FENTONS LTD.

Introduction

ELECTRICAL DIVISION

Since 1921 the division undertakes contracts in the entire field of electrical
power engineering.

SUPPLY / INSTALL / MAINTENANCE

• Electrical installation of industrial, commercial & domestic buildings.

•Lighting Control Systems.

•Design, implementation and maintenance of Mini-Hydro projects.

• HT and LT electrical projects.

•Design and build solutions on electrical installation.

•Industrial generators.

•Consultancy on all aspects of electrical installations and applications.

•Electronic lighting control systems.

•Lightning / surge protection system. Repairs to electrical appliances.

•Capacitor banks.

•Rewinding & repairs of industrial motors.

•Electric fences.

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About Fentons

F e n t o n s L i m i t e d .

S u b s i d i a r y C oD m i v p i a s ni o i en s s . J o i n t V e n t u r e .

1 . E n e r g y N 1 e . t E ( Pl e v c t t ) r i L c t a d l . 1D . i Tv i h s ei o P n a y p h o n e
C o m p a n y L t d .

2 . F e n t o n s C 2 o . m F p i ru e t e & r s S e c u r i t y
( P v t ) L t d . D i v i s i o n .

3 . T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n
D i v i s i o n .

P a g i n g D i v i s i o n .

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2.1 TOOLS

Combination pliers

This pliers used for cutting wires, gripping operation by hand, twisting wires & a number
of other operation required in electrical works.

Fig 2.1 Combination pliers

Long snipe nose pliers

This tool is useful for forming the eyes of the wires which are to be used where they are
held fast under the screw.

Fig 2.2 Long snipe nose pliers

Roll pen hammer

This tool is required for driving nails in to wooden batten or for cutting wall plaster &
bricks when it is necessary to take the wiring from one room to another.

Screw drivers
The screw drivers are available in different blade sizes.

Fig 2.3 Screw drivers

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2.2 CABLES
2.2.1 Classification of cables.
The wide range of cables use in electrical work .Cables for under ground service may be
classified in two ways according to;

(1) The type of insulating material used in there manufacture

(2) The voltage of which they are manufactured.

How ever, the latter method of classification is generally preferred, according to which
cables can be divided in to the following groups;

1) Low - tension (L.T) cables - up to 1000V

2) High - tension (H.T) cables - up to 11,000V
3) Super - tension (S.T) cables - from 22KV to 33KV
4) Extra high - tension (E.H.T) - from 33 to 66 KV
5) Extra super voltage cables - beyond 132KV

METRIC MM2 AMP IMP

1/1.13 1 12 1/044
1/1.38 1.5 14 3/029
7/0.50 1.5 14 3/036
7/0.67 2.5 17 7/029
7/0.85 4 29 7/036
7/1.04 6 37 7/044
7/1.35 10 51 7/052
7/1.70 16 66 7/064
7/2.14 25 87 19/044
19/1.35 25 87 19/052
19/1.53 35 106 19/064
19/1.78 50 125 19/073
19/2.14 70 160 19/083
37/1.78 95 195 37/072
37/2.03 120 220 37/083
37/2.25 150 260 37/093
37/2.52 185 295 37/103
61/2.25 240 360 61/093
61/2.52 300 410 61/103
61/2.85 400 457 -
61/3.20 500 520 91/103

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2.2.2 Cable Paths used for Workstation

Following cable paths is used in work station

1. Conduit – Steel Conduit

PVC Conduit
Flexible Conduit
2. Trunking
3. Tray
4. Trench
5. Duct

1. Conduit

Steel conduit

The most common form of conduit used today is screwed steel with a welded seam or
solid drawn (used in hazardous areas where there is a high risk of fire and explosion). A
light gauge conduit is also available with its use restricted to providing protection for
flush PVC cable installations. Two finishes for conduit are: black enamel (dry situations)
and galvanized (for out doors and situations where dampness is present).

The main advantages of steel conduit include its ability to give conductors good
protection against mechanical damage; it allows easy rewiring; fire risks are minimized;
and the conduit can be used as a circuit protective conductor (CPC), through it is
common practice to run a separate CPC in the conduit.

