CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the Study

The Philippines is known to be a megabiodiversity hotspot. The high endemic

diversity of the country is attributed to its ideal climatic conditions (Catibog-Sinha &
Heaney, 2006). Unfortunately, the country is also listed as one of the most threatened
ecosystems in the planet due to excessive extraction of resources and degradation or loss
of habitats. While numerous efforts have been done to document its biodiversity, less
attention is given to microorganisms, particularly the basidiomycetes including
mushrooms, puffballs, jelly fungi, smuts, rusts etc. Most species are terrestrial, but some
are aquatic. They are saprobic or symbiotic (e.g. rusts, smuts, lichens, ectomycorrhizal
fungi) (Alexopoulos, Mims & Blackwell, 1996; Kendrick, 2000; Deacon, 2006; Webster
& Weber, 2007). For many of these fungi, they form symbiotic relationships with plants
and animals (Claridge et al., 1996). They are also important in ecosystems as they are
involved in the decomposition process that allows recycling of nutrients. Mushrooms are
also known to have a broad range of uses as food and medicine (Chang & Miles, 1987;
2004).

While mushrooms are known for the their economic importance and ecological
role, few studies on this group have been conducted in the Philippines. The few studies
were done were mostly in Luzon done by Quimio and Capilit (1981), Tadiosa et al.
(2011), Tadiosa et al., (2005), Tadiosa & Briones (2013), Tadiosa and De Leon et al.
(2013) while De La Cruz (2014) did a survey in Mindoro. Interestingly none was
reported so far for the Visayas, particularly in Alimodian, Iloilo.

Alimodian as one of the municipality in the Philippines located in Western

Visayas is known for its lush vegetation, thick jungle forest, diverse wildlife and plants. It
has a total land area of 14,482 hectares. Majority of the total land area is devoted to
agriculture while a high percentage consists the forestlands that may offer a potential site
for examination of this group of microorganisms.

1
1.1 Statement of the Problem
The absence of data on the occurrence of basidiomycetes from the Visayas region
promted the conduct of this study. There is an urgent need to assess their status of
diversity as well as their role in the ecosystem at the local level. Thus, the need for the
present study.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

This study generally aimed to determine the diversity and community structure of
basidiomycetes found in Alimodian, Iloilo. Specifically, it aimed to a) describe, b)
identify; c) classify the species collected; and d) determine species diversity.

1.3 Significance of the Study

This study is directed towards the goal of documenting the basidiomycetes in two
sites in Alimodian, Iloilo focusing primarily those found on forest floor. It is also
important in determining if the diversity of basidiomycetes has been affected by human
activities. In addition, additional information will be provided for this group of organisms
for the country and locally raise the awareness of the people for their appreciation leading
towards their protection and proper utilization.

1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study is only limited to a single collection during the rainy season in Brgy.
Bugang and Brgy. Taban-Manguining.

2
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 Macrofungi from the Philippines

Among the country’s fungal species, only about 4,698 species belonging to 1,031 genera
are currently known or described (Quimio, 2002). Majority of the related taxonomic
works for macrofungi in the Philippines focused on the general descriptions of the
Basidiomycetes (Musngi et al. 2005). Recent publications by Tadiosa et al. (2007, 2011)
on the macrofungi collected from different decaying woods from Mt. Cuenca in Batangas
and Bazal – Bauso Watershed in Aurora updated the estimated list of 3,956 species and
818 genera of different fungal diversity in the Philippines. Furthermore, nine species of
Tricholomataceae, three species of Coprinaceae, two species of Pluteaceae and one
species of Auriculariaceae were documented by Daep & Cajuday (2003) in Mt. Malinao,
Albay. Also, Biadnes & Tangonan (2003) assessed the basidiomycetous fungi in Mt. Apo
in Mindanao and noted a total of 87 species representing 25 genera. In Mt. Makiling,
Laguna, Quimio (1996) surveyed the Agaricales. Musngi et al. (2005) also described four
species of Auricularia from the campus of Central Luzon State University in Muñoz,
Nueva Ecija. In addition, Sibounnavong et al. (2008) reported 8 species of macrofungi in
Puncan, Carranglan.

