1

CHAPTER 12
12.1 Flow balances can be used to determine

Q01 = 6 Q15 = 3 Q12 = 4 Q31 = 1 Q03 = 8

Q25 = 1 Q23 = 1 Q54 = 2 Q55 = 2 Q24 = 2
Q34 = 8 Q44 = 12

Mass balances can be used to determine the following simultaneous equations,

7 0 1 0 0   c1  240
 4 4 0 0 0  c 2   0 
 0 1 9 0 0  c3    80 
 0  2  8 12  2 c 4   0 
  3  1 0 0 4  c   0 
 5

The solution and the matrix inverse can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[7 0 -1 0 0;
-4 4 0 0 0;
0 -1 9 0 0;
0 -2 -8 12 -2;
-3 -1 0 0 4];
>> B=[240;0;80;0;0];
>> C=A\B

C =
36.1290
36.1290
12.9032
20.6452
36.1290

>> inv(A)

ans =

0.1452 0.0040 0.0161 0 0

0.1452 0.2540 0.0161 0 0
0.0161 0.0282 0.1129 0 0
0.0591 0.0722 0.0806 0.0833 0.0417
0.1452 0.0665 0.0161 0 0.2500

1 1
12.2 The relevant coefficients of the matrix inverse are a13  0.018868 and a 43  0.087479 .
Therefore a 25% change in the input to reactor 3 will lead to the following concentration
changes to reactors 1 and 4:

c1  0.018868(0.25  160)  0.754717

c4  0.087479(0.25  160)  3.499142

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These can be expressed as percent changes,

c1 0.754717
 100 %   100 %  6.56 %
c1 11 .50943

c 4 3.499142
 100 %   100 %  20 .59 %
c4 16 .99828

12.3 Because of conservation of flow:

Q01  Q03  Q44  Q55

12.4 Mass balances can be used to determine the following simultaneous equations,

8 0  3 0 0   c1   50 
 4 4 0 0 0  c 2   0 
 0  2 10 0 0  c3   160
0 0  7 10  3 c 4   0 
 4  2 0 0 6  c   0 
 5

The solution can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[8 0 -3 0 0;
-4 4 0 0 0;
0 -2 10 0 0;
0 0 -7 10 -3;
-4 -2 0 0 6];
>> B=[50;0;160;0;0];
>> C=A\B

C =
13.2432
13.2432
18.6486
17.0270
13.2432

12.5 Flow balances can be used to determine

Q01 = 5 Q15 = 3 Q12 = 0 Q31 = 2 Q03 = 8

Q25 = 0 Q23 = 7 Q54 = 0 Q55 = 3 Q24 = 7
Q34 = 3 Q44 = 10

Mass balances can be used to determine the following simultaneous equations,

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5 0 0 0 0  c1   50 
0 7  7 0 0 c 2   0 
 2 0 10 0 0 c3   160
 0  7  3 10 0 c 4   0 
  3 0 0 0 3 c   0 
 5

The solution can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[5 0 0 0 0;
0 7 -7 0 -1;
-2 0 10 0 0;
0 -7 -3 10 0;
-3 0 0 0 3];
>> B=[50;0;160;0;0];
>> C=A\B

C =
10.0000
18.0000
18.0000
18.0000
10.0000

12.6 Mass balances can be written for each of the reactors as

500  Q13c1  Q12 c1  Q21c2  0

Q12 c1  Q21c2  Q23c2  0
200  Q13c1  Q23c2  Q33c3  0

Values for the flows can be substituted and the system of equations can be written in matrix
form as

 130  30 0   c1  500
  90 90 0  c 2    0 
 40  60 120 c3  200

The solution can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[130 -30 0;-90 90 0;-40 -60 120];

>> B=[500;0;200];
>> C=A\B

C =

5.0000
5.0000
5.8333

12.7 Mass balances can be written for each of the lakes as

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Superior, c1:
180  67c1
Michigan, c2:
710  36c2
Huron, c3:
740  67c1  36c2  161c3
Erie, c4:
3850  161c3  182c4
Ontario, c5:
4720  182c4  212c5

The system of equations can be written in matrix form as

 67 0 0 0 0   c1   180 
 0 36 0 0 0  c 2   710 
 67  36 161 0 0  c3    740 
 0 0  161 182 0  c 4  3850
 0 0 0  182 212 c  4720
 5

The solution can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[67 0 0 0 0;
0 36 0 0 0;
-67 -36 161 0 0;
0 0 -161 182 0;
0 0 0 -182 212];
>> B=[180 710 740 3850 4720]';
>> C=A\B

C =
2.6866
19.7222
10.1242
30.1099
48.1132

12.8 (a) The solution can be developed using your own software or a package. For example,
using MATLAB,

>> A=[13.422 0 0 0;
-13.422 12.252 0 0;
0 -12.252 12.377 0;
0 0 -12.377 11.797];
>> W=[750.5 300 102 30]';
>> AI=inv(A)

