytical Framework 19
2.4. Description of the Key Elements in the Analytical Framework 20
2.4.1. Little Capital 20
2.4.2. Lack of Beekeeping Extension Service 20
2.4.3. Weather Variation (Draught) 21
2.4.4. Shortage of Beekeeping Equipment Supply 21
2.4.5. Low Price 21

CHAPTER THREE 22
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 22
3.1. Introduction 22
3.2. Study Area 22
3.3. Research Design 23
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3.4. Population of the Study 23
3.5. Sample Size and Sampling Procedures 23
3.5.1. Sample Size 23
3.5.2. Sampling Procedure 23
3.6. Data Collection 24
3.6.1. Data Collection Methods 24
3.6.1.1. Primary Data Collection Methods 24
3.6.1.2. Data Collection Instruments 24
3.7. Data Analysis 25
3.8. Ethical Consideration 25

CHAPTER FOUR 27
PRESENTATION OF THE FINDINGS 27
4.1. Introduction 27
4.2. Honey Value Chain’s Map in Chato District 27
4.3. Beekeeper’ Participation Rate in Income Generating Activities 29
4.3.1. Beekeepers Participation Rate in Various Economic Activities 29
4.3.2. Beekeepers Participation in Various Products of Economic Activity 31
4.3.2.1. Agriculture Activity 32
4.3.2.2. Livestock Keeping Activity 33
4.3.2.3. Trade Activity 33
4.3.2.4. White-Collar Employment 33
4.3.2.5. Beekeeping Activity 33
4.3.3. Income Obtained by Beekeepers from Various Products by Village 33
4.3.4. Income Share by Activity to Total Households’ Income in the Study Area 36
4.4. Contributions of Honey’s Income to Total Households Income 39
4.5. Factors Affecting Honey Production in Chato District 39
4.5.1. Little Capital 40
4.5.2. Drought (Weather Changes) 41
4.5.3. Low Price 41
4.5.4. Lack of Beekeeping Extension Service 41
4.5.5. Shortage of Beekeeping Equipment Supplies 42

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CHAPTER FIVE 43
DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS 43
5.1. Introduction 43
5.2. Discussion on the Chain Value of Haney in Chato District 43
5.3. Discussion on the Participation Rate of Beekeepers on Other Economic Activities 44
5.4. Discussion on the Contributions of Honey Income to Total households’ Income 45
5.5. Discussion on the Factors Affecting Honey Production in Chato District. 45

CHAPTER SIX 48
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 48
6.1. Introduction 48
6.2. Summary of the Findings 48
6.2.1. Honey Value Chain Map 48
6.2.2. Participation Rates in Other Income Generating Activities 48
6.2.3. Contribution of Honey Income to Total Households’ Income 48
6.2.4. Factors Affecting Honey Production in the Study Area 49
6.3. Conclusion 49
6.4. Recommendations of the Study 49

REFERENCES 51
APPENDICES 57

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Percentages of Beekeepers Involvement in Various Economic Activities30

Table 4.2: Percentages of Beekeepers Participation in Various Products under Each
Economic Activity. 32
Table 4.3: Income Obtained by Beekeepers from Various Products by Village 34
Table 4.4: Income Share by Economic Activity to Total Households’ Income 37
Table 4.5: Factors Affecting Honey Production in Chato District 40

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Honey Value Chain Map 14

Figure 2.2: Analytical Framework 20
Figure 4.1: Honey Value Chain in Chato District 29

LIST OF APPENDICES

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Appendix I: Questionnaires for Beekeepers 57
Appendix II: Questionnaires for Input Supplier 65
Appendix III: Questionnaires for Processors 66
Appendix IV: Questionnaires for Retailers 67
Appendix V: Questionnaires for Consumers 67

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

1.1. Background to the Study

Honey production has generally increased in many areas around the world and is said
to increase the income of the households who are involved in honey production. An
increase in interests on beekeeping by many people and non-government
organisations (NGOs) due to its importance derived from it and various countries are
supporting the activity. As Junior et al., (2016) explained bees are the key pollination
agents for many commercial crops and are used as input in economic sectors like
processed food, food services and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, bees help in
flowering plants, honeybees provide invaluable pollinating services, bees create
variety of food like honey and in the process of pollinating agricultural plants bees
help in creating food like cantaloupe, blueberries, watermelons and cucumbers.

On top of that, beekeeping generally produces other products such as beeswax, royal
jelly, propolis, pollination services and honey. These products produced by bees are
important in income generating with high potential for improving incomes especially
for communities living close to forests and woodlands and other stakeholders. Belets
and Berhanu (2014) support the notion that, beekeeping is an encouraging farm
activity which directly and indirectly contributes to smallholder income and national
economy. Nonetheless, beekeeping has been the way of diversifying income of
subsistence for landless smallholder farmers who produce honey and other bee
products.

As far as honey production is concerned, Tanzania is capable of producing 138,000

metric tons of honey worth 133.3 billion shillings annually (Private Agricultural
Sector Support Trust [PASS], 2010). At present, Tanzania produces about 4,860
metric tons of honey worth 4.9 billion shillings every year (PASS, 2010). This is only
3.5% of the existing potential of honey production in the beekeeping industry (PASS,
2010).This production potential of 3.5% is mainly from beehives which are
established and managed by individual beekeepers. According to Workneh and
Ranjitha, (2011) the colony productivity depends on various factors which among
others include size (volume) of the bee hive, quantity of bee fodder (bee forage)
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existing within the surrounding area of the apiary, defense of the colony against
damage by fire, honey badger as well as apiary management techniques. Also, in
order to increase production of honey, there should be a favorable environment for
beekeeping. Tanzania as among of the countries that produce honey is gifted with
such favourable environment for honey production and other bee products like
beeswax. Due to the presence of favorable environment for beekeeping, majority of
households who are near with this environment are engaged in the activity of
beekeeping whereby the great potential for beekeeping is as well found in
agricultural land whereby bee inputs can be harvested from agricultural crops like
sunflower, green beans, coffee, coconuts and sisal. The presence of both stinging and
non-stinging honeybees tied with the subsistence of local knowledge in beekeeping
provides a huge potential for honey production.

Regardless of the favorable environment for beekeeping, yet the harnessing of honey
in Tanzania is not fully exploited due to inadequate promotional mechanism
(Geofrey, 2010). Beekeeping in Tanzania is mainly rural-based activity which is
practiced by local beekeepers in the villages. Nevertheless, the value chain of honey
is not well established in Tanzania particularly in Chato District. These circumstances
necessitate a researcher to undertake the study on the analysis of honey value chain
and its contributions to households’ income so as to come up with suggestion on how
to tackle the challenges.

1.2. Statement to the Problem

Chato district for the most party is characterised by miombo farmlands and natural
forest reserves that are suitable for beekeeping activities. However, the existing
making of honey as compared to its enormous potentials at the macro and micro
levels is not encouraging as from the total of 5000 potential metric tons to be
produced, only 800 metric tons which is equal to 16% are produced (URT, 2013) and
this happen because of lack of organised actors in the value chain of honey. Yet,
previous studies in Tanzania were done basing on beekeeping as a business and value
chain linkage among actors (Ntiruhungwa, 2007), also based on value chain for
beekeeping and honey products (Liaison, 2010), and based on traditional beekeeping
success and constraints (Kiondo, 1998). But, there are no studies done on analysis of

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honey value chain especially in Chato District. In this case, it has remained difficult
to design and implement integrated honey value chain development in the study
areas. Then, this study was having a vital significance in analysing the honey value
chains in Chato District, setting baseline information regarding honey value chains
and its contribution to households’ income of the beekeepers.

1.3. Research Objectives

1.3.1. General Objective
The broad objective of this study was to analyse honey value chain and its
contributions to households’ income of beekeepers in Chato District.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

i. To map the honey value chain in Chato District.

ii. To determine beekeepers’ participation rate in other income generating

activities.

iii. To find out the contribution of honey’s income to total households’

income.

iv. To determine the factors affecting honey production in Chato.

1.4. Research Questions

i. What is the honey value chain map exist in Chato District?

ii. Are the beekeepers participating in other income generating activities

apart from honey production?

iii. What are the contributions of honey’s income to total households’ income
undertaking beekeepers?

iv. What are the factors affecting honey production in Chato?

1.5. Significance of the Study

The findings of the study are relevant to be used by government policy makers,
private development stakeholders and other beneficiaries to enhance production and
marketing of honey in the study area. Such information is useful in determining the
true honey value chain, leading to more rational decisions to promote its economic

3
potential as well as maintenance its sustainable utilisation and environmental
conservation as a whole.

The findings also create the incentives to smallholder farmers to scale up the
production of honey through conservation and management of forest resources.
Notwithstanding, the study served as an input for further researchers interested to
undertake further research, analysis and development appropriate extension systems
on honey value chain.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The study was conducted in Chato District in Geita Region, Tanzania whereby
various households were involved in beekeeping and were interviewed in order to get
the relevant information of the study topic. However, honey trade conducted in Chato
fall within the informal sector hence was not documented. Currently, Chato district
appeared as a supplier of honey in Geita urban, Runzewe and other areas bordered to
Chato District. The previous study conducted in Bukombe District quantified the
contribution of honey to rural livelihoods (Songo, 2015); but did not provide
significance coverage on how the transactions of honey from producers to consumers
are undertaken.

1.7. Organisation of the Report

The report is organised into six chapters whereas the first chapter gives the
background to the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research
questions of the study, significance of the study and scope of the study. Chapter two
presents the literature review specifically theoretical and empirical literature review,
and conceptual framework. On the other hand, chapter three presents the
methodologies used in the study which comprises the study area, research design,
population of the study, sampling techniques, collection methods and data analysis
methods. Chapter four presents the data analysis and presentation. Chapter five
presents the discussion of the findings. The last chapter presents summary,
conclusion and recommendation of the study.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction
The literature review of this study was based on honey value chain analysis and its
contributions to households’ income basing only on theoretical review. Then, this
chapter covers the theoretical literature review and analytical framework.

2.2. Theoretical Literature Review

Theoretical literature review under this study scrutinises the concepts, theories and
phenomena regarding to the study topic. This part describes the definition of key
terms in honey value chain and phenomena relating to the honey value chain and its
contributions to households’ income and factors affecting honey production in the
study area.

2.2.1. Explanation of Key Terms

2.2.1.1. The Concept of Value Chain
Kaplinsky(2000) explained the concept of value chain as the one that portrays all
activities required to bring a product or services to final consumers and its final
disposal after use by passing through a series of intermediary phases of production
(transformation and input addition). Under this aspect, value chain seeks to
characterise how chain activities are performed and to understand how value is
created and shared among the chain participants.

Hobbs et al. (2000) define value chain as one aspect of supply chain which reflects
the entire vertical chain of activities. Under this concept, value chain involves
activities as from production on the farm, through processing, distribution and
retailing to the consumer. Alternatively, this describes the entire spectrum from gate
to plate, regardless of how it is organised or how it functions. Further, value chain
provides a useful insight which determines income distribution and the identification
of appropriate policy to rectify trends towards poverty and inequality (Kaplinsky,
2000).

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Also, value chain analysis is essential to understand markets and their relationships,
participation of value chain actors and identifying critical constraints that limit
production and competitiveness of producers (IFAD, 2010).

Generally, value chain is explained as the full range of activities such as design,
production, marketing and distribution of the products so as bring a product or
service from conception to their customers. In this, for the producers that produce
goods, the value chain starts with the raw materials used to produce their products
and consists of everything that is added to it before being sold to consumers.

2.2.1.2. Value Chain Analysis

According to the Foreign Investment Advisory Service ([FIAS], 2007) explained the
value chain analysis as the method for accounting and presenting the value that is
created in the product or service as it is transformed from raw inputs to final product
consumed by final consumers. In regard to this, value chain analysis facilitates an
improved understanding of competitive challenge that helps in identification of
relationships and coordination mechanisms and assists in understanding how actors
deal with powers and who governs or influences the chain.

2.2.1.3. The Value Chain Actors

The German Technical Cooperation ([GTZ], 2007) explained the value chain actors
as those individuals or institutions who take ownership of a product through the
exchange of money or equivalent goods or services during the transaction process of
moving the product from conception to the final users. In other words, value chain
actors summarise all individuals, enterprises and public agencies related to value
chain. In particular the value chain includes value chain operators, providers of
operational services and the providers of support services.