PVC Conduit:

Where appropriate, PVC conduit is a popular, and inexpensive alternative to steel

conduit. It is available in both light and heavy grades and does not need to be threaded
unless so specified by the job. The conduit is available as rigid, semi-rigid, flexible round
(for surface and embedded work) and in an oval shape (for switch drops). Grades of PVC
conduit include super high impact, standard impact, and high temperature (up to 850C)

Because the expansion rate for PVC conduit is around five times that of its steel
equivalent, expansion couplers are needed in long runs (at every 8m). Where the conduit
is to be used in damp situations, a special temperatures etc.
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Flexible conduit:

Flexible metallic or PVC conduit is often used to make a suitable connection between
rigid conduit systems and, for example, a motor which may be required to be moved for
belt tensioning, a separate circuit protective conductor is needed, run either inside the
conduit or externally.

2. Trunking

Trunking is a fabricated casing for conductors and cables, generally rectangular in shape
with a removable lid which allows the conductors to be laid in rather than be drawn in as
is the case with conduit it is used where a large number of conductors are to be carried, or
follow the same route. Both steel and PVC Trunking are available, with a wide range of
such accessories as bends, T’s ,flanged adaptors, risers and reducers.

The variety of trunking includes plain section, compart mented , skirting, bench, floor
trunking, and busbar trunking. Trunking is not necessarily a complete wiring system in it
self and is thus associated with conduit and MI cables to allow connection to wiring
accessories and their mounting boxes.

Finishes on steel trunking include gray enamel, galvanized and silver enamel on zinc-
coated mild steel.

Compartmented trunking: Is allows wiring at different voltages to be segregated but

carried within the same unit run. This prevents services at one voltage accidentally
becoming live to a higher voltage in the event of a fault.

Skirting trunking: Is used in offices where the services (socket outlets, switches, etc.)
can be sited on the perimeters of rooms.

Bench trunking: Is commonly found in school and laboratories where access to a large
number of socket outlets is required. As the name implies, the trunking units are mounted
on benches.

Floor trunking: Is an alternative to skirting trunking. There are three types: under floor
(where the trunking is set in a concrete floor with flush with the floor surface), and flush
duct trunking (where the lid is mounted flush with the screen) and a finish (such as
parquet wood or tiles) are placed directly on to it.

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3. Cable tray

Cable tray is used to carry sub main cables and multi runs of MI cables. It is widely used
in industrial installations. Where pipe work and other structural features may be done
normal cable runs the tray is basically a flat metal sheet with perforations and either a
simple turned flange of finishes are provided to meet installation conditions: galvanized,
primed with red oxide or yellow chromate, plastic-coated and coated with epoxy resins
(resistant to acids and virtually non-flammable). For large amount of heavy cables runs,
cable ladders are used.

4. Cable Trench

Cable trenches are building by Concrete. All cables run in trenches must be sheathed or
armoured. Main hall is building in to the trenches for entrance the cable trench inside.

5. Cable Duct

Ducts are simply passages provided by builders in the structure of a building to allow
cables to run from points of supply to their terminations. Ducts can be rectangular
channels covered by steel lids or bricks. All cables run in ducts must be sheathed or
armored and cable ladders are used to carry cables through the ducts. Cable ladders are
fixed to the duct wall using thread bars or anchor bolts.

2.2.3 Cable joints & Termination

Joint methods

The methods used to join conductors may be reduced to two definite groups. The first
group involves the use of heat to fuse together the surfaces of the joint (e.g. clamping,
bolting, riveting) the following are brief description of the types of jointing method in
each group.

1. Soldering
2. Welding
3. Clamping
4. Bolting
5. Riveting
6. Crimping
7. Mechanical connectors

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1. Soldering

This joint involves the use of molten metal introduced to the two surfaces to be jointed so
that they are linked by a thin film of the metal which has penetrated in to the surfaces.
The metal used for joining copper surfaces is solder, which is an alloy of tin and led. It
melts at a comparatively low temperature. The grade of solder most suitable for electrical
joints istinman’s solder (60% tin, 40% led; melting point is about 200 C). The
disadvantage of soldering is that it makes the joint a non-separable contact. Soldered
joints in bus bars must be reinforced by bolts or clamps.

2. Welding

This process is some times used for large-section conductors such as bus bars. Welding is
the joining of two metal surfaces by melting adjacent portions so that there is a definite
fusion between them to an appreciable depth. The heat is supplied by a gas torch or an
electric arc. Again the welding joint is a non-separable contact.