AI =
0.0745 0 0 0
0.0816 0.0816 0 0
0.0808 0.0808 0.0808 0

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 5

0.0848 0.0848 0.0848 0.0848

>> C=AI*W

C =
55.9157
85.7411
93.1163
100.2373

(b) The element of the matrix that relates the concentration of Havasu (lake 4) to the loading
1
of Powell (lake 1) is a 41  0.084767 . This value can be used to compute how much the
loading to Lake Powell must be reduced in order for the chloride concentration of Lake
Havasu to be 75 as

c 4 100.2373  75
W1  1
  297.725
a 41 0.084767

(c) First, normalize the matrix to give

1 0 0 0 

[ A]   1  0.91283 0 0 
0  0.9899 1 0 
0 0 1  0.95314

The column-sum norm for this matrix is 2. The inverse of the matrix can be computed as

 1 0 0 0 
1 
[ A]   1.095495  1.09549 0 0 
1.084431  1.08443 1 0 
1.137747  1.13775 1.049165  1.04917

The column-sum norm for the inverse can be computed as 4.317672. The condition number
is, therefore, 2(4.317672) = 8.635345. This means that less than 1 digit is suspect
[log10(8.635345) = 0.93628]. Interestingly, if the original matrix is unscaled, the same
condition number results.

12.9 For the first stage, the mass balance can be written as

F1 yin  F2 x2  F2 x1  F1 x1

Substituting x = Ky and rearranging gives

 F  F
 1  2 K  y1  2 Ky 2   y in
 F1  F1

Using a similar approach, the equation for the last stage is

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 F  F
y 4  1  2 K  y 5   2 xin
 F1  F1

For interior stages,

 F  F
y i -1  1  2 K  y i  2 Ky i 1  0
 F1  F1

These equations can be used to develop the following system,

 9 8 0 0 0   y1  0.1
 1 9  8 0 0   y 2   0 
 0  1 9  8 0  y3    0 
0 0  1 9  8  y 4   0 
 0 0 0  1 9   y   0 
 5

The solution can be developed in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,

>> format long

>> A=[9 -8 0 0 0;
-1 9 -8 0 0;
0 -1 9 -8 0;
0 0 -1 9 -8;
0 0 0 -1 9];
>> B=[0.1;0;0;0;0];
>> Y=A\B

Y =
0.01249966621272
0.00156212448931
0.00019493177388
0.00002403268445
0.00000267029827

Note that the corresponding values of X can be computed as

>> X=4*Y

X =
0.04999866485086
0.00624849795722
0.00077972709552
0.00009613073780
0.00001068119309

Therefore, yout = 0.0000026703 and xout = 0.05. In addition, here is a logarithmic plot of the
simulation results versus stage,

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 7

0 1 2 3 4 5
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001

Y X

12.10 Steady-state mass balances for A in each reactor can be written as

Qin c A,in  Qin c A,1  k1V1c A,1  0

Qin c A,1  Q32 c A,3  (Qin  Q32 )c A, 2  k 2V2 c A, 2  0
(Qin  Q32 )c A, 2  Q43 c A, 4  (Qin  Q43 )c A,3  k 3V3 c A,3  0
(Qin  Q43 )c A,3  (Qin  Q43 )c A, 4  k 4V4 c A, 4  0

Steady-state mass balances for B in each reactor can be written as

 Qin c B,1  k1V1c A,1  0

Qin c B,1  Q32 c B,3  (Qin  Q32 )c B, 2  k 2V2 c A, 2  0
(Qin  Q32 )c B, 2  Q43 c B, 4  (Qin  Q43 )c B,3  k 3V3 c A,3  0
(Qin  Q43 )c B,3  (Qin  Q43 )c B, 4  k 4V4 c A, 4  0

Values for the parameters can be substituted and the system of equations can be written in
matrix form as
 c A,1 
 11 .875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   c B ,1  10 
 1.875 10 0 0 0 0 0 0   0
  10 0 26 .25 0 5 0 0 0  c A, 2   0 
 0  10  11 .25 15 0 5 0 0  c B , 2    0 
 0 0  15 0 53 0 3 0   c A, 3   0 
 0 0 0  15  40 13 0  3 c   0 
 0 0 0 0  13 0 15 .5 0   B ,3   0 
 0
 0 0 0 0  13  2.5 13  c A, 4   0 
c B , 4 

The solution can then be developed. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[11.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
-1.875 10 0 0 0 0 0 0;
-10 0 26.25 0 -5 0 0 0;
0 -10 -11.25 15 0 -5 0 0;
0 0 -15 0 53 0 -3 0;
0 0 0 -15 40 13 0 -3;
0 0 0 0 -13 0 15.5 0;
0 0 0 0 0 -13 -2.5 13];

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 8

>> B=[10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]';

>> C=A\B

C =
0.8421
0.1579
0.3400
0.9933
0.1010
1.8990
0.0847
1.9153

Therefore, to summarize the results

reactor A B
inflow 1 0
1 0.842105 0.157895
2 0.340047 0.993286
3 0.101036 1.898964
4 0.084740 1.915260