2.2.1.4. Value Chain Governance

According to Gebremedhin et al. (2012) described the value chain governance as the
structure of relationships and coordination mechanism that exist between actors in the
value chain. In this, the governance is significant from a policy perspective by
identifying the institutional arrangement that may be needed to be targeted to
improve capability in the value chain, remedy distributional distortions and increases

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value added in the sector of beekeeping. Nonetheless, Kaplinsky (2000) argued that
the actors the value chain control their own activities and controlled by other actors
directly or indirectly, whereby the pattern of direct and indirect control in the value
chain is called its governances.

2.2.2. Global Honey Production and Marketing

Nowadays, beekeeping is one of the sectors that are fast growing around the global as
many countries both developed and developing are engaged in beekeeping as the way
of increasing income as the products of bees have many uses. Presently, beekeeping
is ever-changing from what was considered by different countries and other
stakeholders to be hobby and not business enterprises (Sarka, 2017). A researcher
noted that, Northern Ireland was the old country practiced beekeeping, however as up
to now Ireland producing one of the best honeys in the world. Moreover, the other
main honey producers around the world among others are China, USA, the former
USSR, Mexico, Argentina and Canada.

Honey has become a foremost product of apiculture industry around the global and is
believed that all the countries in the world produces honey in one way or another. A
study by Sarka (2017) on “market chain analysis of honey in Ethiopia” asserted that,
honey is produced nearly all countries which is attributed by the qualitative nature of
honey produced from different flowered or nectar sources in different geographical
regions. Sarka (2017) estimated that, about 1.3 million metric tons of honey are
produced worldwide and valued at US$ 452 million. Yet, only 400, 0000 metric tons
of the honey is traded in the export market per annum which indicating that most of
the produced honey is consumed within the producing countries.

Sark (2017) also identified the main importers of honey per annum which includes
European Union (EU) which imports about 150,000 metric tons of honey, United
State of America (USA) which imports about 100,000 metric tons of honey whereas
about 45% of honeys are alone consumed in USA. Notwithstanding, the major
exporters of honey include China which exports about 100,000 metric tons of honey,
Argentina which export about 70,000 metric tons of honey, Mexico export about
40,000 metric tons of honey, whereas developing market economy’s export represent
60% of the world export. Additionally, the Food and Agricultural Organisation
7
([FAO], 2011) identified the key exporters of honey in the world market which
include China, Mexico, and Argentina, whereas the three biggest honey importers are
Germany, Japan and the USA. Moreover, the bulk of honey trade in these countries is
in the hands of agents and importers, however in Japan much of the honey is
imported by trading companies. According to Wilson (2006) asserted that the world
demand for honey is substantially high and is likely to increase even further.

In case of Africa, the transaction of honey has been traded locally and the exports to
major countries is very low as cooperative organisations and NGOs have organised
small and medium investment in apiculture which encouraged local trade.

2.2.3. Beekeeping Potentials and Honey Production in Tanzania

Tanzania is gifted with favorable environment for production of honey and other bee
products that lead to the higher production. The higher production of honey and other
products of bees are due to the presence of high population of bee colonies that are
estimated to be 9.2 million (Kihwele et al., 2001). Additionally, the presence of high
number of is suitable for beekeeping of many areas in the country leads to the
higher production of honey.

The country has about 33.5 million hectares of forests and woodlands that are
scattered throughout the country and which are ideal for conducting beekeeping
interventions (Backeus, 2010). Out of these, 20.5 million hectares are unreserved
forests and woodlands, whereas 13 million hectares of forest and woodland are forest
reserves (Mwakatobe, 2007).

The presence of about 9.2 million honeybee colonies in Tanzania are estimated to
produce about 138,000 metric tons of honey per annum which are worth US$ 8,832
million average prices of the year 2011, that is, US$ 8 per kg of honey(URT, 2012).
Currently, Tanzania produces approximately 9,000 metric tons of honey worth TZS
27 billion. The current utilisation of this potential is only about 6.5% annually (URT,
2013).

The honey production in Tanzania is undertaken using traditional methods that

account for 99% total production of honey in the country and in that essence
something like 95% of all hives are traditional made of log and bark hives (Kajembe,
8
1994). Other materials used for making bee hives include reeds, gourds and pots. In
Tanzania beekeepers are estimated to reach 2 million rural people (URT, 2013).

2.2.4. Honey Market and Marketing

Honey market refers to the place where the honey is sold, whereas honey marketing
is the process of selling honey. In the past years, honey was produced for domestic
use only known as substance production. However, in recent years communities
across the countries are increasing taking up commercially oriented production.

As the trading of honey increasing day to day, the market of honey have involves two
main market namely local market (friends, neighbors, villages, wards, districts and
regions) and external market. In Tanzania, the market of honey includes domestic and
foreign markets whereby some of the honey produced in the country are consumed
domestically and other honey are sold abroad.

2.2.4.1. Honey Marketing in Tanzania (Local Market)

As regard to Konga (2011) the domestic markets for honey are not well-known. The
demand for honey as food and as a reliable ingredient in various foods and as a
product with healing properties is increasing. About 50% of honey produced is sold
locally for the production of honey beer and honey wine and about 10% of honey
produced is consumed locally as industrial honey in confectioneries and
pharmaceutical industries.

At the beekeepers gate, 1 kg of honey is sold between Tsh.3,700/= and Tsh.4,000/=

while in cities like Dar es salaam, Arusha, Moshi, and Mwanza the price of honey is
between Tsh.8,000/= and Tsh.13,000/= per kg (Konga, 2011). The potential
unexploited markets are large towns, hotels, airlines and tourist centers for correctly
packed honey in appropriate packaging materials.

2.2.4.2.International Market for Honey from Tanzania

The international market for honey requires high standards in terms of quality and
traceability. However, honey from Tanzania is well known around the world due its
organic nature (National Beekeeping Programme [NBP], 1998).Moreover, the
demand for Tanzania’s honey is being demanded in many countries in Europe such as
Germany, Holland, England and Belgium and other countries in the world (NBP,
9
1998). In this, the demand for Tanzania honey in the world market is very highly
demanded and the demand exceeds the supply (Kiondo, 1998).

The international markets for Tanzania’s honey are highly competitive in terms of
quality as about 265,000 metric tons of honey is exported to European Union market
(Marjo et al., 2010). In 1991, Tanzania honey won by 100% the quality test for
“organic honey” in the United Kingdom (UK). However, quality control in terms of
other factors such as Hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF) content, colour, taste, viscosity
and aroma, needs legal directives that will have to be adhered to by all the people
handling the honey before it reaches the consumer (MIT, 2012).

2.2.5. Generic Honey Value Chain Mapping

Kaplinsky (2000) described the honey value chain mapping as a systematic mapping
the actors participating in the production, distribution, processing, marketing and
consumption of a certain product or service. In this, mapping assesses the
characteristics of actors, profit and cost structures and flows of goods throughout the
chain, employment characteristics and volumes of domestic and foreign sales.

Ng’atigwa, (2007) on the study of “Honey and beeswax value chain analysis in
Tanzania” who applied qualitative methods argued that, honey value chain may differ
from one place to another or from one locality to another and the main key elements
that underlying honey value chain in production and marketing are economic gain,
governance, market-focused and stakeholders.

Economic gain portrays that value chain help in understanding the generation and
distribution of returns arising from the various functions of value chain which include
design, production, packaging, marketing and recycling. A researcher further argued
that, in any chain there are different forms of economic opportunities and gains that
participating parties seek to build upon and build competitive strength.

Notwithstanding, Ng’atigwa (2007) classified the gains as endogenous and

exogenous gains. The endogenous gains to actors among others includes technology
gains, human resource gains, organisational gains, marketing gains, relation gains and
resource gain. On the other hand, the exogenous gains to actors among others include
policy gains, infrastructure gains and financial gains.
10
In the case of governance, Ng’atigwa (2007) argued that governance insures good
interactions between the actors along a value chain by exhibiting some reflection of
organisation rather than being random. To achieve good governance, parameters
requiring product, process and logistic qualification are discussed and agreed upon by
all chain participants.

On the other side, market-focused collaboration emphasizes on the collaboration of

the actors in chain so as to produce and market products and services in effective and
efficient manner in order to meet the needs of targeted consumers. Notwithstanding,
International Labour Organisation report ([ILO], 2013) on the “Market system
development for honey and fodder value chain in Somaliland” asserted that the key
elements in value chain are functions (packaging, refining, retailing, exporting),
operators (farm producers, producing companies, wholesalers, retailers) and
supporters (input suppliers, stakeholders). Nonetheless, ILO (2013) also pointed out
that, the value chain map may differ from one country to another or from one region
to another or from one district to another depending on the involvement of the actors
in the value chain.

The honey value chain mapping involves several processes which include inputs
supply, production, farm level semi-processing, primary transportation, primary
collection, secondary transportation, secondary bulking, refining and parking,
distribution and certification as performed by the actors in the value chain of honey
as explained in the following subsection.

2.2.5.1. Input Suppliers

Input suppliers are people or organisations who deal with the supplies of beehives for
beekeepers. Input suppliers are directly linked to producers of honey through the
exchange of beekeeping equipment for cash, barter with honey or other means.
However, in particular beekeepers buy beehives in cash as nowadays barter trade is
rarely practiced in many countries around the world.

The input suppliers include carpenters, tailors, artisans and boilermakers who are
responsible for making and supplying beehives, protective clothing and honey
processing and storage equipment used in the production of honey for markets.

11
Nevertheless, beekeepers also participate in input suppliers in supplying honeybee
colony which are made by traditional tools. Input supply is the first process in
producing honey as after obtaining the hives from suppliers, beekeepers start to keep
bees which in turn produce honey.

2.2.5.2. Honey Producers

Honey producers manage honeybee colonies for the production of honey and other
bee products. In this, the producers of honey can be classified into two groups
namely honey hunters and beekeepers. Mickels-Kokwe (2006) explained honey
hunters as the one that involves in robbing honeybee nests in forests, game
management areas and agricultural fields. The untamed colonies are usually found
nesting in cavities of fallen logs, trees and rocks as well as inside the ceiling of
buildings and gantries for power supply lines. On the other hand, beekeepers are
those who based on the management of honeybee colonies, beehive size and source
of income.

Honey producers to some extent process the honey into liquid form for selling,
however there are special people or small and medium enterprises specialised in
processing the honey. The act of processing is to add value to honey so as fetch high
price from wholesalers, retailers or from domestic or export market. In this view, the
honey producers involve of producing, packing, retailing and exporting honey.

Nonetheless, honey producers also process honey particularly by indigenous who

extract honey from the combs. Wilson (2006) argued that the process is done using
the double cooking pan or self-drip. However, others use simple tools such as spoons
to squeeze honey from combs.

Yet, while considering honey quality management activities there are high
possibilities that at this stage the quality of honey is highly compromised through
inclusion of foreign substances and impurities, poor unhygienic handling techniques
and malicious beekeeping entrepreneurs. In the honey value chain mapping it
involves primary transportation as some honey is bought at the farm get by
middlemen or bulking agents. In this, primary transportation involves packing the
raw honey in plastic containers which adds its value.

12
2.2.5.3. Wholesalers
Wholesalers are the collectors or buyers of honey from the producers who stores,
repackage, label, grade and resell the honey either to retailers or export abroad. In
other words, wholesalers are person or firm that buys large quantity of goods from
various producers or vendors, warehouses them, and resells to retailers in the
domestic and foreign market. As indicated in Figure 2.1 the wholesalers is linked
with the honey chain value as it add value to the honey by grading, labeling,
repackaging and finally resale the product to final consumer or retailers. In this, when
the wholesalers fetch high prices they can also offer high prices to producers of
honey which in turn increases the households’ income of the beekeepers.

Wholesaler also is involved in certifying the honey from legal institutions and
standardising the quality of honey being produced in the country. As honey
inspection and certification requires that all honey intended for human consumption
should comply with existing microbiological criteria established in accordance with
the principles for the establishment and application of microbiological criteria for
foods.