3. Clamping

A clamped joint is easy to make, no particular preparation being required, through the
extra mass of metal round. The joints of termination make a larger bulk. How ever the
joint or termination is cooler in operation. This method provides a separable contact.
Surfaces must be clean and in definite mechanical coated. Precautions must be taken to
ensure that the bolt and nuts of the clamp are locked tight.

4. Bolting

This is method involves drilling holes in the material and has the obvious disadvantage of
reducing effectiveness of the material. Contact pressure also tends to be less uniformly
distributed in a bolted joint that in one held together by clamps. Spring washers are
needed to allow for expansion and contraction as the material temperature varies with the
current carried.

5. Riveting

If well made, riveted joints make a good connection. There is the disadvantage, however
that they cannot easily be undone or tightened in-service.

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6. Crimping

This is a mechanical method. For conductor joints a closely fitting sleeve is placed over
the conductor and crimped by a hydraulically or pneumatically operated crimping tool.
This method is very commonly used now days and provides connection which is
mechanically strong and virtually negligible in its electrical resistance.

7. Mechanical connectors

These consist of one-way or multi-way brass terminals contained in blocks made from
porcelain, bake-lite, nylon, polythene or PVC. Small screws are use to make the
connection. The operating temperature of the block material is important. Porcelain can
be used for high operating conditions, while PVC and polythene tend to become distorted
as the melting – point of 160 C approached in fact, polythene is not recommended for use
as connector- blocks in fixed wiring systems, accessories, luminaries and appliances.
Nylon has a good resistance to deformation at high temperatures.

Termination method

These generally accept a solid- core small diameter connection to accessories and current
using apparatus.

1. Punched and notched tabs

2. Screw head
3. Lug terminals
4. Line taps

1. Punched and notched tabs

These generally accept a solid- core small diameter conductor. The connection is
soldered.

2. Screw head connection

The end of the conductor is formed in to an eye using round - hosed pliers. The eye
should be slightly larger than the shank of the screw, but smaller than the out side
diameter of the screw head, nut or washers. The eye should be so placed that the rotation
of the screw head or nut tends to close the joint in the eye. If the eye is put the opposite
way round, the rotation of the screw head or nut will tend to untwist the eye to make a
bud, inefficient contact. Sometimes saddle washers are used to titian the shape of the eye.

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3. Lug terminals

Connection between conductor end and the terminal’s socket is made by the crimping.
Crimping – select the correct terminal end. Strip the insulation from the cable end, insert
the wire in to the open socket end of terminal and crimp using a crimping tool.

4. Line taps

These are used for making non- tensioned service or T connection to over head lines.
They are available in a range of sizes suitable for copper conductors. A simple shroud is
provided to insulate the line tap when used on covered service cable. There are the
designs for use with aluminum conductors and for conductors. In these instances, the
shroud is filled with weather proof sealing compound, giving protection against climatic
attraction corrosion.

2.3 Voltage Drop for Copper Conductors

To calculate the voltage drop in volts the tabulated value of voltage drop (mv/A/m) has to
be multiplied by the length of run in meters(L), the design current of the circuit (1b), and
divided by 1000 (to current to volts)

Voltage drop = (mv/Am ) x 1b x L

1000

The requirement of BS7671 are deemed to be satisfied for a 230V supply, if the voltage
drop between the origin of the installation and a socket outlet or fixed current using
equipment does not exceed 9.2V at full load

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Cable Rating

Conductor Two- core Two-core Three-or four-

Cross- sectional Cables, dc cable, Single- core cable,
area phase a.c. three phase
Mm MV/A/m MV/A/m MV/A/m

1 44 44 38
1.5 29 29 25
2.5 18 18 15
4 11 11 9.5
6 7.3 7.3 6.4
10 4.4 4.4 3.8
16 2.8 2.8 2.4
25 1.75 1.75 1.50
35 1.25 1.25 1.10
50 0.93 0.93 0.80
70 0.63 0.63 0.55
95 0.46 0.47 0.41

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3.1 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