Similar studies on the uses of mushrooms are beginning to manifest in the country. An
ethnomycological study conducted by de Leon et al. (2012) on the macrofungi utilized by
the Aeta communities of Central Luzon explained that certain macrofungi influenced
practices in the community, either through medicine, consumption, religion and art. In the
study of Tayamen et al. (2004), six edible mushrooms were also recognized by the Aeta
communities in Mount Nagpale in Abucay, Bataan. However, many of the traditional
knowledge of our indigenous people remained undocumented, particularly on their
utilization and social beliefs pertaining to mushrooms.

3
 CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.0 Description of the Study Area

Alimodian is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Iloilo, Philippines
(10°49’17’’ N-122° 25’ 52’’).Geographically, it is located on the southwest portion of the
Iloilo province. It is a central town among the municipalities bordering the province of
Antique. The town is bounded on the north by the Antique province: on the east by the
Municipalities of Maasin and Cabatuan : on the south by the Municipality of San Miguel:
and on the west by Municipality of Leon. According to the 2017 census, it has a
population of 40,176 people. It has a total land area of 14,482 hectares, making up 2.89
% of the provincial land area of Iloilo. It has some rugged terrains, as well as ample flat
lands for agriculture while a high percentage consist of forestlands. The study was
conducted in the Barangay Bugang Alimodian,Iloilo (10°54’10.81’ N-122°21’13.48’E)
and Barangay Taban-Manguining Alimodian, Iloilo. Barangay Bugang is one of the 51
barangays in the Municipality of Alimodian. It is located in District 7 barangay and on
the northern central part of the municipality. It is bounded on the north by Barangay
Bagsakan; Forest Reserve on the east; Barangay Tarug on the south; and Barangay
Cabacanan proper on the west. It is 21 kilometers from the Poblacion and has a total land
area of 1 669 051 sq.m. Barangay Taban- Manguining is nearly located at the Agony
Hill(10°48’443’’ N- 122°26’16’’E), in which this site is rich in different kinds of trees
and shrubs. It is located in District 1 cluster barangays and on the eastern part of the
municipality. It is bounded on the north by Barangays Ban-ag,Coline, and Coline-Dalag;
on the south by Aganan River which is in Barangay Poblacion; on the west by Barangay
Bulod and on the east by Barangay Sinamay. It has a total land area of 1,988,174 sq.m.

4
Figure 1. Map of Western Visayas showing the location of Alimodian,Iloilo

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimodian,_Iloilo#/media/File:Ph_locator_iloilo_ali
modian.png

Figure 2. Location of the two sampling sites in Alimodian,Iloilo

5
Source : http://dreamcatcherrye.blogspot.com/2012/10/alimodian-barangay-agsing.html

3.1 Collection of field specimens

In this research study, all visible basidiomycetes on soil, dead woods (i.e., logs,
barks or twigs) and leaf litter encountered within the sampling points were collected
randomly and placed on a collection basket together with their substrate. A knife were
used to remove the specimens from their substrates. The woody macrofungi were placed
in a collection basket while the fleshy macrofungi were initially stored in separate air-
tight vials or bottles to prevent deterioration of the specimens. Photos of the specimens in
their natural habitat were also taken. All collected specimens were then transported to a
nearby shed for preliminary processing before being transported to the laboratory.

Figure 3. Collection of specimens Figure 4. Woody macrofungi placed in

using a knife a collection basket

Figure 5. Fleshy macrofungi placed in Figure 6. Sample of specimen in its

a bottle natural habitat

6
 (Photos were taken by the researchers.)
3.2 Preservation and preparation of herbarium specimens

All collected samples were preserved or prepared as herbarium specimens. For

bracket and woody macrofungi, these were air dried only. After drying, the specimens
were then placed in herbarium boxes and kept in a Ziploc plastic bag with silica gel to
prevent moisture and mold formation. For fleshy and jelly macrofungi, specimens were
placed in small plastic containers or vials with 70% ethanol for preservation. All
macrofungal specimens were labeled with the specimen code, date and place of
collection, and substrate. The collected macrofungi were deposited at the Alimodian
NCHS Science Laboratory.