2.2.5.4. Informal and Formal Retailers

Informal and formal retailers are the businessmen who buy honey from wholesalers
and sell to final consumers. Mickels-Kokwe (2006) explained retailer as the one
which consists of supermarkets, middlemen, vendors, chemists and roadside traders
responsible for selling honey in smaller quantities. Retailers are linked with the
honey chain value as they can reach as possible as many consumers.

Retailers who are road venders are assumed to sell fasters than any middlemen hence
increase the rate to buy from wholesalers and then increase the rate of wholesaler to
buy from producers which in turn increases the households’ income for beekeepers.

2.2.5.5. Domestic and Foreign Market

Wholesalers who process the raw honey from beekeepers sell honey domestically or
in foreign market. However, in some circumstances beekeepers and retailers may sell
honey domestically or export to other countries directly and when this happen the
producers and retailers fetch even higher prices for selling direct to final consumers.

13
The functions of the actors lead to the honey value chain which in turn increases the
households’ income and income of the other actors if the chain, functions and
governance within the chain will be implemented. All these processes of honey
production and marketing forms the honey value chain map as indicated in Figure
2.1.

Figure 2.1: Honey Value Chain Map

ACTORS FUNCTIONS

Honey Producer Honey Producing Producing, Packing,

Farmers Companies Retailing, exporting

Storing, Packing,
Wholesalers
Labeling, Exporting

Informal Retailers Formal Retailers Retailing

Domestic Market Export Market

Source: Adopted and Modified from United Nation Industrial Development

Organisation Report ([UNIDO], 2015).

14
2.2.6. Beekeepers Participation Rate in Other Income Generating Activities
Beekeepers are not dependent on one economic activity but also engage in other
income generating activities. The study by Lunyamadzo (2016) on the “Performance
and contribution of beekeeping enterprises to livelihood in Songea District” using
descriptive statistics. A researcher argued that, despite of the beekeeper to involve in
beekeeping still they undergo other activities such as agricultural, trade, pastoralism
and others are employed in formal sector.

Notwithstanding, Mmasa (2007) on the study of “Economic analysis of honey

production and marketing in Hai District, Kilimanjaro Tanzania” who used
descriptive statistics also argued that, beekeepers are not only undertaking
beekeeping but also are involved in other economic activities such as rearing goats
and cows. Other beekeepers are involved in cultivating crops both cash and food
crops such as cotton, maize, rice, tomatoes, and onion. However, other beekeepers
involve themselves in petty trade such as retail shop, barber shop and food venders.

Touray and Nyangado (2016) on the study of the “Impact assessment of modern
beekeeping practices among local communities in Kombo North, West Coast Region
and Central River Region North found that to add more income beekeepers involves
in other economic activities. The researchers in the study area found that majority of
the beekeepers participate in agriculture and livestock keeping as other sources of
income for beekeepers. In particular, the beekeepers involves in the following
activities as the way of adding their households’ income:

2.2.6.1.Beekeeping Activity
The beekeepers not only sell honey but also sell other products that are produced
from beekeeping such as beeswax and propolis. These products add income to the
total households’ income. The study by Lunyamadzo (2016) on the “Performance and
contribution of beekeeping enterprises to livelihood in Songea district” found that,
the sales of other products from beekeeping apart from honey is averaged to be
Tsh.342, 474/= per year in the household who involve in beekeeping.

15
2.2.6.2. Agricultural Activity
The literature also showed that the beekeepers who practicing agriculture activities
add their households’ income from selling farm crops. In this, beekeepers who
involved in agricultural activities are likely to increase the households’ income more
than those who only depend on beekeeping. Mmasa (2007) on the study of
“Economic analysis of honey production and marketing in Hai District” asserted that,
the mean annual income of selling farm crops for beekeepers was found to be Tsh.
146,437/= for coffee cash crop.

2.2.6.3. Livestock Activity

The other source of income by the beekeepers as indicated in the literature review
was found to be selling of livestock (goats, chicken, cow, sheep, pig) and selling
livestock products (milk, skin, fur). This activity is expected to add income to
household who involve in beekeeping. Songo (2015) argued that beekeepers add
income apart from honey by selling livestock. A researcher found that 46.2% of the
surveyed beekeepers involve in keeping livestock which in turn they sell to add
households’ income.

2.2.6.4. White Collar Employment Activity

Employment in public and private sectors was found to be one of the sources of
income by the beekeepers. As indicated in the literatures, some beekeepers are
employed in different sectors that enable to add income in the households.

2.2.6.5. Trade Activity

As noted in the literature review, beekeepers do participate in trade activities
particularly retail trade to enable them add their households’ income. Trade involves
selling and buying of commodities for consumption or further production. The trade
activities that are mostly conducted by the beekeepers include retail shop, food
vending and barbers shop to mention the few.

2.2.7. Contribution of Honey’s Income to Total Households Income

Beekeeping is an imperative income generating activity with great potential for
improving income particularly amongst the communities living at the vicinity of the
forests and woodlands. Monella et al. (2000) found out that in the Miombo
woodlands of Tanzania, households derive more than 50% of their cash income from

16
selling non-wood products such as honey. Honey was found to be the woodland
product with a significant contribution to cash income in six villages of Dodoma,
Iringa and Morogoro (Monella et al., 2000).The contribution of honey sub-sector to
the GDP is estimated to be 1% in 2013. Honey is also a source of employment; it
provides income to the people, it is also a source of recreation, ecotourism and
foreign exchange earnings (URT, 2013).

Ahmad et al. (2017) on the study of the “Impact of Apiculture on the Household
Income of Rural Poor in Mountains of Chitral District in Pakistan” assessed four
years of intervention of the beekeepers using “Difference-in-Difference Approach”.
The finding showed that the average income of beneficiary households from
beekeeping increased by 51.45% compared to the average income of the beneficiary
households assessed at the end of the pilot intervention.

Notwithstanding, Ajao and Adeyemi (2014) studied on the “Assessment of

Contribution of Apicultural Practices to Household Income and Poverty Alleviation
in Kwara State, Nigeria” who applied descriptive, gross margin and ordinary least
square methods to analyse the data. The findings revealed that, income of households
who involves in beekeeping increases as there is 81.4% in the variation of income
earned by the beekeepers.

Mmasa (2007) on his study of “Economic analysis of honey production and

marketing in Hai District in Kilimanjaro Tanzania” using descriptive statistics
analysis found that, the households who involved in beekeeping their income
increases by selling honey. Notwithstanding, the study by Lunyamadzo (2016) also
found significance in income earned by farmers of bees who sell honey.

Moreover, Ojo (2004) on the study of “Improving labour productivity and technical
efficiency in food crop production. A panacea for poverty reduction in Nigeria: Food
agriculture and environment” argued that beekeeper do not only depend on only in
beekeeping to add their income. A researcher found that fifty six percent (56%) of the
people who are participating in apiculture in Chirumanzu Ward 20 are into crop
production. This was explained by the forester during an interview highlighting that
the farmers grow maize, sunflower and other grains because the bees will help them

17
in pollination. Field results shows that 18% of the questionnaire respondents are
engaged in poultry which is a quick profit making business.

2.2.8. Factors Affecting Honey Production in Tanzania

According to Lema (1991), the initial capital needed to start beekeeping is very little
but it effectively limits participation of most women in the rural areas in beekeeping
activities. In Arumeru District although some hives have been found to be appropriate
for the area (e.g. Tanzanian Top Bar hives) most beekeepers cannot afford to buy
them due to lack of capital (Kimbi et al ., 1998). Other problems also include land
shortage and labour.

Lack of capital has effect on purchasing power of the storage facilities like plastic
containers (buckets, drums, and bottles) and processing facilities like honey press.
According to Kihwele (1993), about 15 – 20% of the honeybee colonies are not
harvested every year due to lack of bee protective and scarcity of appropriate
containers. Lack of bee-fodder the main cause of the bee-forage shortage is
deforestation. According to Ntenga and Mugongo (1990) the honey badger
(Mellivora capensis) has proved to be most destructive, particularly, in the miombo
woodland areas. This animal, though very small, is extremely strong. It heaves out
the beehives, which are full of bees and using its claws and teeth, breaks the hive
with remarkable ease to reach the honey, which it eats together with bee brood.

Inefficient beekeeping extension services are among the most critical problems in
East Africa resulting in low productivity (Masalu, 1997). Due to lack of effective
beekeeping extension services from different stakeholders, goods and services of the
beekeeping sector are still low in quality and quantity. The number of beekeepers is
still small, and as a result the national production of honeybee products is less than
5% of the production potential (URT, 1998). Extension work is crucial for successful
and appropriate promotion of beekeeping activity in the rural areas. According to
Aidoo (1999) extension and regulatory programmes have played the important roles
in helping beekeepers succeed. This may include technical support or stock
development, training the beekeepers to extend beekeeping skills and information,
providing support services for marketing such as quality assurance, and
implementing resistance management programme to protect effective products used
18
to control diseases and pests, lack of adequate and appropriate processing and storage
facilities of honeybee products which has a negative impact on the quality and
quantity of honey to the consumer (URT, 1998).

The studies indicated that shortage of beekeeping equipment is one of the pressing
factors that hinder the production of honey. The study by Mmasa (2007) asserted that
lack of appropriate beekeeping equipment is an obstacle for the production of honey
in many areas particularly in developing world as they lack of capital to buy
improved beekeeping gears hence limit the production of honey. Notwithstanding,
Nakunda and Kugoza (2012) found that lack of beekeeping equipment particularly
improved beehives, hive tools and harvesting gears is the limiting factor for the
production of honey in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda.

The study by Tesfaye et al. (2017) on beekeeping practices, trends and constraints in
Bale, South-eastern Ethiopia asserted that decreasing trend in the yields and the
number of honeybee populations is due to the effect of climatic change from time to
time particularly drought. Moreover, the researchers further found that shortage of
bee forages, pesticides and herbicides application, lack of water, decreasing in
number of bee colony, lack of improved beehives and poor management are other
factors that hinder the production of honey. Not less, Mmasa (2007) argued that
drought in the study area was found to be the limiting factor in the production of
honey. Nakunda and Kugoza (2012) also indicated that change in weather pattern to
prolonged drought affect the flowering pattern and leading to low honey harvests.

Low price of honey is considered to be an obstacle to the production of honey

because any product from any income generating activity needs to be sold at
favorable price so as to get profit. Likewise, beekeepers need favourable price for the
sale of honey so as to get profit that can enable them to run the activity, but when the
price is low discourages the beekeepers from producing honey. Mmasa (2007)
indicated that low price of honey is in market discourage the beekeepers in increasing
the production of honey in many areas in Tanzania. The scholar asserted that one
option is to encourage contract arrangements between large buyers and beekeepers
where they will negotiate fair prices.

19
2.3. Analytical Framework
Analytical framework is a type of indication model that links and defines clinical
concepts, evidence and populations as they relate to outcomes. The analytical
framework for this study includes the factors affecting honey production which
include little capital, lack of beekeeping extension services, weather variation
(draught) and poor knowledge on pesticide application. The analytical framework for
the study is given in Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2: Analytical Framework

Factors Affecting Honey Production

Little Capital

Lack of beekeeping extension

service

Production of Honey
Shortage of beekeeping
equipment supply

Draught

Low Price

Source: Researcher’s Own Sketch

2.4. Description of the Key Elements in the Analytical Framework

2.4.1.Little Capital
Little capital is an obstacle to majority of beekeepers as they lack capital to invest in
large scale production. This situation limits the capability of beekeepers to produce
honey in large quantity. Notwithstanding, little capital hinder the beekeepers to buy
improved beehives and other bees’ gears for honey production.
20
2.4.2. Lack of Beekeeping Extension Service
Lack of beekeeping extension service is the big problem to beekeepers as majority of
them apply mostly inherited ways of beekeeping from their ancestors which lead to
low honey production. However, good extension services pray a major role in
dissemination and hence adoption of technologies and increases the production of
honey when beekeepers get extension service from the expert.

2.4.3. Weather Variation (Draught)

The weather variation has direct impact on colony productivity. Goldenberg (2004)
noted that droughts in the Tanzania have increased from once in a decade to once
every two years and that they are likely to increase in occurrence and strength due to
the effects of climate change. The periodic famines are related to shortage of suitable
food and liquids for bees resulting in absconding and relocation of the colonies. This
interprets to considerable losses to the bee farmers who may not gain any honey
produce for a couple of seasons.