Electricity that is supplied to homes under specific conditions of current and voltage.
Voltage, measured in volts (V), causes electric current, measured in amperes (A), to flow
in a conducting material such as copper wire. For practical and commercial reasons a
“harmonized” 230-V system is used in homes in member countries of the European
Union. In the United States, domestic voltage is 120 V. Various sizes of cable are used,
depending on the circuit requirements. Typically these are: 6 A for lighting; 16 A for
water heaters; 32 A for sockets (the “ring main”); 40 A for ovens; 63 A for showers.
Electric current flows when a circuit is continuous and unbroken—for example, when a
switch is closed to the “on” position, enabling an electrical appliance to be operated.
Because conductors carry electric current, they must be insulated in order to prevent
potentially fatal contact with them. The usual insulating material is PVC
(polyvinylchloride), a plastic that is flexible and mechanically strong, and can be made
thick enough to prevent a short-circuit between the conductor and any adjacent metal
parts.
For identification purposes, insulation is colour-coded. In the permanent “hidden” house
wiring, “live” cables are coloured red and are used for the supply to the appliance.
Neutral cables are coloured black and are used to complete the circuit from the appliance
back to the supply. A third cable, identified by green and yellow stripes, is used to
connect the exposed metallic parts of the appliance to earth, so that if a fault develops in
the appliance, any small fault current will flow to earth, and the exposed parts will remain
at earth potential. If there is a more serious fault, the current flowing to earth will operate
a protective device. The three cables are grouped together and further insulated by a grey
PVC outer covering. Flexible cables running from an appliance to its plug are also
colour-coded. The live cable is brown, the neutral one is blue, and the earth is again green
and yellow.
Electric current can cause fires in property, and electric shock to human beings and
animals. Fires are caused by overloading circuits attempting to take more current from
the circuit than it is designed to support. Electric shock is experienced when current
passes through a living body. The result is, at best, an unpleasant experience; or burns
(which can be both external and internal), or death.
While a current of a few amperes is sufficient to cause a fire, voltages in excess of 50 V
and current in excess of 50 mA (1 mA, or milliampere, is one-thousandth of an ampere)
can prove fatal to human beings. (A 25-V shock for domestic pets can be fatal.)
Consequently, the electrical installations in homes require some form of protection to
safeguard property and lives. This is the function of the consumer unit, which is used to
divide the incoming electrical current between circuits, each carrying an appropriate
current, and to provide protection in each individual circuit against the hazards of shock

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and fire. Protection devices are designed to sense the development of a dangerous
situation and operate to cut off the electrical supply to that circuit before the danger
reaches an unacceptable level.
Such protective devices include miniature circuit-breakers (MCBs), which prevent
circuits from being overloaded; and residual-current devices (RCDs), which protect
against earth faults, which can cause an electric shock. An earth fault is a condition in
which current flows to earth through a conducting pathway, which could be a human
body.
Consumer units with these protective devices have superseded outdated fuse boards,
although many older properties still have fuse boards
Some appliances do not include an earth wire. This is because the appliances are double-
insulated to prevent accidental contact with the live parts inside. It is a legal requirement
in the United Kingdom for appliances to be supplied with a 13 A plug connected. These
plugs have rectangular pins and are fitted with a fuse in order to protect the appliance
from damage. It is essential that the correct rating of fuse is used.
The power used by an appliance (the rate at which it consumes energy) is measured in
watts (W). The amount of power used by a particular appliance must be shown on it.
Appliances rated up to 720 W must be protected by a 3-A fuse; between 720 W and
1,200 W by a 5-A fuse; and from 1,200 W to 3,000 W by a 13-A fuse.
Fuse
Safety device used to protect an electrical circuit from the effect of excessive current. Its
essential component is usually a strip of metal that will melt at a given temperature. A
fuse is so designed that the strip of metal can easily be placed in the electric circuit. If the
current in the circuit exceeds a predetermined value, the fusible metal will melt and thus
break, or open, the circuit. Devices used to detonate explosives are also called fuses.
A cylindrical fuse consists of a ribbon of fusible metal enclosed in a ceramic or fiber
cylinder. Metal end caps fastened over the cylinder make contact with the metal ribbon.
This type of fuse is placed in an electric circuit so that the current must flow through the
metal strip to complete the circuit. If excess current surges through the circuit, the metal
link will heat to its melting point and break. This action will open the circuit, stop the
current flow, and thus protect the circuit.
Recent fuse developments include types that will permit a momentary overload without
breaking the circuit. These are necessary for circuits that are used to power air
conditioners, because initial surges of power can be expected with such appliances.
Another recently developed type of fuse contains several links that can be selected by the
flip of a switch. If the fuse is blown, another link can be switched in without replacing the
fuse.
In high-voltage circuits, subject to frequent interruptions, and increasingly in residential
wiring, protection is provided by circuit-breakers instead of fuses.
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Circuit-Breaker
Switch designed to control an electrical power system by switching power on or off,
under conditions of either normal or excessive load, in order to protect the electrical
system in which it is connected. It is easier to break an alternating current (AC) than a
direct current as an AC current passes through zero twice in each cycle. The circuit-
breaker may be controlled manually or automatically.
Operating conditions are unusually demanding, as a circuit-breaker may on the one hand
be called upon to open under conditions of a short circuit on the load, requiring it to break
a current that is many times the normal load current, and on the other may be required to
close on to a short-circuited system in order to confirm that a fault exists. The circuit-
breaker must therefore be reliable under static conditions, yet must operate virtually
instantaneously when called upon to do so after a long quiescent period.
When switch contacts open an arc is formed in the medium between the contacts. This
medium is often air, but may be oil, a high-pressure gas, or a vacuum. To prevent damage
because of arcing, an air breaker may have a main set of flat contacts held together under
pressure when the switch is closed; a secondary set where the arc forms, because they are
arranged to open after the main contacts; and an arc chute, consisting of insulated parallel
metal plates, to spread and extinguish the arc.
A mechanical system of levers serves as a latch to keep the switch closed under
mechanical pressure, and a sensitive trigger, operated mechanically or electrically, is used
to release it. Electrical operation may be controlled by an electromagnet, using either the
load current itself, or some other electrical signal derived from the network, to trip the
trigger. In this way the switch can act as an overload trip.
Alternatively, the circuit-breaker can be arranged to use some other electrical quantity,
such as an imbalance in current between the load connections, which might represent
leakage to earth. In this case the circuit-breaker becomes a residual current device (RCD),
which can provide protection against serious electric shock. Miniature circuit-breakers
and RCDs have largely replaced fuses and conventional isolating switches in domestic
consumer units because they are much more accurate and reliable.