Here is a plot of the results:

1 cA cB

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4

12.11 Assuming a unit flow for Q1, the simultaneous equations can be written in matrix form as

 2 1 2 0 0 0  Q2  0
 0 0 2 1 2 0  Q3  0
 0 0 0 0  2 3  Q4   0
1 1 0 0 0 0  Q5  1
 0 1 1 1 0 0  Q6  0
 0 0 0 1  1  1 Q  0
 7

These equations can then be solved. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[-2 1 2 0 0 0;
0 0 -2 1 2 0;
0 0 0 0 -2 3;

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1 1 0 0 0 0;
0 1 -1 -1 0 0;
0 0 0 1 -1 -1];
>> B=[0 0 0 1 0 0 ]';
>> Q=A\B

Q =
0.5059
0.4941
0.2588
0.2353
0.1412
0.0941

12.12 The mass balances can be expressed in matrix form as

 c G1 
 2 .8 0 0 0 0  0. 8 0 0 0 0  c  200 
 2 2 .8 0 0 0 0  0. 8 0 0 0  G2   0 
 0 2 2. 8 0 0 0 0  0. 8 0 0  c G 3   0 
 0 0 2 2. 8 0 0 0 0  0.8 0  cG 4   0 
 0 0 0 2 2.8 0 0 0 0  0 .8   c G 5    0 
 0.8 0 0 0 0 1 .8 1 0 0 0   c L1   0 
 0  0 .8 0 0 0 0 1 .8 1 0 0  c   0 
 0 0  0 .8 0 0 0 0 1. 8 1 0 cL2   0 
 0 0 0  0 .8 0 0 0 0 1. 8  1   L 3   0 
 0  0 .8 1.8   c L 4   10 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 c L5 

These equations can then be solved. The results are tabulated and plotted below:

Reactor Gas Liquid

0 100
1 95.73328 85.06649
2 90.2475 76.53306
3 83.19436 65.5615
4 74.12603 51.45521
5 62.46675 33.31856
6 10

120 Gas
100 Liquid

80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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 10

12.13 Let xi = the volume taken from pit i. Therefore, the following system of equations must
hold

0.55x1  0.25x 2  0.25x3  4800

0.30 x1  0.45x 2  0.20 x3  5800
0.15x1  0.30 x 2  0.55x3  5700

These can then be solved for x1 = 2416.667, x2 = 9193.333, and x3 = 4690.

12.14 We can number the nodes as

F1 F3
F5
2 F2 F4 3
H2
4
V2 V3

Node 1:
FH  0  F1 cos 30  F5 cos 45  F3 cos 45  1200
FV  0  F1 sin 30  F5 sin 45  F3 sin 45  600
Node 2:
FH  0  H 2  F2  F1 cos 30
FV  0  F1 sin 30  V2
Node 3:
FH  0  F4  F3 cos 45
FV  0  V3  F3 sin 45
Node 4:
FH  0  F2  F4  F5 cos 45
FV  0  F5 sin 45  500

These balances can then be expressed in matrix form as

F 
 0.866 0  0.707 0 0.707 0 0 0   1   1200 
 0.5 0  0.707 0 0.707 0 0 0   F2   600
 0.866  1 0 0 0 1 0 0   F3   0 
  0.5 0 0 0 0 0  1 0   F4    0 
 0 0 0.707 1 0 0 0 0   F5   0 
 0 0  0.707 0 0 0 0  1  H   0 
 0 1 0  1  0.707 0 0 0  V 2   0 
 0
 0 0 0  0.707 0 0 0   2   500
 V3 

This system can be solved for

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 11

F1 = 292.82 F2 = 1453.59 F3 = 1348.58 F4 = 953.5898

F5 = 707.1068 H2 = 1200 V2 = 146.4102 V3 = 953.5898

Note that the horizontal reactions (H2 = 1200) and the vertical reactions (V2 + V3 = 146.4102
+ 953.5898 = 1100) are equal to the negative of the imposed loads. This is a good check that
the computation is correct.

12.15 We can number the nodes as

500 100
F1

1 2
F7 F2
F5 F4
5 F6 F3 3
H5
4
V5 V3

Node 1:
FH  0  F1  F5 cos 45  F7 cos 45
FV  0  F5 sin 45  F7 sin 45  500
Node 2:
FH  0  F1  F2 cos 30  F4 cos 60
FV  0  F2 sin 30  F4 sin 60  100
Node 3:
FH  0  F2 cos 30  F3
FV  0  V3  F2 sin 30
Node 4:
FH  0  F3  F4 cos 60  F5 cos 45  F6
FV  0  F4 sin 60  F5 sin 45
Node 5:
FH  0  F6  F7 cos 45  H 5
FV  0  F7 sin 45  V5