2.4.4. Shortage of Beekeeping Equipment Supply

Lack of beekeeping equipment especially improved hives hinders the productivity of
honey in large quantity. Majority of the beekeepers in Africa particularly in East
Africa and Tanzania in particular lack of modern beekeeping supplies a thing that
limit the productivity of honey.

2.4.5. Low Price

Low price is other factors that limit the large production of honey. The price fetched
by the beekeepers in many areas particularly developing countries are seen to
discourage the beekeepers to increase the production.

21
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction
According to Kothari (2004) explained research methodology as a systematic way in
solving the research problem. It is the science of studying how research has to be
conducted. In this chapter, a researcher examines the methodologies that were used in
the study. These methodologies include study area, study design, sampling
procedures, data collection methods and data analysis.

3.2. Study Area

The research was conducted in Chato district which is situated in the north-eastern
part of Geita region, Tanzania and lies between longitudes 2, 31° 46' 1" East and
latitudes 2° 38' 16" South.

The district is covered with Miombo woodlands, dominated by economically

important leguminous tree and shrub species including Acacia, Brachystegia, Albizia,
Commiphora and Dalbergia species. Topographically, the district is characterised by
flat, gently undulating plains interspersed with ridges and hill blocks.

The annual rainfall in Chato District is adequate for crops, being between 700 and
1,000 millimeters (28 and 39 in) per year. The maximum temperature averages
around 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) and the minimum temperatures around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F).

The district has five administrative divisions namely Bwanga, Buseresere,

Buzirayombo, Kachwamba and Nyamirembe, 23 wards and 115 villages with total
population of 365,127 (NBS, 2012). The main economic activities of the district are
subsistence farming without irrigation, using only rain. Common crops for local
consumption are bananas, beans, maize, cassavas and sweet potatoes. Commercial
farming is not well developed, but cotton, tobacco, and coffee are grown for sale.
Livestock rearing is usually an adjunct to farming, with some commercial ranches as
well as tourism at Rubondo Island National Park located on an island in Lake
Victoria just the coast of Chato District.

22
3.3. Research Design
The study is qualitative design which was used in the in the study to explore
phenomena from different perspectives and within groups of related participants
(Nieuwenhuis, 2007) and it offered deep understanding of the problem. Also, cross-
sectional design was applied during data collection.

The choice of this design is because it enabled a researcher to collect data at single
points in time, cost effective and less time consuming and it is useful for descriptive
purposes as well as for the determination of the relationship between and among
variables at a particular point in time (Babbie, 1995).

3.4. Population of the Study

Population is an aggregate of individuals or items which a researcher is interested to
undertake a study from them. Population means all members that meet a set of
specifications or a specified criterion. Kothari (2004) explained population as the
entire combination of people or group of people a researcher want to get information.
In this the population of the study were the actors in honey value chain which
included input suppliers, producers (beekeepers), wholesalers and retailers.

3.5. Sample Size and Sampling Procedures

3.5.1. Sample Size
Sample size is a subset of the entire population a researcher wants to investigate. It is
picked from the population under the study to represent the remained population. A
sample size is taken as it is not possible to include all the interested population in the
study. The respondents are intentionally selected to fit the purpose of the enquiry
whereby a total of 53 respondents were interviewed of which 40 respondents were
beekeepers, 4 input suppliers, 1 wholesaler, 4 retailers and 4 consumers.

3.5.2. Sampling Procedure

Purposive and snowball sampling technique were employed to select the division and
villages. Two divisions with three wards of which four villages (Buziku, Bwanga,
Minkoto and Kalembela) were purposively selected and guided by the subsequent
criteria. These criteria needed the villages to be involving in the production of honey,
involving in a significant trade of honey, and centers where traders and utilisation of

23
honey by volume is notably high to present an attractive market were selected.
Additionally, snowball sampling was used until the required number of respondents
was met.

3.6. Data Collection

Data collection is the process of gathering relevant information regarding to the study
topic. The data were collected from primary sources. In this, primary data are
information which were collected for the first time and have not been passed through
statistical analysis.

Data collection on income of the household was based on the grouping of activities
done by the beekeepers as their main sources of income. These categories included (i)
self-employment activities such as carpentry, masonry; (ii) farm employment
activities which include crop production such as rice, maize, beans, bananas; (iii)
livestock keeping; (iv)white collar employment in government, NGOs or Private
sector; and (v) selling products produced by bees such as honey, beeswax, propolis
and honey comb.

3.6.1. Data Collection Methods

3.6.1.1. Primary Data Collection Methods
Primary data were collected using closed and open ended questions which were
administered to honey actors in the study area to capture relevant information
regarding the study topic. The primary data were collected focused on input use,
honey production, number of beehives owned, honey production cost, annual return
from honeybee products, demographic characteristics of the households, buying and
selling system.

3.6.1.2. Data Collection Instruments

A researcher applied in-depth interview as a data collection instrument which was
administered to the actors in the honey value chain. Structured questions were
designed to collect data from participants. Face to face interview was used to probe
respondents’ perceptions on honey value chain in the study area. Nevertheless, focus
group discussion was applied to get rich information about the factors affecting
honey production in the study area.

24
3.7. Data Analysis
According to Kothari (2004) explained data analysis as the process of editing,
coding, classifying and tabulating the information gathered from the field for the
purpose of describing and making inferences of the phenomena.

The first objective of the study was analysed from the information provided by the
actors in the honey value chain regarding who produce the honey, who buy the honey
from producers, who sale the honey to retailers and where the retailer sell their honey.
In particular, the first objective was analysed from the information provided by the
actors in value chain of honey in mapping the value chain of honey in Chato District.

The second objective was analysed through descriptive analysis whereby descriptive
statistics such as frequencies, percentages and mean were used to characterise the
households who participate in other income generating activities and the different
main source of income undertaken by beekeepers.

The third objective was done by determining the incomes from various economic
activities undertaken by bee-keepers and then the ratio of honey income to total
household income was determined. Not less, the contribution of total income from
beekeeping activity was determined by taking the total income generated from
beekeeping activity to total income generated from all households’ income sources
carried by beekeepers. However, the income of honey was determined by taking the
price of honey times the unit of honey sold minus the cost associated with honey
production. However, the fourth objective was analysed using a four level likert scale
namely strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree.

Yet, to complete the data analysis the study employed Microsoft Excel and Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS)in analysing the data for the second, third and
fourth objectives. The analysed data were presented using Tables and charts to make
easy understanding of the findings.

3.8. Ethical Consideration

There were various ethical considerations that were needed to be taken note of by the
researcher before, during and after the study. The researcher first sought permission
to conduct the field research in Chato District Council and this permission was
granted by the District Executive Officer which instructed the village executive
25
officer to give me a full cooperation during the study. When developing data
collection techniques, the researcher took into consideration the physical, emotional
or social harm which was likely to be caused and find possible solutions to them.
Besides having all the procedures in mind, the researcher sought consent of each
participant before initiating the research. However, during the research harm can be
caused, for instance, by disrespecting information rights to privacy through posturing
sensitive questions or by acquisition access to their records which may contain
personal information. Observing informant’s behaviour without their concern
(concealed observation was always crosschecked or discussed with other researcher
in respect to ethical tolerability), allowing personal information to be made public
which informants would want to be kept private, failing to observe certain cultural
values, traditions or taboos valued by the informants. Therefore, in this context, the
researcher observed all the ethical elements of the research.

During the research, the respondent signed the consent form which indicated their
willingness to take part in the research. After signing, the respondents were free and
comfortable to answer questions. The signed consent was kept into a separate box
from the secretly completed questionnaires so as to ensure anonymity. In this case no
signed agreement form was linked to any of the completed questionnaires.

26
 CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION OF THE FINDINGS

4.1. Introduction
The findings are arranged from the first objective to the last objective in section. The
first section of the findings (section 4.2) explains the value chain of honey in Chato
District. Section4.3 presents the findings on the participation rate of beekeepers in
other income generating activities. Section 4.4 of this chapter presents the findings on
the contribution of income to total households’ income and section 4.5 presents
findings on the factors affection honey production in the study area.

4.2. Honey Value Chain’s Map in Chato District

Honey chain’s map in Chato district was based on the responses of the actors in the
chain. By examining on the response of the producers the honey value chain map as
indicated in Figure 4.1 have mainly six actors, namely service supporters, input
suppliers, honey producers who are the beekeepers in Chato District, wholesalers,
retailers and consumers.

Input suppliers who supplies bee gears to beekeepers in the study area were found to
be carpenters, non-government organisation and the government. The carpenters
particularly supply modern beehives which are sold in cash whereby the traditional
beehives are made by farmers themselves. The government particularly supplies
protective equipment to beekeepers that are used in harvesting such as boots, coats,
and helmets. However, the non-government organisations specifically supply honey
extracting equipment. Input suppliers in other way supply inputs necessarily for
keeping bees.

The study also found that there are service supporters in the value chain in Chato
District which provide several services to the beekeepers on all processes of
beekeeping and support beekeepers in the way of input supply, technical advices and
market linkage in beekeeping production. The service supporters that were found in
the study include research centers that come to conduct research and along with it
provide beekeeping services to beekeepers. On the other way, agricultural and
development centers and non-government organisation were also found to be the
service supporters in the study area. In the above view, service supporters are
27
individuals or firms that provide various services to beekeepers. These services
supporters were found to be essential in the value chain of honey as they provide
different services to beekeepers and of the services provided include information on
how to access financial services to add their capital, business management services,
market information access and dissemination, technologies supply and advisory
services.

Notwithstanding, the study found that there are beekeepers in the study area who
involved in beekeeping activity and produce honey. However, the findings reveal that
the beekeepers themselves were found to be the one who at the same time process
honey, locally grade the honey, pack, retail and store the honey.

Not less, the findings in the study area found that there wholesaler who buys honey
directly from producers and sell to retailers. But, majority of the honey produced by
beekeepers are being sold to retailers and consumers. Conversely, the few beekeepers
were found to sell their honey to wholesalers and this is due to lack of formal market
linkage between all other market actors and because of this reason majority of the
beekeepers prefer selling their products directly to consumers.

Moreover, the study found that there are retailers who buy honey in Chato district
that were found to be the key actors in the honey value chain in Chato district as it
serve as an important connector between producers (beekeepers) and consumers. In
this, retailers buy most of the honey from producers (beekeepers) and sell to
consumers in the local markets.

The last actor that was found in the chain value of honey in Chato District was
consumers. Consumers were found to buy honey from retailers and in particular from
honey producer themselves due to lack of proper linkage among the actors in chain
value of honey in Chato District.

28
Figure4.1: Honey Value Chain in Chato District
ACTORS FUNCTIONS

Provide Training to
Service Supporters Beekeepers

Supplies input to
Input Suppliers
Beekeepers

Producing, Processing,
Honey Producer (Farmers) Grading, Packing,
Retailing, Storing

Storing, Packing,
Wholesalers
Labeling

Retailers Retailing

Consumers

Source: Honey Value Chain Map in Chato District Drawn in Response of Findings

4.3. Beekeeper’ Participation Rate in Income Generating Activities

4.3.1. Beekeepers Participation Rate in Various Economic Activities
The study found that, various economic activities are important for honey producers
as it adds incomes to the households who involves in beekeeping. The study revealed
that the beekeepers in Chato District do not depend only on beekeeping in order to

29
earn their income, however they participate in other income generating activities such
as agriculture, livestock keeping, retail trade, beekeeping (beeswax, propolis, honey
comb) and the other activity was found to be white-collar employed in formal
sectors.

In the above view, the study asked the beekeepers if they involve themselves in other
income generating activities apart from honey production. The findings revealed that
all the participants who were the beekeepers were involved in other economic
activities apart from producing only honey as100% of the beekeepers agreed to
involve in other economic activities. However, their participation in other economic
activities is observed by involving themselves in at least one or more economic
activities. This finding is in line with the finding by Mmasa (20017) and Gebrekristos
(2015) who found that the beekeepers involve themselves in other income generating
activities apart from producing and selling only honey.