Switch
Part of an electronic or electric circuit that controls the flow of electric current. In its
simplest form, a switch consists of two metal contacts that are held together so that
current flows through them from, for example, a battery to a bulb (for example, in a
torch). In this case, as current flows through the bulb and back to the battery, the bulb is
illuminated. When the metal contacts are not held together there is a gap in the circuit and
so current cannot flow.
The mechanical contacts may be held together in different ways, depending on the
purpose of the switch and the way in which it has been designed. For example, when a

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door-bell button is pushed, contacts are pressed together and current flows, working a
bell or buzzer. When the button is released, a spring forces the contacts apart again. This
is called momentary action. In a household light switch, the contacts are held together
after the switch is flicked to the on-position. They are released when the switch is pushed
to the other position. This is called toggle action.
Some switches have more than one set of contacts, and may be used to control current
flow in a number of different circuits (multiple-pole switches), or to control the current
flow to different parts of a circuit (multiple-way switches). A typical example of a
multiple-way switch is the two-way arrangement used to control a single light from the
top and bottom of a staircase.
The switch contacts are not always operated by a person's finger. Specialized switches
are designed with contacts that close when there is a change in temperature, pressure, or
humidity.

3.2 CIRCUIT PROTECTION SYSTEM

3.2.1 Type of protective devices

The consumer unit (or distribution board) contains devices for the protection of the final
circuit against:

1. Over load
2. Short-circuit
3. Earth fault

Over load and short- circuit are carried out usually by one device, a fuse or circuit
breaker.
Earth fault may be carried out by the fuse or circuit breaker provided for over load &
short- circuit or by and RCD.

Over load protection

Over load protection is given by the following devices:
Fuses to BS88 part 2 or part 6; BS1361 and BS 3036; miniature circuit breakers to BS
3871 Types 1,2,3 and circuit breakers to BS EN 60898 types B,C and D.

Fault Current Protection

When a consumer unit to BS EN 60439-3 or BS 5486:

Part 13, or a fuse board having fuse links to BS88 part 2 or part 6 or BS1361 is used, then
fault current protection will be given by the over load protective device.

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For other protective devices the breaking capacity must be adequate for the prospective
short- circuit current at the point.

Protection against Electric Shock

Direct Contact:

Electrical insulation and enclosures and barriers give protection against direct contact.
Non-sheathed insulated conductors must be protected by conduit or trunking or be with in
a suitable enclosure. A 30A RCD may be provided to give supplementary protection
against direct contact, but must not to be relied upon for primary protection.