These balances can then be expressed in matrix form as

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 12

 1 0 0 0  0.707 0 0.707 0 0 0   F1   0 
0
 0 0 0 0.707 0 0.707 0 0 0   F2   500
 1  0.866 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0   F3   0 
    
0 0.5 0 0.866 0 0 0 0 0 0   F4    100
0 0.866 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   F5   0 
     
0  0.5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0   F6   0 
0 0  1  0.5 0.707 1 0 0 0 0   F7   0 
    
0 0 0  0.866  0.707 0 0 0 0 0   V3   0 
 
0 0 0 0 0  1  0.707 0  1 0   H 5   0 
   
 0 0 0 0 0 0  0.707 0 0  1  V5   0 

This system can be solved for

F1 = 348.334 F2 = 351.666 F3 = 304.5517 F4 = 87.56443 F5 = 107.244

F6 = 424.167 F7 = 599.863 V3 = 175.833 H5 = 0 V5 = 424.167

12.16 The first two columns of the inverse provide the information to solve this problem

F1H F1V
F1 0.866025 0.500000
F2 0.250000 0.433013
F3 0.500000 0.866025
H2 1.000000 0.000000
V2 0.433013 0.250000
V3 0.433013 0.750000

F1 = 2000(0.866025)  2500(0.5) = 482.0508

F2 = 2000(0.25)  2500(0.433013) = 1582.532
F3 = 2000(0.5)  2500(0.866025) = 3165.06
H2 = 2000() 2500(0) = 2000
V2 = 2000(0.433013)  2500(0.25) = 241.025
V3 = 2000(0.433013)  2500(0.75) = 2741.025

12.17
Fy  0 V2  V3  1000
M  0 1000(cos30)L1  V3 L2
Geometry cos30L1  cos60L3  L2

Since V2 = 250 and V3 = 750,

866L1  750L2  0
0.866L1  0.5L3  L2

Therefore,

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 13

L2  0.866L1
L3 
0.5

12.18 We can number the nodes as

1 500

F1
F3
2 F2
250
3
F6
F5 F4

4 F7
H4 5
V4 V5

Node 1:
FH  0  F1 cos 45  500
FV  0  F1 sin 45  F3
Node 2:
FH  0  F1 cos 45  F2  F5 cos 60  F6 cos 30
FV  0  F1 sin 45  F5 sin 60  F6 sin 30
Node 3:
FH  0  F2  250
FV  0  F3  F4
Node 4:
FH  0  F6 cos 30  F7  H 4
FV  0  F6 sin 30  V4
Node 5:
FH  0  F7  F5 cos 60
FV  0  F4  F5 sin 60  V5

These balances can then be expressed in matrix form as

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 14

 0.707 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   F1   500
 0.707
 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   F2   0 
 0.707  1 0 0  0.5 0.866 0 0 0 0   F3   0 
    
 0.707 0 0 0 0.866 0.5 0 0 0 0   F4   0 
 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   F5   250
     
 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0   F6   0 
 0 0 0 0 0  0.866  1  1 0 0   F7   0 
    
 0 0 0 0 0  0.5 0 0  1 0  H 4   0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 1 0 0 0   V4   0 
   
 0 0 0  1  0.866 0 0 0 0  1  V5   0 

This system can be solved for

F1 = 707.107 F2 = 250 F3 = 500 F4 = 500 F5 = 58.0127

F6 = 899.519 F7 = 29.00635 H4 = 750 V4 = 449.7595 V5 = 449.76

12.19 We can number the nodes as

1 F2 2 F3 3

F6
F1 F5 F8
F7
H4 4 6
F4 5 F9
V4 V6
5000

Node 1:
FH  0  F1 cos 60  F2  F5 cos 60
FV  0  F1 sin 60  F5 sin 60
Node 2:
FH  0  F2  F3
FV  0  F8
Node 3:
FH  0  F3  F6 cos 45  F7 cos 45
FV  0  F6 sin 45  F7 sin 45
Node 4:
FH  0  F1 cos 30  F4  H 4
FV  0  F1 sin 60  V4
Node 5:
FH  0  F4  F5 cos 60  F7 cos 45  F9
FV  0  F5 sin 60  F8  F7 sin 45  5000

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 15

Node 6:
FH  0  F6 cos 45  F9
FV  0  F6 sin 45  V6

Note that F8 = 0. Thus, the middle member is unnecessary unless there is a load with a
nonzero vertical component at node 2. These balances can then be expressed in matrix form
as

 0.5 1 0 0  0. 5 0 0 0 0 0 0  F1   0 
 0.866
 0 0 0 0.866 0 0 0 0 0 0  F2   0 
 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  F3   0 
    
 0 0 1 0 0  0.707 0.707 0 0 0 0  F4   0 
 0 0 0 0 0 0.707 0.707 0 0 0 0  F5   0 
    
  0.5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0  F6    0 
 0.866 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0  F7   0 
    