Notwithstanding, to complement their arguments the study asked the participants to

indicate their participation in various economic activities carried by beekeepers and
the results are shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Percentages of Beekeepers Involvement in Various Economic

Activities
Economic Minkoto Kalembela Bwanga Buziku All Villages
Activity (n = 10) (n = 10) (n = 10) (n = 10) (n = 40)
Freque % Freque % Freque % Freque % Freque
%
ncy ncy ncy ncy ncy

Agricultur 8 80.0 9 70.0 10 100.0 9 90.0 36 90.0

e

Livestock 9 90.0 7 70.0 9 90.0 9 90.0 34 72.5

Keeping

Trade 4 40.0 6 60.0 3 30.0 4 40.0 17 42.5

Activity

White
Collar
1 10.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 0 0.0 2 5.0
Employm
ent

Beekeepin 10 100.0 10 100.0 10 100.0 0 0.0 40 100.

g
Source: Data Obtained from Field (2018)
30
The findings as indicated in Table 4.1 shows that 90.0% of the beekeepers are
participate in agriculture activity from all of the four villages under the study area.
However, 80.0% beekeepers were found to be at Minkoto village, 70.0% beekeepers
at Kalembela village, 100.0% beekeepers at Bwanga village and 90.0% beekeepers at
Buziku village. The study further found that among the other economic activities
carried out by beekeepers, agriculture was found to be the leading activity that
undertaken by majority of beekeepers in Chato District.

As indicated in Table 4.1 the results show that 72.5% of the beekeepers involve
themselves in livestock keeping. In regard to participation rate from each village, the
study found that 90.0% beekeepers at Minkoto village, 70.0% beekeepers at
Kalembela village, 90.0% beekeepers at Bwana village and 90.0% at Buziku village.

Moreover, the results as indicated in Table 4.1 reveal that 42.5% of the beekeepers
participate in trade activity. Among the beekeepers that participate in trade activity
40.0% beekeepers were from Minkoto village, 60.0% beekeepers from Kalembela
village, 30.0% beekeepers from Bwanga village and 40.0% beekeepers were from
Buziku village.

Table 4.1 also shows that 5.0% of beekeepers were found to be employed in white
collar jobs. But, 10.0% beekeepers were from Minkoto village and 10.0% beekeepers
were found to be from Bwanga village. All in all, the results show that 100.0% of the
surveyed participants participate in beekeeping activity.

4.3.2. Beekeepers Participation in Various Products of Economic Activity

The study found that the beekeepers not participate in all products under economic
activities that they carry, but involves in some products. In this view, in Table 4.2 the
study identified the main products under each economic activity and reveals their
participate rate in each product. The main products under agricultural activity include
maize, rice, cassava, sweet potatoes and cotton. In livestock keeping activity, the
main product by the beekeepers involve the sales of cow, goat, chicken and sheep;
whereas under trade activity the beekeepers involved in retail shops, food vending,
barbers shop and carpentry products. On the other hand, the products that were found
under beekeeping activity involved beeswax, honey, honey comb and propolis. But,

31
beekeepers who were white-collar employed were employed in public and private
sectors.

Table 4.2: Percentages of Beekeepers Participation in Various Products under

Each Economic Activity.
Economic Minkoto Kalembela Bwanga Buziku All Villages
Activity (n = 10) (n = 10) (n = 10) (n = 10) (n = 40)
Freque % Freque % Freque % Freque % Freque
%
ncy ncy ncy ncy ncy
Agricultur
e Activity
Maize 9 90.0 8 80.0 9 90.0 7 70.0 33 82.5
Rice 8 80.0 9 90.0 10 100.0 9 90.0 36 90.0
Cassava 4 40.0 7 70.0 9 90.0 3 30.0 23 57.5
Sweet 3 30.0 4 40.0 8 80.0 2 20.0 17 42.5
Potato
Cotton 6 60.0 3 30.0 7 70.0 3 30.0 19 47.5

Livestock
Keeping
Cow 8 80.0 9 90.0 5 50.0 7 70.0 29 72.5

Goat 9 90.0 8 80.0 8 80.0 9 90.0 34 85.0

Chicken 7 70.0 9 90.0 3 30.0 4 40.0 23 57.5

Sheep 5 50.0 7 70.0 8 80.0 8 80.0 28 70.0

Trade
Activity
Retail 2 20.0 8 80.0 3 30.0 4 40.0 17 42.5
Shops
Food 0 0.0 3 30.0 1 10.0 5 50.0 9 22.5
Vending
Barbers 3 30.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 20.0 5 12.5
Shop
Carpentry 4 40.0 2 20.0 5 50.0 4 40.0 13 32.5
Products

White
Collar
Employme
nt
Governmen
1 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.5
t Sector
Private
0 0.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 0 0.0 1 2.5
Sector

Beekeepin
g Activity
Beeswax 10 100.0 9 90.0 9 90.0 10 100.0 38 95.0
100.
Honey 10 100.0 10 100.0 10 100.0 10 100.0 40
0
Honey 9 90.0 10 100.0 8 80.0 8 80.0 35 87.5
Comb
Propolis 8 80.0 9 90.0 10 100.0 10 100.0 37 92.5

Source: Data Obtained from Field (2018)

32
4.3.2.1. Agriculture Activity
The findings as indicated in Table 4.2 revealed that beekeepers were involved in
agriculture activity whereby 82.5% of the beekeepers involved in cultivating maize,
90.0% beekeepers cultivate rice, 57.5% beekeepers involved themselves in
cultivating cassava, 42.5% beekeepers cultivate sweet potatoes and 47.5% involved
themselves in cultivating cotton. The crops produced by the beekeepers some are
being sold to add households’ income and others are kept for food consumptions
particularly food crops.

4.3.2.2. Livestock Keeping Activity

Notwithstanding, the results from the field as indicated in Table 4.2 show that honey
producers involve in livestock keeping of which 72.5% beekeepers keep cows,
85.0% beekeepers keep goats, 57.5% beekeepers keep chicken and 70.0% honey
producers keep sheep. These livestock are being sold when there is a need during a
lean seasons and when there is high reproduction of livestock.

4.3.2.3. Trade Activity

Nonetheless, Table 4.2 shows that honey producers are involved in trade activities as
42.5% beekeepers were found to involve in retailing shop, 22.5% honey producers
were found to involve in food vending, 12.5% honey producers were involving in
barber shop and 32.5% honey producers were found to be involved carpentry activity.

4.3.2.4. White-Collar Employment

Moreover, Table 4.2 indicates that 2.5% and 2.5% honey producers are employed in
white collar employment in private sector and government sector respectively. The
white collar employment particularly adds income to households by the net income
obtained as a salary.

4.3.2.5. Beekeeping Activity

The surveyed beekeepers do not sell only honey as the product of bees that adds
income to households but also they sell other bees’ product such as beeswax, honey
comb and propolis. The findings as shown in Table 4.2 reveals that 95.0% honey
producers also sale beeswax, 87.5% honey producers sale honey combs and 92.5%
honey producers sale propolis.

33
Therefore, these findings discloses that the honey producers do not depend only on
producing honey but also involve in other economic activities to raise their
households’ income earnings.

4.3.3. Income Obtained by Beekeepers from Various Products by Village

The study found it was necessary to find the income obtained by beekeepers for each
product that can help to find out the share of income from each economic activity to
total households’ income. The income obtained by beekeepers from each economic
activity undertaken was as shown in Table 4.3 which indicates the income from each
product in the activity and is categorised by village in the study area.

Table 4.3: Income Obtained by Beekeepers from Various Products by Village

Income (‘000Tsh)
Economic Activity
Minkoto Kalembela Bwanga Buziku All Villages
Agriculture
Maize 1,200 300 400 900 2,800
Rice 8,000 9,000 7,000 1,800 25,800
Cassava 1,200 1,400 5,012 2,100 9,712
Sweet Potato 2,000 4,000 3,500 1,500 11,000
Cotton 9,000 8,500 10,500 7,000 35,000
Total 21,400 23,200 26,412 13,300 84,312

Livestock Keeping
Cow 69,100 78,100 98,000 16,000 261,200
Goat 22,500 34,000 8,500 17,000 82,000
Chicken 1,700 1,360 1,600 1,900 6,560
Sheep 13,600 14,500 13,000 12,500 53,600
Total 106,900 127,960 121,100 47,400 403,360

Trade Activity
Retail Shops 42,000 30,000 20,203 36,000 128,203
Food Vending 8,000 9,200 5,500 3,500 26,200
Barbers Shop 2,500 3,000 2,000 6,220 13,720
Carpentry Products 30,050 48,000 23,500 47,500 149,050
Total 82,550 90,200 51,203 93,220 317,173

White Collar
Employment
Government Sector 6,564 0 0 0 6,564
Private Sector 0 0 11,856 0 11,856
Total 6,564 0 11,856 0 18,420

Beekeeping
Beeswax 280,000 320,000 150,000 250,000 1,000,000
Honey 1,253,000 898,400 698,000 664,050 3,513,450
Honey Comb 128,000 205,000 127,000 115,000 575,000
Propolis 2,363 2,700 2,350 2,450 9,863
Total 1,663,363 1,426,100 977,350 1,031,500 5,098,313
Source: Data Obtained from Field (2018)

34
The findings as indicated in Table 4.3 shows income from different sources of
income carried out by beekeepers. The results from agricultural activities indicate
that the large income is from the sale of cotton which have a total net income of
Tsh.35,000,000/= for 19 households engaged in the production which in average
every household earn Tsh.1,842,105.26/= for a specified period of a year. The other
crop that showed to add a large households’ income of agricultural activity is rice
which accounted a net income of Tsh.25,800,000/= for the 36 beekeepers whereby in
average every households of the beekeepers earn Tsh.716,666.7/= per year as net
income from the production of rice. Nonetheless, sweet potatoes, cassava and maize
are other crops that add households’ income which counted Tsh.11,000,000/=,
Tsh.9,712,000/= and Tsh.2,800,000/= respectively. However, maize was found to be
the least crop in agricultural activity which add small amount of households’ income
for beekeepers for the given year of the study. However, the study found that
agriculture activity account about Tsh.84, 312,000/= in total per year.

Notwithstanding, in livestock activity, it was found that sales of cows revealed to be

a livestock that adds a large amount of net income to the households who are the
beekeepers. Cows add Tsh.261, 200,000/= as a net income to the households of
beekeepers which in average every household earn Tsh.9,006,896.5/= per year. But,
goats and sheep are found to add Tsh.82, 000, 000/= and 53,600,000/= respectively to
households income. However, the least livestock that was found to add small amount
of money to household income was chicken which add Tsh.6,560,000/= which in
average each household earn Tsh.285,217.4/= a year. In this, the study found that in
total livestock keeping activity adds Tsh.403, 360, 000/= as a net income for a year.

Moreover, trade activity also was found to the contributor to households’ income for
the beekeepers. The findings as indicated in Table 4.2 reveal that carpentry’s products
were found to add a large amount of income to households. The results show that
carpentry’s products add about Tsh.149, 050, 000/= as a net income to total
households income. Yet, retail shop was found to be the second contributor of income
to households as it adds about Tsh.128, 203, 000/= net income to households who
involved in retail shop. Moreover, food vending and barbershop revealed to add
Tsh.26, 200, 000/= and Tsh.13, 720, 000/= respectively as the net income to

35
households. Not less, in total trade activity was found to add Tsh.317, 173, 000/= as
net income per year to households involved in the activity.

Notwithstanding, white-collar employment was also found to contribute income to

total households’ income as it was found that for those who are employed in public
sector their income are added by Tsh.6,564,000/= per year and for those who are
employed in private sector their income are found to be added by Tsh.11,856,000/=
per year. However, in total white-collar employment was found to add
Tsh.18,420,000/= as a net income to households. By this result employees from
various sectors are advised to participate in other economic activities so as to add
their earnings.

On top of that, beekeeping activity was found to be a major contributor activity to

households’ income as the net income was found to be Tsh5,098,313,000/= for a year
from the sales of bees’ products, but the activity is not taken much into consideration
and is performed by poor households who are unable to purchase improved beehives
that can produce high quantity of bees’ products. However, the study further found
that, beeswax was the lager contributor to households income as it counted about
Tsh.1,000,000,000/= net income from its sales. Additionally, the other bees’ products
that were found to contribute to total households’ income were honey comb and
propolis which accounted of Tsh.575,000,000/= and 9,863,000/= respectively.