Figure 7. Woody and bracket Figure 8.Bracket and woody fungi

macrofungi dried in a collection basket placed in Ziploc plastic bag

Figure 9. Fleshy and jelly macrofungi Figure 10. Woody and bracket
placed in bottles with 70% ethanol macrofungi dried in a collection basket

7
 (Photos were taken by the researchers)

3.3 Characterization and identification of basidiomycetes

Morphological characterization. Preliminary identification of the specimens were

based on their morphological characters. The collected species were identified with the
help of Dr. Resurreccion Sadaba, a certified mycologist. Detailed descriptions of each of
the collected sample were made on based on morphological characteristics as follows:
substrate type, description of pileus (diameter, shape, apex, surface, color, peeling, and
margin), description of lamellae (gills, attachment, arrangement) and description of stipe
(color, height, width, shape, attachment to cap, surface, annulus, attachment to substrate
and volva) following modifications of the data sheets developed by Leonard (2010).

Figure 11. Examining the lamellae using the Figure 12. Measuring the pileus
tweezer

(Photos were taken by the researchers)

3.4 Computation of Shannon Index of Diversity

Diversity of basidiomycetes was computed using the Shannon Index of
Diversity. The formula is given below:
s
H = ∑ - (Pi * ln Pi)
i=1
where:

8
H = the Shannon diversity index
Pi = fraction of the entire population made up of species i
S = numbers of species encountered
∑ = sum from species 1 to species S

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 364 numbers of fungi were collected during this study representing
some 12 species, 10 genera, and 8 families. Most of the collected specimens were
classified under Family Polyporaceae (Table 1). The macrofungi that were observed in
rotten twigs, logs, and branches were mostly solitary to gregarious and few are
resupinate. This results is also consistent with report of Arenas et al. (2018).
Among the species collected, Shizophyllum commune recorded the highest
number of collections and was present in both collection sites (Tables 2-4).

Table 1. Overall List of species collected in Alimodian, Iloilo ( August 2018)

Family
1 AGARICACEAE Leucocoprinus cf. sp.
2 AURICULARIACEAE Auricularia sp. 1
3 FOMITOPSIDACEAE Laetiporus sp. 1
4 GANODERMATACEAE Ganoderma applanatum
Ganoderma lucidum
5 LYPHOPHYLLACEAE Termitomyces sp.
6 POLYPORACEAE Pycnoporus sanguineus
Hexagonia sp. 1
Hexagonia tenuis
7 RUSULACEAE Rusula cf. nigricans
Lactarius cf. sp.
8 SCHIZOPHYLLACEAE Schizophyllum commune

9
Table 2. Overall Frequency of occurrence of species collected in Alimodian, Iloilo
(August 2018)
Total Freq. of Occurrence
Collections (%)
1 Schizophyllum commune 191 52.5
2 Laetiporus sp. 1 40 11.0
3 Rusula cf. nigricans 35 9.6
4 Auricularia sp. 1 28 7.7
5 Termitomyces sp. 22 6.0
6 Lactaria cf. sp. (Agaric sp.2) 20 5.5
7 Ganoderma applanatum 14 3.8
8 Pycnoporus sanguineus 7 1.9
9 Ganoderma lucidum 3 0.8
10 Hexagonia sp. 1 2 0.5
11 Hexagonia tenuis 1 0.3
12 Leucocoprinus cf. sp. (Agaric sp.3) 1 0.3
Total 364

Table 3. Distribution of basidiomycetes collected from various sites in Alimodian, Iloilo,

Philippines. (August 2018)
Freq. of
Bugan Total
g
Agony Hill
Collections
Occurrence
(%)
1 Schizophyllum commune 85 106 191 52.5
2 Laetiporus sp. 1 0 40 40 11
3 Rusula cf. nigricans 35 0 35 9.6
4 Auricularia sp. 1 0 28 28 7.7
5 Termitomyces sp. 0 22 22 6
Lactaria cf. sp. (Agaric
6 20 0 20 5.5
sp.2)
7 Ganoderma applanatum 7 7 14 3.8
8 Pycnoporus sanguineus 0 7 7 1.9
9 Ganoderma lucidum 3 3 0.8
1
Hexagonia sp. 1 0 2 2 0.5
0
1
Hexagonia tenuis 0 1 1 0.3
1
1 Leucocoprinus cf. sp.
2
0 1 1 0.3
(Agaric sp.3)
364