 0 0 0 1 0.5 0  0.707  1 0 0 0  F9   0 
    
 0 0 0 0  0.866 0  0.707 0 0 0 0  H 4   5000
 0 0 0 0 0 0.707 0 1 0 0 0  V 4   0 
    
 0 0 0 0 0  0.707 0 0 0 0 1   V6   0 

This system can be solved for

F1 = 3660.25 F2 = 3660.25 F3 = 3660.25 F4 = 1830.127 F5 = 3660.25

F6 = 2588.19 F7 = 2588.19 F9 = 1830.13 H4 = 0 V4 = 3169.87
V6 = 1830.13

12.20 (a)
Room 1:
0  Wsmoker  Qa ca  Qa c1  E13 (c3  c1 )
Room 2:
0  Qb cb  (Qa  Qd )c4  Qc c2  E24 (c4  c2 )
Room 3:
0  Wgrill  Qa c1  E13 (c1  c3 )  E 34 (c 4  c3 )  Qa c3
Room 4:
0  Qa c3  E34 (c3  c4 )  E24 (c2  c4 )  Qa c4

Substituting the parameters yields

 225 0  25 0   c1  1400
 0
 175 0  125 c 2   100 
  
 225 0 275  50  c3  2000
 
 0  25  250 275  c 4   0 

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 16

These can be solved for

 c1   8.0996 
c  12.3448
 2  
  
c
 3  16. 8966
c 4  16.4828

(b) The matrix inverse can be determined as

0.004996 0.0000153 0.000552 0.000107

[ A]  0.003448 0.006207
1 0.003448 0.003448
0.004966 0.000138 0.004966 0.000966
0.004828 0.00069 0.004828 0.004828

The percent of the carbon monoxide in the kids’ section due to each source can be computed
as

(i) the smokers

1
c 2,smokers  a 21 Wsmokers  0.003448(1000)  3.448
3.448
% smokers   100%  27.93%
12.3448

(ii) the grill

1
c 2,grill  a31 Wgrill  0.003448(2000)  6.897
6.897
% grill   100%  55.87%
12.3448

(iii) the intakes

1 1
c 2,intakes  a 21 Qa c a  a 22 Qb cb  0.003448(200)2  0.006207(50)2  1.37931  0.62069  2
2
% grill   100%  16.20%
12.3448

(c) If the smoker and grill loads are increased by 1000 and 3000 mg/hr, respectively, the
concentration in the kids’ section will be increased by

1 1
c 2  a 21 Wsmoker  a 23 Wgrill  0.003448(2000  1000)  0.003448(5000  2000)
 3.448  10.3448  13.7931

(d) If the mixing between the kids’ area and zone 4 is decreased to 5, the system of equations
is changed to

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 17

 225 0  25 0   c1  1400
 0
 155 0  105 c 2   100 
  
 225 0 275  50  c3  2000
 
 0  5  250 255  c 4   0 

which can be solved for

 c1   8.1084 
c  12.0800
 2  
  
c
 3  16. 9760
c 4  16.8800

Therefore, the concentration in the kids’ area would be decreased 0.26483 mg/m3 or 2.145%.

12.21 The coordinates of the connection points are

D: (0, 0, 2.4)
A: (0.8, –0.6, 0)
B: (–0.8, –0.6, 0)
C: (0, 1, 0)

The lengths of the legs can be computed as

DA  0.8 2  0.6 2  2.4 2  2.6

DB  0.8 2  0.6 2  2.4 2  2.6

DC  0 2  12  2.4 2  2.6

Assume that each leg is in tension, which mean that each pulls on point D.

20 kN

A B C

The direction cosines of the vectors A, B and C can be determined as

4 3 12 
A:  ,  ,  
 13 13 13 

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 18

 4 3 12 
B:   ,  ,  
 13 13 13 
 5 12 
C:  0, ,  
 13 13 

Force balances for point D can then be written as

F
4 4
x  A B 0
13 13

F
3 3 5
y  A B  C 0
13 13 13

F
12 12 12
z  A  B  C  20  0
13 13 13

Thus, the solution amounts to solving the following system of linear algebraic equations

0.30769 A  0.30769 B 0
 0.23077 A  0.23077 B  0.38462 C  0
 0.92308 A  0.92308 B  0.92308 C  20

These equations can be solved with Gauss elimination for A = 6.7708, B = 6.7708, and C =
8.125.