Indirect contact:

Protection against indirect contact is given by limiting to safe values the magnitude and
duration of voltages that may appear under earth fault conditions between simultaneously
accessible exposed- conductive parts or earth. This may be effected by the:

(a) Co-ordination of protective devices and circuit impedances, or

(b) Use of RCD’s to limit the disconnection time, or
(c) Use of class 2 equipment or equivalent Insulation.

SELV and PELV

Separated Extra Low Voltage (SELV) system

(a) Are supplied from isolated safety sources such as a safety isolating transformer
to BS 3535
(b) Have no live part connected to earth or the protective conductor of another
system.
(c) Are enclosed in an insulating sheath additional to their basic insulation
(d) Have no exposed-conductive parts or protective conductors of other systems
or extraneous-conductive parts.

Protective Extra- Low Voltage (PELV) system

PELV systems must meet all the requirements for SELV except that the circuits are not
electrically separated from earth.
For SELV and PELV systems protection against direct contact need not be provided if
voltages do not exceed the following.

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Location SELV PELV

Dry areas Swimming 25V a.c or 60V d.c 25V a.c or 60V d.c

pools, Bath rooms, saunas 12V a.c or 30V d.c Not allowed

other area 12V a.c or 30V d.c 6V a.c or 15V d.c

Application of RCDs

Regulation 314-01-01 required installations to be divided in to circuits to avoid danger

and minimize inconvenience in the event of a fault and takes account hazards that might
arise from the failure of a single circuit, e.g. a lighting circuit.
30mA RCDs installed to provide protection to socket outlets likely to feed portable
equipment outdoors should protect only those sockets,
where an RCD is fitted only because the earth loop impedance is to high for shock
protection to be provided by an over current device, for example in a TT system, the rated
operating current should not be less than 100mA.
If two RCDs are installed they should preferably control separate circuits or a time delay
100mA.
The enclosures of RCDs or consumer units incorporating RCDs in TT installations
should be of an all insulated or class 2 constructions. Other wise additional precautions
need to be taken to prevent faults to earth on the supply side of the RCDs.

3.3 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT PROTECTION ACCESSORIES

Following protection devices using for power distribution panel & consumer units.

1. Molded case circuit breaker (MCCB)

2. Miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
3. Residual current circuit breaker(RCCB)
4. Earth fault Relay (EFR)
5. Earth leakage relay (ELR)
6. Phase failure relay (PFR)

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1. Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)

Molded case circuit breakers have two tripping mechanism

1. Normal tripping
2. shunt tripping

2. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)

MCB’s have two tripping mechanism

(a) The Bi-metal over load trip

(b) The electromagnetic short-circuit trip

The Bi-metal over load trip

The over load tripping depends on the operation of the thermally operated bi-metal strip,
which consists of two different metals rolled on each other. Due to the different
coefficient of thermal expansion, the two metals expand differently when heated (for
instance by an electric current flowing through), which results in a deflection. The
deflection depends directly on the duration. After a predetermined deflection (or
temperature), the bi-metal will activate the tripping mechanism. Normally the bi-metal is
selected to carry the line current and can be directly heated, for lower current ratings it
might be necessary to use indirect heating via a heater tape which is wound around the bi-
metal.

Some older designs of miniature circuit breakers still in use, extend the function of the bi-
metal tripping system to trip on short- circuit conditions as well as to support the bi-metal
for faster bending on high short- circuit current, an iron core is attached to the bi-metal.
Such systems normally cause the bi-metal to be over heated and result in an over
stretching. After the fault has been cleared, the bi-metal does not return to its next fault
situation the miniature circuit breaker will trip much earlier than it was design for,
however the distortion is irreversible such circuit breakers may comply with standards
like NEMA (American standards) or JIS (Japanese standards), but would not pass the
more stringent requirements of standards like IEC (International standards), SS
(Singapore standards) and EN (European standards)

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(a) The electromagnetic short-circuit trip

For server over load or short-circuit conditions, miniature circuit breakers should provide
an instantaneous tripping facility.
The electromagnetic tripping system consists essentially of a solenoid coil through which
the load current flows. The coil has a fixed iron core plus a movable armature. If the
current exceeds a predermined value the coil produces sufficient electromagnetic force to
attract the movable armature against the for of the re-set spring. The switching
mechanism is activated by the tripping liver to open the contacts