In the above view, beekeeping activity was found to contribute a large amount of net
income to total households’ income compared to other activities. The study reveals
that beekeeping activity contribute about Tsh.5,098,313,000/= as a net income per
year to households who involved in beekeeping. The second activity that contribute a
large amount of net income was found to be livestock keeping activity which
contribute Tsh.403,360,000/= net income per year. Trade activity was found to
contribute Tsh.317,173,000/= net income per year to household involved in the
business of trade in the study area. Yet, agriculture activity was found to contribute
Tsh.84,312,000/= as net income per year and was found to be the major economic
activity carried out by majority of the households in the study area although its
contribution of net income to household is less compared to beekeeping activity,
livestock keeping activity or trade activity. However, white-collar employment was

36
found to be the least economic activity that contribute a small amount of net income
to total households’ income as it contributes only Tsh.18,420,000/= net income to
households.

4.3.4. Income Share by Activity to Total Households’ Income in the Study Area
The contribution of incomes from various activities undertaken by the beekeepers to
total households’ income is indicated in Table 4.4 which shows the participation rate
from each economic activity, income share rate and mean income from each activity
for the period from June 2017 to May 2018. Note that all amount of money are in
‘000 Tsh.

Table 4.4: Income Share by Economic Activity to Total Households’ Income

Minkoto Kalembela Bwanga Buziku All Villages
Economic Activity
(n = 10) (n = 10) (n = 10) (n = 10) (n = 40)
Agriculture
Participation Rate 80.0% 70.0% 100.0% 90.0% 90.0%
Income Share 1.1% 1.3% 2.2% 1.1% 1.4%
Mean Income 21,400 23,200 26,412 13,300 84,312

Livestock Keeping
Participation Rate 90.0% 70.0% 90.0% 90.0% 72.5%
Income Share 5.7% 7.7% 10.2% 3.9% 6.8%
Mean Income 106,900 127,960 121,100 47,400 403,360

Trade Activity
Participation Rate 40.0% 60.0% 30.0% 40.0% 42.5%
Income Share 4.4% 5.4% 4.3% 7.9% 5.4%
Mean Income 82,550 90,200 51,203 93,220 317,173

White Collar
Employment
Participation Rate 10.0% 0.0% 10.0% 0.0% 5.0%
Income Share 0.3% 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 0.3%
Mean Income 6,564 0 11,856 0 18,420

Beekeeping
Participation Rate 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Income Share 88.4% 85.5% 82.3% 87.0% 86.1%
Mean Income 1,663,363 1,426,100 977,350 1,031,500 5,098,313
Source: Data Obtained from Field (2018)

The results as indicated in Table 4.4 shows that the mean income of beekeepers that
participate in agriculture activity at Minkoto village was Tsh.21,400,000/= whereby
the beekeepers who involved in the activity were found to be 80.0%, but the income
share of agriculture activity to total households’ income was indicated to be 1.1%. At
Kalembela village the mean income was found to be Tsh.23,200,000/= whereas the
37
participation rate of beekeepers in agriculture activity was identified to be 70.0% and
the share of income to total households’ income at Kalembela village was indicated
to be 1.3%. Notwithstanding, at Bwanga village the mean income of the households
who involved in agriculture activity was Tsh.26,412,000/=, but the participation rate
in the activity were found to be 100.0% and the income share to total households’
income was 2.2%. Moreover, the mean income at Buziku village was found to be
Tsh.13,300,000/= whereby the involvement in the activity was identified to be 90.0%
and the income share to total households’ income of the beekeepers in the village was
found to be 1.1%. Yet, the income share to total households’ income in the all villages
under agriculture activity was determined to be 1.4%.

Not less, as shown in Table 4.4 the mean income at Minkoto village under livestock
keeping activity was found to be Tsh.106,900,000/=, but the involvement of the
beekeepers in the activity was determined to be 90.0% and income share to total
households’ income in the village was found to be 5.7%. At Kalembela village, the
mean income was Tsh.129,960/= whereas the participation rate in the activity by the
beekeepers was found to be 70.0% and the income share to total households’ income
was determined to be 7.7%. Moreover, the mean income of beekeepers at Bwanga
village was identified to be Tsh.121,100/= whereby the participation of beekeepers in
the beekeeping activity was found to be 90.0%, and the income share to total
households’ income was examined to be 10.2%. Additionally, the mean income at
Buzuka village was found to be Tsh.47,400,000/=, but the participation of beekeepers
in livestock keeping at the village was 90% and income share to total households’
income was determined to be 3.9%. However, the income share to total households’
income in all villages under livestock keeping was found to be 6.8%.

Table 4.4 further shows that the mean income of beekeepers that participate in trade
activity at Minkoto village was found to be Tsh.82,550,000/= whereby the beekeepers
who are involved in the activity were 40.0%, but the income share of trade activity to
total households’ income was indicated to be 4.4%. At Kalembela village the mean
income was found to be Tsh.90,200,000/= whereas the participation rate of
beekeepers in trade activity was identified to be 60.0% and the share of income to
total households’ income at Kalembela village was indicated to be 5.4%. All the
same, at Bwanga village the mean income of the households who are involved in
38
trade activity was Tsh.51,203,00/=, but the participation rate in the activity were
found to be 30.0% and the income share to total households’ income was 4.3%.
Moreover, the mean income at Buziku village was found to be Tsh.93,220,000/=
whereby the involvement in the activity was identified to be 40.0% and the income
share to total households’ income of the beekeepers in the village was found to be
7.9%. Nevertheless, the income share to total households’ income in the all villages
was determined to be 5.4%.

The finding as shown in Table 4.4 reveals that the mean income at Minkoto village
for white-collar employment activity was found to be Tsh.6,564,000/=, but the
involvement of the beekeepers in the activity was determined to be 10.0% and
income share to total households’ income in the village was found to be 0.3%. Also,
the mean income of beekeepers at Bwanga village was identified to be
Tsh.11,856,000/= whereby the participation of beekeepers white-collar employment
activity was found to be 10%, but the income share to total households’ income was
examined to be 0.9%. On the other hand, the income share to total households’
income in the all four villages was determined to be 0.3%.

4.4. Contributions of Honey’s Income to Total Households Income

The results in Table 4.4 shows that the mean income at Minkoto village under
beekeeping activity was found to be Tsh.1,663,363,000/=, but the involvement of the
beekeepers in the activity was determined to be 100.0% and income share to total
households’ income in the village was found to be 88.4%. At Kalembela village, the
mean income was Tsh.1,426,100,000/= whereas the participation rate in the activity
by the beekeepers was found to be 100.0% and the income share to total households’
income was determined to be 85.5%. In addition, the mean income of beekeepers at
Bwanga village was identified to be Tsh.997,350,000/= whereby the participation of
beekeepers in the beekeeping activity was found to be 100.0%, but the income share
to total households’ income was examined to be 82.3%. Besides, the mean income at
Buzuka village was found to be Tsh.1,031,500,000/=, but the participation of
beekeepers in beekeeping at the village was 100.0% and income share to total
households’ income was determined to be 87.0%. However, the income share to total
households’ income in all villages under livestock keeping was found to be 86.0%.

39
In the above view, the study shows that the people who participate in beekeeping
activity their income increases as shown by income obtained from the sales of honey
as indicated in Table 4.4 that the total net income from the sales of honey was
Tsh.35,135,000/= which in average every households earn Tsh.878,362.5/= per year.

4.5. Factors Affecting Honey Production in Chato District

There are various factors that are found to affect the production of honey in Chato
District. These factors include little capital among the beekeepers, lack of beekeeping
extension service, shortage of beekeeping equipment supplies, draught and lack of
knowledge. The results of the response of these factors are indicated in Table 4.5 that
shows the agreement of the mentioned factors.

Table 4.5: Factors Affecting Honey Production in Chato

District
Factors Category Frequency Percentages (%)
Little Capital Strongly Agreed 20 50.0
Agreed 10 25.0
Disagreed 7 17.5
Strongly Disagreed 3 7.5

Drought (Weather) Strongly Agreed 27 67.5

Agreed 8 20.0
Disagreed 3 7.5
Strongly Disagreed 2 5.0

Low price of produced Strongly Agreed 25 62.5

honey Agreed 5 12.5
Disagreed 5 12.5
Strongly Disagreed 5 12.5

Lack of beekeeping Strongly Agreed 13 32.5

extension service Agreed 9 22.5
Disagreed 8 20.0
Strongly Disagreed 10 25.0

Shortage of beekeeping Strongly Agreed 11 27.5

equipment supplies Agreed 10 25.0
Disagreed 9 22.5
Strongly Disagreed 10 25.0
Source: Data Obtained from Field (2018)

40
4.5.1. Little Capital
The findings as indicated in Table 4.5 shows that 50% and 25% of the surveyed
beekeepers strongly agreed and agreed respectively that little capital is the factor that
affect honey production in Chato district. In this, capital was found to be essential for
beekeepers as it help to buy modern hives and other bee gears for keeping bees.
However, due to little capital, most of the beekeepers in Chato district use only
traditional hives which yield little honey productions. But, as indicated in Table 4.5
the results shows that 17.5% and 7.5% of the surveyed beekeepers disagreed and
strongly disagreed that little capital is a factor that affect honey production in Chato
District. However, this finding is against with the finding by Morse (1989) and
Mmasa (2007) who found capital to the challenge for the majority of beekeepers.

4.5.2. Drought (Weather Changes)

The weather variation has direct effect on colony productivity as prolonged drought,
strong winds, heavy and long rains can cause colony starvation and retard foraging
activities of bees hence low storage and causing low honey production. As indicated
in Table 4.5 the results shows that 67.5% and 20.0% of the surveyed beekeepers
strongly agreed and agreed respectively that weather variation particularly drought
limit the production of honey in large quantity. On the other way, 7.5% and 5.0% of
the surveyed beekeepers disagreed and strongly disagreed respectively that weather
variation to limit the large production of honey.

In the above view, the study by Kagio and Muriithi (1988) supported that weather
variation limits the large production of honey. They asserted that lack of permanent
water sources was the greatest factor limiting beekeeping activity and honey
production in Kenya.

4.5.3. Low Price

The study found that low price is the compelling factor that discourages beekeepers
from producing a large quantity of honey. In this, beekeepers tend to produce cheap
locally honey due to low prices of honey and they are using traditional hives so as to
enable them to get profits.

The study wanted to know if the price is factor that is limiting the production of
honey in Chato District. The results as indicated in Table 4.5 shows that 63.5% and

41
12.5% of the beekeepers strongly agreed and agreed respectively that low price for
the produced honey discourages the beekeepers from producing a large amount of
honey as they can incur a lot of cost in producing and sell at low price a thing that
make them to produce low quantity of honey. This finding is in line with the finding
by Lunyamadzo (2016) who found that low price due to lack of competition in the
honey market limit the production of honey in large quantity. However, 12.5% and
12.5% of the beekeepers disagreed and strongly disagreed respectively on the low
price that causes low production of honey.

4.5.4. Lack of Beekeeping Extension Service

The study found that lack of beekeeping extension services was another compelling
factor that limits the production of honey. Some of the respondents asserted that they
have never received extension service from any organisation even from the district
council a thing that they still use the skills inherited from their ancestors. To
complement this argument, Table 4.5 indicates that majority of beekeepers which is
32.5% beekeepers strongly agreed to lack skills in beekeeping from extension
services, also 22.5% beekeepers agreed to lack skills of beekeeping from extension
services provided by extension officers as they have never visited them to their farm.
This result is consistent with the result by Lunyamadzo (2016) who found that lack of
beekeeping extension service from extension officer is a limiting factor for honey
production.

However, 20.0% and 25.0% of the surveyed beekeepers disagreed and strongly
disagreed of lack of skills from extension officers causes low production of honey as
they argued in order to increase production one who is committed to his activity have
to find the services anywhere so as to increase production.

4.5.5. Shortage of Beekeeping Equipment Supplies

The results as indicated in Table 4.5 shows that 27.5% and 25.0% of the surveyed
beekeepers strongly agreed and agreed respectively that shortage of beekeeping
equipment supplies is the factor that limit honey production. The shortage of
beekeeping equipment is caused by lack of capital to buy the modern hives and other
bees’ gears as majority of the beekeepers are poor and live in rural areas. This finding
is consistency with the findings by Mmasa, (2007) and Kugonza et al. (2012) who

42
found that lack of appropriate equipment especially improved hives as well as
handling facilities, inappropriate storage facilities, poor packaging, absolute
technology and poor market information limit the production of honey.