12.22 The solution can be generated in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0;
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0;
0 1 0 3/5 0 0 0 0 0 0;
-1 0 0 -4/5 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 -1 0 0 0 0 3/5 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 -1 0 -4/5 0 0 0;
0 0 -1 -3/5 0 1 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 4/5 1 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 -1 -3/5 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 4/5 0 0 1];
>> B=[0 0 -74 0 0 24 0 0 0 0]';
>> x=A\B

x =
37.3333
-46.0000
74.0000
-46.6667
37.3333
46.0000
-76.6667
-74.0000
-37.3333

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 19

61.3333

Therefore, in kN

AB = 37.3333 BC = 46 AD = 74 BD = 46.6667 CD = 37.3333

DE = 46 CE = 76.6667 Ax = 74 Ay = 37.33333 Ey = 61.3333

12.23 The simultaneous equations are

1 1 1 0 0 0  i12   0 
 0 1 0 1  1 0  i52   0 
0 0 1 0 0 1  i32    0 
0 0 0 0 1  1  i65   0 
 0 5  15 0  5  2 i   0 
10  5 0  25 0 0  i54  200
 43 

This system can be solved in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[1 1 1 0 0 0;
0 -1 0 1 -1 0;
0 0 -1 0 0 1;
0 0 0 0 1 -1;
0 5 -15 0 -5 -2;
10 -5 0 -25 0 0];
>> B=[0 0 0 0 0 200]';
>> I=A\B

I =
5.1185
-4.1706
-0.9479
-5.1185
-0.9479
-0.9479

i21 = 5.1185 i52 = 4.1706 i32 = 0.9479 i65 = 5.1185 i54 = 0.9479 i43 = 0.9479

Here are the resulting currents superimposed on the circuit:

0.9479 5.1185

12.24 The current equations can be written as

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 20

 i21  i23  i52  0

i23  i35  i43  0
 i43  i54  0
i35  i52  i65  i54  0

Voltage equations:

V2  10 V5  V4
i 21  i54 
35 15

V2  V3 V 3  V5
i 23  i35 
30 7

V4  V3 V5  V2
i 43  i52 
8 10

150  V5
i65 
5

 1  1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0  i 21   0 
0 0
0
 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0  i 23   0 
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0  i52   0 
    
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0  i35   0 
 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0  i 43   10
    
 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0  i54    0 
0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1  1 0  i65   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 1  1 V2   0 
    
0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 1  V3   0 
0 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 0  1 V4   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1  V5   150 

This system can be solved for

i21 = 2.9291 i23 = 0.6457 i52 = 2.2835 i35 = 0.4950 i43 = 0.1507
i54 = 0.1507 i65 = 2.9291 V2 = 112.5196 V3 = 131.8893 V4 = 133.0945
V5 = 135.3543

12.25 The current equations can be written as

i32  i25  i12  0

 i32  i34  i63  0
i34  i47  0
i25  i65  i58  0

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 21

i76  i63  i65  0

i47  i76  i97  0
i58  i89  i80  0
i89  i97  0

Voltage equations:

 20i25  10i65  5i63  5i32  0

5i63  20i76  5i47  20i34  0
 50i58  15i89  0i97  20i76  10i65  0
120  20i25  50i58  40

i32 
 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  i 25   0 
 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  i   0 
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0   12   0 
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0  i34   0 
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0  i63   0 
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0  i 47    0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0  1  1 i65   0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0  i   0 
 5 20 0 0 5 0  10 0 0 0 0 0  i58   0 
0 0 0  20  5  5 0 0  20 0 0 0   76   0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 10 50 20 0 15 0  i97   0 
 0 20 0  i89  80
 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0
i80 

This system can be solved for

i32 = 2.5670 i25 = 1.0449 i12 = 3.6119 i34 = 1.2287 i63 = 1.3384
i47 = 1.2287 i65 = 0.1371 i58 = 1.1820 i76 = 1.2012 i97 = 2.4299
i89 = 2.4299 i80 = 3.6119

12.26 Let ci = component i. Therefore, the following system of equations must hold

15c1  17c 2  19c3  3890

0.30c1  0.40c 2  0.55c3  95
1.0c1  1.2c 2  1.5c3  282

These can then be solved for c1 = 90, c2 = 60, and c3 = 80.

12.27 First, we can number the loops and assume that the currents are clockwise.

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 22

R1 R2 R3

R4 R5
+ i3 +
V1 
i1 i2  V2

Kirchhoff’s voltage law can be applied to each loop.

 V1  R1i1  R4 (i1  i2 )  0
R4 (i2  i1 )  R2 i2  R5 (i2  i3 )  0
R5 (i3  i2 )  R3i3  V2  0

Collecting terms, the system can be written in matrix form as

 20  15 0   i1   80 
 15 50  25 i 2    0 
 0  25 45  i3   50

This can be solved with a tool like MATLAB,

> A=[20 -15 0;-15 50 -25;0 -25 45];

>> B=[80;0;-50];
>> I=A\B

I =
4.9721
1.2961
-0.3911

Therefore, I1 = 4.9721, I2 = 1.2961, and I3 = –0.3911.

12.28 This problem can be solved by applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to each loop.

 20  4(i1  i2 )  2(i1  i3 )  0
4(i2  i1 )  6i2  8(i2  i3 )  0
8(i3  i2 )  5i3  2(i3  i1 )  0

Collecting terms, the system can be written in matrix form as

 6  4  2  i1  20
 4 18  8  i 2    0 
 2  8 15  i3   0 

This can be solved with a tool like MATLAB,

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 23

> A=[6 -4 -2;-4 18 -8;-2 -8 15];

>> B=[20;0;0];
>> I=A\B

I =
5.1759
1.9095
1.7085

Therefore, I1 = 5.1759, I2 = 1.9095, and I3 = 1.7085.