10
Table 4. Comparison of occurrences of basidiomycetes collected from two sites in
Alimodian, Iloilo, Philippines.

Agony Freq. of Occurrence (%)

Bugang
Hill by site
1 Schizophyllum commune 1 1 100
2 Ganoderma applanatum 1 1 100
3 Laetiporus sp. 1 0 1 50
4 Rusula cf. nigricans 1 0 50
5 Auricularia sp. 1 0 1 50
6 Termitomyces sp. 0 1 50
7 Lactaria cf. sp. (Agaric sp.2) 1 0 50
8 Pycnoporus sanguineus 0 1 50
9 Ganoderma lucidum 1 50
10 Hexagonia sp. 1 0 1 50
11 Hexagonia tenuis 0 1 50
Leucocoprinus cf. sp. (Agaric
12 0 1 50
sp.3)

Table 5. Comparison of species diversity (H’) and Eveness Index (J’) of the two sites in
Alimodian, Iloilo, Philippines.

Site 1: Barangay Bugang Site 2 :Agony Hill

Shannon Index of Diversity (H’) 0.47 0.60
Pielou’s Evenness Index (J’) 0.49 0.63

11
 DISCUSSION

The dominance of family Polyporaceae at the two sites is viable because the tree
species in the area is diverse and most of them are native species such that more wood-
rotting macrofungi can be seen in the forested area. A study in the tree and macrofungal
species revealed that the presence of tree, is positively correlated with fungal diversity
(Kuo 2011). In fact, in the study of Marzuki (Pradhan et al, 2011) 19 species of
macrofungi were documented in a wood substrate which is distributed in the different
designated stations. However, in general there is low diversity and evenness of
distribution of species in the two sites that could be a result of the single sampling only
(Table 5).

Plant host specificity of wood rotting fungi has great effect on the distribution of
macrofungal species in the forest (Lodge et al.,2004). The host specificity is also evident
in the result of the study of Pradhan (Jang and Hur 2014) showing macrofungal
specificity in terms of habitat such as natural forest, plantation forest, and villages.
Understanding the distribution of species in the habitat is important in the assessment of
species in a particular place and time.

12
 Schizophyllum commune Fr.
English name : Splitgill mushroom

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Agaricales
Family Schizophyllaceae
Genus Schizophyllum
Species S. commune

(Photos were taken by the researchers)

Description:

Ecology: Saprobic on dead wood or occasionally parasitic on living wood; growing alone
or, more frequently, gregariously to clustered; on decaying hardwood sticks and logs

13
Figure 13. Schizophyllum commune
(even on planks and boards); year-round (it survives by shriveling up and waiting for
more moisture); widely distributed in North America and throughout the world.

Fruiting Body: 1-5 cm wide; fan-shaped when attached to the side of the log; irregular to
shell-shaped when attached above or below; upper surface covered with small hairs, dry,
white to grayish or tan; under surface composed of gill-like folds that are split down the
middle (see illustrations), whitish to grayish; without a stem; flesh tough, leathery, pallid.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-4 x 1-1.5 µ (sometimes reported as larger: 5.5-7 x 2-2.5
µ); cylindrical to elliptical; smooth. Cystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis of elements 3-6 µ
wide. Clamp connections present.

Reference : https://www.mushroomexpert.com/schizophyllum_commune.htm

Ganoderma applanataum (Pers.)Pat

English name :Artist’s bracket, Artist’s conk, Bear bread

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Polyporales
Family Ganodermataceae
Genus Ganoderma
Species G.applanatum

14
Figure 14. Ganoderma applanatum
 (Photos were taken by the researchers)

Description:

Ecology: Saprobic and sometimes parasitic; growing alone or in groups on decaying logs
and stumps, or from the wounds of injured, living (for a while, anyway) trees; producing
a white to straw-colored rot of sapwood and heartwood; found on most species of
hardwoods and on many conifers; perennial; common and very widely distributed in
North America.