But, the findings as indicated in Table 4.5 reveals that 22.5% and 25.0% of
beekeepers disagreed and strongly disagreed on the shortage of beekeeping
equipment supplies can affect honey production in Chato district.

43
 CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS
5.1. Introduction
This chapter presents the discussions of the findings basing on the objectives of the
study. The discussions are organised into four sections where section 5.2 discusses
the chain value of honey map in Chato District, section 5.3 discusses participation
rate of beekeepers in other economic activities, section 5.4 discusses the
contributions of honey income to total households’ income of beekeepers and section
5.5 discusses the factors affecting honey production in Chato District.

5.2. Discussion on the Value chain of Haney in Chato District

The findings revealed that there are six actors in honey value chain in Chato District
namely service supporters, input suppliers, honey producers commonly known as
beekeepers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers.

The service supporters as argued by the beekeepers particularly extension officers

provide training and other services to enable the beekeepers to be in a good position
in producing honey. One beekeeper was asked to indicate the importance of service
supporters on the process of honey production in the area and said that training
expand beekeeping production activities and improve beekeeping products to
different beekeepers. Additionally, in the focus group discussion the beekeepers
pointed out that they get training on colony split, honey bee colony management,
processing, handling and linkage, input utilisation, technical advices and bee forage
development.

On the other side, the study asked the beekeepers on how they started to keep bees,
sources of bees and beekeeping gears as input for beekeeping and who supply the
inputs. The study revealed that the beekeepers started to keep bees by involvement by
neighbors and through encouragement by government, however the sources of bees
were found to be obtained by buying, swarming or capturing, splitting and other got
bees as a gift from their parents. However, the beekeepers said that the government
and non-government organisation are not helping much in distributing bees to
44
beekeepers but they only encourage households to involve in beekeeping activities.
In case of input suppliers the beekeepers said that they get beekeeping gears
particularly beehives from carpenters and other are made by beekeepers themselves.
But, the beehives that are used by the beekeepers are found to be traditional beehives
as argued by majority of the beekeepers and the reason for using traditional beehives
is due to lack capital to buy the improved beehives.

On top of that, the beekeepers themselves argued that they produce honey and at the
same time they process, pack, grade and transport to market although some
beekeepers sell to wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Not less, the beekeepers was
asked to indicate the equipment used in processing of and the reasons for processing.
The beekeepers said that they use centrifuge, honey dehydrator, honey filter, pressure
honey filter, tangential extractor, honey milters and radial extractor. Yet, the reason
for extracting honey as argued by the beekeepers were to get more market prices,
earn other products, consumer preference and make long life of honey.

However, the study reveals that although there are six actors in the chain but the
chain is not followed as required and this is because of poor linkage among them. In
this, the beekeepers argued that there is only one wholesaler in Chato District who
cannot accommodate to buy all the honey produced by the beekeepers. In this,
beekeepers tend to sell the honey directly to retailers and consumers.

Also, the study found that the beekeepers were not aware of the chain value of honey
that can enable them to be able to sell their honey, however the beekeepers said that
even if were able to know the process of honey value chain still the chain cannot be
adopted because of poor market linkage among the actors in Chato District.

5.3. Discussion on the Participation Rate of Beekeepers on Other Economic

Activities
The study found that the beekeepers not only depend on beekeeping in order to earn
their income, however they participate in other income generating activities such as
involving in agriculture, livestock keeping and others are being employed in formal
sectors that help to add income to their households. The findings revealed that 90.0%
participate in agriculture activity, 72.5% in livestock keeping, 42.5% in trade activity
and 5.0% in white-collar employment. Not less, the results revealed that there is a

45
considerable contribution of income of other economic activities to total households’
income of the beekeepers as indicated by the income share in Table 4.4.

To complement with the findings, the study asked the beekeepers the reasons for
participating in other economic activity than relying in beekeeping only and devote
all the resources in that activity so as to produce more honey, but the beekeepers said
that they diversify in other economic activities so as to have many sources of income
and if one fails the other can support. These findings are in line with the findings by
Mmasa (2017) and Gebrekristos (2015) who found that the beekeepers involves in
other activities so as to earn other income.

5.4. Discussion on the Contributions of Honey Income to Total households’

Income
The study found that there is a significance contribution of honey income to total
households’ income of the beekeepers in the study area as indicated by the income
share and the mean income from the sale of honey as shown in Table 4.4. To exhibit
the increase of income by the beekeepers the study asked the beneficiaries on the
uses of the income from the sale of honey and the majority said that they use the
money to buy food, clothes and improve their living standard of life. This finding is
consistent with the findings by Tadesse (2011) who studied on “The value chain and
cost benefit analysis of honey production and its implication on household food
security in Ethiopia” who found that beekeepers confirmed additional food was
purchased from the additional income earned from honey and it was the main reasons
for the increment of meal frequency per day in Ginbo Woreda Southern Ethiopia.

Moreover, the beekeepers uses the money to pay for school necessities to the
children, purchase house appliances, repair their houses, invest in other income
generating activities and save some of the income earned for future uses. These
results are in line with the findings by Ejigu et al. (2009) on the study of “Constraints
and prospects for apiculture research and development in Amhara Region, Ethiopia”
who found that majority of the beekeepers sale their honey and use the income
obtained to purchase livestock, agricultural inputs, food crops and other households
income.

46
5.5. Discussion on the Factors Affecting Honey Production in Chato District.
In the literature there were several factors that affecting honey production in many
areas around the world. However, in the study area the study found that there were
about five compelling factors that affect honey production in Chato District namely
little capital among the beekeepers, weather variation particularly drought, low price
of produced honey, lack of beekeeping extension services and shortage of beekeeping
equipment supplies. But these factors were not the only elements that affect honey
production in Chato District, yet the beekeepers mentioned technical challenges, poor
knowledge in application of herbicides and pesticides, shortage of bee forages, lack
of beehives, death of bee colonies and lack of good market are other factors that
affect the production of honey in Chato District.

The beekeepers argued that due to little capital among them, they use traditional
beehives which yield little production of honey. In this, the beehives that are
particularly used by the beekeepers in Chato District are shown in the picture below:

47
Source: Picture from the Field – Traditional Beehives (2018)

The picture above shows the traditional beehives used by the beekeepers in Chato
district. The beehives used are too local, a situation that limits the large quantity
production of honey. This finding are in line with the finding by Morse (1989) who
found that lack of capital is the limiting factor for purchasing modern beehives to
increase honey production as the standard bee hives which are required to increase
honey production are very expensive to purchase and majority of the beekeepers
cannot afford buying them.

48
On the other hand, the beekeepers argued that the low price of honey is the most
limiting factors in the production of honey in the study area. The low prices offered
to beekeepers was found to be due to selling of unprocessed honey as majority of the
beekeeper do not process their honey because of lack of processing equipment
instead they sell crude honey. However, despite the low prices offered in the sale of
honey the results indicate that honey income contributes a large amount of income to
total households’ income of the beekeepers compared to other economic activities in
the study area.

In the focus group discussion some beekeepers argued that they did not get extension
services from extension officers. They said that, there is only one extension officer at
Chato District who cannot afford to provide extension services to all beekeepers in
Chato District. In this, the production of honey in Chato District was found to be
limited by extension officers to provide technical advice in the beekeeping and
production of honey. This result is in line with the result by Masalu (2007) who found
that inefficient beekeeping extension services are among the most critical problems in
East Africa resulting in low productivity of honey. The beekeepers said that due to
lack of effective beekeeping extension services, goods and services of the beekeepers
sector are still low in quality and quantity.

Not less, drought was mentioned by the beekeepers to be the limiting factor in the
production of honey particularly in the month of June to September where there is
long prolonged of sun rises. However, the beekeepers were asked on how they
manage to keep the bees and produce honey at that period. The beekeepers said that
they feed the bees’ colony. However, they argued that the feeding of bees is not
necessarily during the dry season but also they feed bees the bees are weak, when
colonies affected by diseases, when intended to rear queen and when intended to
transport colony and they are fed by water, sugar, honey, shiro and thehni.

49
 CHAPTER SIX
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1. Introduction
This study wanted to analyse the honey value chain in Chato District whereby the
study intended to map the honey value chain in Chato district, determine the
participation rate of beekeepers in other income generating activities, to find out the

50
contributions of honey income to the total household income and determine the
factors affecting honey production in Chato District.

6.2. Summary of the Findings

6.2.1. Honey Value Chain Map
The findings reveal that there are about six actors in the honey value chain in Chato
district, namely service providers who provide technical advices to beekeepers on all
matters concerning beekeeping and honey production, input suppliers who provide
inputs to beekeepers particularly beehives, honey producers who are the beekeepers
that keep bees and produce honey, wholesalers who buy honey and other bees’
products from beekeepers, retailers who buy honey from wholesalers and sometimes
they buy directly to beekeepers. The last actor in the honey value chain is consumer
who buys honey from retailers but in some circumstances they buy honey directly
from beekeepers. These actors are key connectors in the whole process of producing
honey up to the sales of honey, however there is no linkage among these actors in
Chato District.

6.2.2. Participation Rates in Other Income Generating Activities

It was also found that beekeepers engage in other income generating activities rather
than relying only on beekeeping. These activities include agriculture, livestock
keeping, trade and some are being employed in white collar jobs. Additionally,
agricultural activity was found to be undertaken by the majority of the beekeepers in
the study area. Moreover, these activities were found to contribute to total
households’ income of the beekeepers as indicated in Table 4.4.

6.2.3. Contribution of Honey Income to Total Households’ Income

The study further found that there is increase in income resulted from beekeeping as
indicated in Table 4.4. The increased income was exhibited by increases in spending
on various things by the beekeepers and the contribution of other sources of income
to total households’ income. Notwithstanding, beekeeping activity was found to
contribute a large income share compared to all other activities carried out by
beekeepers in the study area.

51
6.2.4. Factors Affecting Honey Production in the Study Area
The results as described in chapter four indicated that the major factors affecting
honey production in Chato District were found to be little capital, lack of beekeeping
extension service, shortage of beekeeping equipment supplies, variation on weather
and lack of low price of produced honey. However, these were not only the factors
that affect honey production but the beekeepers mentioned technical challenges, poor
knowledge in application of herbicides and pesticides, shortage of bee forages, lack
of beehives, death of bee colonies and lack of good market are other factors that
affect the production of honey in Chato District.

6.3. Conclusion
Honey value chain is important as source of food, income and employment for value
chain actors. Beekeeping plays a role in increasing and diversifying households’
incomes to beekeepers from their own honeybee production. However, at the farm
level beekeepers are faced with challenges such as lack of modern beehives, modern
processing and packaging equipment and price fluctuation. On the other hand, lack of
market linkage between producers, traders, processors and retailers are the major
problems related to adulteration of honey. Then, these challenges need to be
mitigated in order to increase the production of honey as well as to increase the sales
of honey that will increase the income of the beekeepers.

6.4. Recommendations of the Study

The study has unveiled the importance and challenges on the whole process of honey
value chain based on the specific objectives of the study. Thus, study points out the
recommendations based on the challenges on the honey value chain and these
recommendations are as follows:

i. As the study found that there is the use of traditional beekeeping gears which
results in low production of honey, then more efforts are needed in providing
and distributing improved beekeeping equipment so as to increase the
production of honey.

ii. The findings also show that there is a challenge of honey marketing as there is
poor market linkage among the actors in the chain. Then, efforts are needed to

52
 make sure that the actors in the honey value chain perform their functions
accordingly.

iii. The study also recommends that, the government should insist the extension
officers to reach the beekeepers to provide trading and identify the limiting
factors facing the beekeepers so to take initiative in assisting the farmers.

iv. There is an insistence on farmers to participate in various economic activities

particularly in agricultural activities as the backbone of our economy. By this,
the government should focus on providing beekeeping equipment and
extension services to the beekeepers so as encourage them to increase the
production of honey.

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APPENDICES
Appendix I: Questionnaires for Beekeepers
I Juma Yusuph Ally, a student at Mzumbe University in Mwanza Campus
conducting a research on “Analysis of honey value chain and its contributions to
household’s income in Chato District, Tanzania. I am humbly asking you to
59
participate in answering the questions provided in the study. Meanwhile, you are
assured that the information you provide are solely for academic reasons and all your
responses will remain confidential. I will be extremely grateful if you agree to
collaborate with me and give some time to answer a set of questions I have. Thank
you in advance!