This classical method is used in the so called zero point extinguishing MCBs (ZPE).
ZPE MCBs operate with an arc voltage which is much lower than the supply voltage.
This allows the short-circuit current to flow practically uninfluenced or impeded for the
first half wave of the a.c. cycle only just near the zero or cross over point of the a.c. sine
wave, the arc can be extinguished, in some cases it may even re-ignite. Electromagnetic
short-circuit trip shown in

3. Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)

RCCB’s have a two pole and 4 poles. Phase and Neutral going through the 2 pole RCCB.
3 phase and neutral go through the 4 pole RCCB.

Residual current devices provide the functions of isolation switching and earth leakage
protection of electrical circuits (no over load and short-circuit protection).

They have a residual current operated electromechanical release which operates without
any auxiliary source of supply to open a circuit automatically in the case of an earth
leakage fault between phase & earth greater than or equal to a threshold of 30,100 or
300mA.

Mechanism of the RCCB

A residual current device (RCD) is a measurement device connected to a torrid sensor

surrounding the active conductors of a circuit, it’s function is to detect a difference
incurrent, i.e. a residual current caused by in insulation fault between an active conductor
and the frames or earth, and to automatically interrupt the supply with in a delay that is
compatible with people safety.

4. Earth Fault Relay (EFR)

Earth fault relay suitable for protection of all electrical circuit. This relay is extremely
accurate easy to set, compact and easy to install with rear terminal connection.

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EFR’s have a following special features

1. Mechanical fault indicator to indicate the tripping of relay

2. Manual reset push button for the relay
3. Built-in delay timer with adjustable range of 0 sec to 1.0 sec
4. Its reliability and stability arc excellent and performance is
extremely high compared with conventional induction relays
5. Highly resistant to electrical induction and external mechanical
shock.
6. Its unique circuit design and electronic parts ensure stable operation
over a wide range of temperature, humidity, voltage and frequency
fluctuation
7. Specially made transparent plastic cover for sealing of the setting
knob.

5. Earth leakage relay (ELR)

The earth leakage relay has the very best diagnostic (and auto diagnostic) never seen on
the previous generation of earth leakage relays. Particularly, it has three types of tests,
two of which are made automatically by the relay it self.

1. manual test (trough test button)

2. automatic test of the torrid/relay circuit (watch)
3. automatic test of the internal electronic functionally

Every two second the microprocessor checks all the electronic circuit between the input
and output terminals. The test doesn’t generate any interference with the normal relay
operation in case of fault the out put relay trips and the fault LED light-on steady.

6. Phase Failure Relay (PFR)

PFR’s have a three-phase voltage control for three phase networks without neutral. The
voltage to be controlled is applied to terminals L1, L2, L3, N and feeds the unit too
(green “ON” LED). “Max voltage” and “Min voltage” potential meters establish a control
window around the line rated voltage which value is selected by the rotary switch “Ue”
on the front.

The unit trips when only one of the line voltages (L1-L2, L2-L3, L1-L3) exceeds the set
limits.

i. Normal condition
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If the voltage is with in the control window, both out put relays are energized, the “Min”
and “Max” LED’s are off.
II. Maximum voltage trip
When the voltage exceeds the “Max voltage” limit of the control window and the over
voltage remains for more that time “Delay max” the “Max” out put relay de-energizes
and the “Max” out put relay energizes and the “Max” LED switch off.

III. Minimum Voltage trip

When the voltage exceeds the “Min voltage” limit of the control window and the under
voltage remains for more than time “Delay min”, the “Min” out put relay de-energizes
and the “Min” LED switches on. When the voltage returns to a value more than “Min
voltage” +3% (hysterics). The reset is automatic, the “Min” out put relay energizes and
the “Min” LED switches off.

3.4 EARTHING

Every exposed-conductive-part (a part which may become live under earth fault
conditions) shall be connected by a protective conductor to the main earthing terminal

3.4.1Types of earthing system

1. TT system
2. IT system
3. TN-C system
4. TN-S system
5. TN-CS system

The correct selection of protective devices and their current/voltage ratings depend on,
among other factors, the earthing arrangement of the electrical installation system. The
distribution systems ate classified according to IEC 60364-3 by the method of system
earthing. The basic definition of the system is denoted by using two letters. An addition
of one or two letters may be necessary to indicate neutral and protective conductor
arrangements as well.
The first letter indicates the relationship of the power source and earthing.