Cap: 5-75 cm (!) across; more or less fan-shaped, semicircular, or irregular; with a dull,
unvarnished outer crust; often furrowed in "zones"; brownish to grayish brown.

Pore Surface: White, becoming dirty yellowish or dingy brownish to olive in age;
bruising brown; with 4-6 tiny (nearly invisible to the naked eye) circular pores per mm;
tubes in layers (a new layer is added each year), separated by brown tissue, with each
layer 4-12 mm deep.

Stem: Usually absent; if present, lateral and stubby.

Flesh: Brown to cinnamon brown (rarely whitish); very tough.

Chemical Reactions: Flesh and tubes black with KOH.

Spore Print: Brown or reddish brown.

15
Microscopic Features: Spores 8-12 x 6.5-8 µ; more or less elliptical, with a truncated
end; appearing smooth at lower magnifications, but with oil immersion appearing double-
walled, with a series of "pillars" between the walls; inamyloid. Cystidia and setae absent.
Hyphal system trimitic.

Reference : https://www.mushroomexpert.com/ganoderma_applanatum.html

Laetiporus (Bull.) Murrill

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Polyporales
Family Fomitopsidaeceae
Genus Laetiporus
Species Laetiporus sp.1

Figure 15. Laetiporus sp.1

Laetiporus sp.1
(Photos were taken by the researchers)

Description :

Ecology : Relatively small group of soft-fleshed polypores that lack stems and, in all but
one species and one variety, demonstrate bright orange to yellow colors. Most of the
species, together, are commonly referred to as "chicken of the woods" mushrooms, and

16
they cause a brown rot of the wood of both conifers and hardwoods (depending on the
species). They are parasites and saprobes, apparently able to play either ecological role.

Fruiting body : some species are "butt rot" species that occur in rosettes at the bases of
trees, while others are heart rot species that usually occur in shelving clusters above the
ground (or sometimes in rosettes when growing on the tops of fallen logs).

Microscopic features :generally similar for most North American species of Laetiporus,
which all have inamyloid, ellipsoid spores and dimitic, clampless hyphal
systems. Laetiporus cincinnatus has small spores and can be separated from
confusing Laetiporus sulphureus specimens with reference to spore size, but microscopic
analysis is generally not required for Laetiporus identification.

Reference: https://www.mushroomexpert.com/laetiporus.html#key

Russula nigricans (Bull.) Fr.

English name : Blackening brittlegill

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Russulales
Family Russulaceae
Genus Russula
Species R. nigricans

Figure 16. Russula nigricans

17
 (Photos were taken by the researchers)

Description:

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods or conifers; growing alone, scattered, or

gregariously; summer and fall (and over winter in warm climates); widely distributed in
North America.

Cap: 5-20 cm; broadly convex when young, later flat with a central depression, or
shallowly vase-shaped; dry; more or less smooth, but with a waxy feel; initially whitish
but soon discoloring to brownish, ashy gray, or brown (eventually almost black); the
margin not lined; the skin not peeling easily.

Gills: Attached or running very slightly down the stem; thick; distant or nearly so; white
to cream; bruising and discoloring slowly reddish, then grayish to blackish.

Stem: 3-8 cm long; 1-4 cm thick; whitish at first, but soon darkening like the cap;
bruising reddish, then blackish over the course of as much as half an hour; fairly smooth.

Flesh: White; hard; bruising promptly or slowly reddish on exposure, then blackish over
the course of as much as half an hour or more.

Odor and Taste: Odor slightly fragrant, somewhat unpleasant, or not distinctive; taste
mild, slightly acrid, or acrid.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative. Iron salts on stem surface negative
to weakly grayish.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-11 x 6-9 µ; widely elliptical to subglobose; with

ornamentation under 1 µ high, connectors forming partially to completely reticulate
areas. Pileipellis 20-150 µ thick; cutis-like, with horizontal elements, tightly interwoven;
in KOH "with globules of brown pigment giving them the appearance of transparent
intestines" (Roberts, 2008); not embedded in a gelatinous matrix; pileocystidia absent.