Part 1: Basic Households Information

1. Gender of the Respondent
a) Male …. …. … … … 1
b) Female …. …. … … … 2
2. Age of the respondents in years
a) Below 18 Years …. … … … 1
b) 18 – 35 Years …. … … … 2
c) 36 – 45 Years …. … … … 3
d) 46 – 55 Yeas … … … … 4
3. Education status of the respondent
a) Illiterate … … … … 1
b) Primary Education … … … … 2
c) Ordinary Secondary Education … … 3
d) Advanced Secondary Education … … 4
e) Diploma … … 5
f) Bachelor Degree … … 6
g) Master’s Degree … … 7
h) PhD … … 8
i) Others, Specify … … 9
4. Marital Status
a) Single … … … 1
b) Married … … … 2
c) Widowed … … … 3
d) Divorce …. …. … 4
e) Others Specify …. …. … 5
Part II: Beekeeping Activities
5. Do you keep honeybees?
a) Yes … … … … … 1
b) No … … … … … 2
6. If yes in question 5, what is your experience in beekeeping?
a) Less than 1 Year …. …. … … 1
b) 1 – 2 Years … …. … … 2
c) 3 – 5 Years … …. … … 3
d) 6 – 10 Years … … … … 4
e) Above than 10 Years … … … … 5
7. How do you start beekeeping and source of bees?
a) Gift from parents … … … 1
b) Buying … … … 2
c) Swarming or Capturing …. … … 3
60
 d) Splitting …. …. … 4
e) Others, Specify … … … 5
8. What are the major inputs used in your beekeeping activities?
a) Traditional beehives … … … … 1
b) Modern beehives … … … … 2
c) Bee Colony … … … … 3
d) Beeswax … … … … 4
e) Honey bee forage … … … … 5
f) Processing Equipment … … … 6
g) Others Specify…. …. … …. 7
9. Where do you obtain these inputs?.....................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
10. How many number of beehives do you have?
a) 1 – 5 Beehives … … … 1
b) 6 – 10 Beehives … … … 2
c) 11 – 15 Beehives … … … 3
d) 16 – 20 Beehives … … … 4
e) Above 20 Beehives … … … 5
11. Where did you keep your bee colonies?
a) Backyard … … … … 1
b) Under the eaves of the house … … … 2
c) Inside the house … … … 3
d) Hanging on trees near homestead … … 4
e) Hanging on trees in forest … … 5
f) Others, Specify … … … 6
12. What criteria do you follow to select beehive site?
a) Availability of flora … … … … 1
b) Free of pesticides and herbicides … … 2
c) Road availability … … … 3
d) Easy access to management … … … 4
e) Others, Specify … … … … 5
13. Do you give supplementary food to your bee colonies?
a) Yes … … … … … … 1
b) No … … … … … … 2
14. If yes in question 12, when do you feed bee colonies?
a) During dry season … … … … 1
b) When the bees are weak … … … 2
c) When the colony affected by diseases … 3
d) When you intend to rear queen … 4
e) When you intend to transport colony … … 5
f) Others, Specify … … … 6
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15. If yes in question 12, what are the supplementary food given to be colony?
a) Sugar … … … … … 1
b) Honey … … … … … 2
c) Shiro … … … … … 3
d) Thehni (Barley flour soaked in water) … 4
e) Others, Specify … … … … 5
16. Did you ever get beekeeping training?
a) Yes … …. …. …. … … 1
b) No … … … …. … … 2
17. If yes in question 16, from where did you have the training?
a) Research center … … … … 1
b) Agricultural and rural development … … 2
c) Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) … 3
d) Any other (specify) … …. …. … 4
18. If yes in question 16, on what area did you get training? You can choose even
more than one answer.
a) Colony split … … … … … 1
b) Honey bee colony management … … 2
c) Processing, handling and storage … … 3
d) Market information and linkage …. … 4
e) Input utilisation … … … … 5
f) Bee forage development ... … … 6
g) Others, specify … … … … 7
19. How often do you get extension services on beekeeping?
a) Monthly … …. …. …. …. 1
b) Weekly … … … …. …. 2
c) Rarely … …. …. …. …. 3
d) Daily … …. …. …. … 4
e) Never …. …. …. …. …. 5
20. What are the amount of honey you are harvesting?
a) 0 – 10 Liters …. … … … … 1
b) 11 – 20 Liters …. … … … … 2
c) 21 – 30 Liters … … … … … 3
d) 31 – 40 Liters … … … … … 4
e) 41 – 50 Liters … … … … … 5
f) 51 – 60 Liters … … … … … 6
g) Above 60 Liters … … … … 7
21. Do you process your honey?
a) Yes … … … … … … 1
b) No …. … … … … … 2
22. If yes in question 21, what equipment do you use for processing? You can opt
to choose even more than one answer.
a) Centrifuge … … … … … 1
b) Honey dehydrator … … 2
c) Honey filter … … 3
d) Pressure honey filter … … 4
e) Radial extractors … … 5
f) Tangential extractors … … 6
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 g) Honey milters … … 7
23. If yes in question 21, why do you decide to process? You can choose even
more answers.
a) To get more market prices … …. … 1
b) To earn other products … … … 2
c) No market for honey comb … … … 3
d) Consumer preference … … … … 4
e) To make long life … … … … 5
f) Others specify … … … … … 6
24. If no in question 22, why?You can choose even more answers.
a) No market for extracted honey … … 1
b) Does not increase marketprice … … 2
c) Lack of knowledge … … … … 3
d) Consumers prefer honey comb … … 4
e) Lack of materials … … … … 5
f) Other, Specify … … … … … 6
Part III: Market
25. Do you get honey marketing information?
a) Yes … … … … … … 1
b) No … … … … … … 2
26. How often did you get technical advices on marketing by extension?
a) Monthly … … … … … 1
b) Weekly … …. … … … 2
c) Daily … …. … … … 3
d) None of the above …. … … … 4
27. Do you sell your honey?
a) Yes … … … … … … 1
b) No … … … … … … 2
28. If yes in question 27, for who do you sell your honey and at what price?
a) Wholesalers … … … … 1
b) Retailers … … … … 2
c) Consumers … … … … 3
d) Exports … … … … 4
29. What are the factors that govern the prices of the honey in your locality?
a) Season of the year … …. … … … 1
b) Color and taste of the honey … …. …. … 2
c) Distances from the market … … … … 3
d) Others, Specify … … … … 4
30. What are your futures plans on honey production?
a) Expand production … … …. … … 1
b) Reduce production … … …. …. … 2
c) Cease production … … …. … … 3
d) Continue producing the same … ….. …. … 4
31. What problem does face on the market during sale your honey?
a) Consumers lack of confidences with adulteration … 1
b) Price variation … … …. … … 2
c) Other, Specify …. … … …. … 3
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 32. How do you evaluate the local market price, demand and supply along the year?
Local Months
No
Market J F M A M J J A S O N D
PRICE
High
1
Medium
Low
DEMAND
High
2
Medium
Low
SUPPLY
High
3
Medium
Low

33. What are the costs of producing honey from purchasing beehives up to
harvesting?
a) Below 100,000 … … … … 1
b) 100,000 – 500,000 … … … … 2
c) 600,000 – 1,000,000 … … … … 3
d) 1,100,000 – 1,500,000 … … … … 4
e) Above 1,500,000 … … … … 5
34. What is the annual return of honey?
a) 100,000 - 500,000 … … … … 1
b) 600,000 – 1,000,000 … … … … 2
c) 1,000,000 – 1,500,000 … … … … 3
d) 1,600,000 – 2,000,000 … … … … 4
e) Above 2,500,000 … … … … 5

Part IV: Other Household Income

35. What are other main source of income?
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 a) Selling crops … … … … … 1
b) Selling domestic animals … … … … 2
c) Employed …. … … … 3

36. What are the other source of Head of Household’s income

Source of income Amount sold Money
(bags/kg/no/litres) obtained
(Tsh./salary)
Beekeeping employment
{1}Honey
{2}Beeswax
{3}Propolis
{4}Royal jelly
Sub-total (Beekeeping employment)
Sales of crop (Farm employment)
{1} Rice
{2} Coffee
{3} Cash crops specify……
Sub-total (crop)
Livestock sales (Farm employment)
{1} Cattle
{2} Goat/sheep
{3} Chicken/poultry
{4} Milk
Sub-total (livestock)
(Formal employment)
{1} formal sector eg.Government
{2} Non-governmental Organisation
(NGO)
{3} Private sector
Sub-total (Formal employment)
(Remittances)
Sub-total (Remittances)
(Income from other sources)
{1} Rental
{2}Dividend
{3}Fixed account
Sub-total (Income from other sources)
GRAND TOTAL

37. How do you use the income earned from the sale of honey
a) Consumption on food …. …. …. 1
b) Meeting school expenses …. …. …. 2
c) Purchasing house appliances …. …. …. 3
d) House repairing …. …. … 4
e) Investing in other activities …. …. … 5
f) Saving some of the money …. …. …. 6

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Appendix II: Questionnaires for Input Supplier
1. Gender of the Respondent
a) Male …. …. … … … 1
b) Female …. …. … … … 2
2. Age of the respondents in years
a) 18 – 35 Years …. … … … 1
b) 36 – 45 Years …. … … … 2
c) 46 – 55 Yeas … … … … 3
3. Education status of the respondent
a) Primary Education … … … … 1
b) Ordinary Secondary Education … … 2
c) Advanced Secondary Education … … 3
d) Diploma … … 4
e) Bachelor Degree … … 5
f) Master’s Degree … … 6
g) PhD … … 7
4. Types of input suppliers
a) Carpentry … … 1
b) Government … … 2
c) Non-government organisation … … 3
5. How long have you been an input suppliers?
a) Less than 1 Year …. … … … 1
b) 1 – 3 Years … … … … 2
c) 4 – 6 Years … … … … 3
d) 7 – 9 Years …. … … … 4
e) 10 and Above Years …. … … … 5

Appendix III: Questionnaires for Processors

1. Gender of the Respondent
a) Male …. …. … … … 1
b) Female …. …. … … … 2
2. Age of the respondents in years
66
 a) 18 – 35 Years …. … … … 1
b) 36 – 45 Years …. … … … 2
c) 46 – 55 Yeas … … … … 3
3. Education status of the respondent
a) Primary Education … … … … 1
b) Ordinary Secondary Education … … 2
c) Advanced Secondary Education … … 3
d) Diploma … … 4
e) Bachelor Degree … … 5
f) Master’s Degree … … 6
g) PhD … … 7
4. How long have you been in honey business?
a) Less than 1 Year …. … … … 1
b) 1 – 3 Years … … … … 2
c) 4 – 6 Years … … … … 3
d) 7 – 9 Years …. … … … 4
e) 10 and Above Years …. … … … 5
5. In what form do you purchase your honey feed stock?
a) Comb honey … … … … 1
b) Pressed honey (Liquid honey)… … … 2

Appendix IV: Questionnaires for Retailers

1. Gender of the Respondent
a) Male …. …. … … … 1
b) Female …. …. … … … 2
2. Age of the respondents in years
a) 18 – 35 Years …. … … … 1
b) 36 – 45 Years …. … … … 2
c) 46 – 55 Yeas … … … … 3
3. Education status of the respondent
a) Primary Education … … … … 1
b) Ordinary Secondary Education … … 2
67
 c) Advanced Secondary Education … … 3
d) Diploma … … 4
e) Bachelor Degree … … 5
f) Master’s Degree … … 6
g) PhD … … 7
Appendix V: Questionnaires for Consumers
1. Gender of the Respondent
a) Male …. …. … … … 1
b) Female …. …. … … … 2
2. Age of the respondents in years
a) Below 18 Years … … … 1
b) 18 – 35 Years …. … … … 2
c) 36 – 45 Years …. … … … 3
d) 46 – 55 Yeas … … … … 4
3. Education status of the respondent
a) Primary Education … … … … 1
b) Ordinary Secondary Education … … 2
c) Advanced Secondary Education … … 3
d) Diploma … … 4
e) Bachelor Degree … … 5
f) Master’s Degree … … 6
g) PhD … … 7

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