12.29 This problem can be solved directly on a calculator capable of doing matrix operations or
on MATLAB.

>> b=[-200;-250;100];
>> a=[55 0 -25;0 -37 -4;-25 -4 29];
>> b=[-200;-250;100];
>> x=a\b

x =
-2.7278
6.5407
1.9989

Therefore, I1 = 2.7278 A, I3 = 6.5407 A, and I4 = 1.9989 A

12.30 This problem can be solved directly on a calculator capable of doing matrix operations or
on MATLAB.

>> a=[60 -40 0

-40 150 -100
0 -100 130];
>> b=[200
0
230];
>> x=a\b

x =
7.7901
6.6851
6.9116

Therefore, I1 = 7.79 A, I2 = 6.69 A, and I3 = 6.91 A.

12.31 At steady state, the force balances can be written as

4kx1  3kx2  m1 g
 3kx1  4kx2  kx3  m2 g
 kx2  kx3  m3 g

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 24

Substituting the parameter values

 120  90 0   x1  19.6 
 90 120  30  x 2   29.4
 0  30 30   x3  24.5

The solution is x1 = 2.45, x2 = 3.049, and x3 = 3.866.

12.32 At steady state, the force balances can be written as

 30  20 0   x1   98 
 20 30  10  x 2   34.3
 0  10  10  x3  19.6 

The solution is x1 = 15.19, x2 = 17.885, and x3 = 19.845.

12.33 The force balances can be written as

 k1  k 2  k2 0 0   x1   0 
  k2 k 2  k3  k3 0 x2   0 

 0  k3 k3  k4  k 4   x3   0 
    F 
 0 0  k4 k 4 x4   

Substituting the parameter values

 150  50 0 0   x1   0 
 50 130  80 0 x2    0 
 0  80 280  200   x3   0 
 0  200 
200  x  1500 (9.8)
 4 
0

The solution is x1 = 147, x2 = 441, x3 = 624.75, and x4 = 698.25.

12.34 The equations can be solved in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,

>> A=[100 1 0;50 -1 1;25 0 -1];

>> B=[519.72;216.55;108.27];
>> x=A\B

x =
4.8259
37.1257
12.3786

Therefore, a = 4.8259, T = 37.1257, and R = 12.3786.

12.35 In order to solve this problem, we must assume the direction that the blocks are moving.
For example, we can assume that the blocks are moving from left to right as shown

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 25

Force balances can be written for each block:

392(sin 30o)
= 196
392(cos 30o)0.2 = 67.896

40  9.8 = 392

–196 – 67.896 + T = 40a

T
98(cos 30o)0.5 = 42.435
98(sin 30o)
= 49 10  9.8 = 98

–49 – T + R – 42.435 = 10a

73.5

424.352

50  9.8 = 490

424.352  73.5 – R = 50a

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 26

Therefore, the system of equations to be solved can be written in matrix form as

40  1 0   a   263 .8964 

10 1  1 T    91 .43524 
50 0 1   R   350 .852 

The solution is a = –0.044792, T = 262.1047, and R = 353.092.

Note that if we had assumed that the blocks were moving from right to left, the system of
equations would have been

40 1 0   a   128 .1036 

10  1 1  T    6.564755 
50 0  1  R   497 .852 

The solution for this case is a = –3.63184, T = 273.3772, and R = 316.2604.

12.36 In order to solve this problem, we must assume the direction that the blocks are moving.
For example, we can assume that the blocks are moving from right to left as shown

Force balances can be written for each block:

83.16

103.94
15  9.8 = 147

103.94 – T – 83.16 = 15a

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 27

13.86

69.3

10  9.8 = 98
T

T + 69.3 – R – 13.86 = 10a

S 8  9.8 = 78.4

R – 78.4 – S = 8a

5  9.8 = 49

S – 49 = 5a

Therefore, the system of equations to be solved can be written in matrix form as

15 1 0 0   a  20.789
10  1 1 0  T  55.437
 8 0  1 1   R     78.4 
 5 0 0  1  S    49 

The solution is a = –1.347, T = 40.989, R = 109.893, and S = 42.267.

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 28

Note that if we had assumed that the blocks were moving from left to right, the system of
equations would have been

15  1 0 0   a    187.1005
10 1  1 0  T    83.15576
8 0 1  1  S   78.4 
 5 0 0 1   R   49 


The solution for this case is a = –3.759374, T = 130.7098, R = 176.27186, and S = 67.79687.

12.37 This problem can be solved in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,

%prob1237.m

k1=10;k2=30;k3=30;k4=10;
m1=2;m2=2;m3=2;
km=[(1/m1)*(k2+k1),-(k2/m1),0;
-(k2/m2),(1/m2)*(k2+k3),-(k3/m2);
0,-(k3/m3),(1/m3)*(k3+k4)]
x=[0.05;0.04;0.03]
kmx=km*x

>> prob1237

km =
20 -15 0
-15 30 -15
0 -15 20

x =
0.0500
0.0400
0.0300

kmx =
0.4000
0
0

Therefore, x1 = 0.4, x2 = 0, and x3 = 0 m/s2.