18
Reference : https://www.mushroomexpert.com/russula_dissimulans.html

Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.)Wettst

English name : Jew’s ear, Jelly ear fungus, Wood ear

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Auriculariales
Family Auriculariaceae
Genus Auricularia
Species A.auricuala-judae

(Photos were taken by the researchers)

Figure 17. Auricularia auricula-judae

Description:

Ecology: Saprobic on decaying hardwood sticks, logs, and stumps; spring, summer, and
fall; distribution in North America uncertain, since the species has previously been folded
in with others as "auricula" or "auricula-judae."

Fruiting Body: Wavy and irregular; often more or less ear-shaped but sometimes oval,
elliptical, fan-shaped, cup-shaped, or irregular in outline; 2–5 cm across; thin; usually
gathered together and attached at a central or lateral position; upper, fertile surface brown
to reddish brown, bald, sometimes wrinkled in places; lower, sterile surface finely hairy
when fresh and young, creating a whitish bloom over the brown to reddish brown

19
surface; flesh thin, gelatinous-rubbery; entire fruiting body becoming hard and black
when dried out.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 12–14 x 4–5.5 µm; allantoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH.
Basidia 65–75 x 4–5 µm; cylindric; filled with semi-refractive oil droplets; transversely
3-septate; difficult to isolate in a mount due to a gelatinous matrix; sterigmata difficult to
locate. Flesh composed of scattered, poorly defined, gelatinized hyphae 2–3 µm wide;
medullary zone not differentiated. Abhymenial surface with projecting hyaline hairs 40–
125 x 7.5–12.5 µm; cylindric-fusiform; walls 2–3 µm thick; smooth; hyaline to golden in
KOH.

Reference : https://www.mushroomexpert.com/auricularia_americana.html

Termitomyces (R.Heim)

s Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Agaricales
Family Lyophyllaceae
Genus Termitomyces
Species Termitomyces sp.1

20
 (Photos were taken by the researchers)
Figure 18. Termitomyces sp.1

Description :

Ecology: Termitomyces mycelium grows on comb like structures made from faecal
pellets. These pellets are made of digested plant material passed quickly through the
termite gut. After some weeks the plant material is degraded so much by the fungus, that
it is palatable to the termites.

Fruiting body : pinkish spores, the termite association and the subterranean elongation
of the stipe called a pseudorhiza,through which the fruitbodies of most species are
connected to the comb in the termite nest. Further more, most of the species have a
pronounces umbo or papilla called a perforatorium, which is thought to play role during
the penetration of the soil.

References ; http://www.mycokey.com/BurkinaFaso/Termitomyces.htm

Pycnoporus sanguineus (Jacq.)P.Karst.

English name : Cinnabar bracket

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Polyporales
Family Polyporaceae
Genus Pycnoporus
Species P. sanguineus

21
 (Photos were taken by the researchers)

Description :
Figure 19. Pycnoporus sanguineus
Ecology: Saprobic on the dead wood of hardwoods (usually with bark still adnate) and
rarely on the wood of conifers; causing a white rot; annual; spring through fall, or over
winter in warm climates; widely distributed in North America.

Fruiting Body: Semicircular to kidney-shaped; planoconvex; 2-13 cm across; up to 2 cm

thick; upper surface finely hairy to suedelike, becoming roughened or nearly smooth
(often pocked in age), bright reddish orange to dull orangish with age; undersurface
bright reddish orange, with 2-4 round to angular (or sometimes slot-like) pores per mm,
occasionally extending onto the substrate below the cap; tubes to 5 mm deep; stem
absent; flesh tough, reddish to pale orange.

Odor and Taste: Odor fragrant or not distinctive; taste not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Cap surface purplish to reddish, then gray to black with KOH; pore
surface olive green with KOH; flesh slowly reddish to blackish or in older specimens
yellowish with KOH.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-8 x 2.5-3 µ; smooth; cylindrical or long-elliptical;

hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Hyphal system trimitic. Cystidia absent.

22
Reference : https://www.mushroomexpert.com/pycnoporus_cinnabarinus.html

Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst

English name : Lingzi mushroom, Reishi mushroom

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Polyporales
Family Ganodermataceae
Genus Ganoderma
Species G. lucidum

Figure 20. Ganoderma lucidum

(Photos were taken by the researchers)

Description:

Ecology: Parasitic on living hardwoods (especially oaks) and saprobic on the deadwood
of hardwoods; causing a white butt and root rot; growing alone or gregariously, usually
near the base of the tree; annual; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains, and
occasionally recorded in the western states.

23
Cap: 2-30 cm; at first irregularly knobby or elongated, but by maturity more or less fan-
shaped; with a shiny, varnished surface often roughly arranged into lumpy "zones"; red to
reddish brown when mature; when young often with zones of bright yellow and white
toward the margin.

Pore Surface: Whitish, becoming dingy brownish in age; usually bruising brown; with 4-
7 tiny (nearly invisible to the naked eye) circular pores per mm; tubes to 2 cm deep.

Stem: Sometimes absent, but more commonly present; 3-14 cm long; up to 3 cm thick;
twisted; equal or irregular; varnished and colored like the cap; often distinctively angled
away from one side of the cap.

Flesh: Brownish; fairly soft when young, but soon tough.

Spore Print: Brown.

Chemical Reactions: KOH black or blackish on all surfaces.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-12 x 5.5-8 µ; more or less elliptical, sometimes with a
truncated end; appearing smooth at lower magnifications; under oil immersion appearing
double-walled, with a row of "pillars" between the walls. Setae and cystidia absent.
Hyphal system dimitic.

Reference: https://www.mushroomexpert.com/ganoderma_lucidum.html

Hexagonia tenuis (Hook.) Fr.

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Polyporales
Family Polyporaceae
Genus Hexagonia
Species H.tenuis

24
 (Photos were taken by the researchers)

Description :

Habitat : on deciduous wood of all kind, preferably in open and seasonally dry localities

Fruitbody : annual to perennial, solitary or in clusters, pileate, broadly, narrowly

attached to almost stipitate,210 cm broad and wide and 1 to 3 mm thick, often most only
papery thin, consistency flexible and coriaceous when dry.

Figure
Pileus : dimidiate, flabelliform to semicircular, flat when fresh, often bent21. Hexagonia
when dry, tenuis
upper surface glabrous, usually strong concentrically zoned in shades of brown from
ochraceous to pale snuff-brown or pale umber to darker bay to even sepia.

Pore Surface : snuff-brown, hazel to milky-coffee, often with a greyish to ashy-bluish

tint, pores angular to hexagonal, very variable, mostly 0.5- 2 mm but larger and smaller
occur, dissepiments thin, tubes up to 2mm long with or without hyphal pegs.

Context : 0.1-1 mm thick, dark brown, rusty brown to hazel, blackening in KOH

Spores : Cylindrical, hyaline, thick walled and smooth, non-amyloid,14-20 x4.763.3 µm

(from spore print)

25
Reference http://www.westerdijkinstitute.nl/Collections/BioloMICS.aspx?
TableKey=14682616000000063&Rec=7022&Fields=All

Agaric

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Agaricales
Family Agariceae
Species Agaric sp.2
Agaric sp.3

Figure 22 .Agaric sp.2

(Photos were taken by the researchers)

26
 (Photos were taken by the researchers)

Hexagonia (Fr.)

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Figure 23. Agaric sp.3
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Polyporales
Family Polyporaceae
Genus Hexagonia

Species Hexagoni sp.1

27
 Figure 24. Hexagonia sp.1

(Photos taken by the researchers)

Description :

Fruting body : characterized by a trimitic hyphal system with coloured skeleteal hyphae
and large cyndrical spores. Corky to woody

Pores : angular and mostly large

Context :thin and dark brown, blackening in KO

CHAPTER VI

Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions

Therefore, we conclude that there is a low diversity and evenness of distribution of

species in the two sites that could be a result of the single sampling only or being a
disturbed area.

Recommendations

It is recommended to :

28
  Do a sampling every quarter of the year or every month to determine the true
diversity of the species.
 Conduct a study on other places of Alimodian to determine which place has high
diversity and evenness of distribution of species

CHAPTER VII

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