12.38 (a) Substituting the parameters gives

d 2T
 h' (Ta  T )  0
dx 2

An analytical solution can be derived in a number of ways. One way is to assume a solution
of the form

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 29

T  A  Be x  Cex

Differentiating twice gives

T "  2 Be x  2 Cex

Substituting these into the original differential equation yields

2 Be x  2 Ce x  h' (Ta  A  Be x  Ce x )  0

Equating like terms yields

2 Be x  h' Be T
2 Cex  h' CeT
h' Ta  h' A

The first two equations give    h'. The equation third gives A = Ta. Therefore, the
solution is

T  Ta  Be h'x
 Ce  h'x

The unknown constants can be evaluated from the boundary conditions

40  20  B  C
200  20  Be 0.02 (10)
 Ce  0.02 (10)

These simultaneous equations can be solved for B = 45.25365 and C = 25.25365. Therefore,
the analytical solution is

T  20  45.25365e 0.141421x  25.25365e 0.141421x

(b) Substituting the parameters into the finite-difference equation gives

 Ti 1  2.08Ti  Ti 1  1.6

An analytical solution can be derived in a number of ways. A nice approach is to employ L

This equation can be written for each node to yield the following system of equations,

2.08  1 0 0  T1   41 .6 
  1 2.08  1 0  T2    1.6 
 0  1 2.08  1  T3   1.6 
 0 0  1 2.08  T  201 .6
 4

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 30

These can be solved for T1 = 61.0739, T2 = 85.4338, T3 = 115.0283, and T4 = 152.2252. A

plot of the results is shown below (circles). In addition, the plot also shows the analytical
solution (line) that was developed in (a):

200

150

100
numerical
50 analytical

0
0 2 4 6 8 10

12.39 Substituting centered difference finite differences, the Laplace equation can be written for
the node (1, 1) as

T21  2T11  T01 T12  2T11  T10

0 
x 2
y 2

Because the grid is square (x = y), this equation can be expressed as

0  T21  4T11  T01  T12  T10

The boundary node values (T01 = 100 and T10 = 75) can be substituted to give

4T11  T12  T21  175

The same approach can be written for the other interior nodes. When this is done, the
following system of equations results

 4  1  1 0  T11  175 
 1 4 0  1 T12   125 
 1 0 4  1 T21   75 
 0  1  1 4  T   25 
 22 

These equations can be solved using the Gauss-Seidel method. For example, the first iteration
would be

175  T12  T21 175  0  0

T11    43.75
4 4

125  T11  T22 125  43.75  0

T12    42.1875
4 4

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 31

75  T11  T22 75  43.75  0

T21    29.6875
4 4

25  T12  T21 25  42.1875  29.6875

T22    24.21875
4 4

The computation can be continued as follows:

iteration unknown value a maximum a

1 x1 43.75 100.00%
x2 42.1875 100.00%
x3 29.6875 100.00%
x4 24.21875 100.00% 100.00%
2 x1 61.71875 29.11%
x2 52.73438 20.00%
x3 40.23438 26.21%
x4 29.49219 17.88% 29.11%
3 x1 66.99219 7.87%
x2 55.37109 4.76%
x3 42.87109 6.15%
x4 30.81055 4.28% 7.87%
4 x1 68.31055 1.93%
x2 56.03027 1.18%
x3 43.53027 1.51%
x4 31.14014 1.06% 1.93%
5 x1 68.64014 0.48%
x2 56.19507 0.29%
x3 43.69507 0.38%
x4 31.22253 0.26% 0.48%

Thus, after 5 iterations, the maximum error is 0.48% and we are converging on the final
result: T11 = 68.64, T12 = 56.195, T21 = 43.695, and T22 = 31.22.

12.40 Find the unit vectors:

 1iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ 
A   0.218iˆ  0.436 ˆj  0.873kˆ
 2 
 1 2 4 
2 2

 2iˆ  1 ˆj  4kˆ 
B   0.436iˆ  0.218 ˆj  0.873kˆ
 2 
 1 2 4 
2 2

Sum moments about the origin:

M ox  50(2)  0.436B(4)  0.218 A(4)  0

M oy  0.436 A(4)  0.218B(4)  0

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 32

Solve for A and B using equations 9.10 and 9.11:

In the form a11 x1  a12 x 2  b1

a 21 x 2  a 22 x 2  b2

 0.872 A  1.744B  100

1.744 A  0.872B  0

Plug into equations 9.10 and 9.11:

a 22 b1  a12 b2 87.2
A   22.94 N
a11 a 22  a12 a 21 3.80192

a11b2  a 21b1 174.4

B   45.87 N
a11 a 22  a12 a 21 3.80192

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