T- Direct connection to earth

N- All live parts isolated from earth or one point earthed through impedance

The second letter indicates the relationship of the exposed conductive parts of the
installation and the earthing.

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T- Direct connection to earth
N- Direct connection of exposed conductive parts by protective conductors to the
earthed.

In the TN- system an additional code using one or two letters defines the arrangement of
the neutral and protective conductors.

C- Neutral and protective conductor combined in a single conductor

S- Separate conductors for neutral and protective functions
CS- Neutral and protective conductors combined in part of the system only

In the TT system, all exposed conductive parts of an installation are connected to an earth
electrode which is electrically independent of the earth all the supply source.
Effective earth connection is some times difficult as the fault loop impedance may not be
as low as required. The fault current limitation in the IT- system is obtained by the
absence of an earth connection from the supply (is obtained neutral) or by in serration of
an impedance between the neutral path and earth.

In the TN- system the fault loop is entirely constituted of conducting elements, so that
high earthing resistances can be avoided. The star point at the power source is directly
earthed, the exposed conductive parts of the installation may be connected to a separate
protective conductor and neutral (as in the TN-C or the TN-CS- system)

3.4.2 Earth Electrodes

The following types of earth electrode are recognized for the purposes of the regulations.

1. Earth rods or pipes

2. Earth tapes or wires
3. Earth plates
4. Under ground structural metal work embedded in foundations
5. Welded metal reinforcement of concrete (except pre-stressed concrete)
embedded the earth,
6. Lead sheaths and other metal coverings of cables
7. Other suitable under ground metal work.

Generally we were used earth pipe for my work station. But earth plate is used for the
lighting arrestor.

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Method of the installing earth pipe

At first we should dig a hole. Then insert the galvanized pipe in to the hole. And attack to
the top of the pipe, till come to the ground level. Then insert the sold or chemical in to the
earth pipe, for good resistance to the pipe & ground.

3.6 LIGHTING ARRESTER

Buildings are protected from lightning by metallic lightning rods extending to the ground
from a point above the highest part of the roof. These rods form a low-resistance path for
the lightning discharge and prevent it from traveling through the structure itself. Power
lines and radio sets with external aerials are protected against lightning by lightning
arresters that consist of a small gas-filled gap between the line and ground wire. This gap
offers a high resistance to ordinary voltages, but a lightning discharge, which has a
potential of tens of millions of volts, causes the gas in the gap to ionize, providing a low-
resistance path to earth for this discharge.
There are several types of lighting arresters in general use. They differ only in
constructional details but operate on the same principle which providing low resistance
path for the surges to the ground. Following are kinds of lighting arresters.

1. Rod gap arrester

2. Horn gap arrester
3. Multi gap arrester
4. Expulsion type lighting arrester
5. Valve type lighting arrester

Assembling the lighting arrester

First one fixed lighting arrester then fixed the copper tape to the arrester and termination
to earth plate to the other side of the copper tape.

Safety measures to be taken when installing lighting arrester

1. The lighting arrester must be at last 2 meters higher than any other point on
the structure it is intended to protect.
2. Check that the down conductor is attacked tightly to the lighting arrester tip
by the arrester adaptor / down conductor.
3. Make sure that there is perfect electrical continuity between the lighting
arrester and its earthing point.

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4. The resistance of the earthing points must be no greater than 10. this value
should be taken at an earthing point insulated from all other conducting
elements.
4.1 INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REGULATION (IEE
REGULATION)

 We must always attach phase(live) wires to the right side of the switch
 Phase wire of the socket outlet must be attached to the right.
 Fuse is not attach to a neutral wire
 The equipments protected by circuit must be clearly noted in the distribution
board
 All the socket out let of a room must be connected to a single phase
 If there are more than one sub circuits, they must be connected to a distribution
board.
 Each equipment of a low voltage must be noted in the distribution board.
 The neutral wire of distribution board must be connected neatly according to
their circuit.
 On, off switch must be placed closed to its motor.
 When wires are sent through mettle cover rubber-bush must attach to the end
of them.
 When doing a wires joint with aluminium conductors and copper conductors
they must not be mixed.
 If must not good enough to keep a P.V.C wires in an heat of more than 60C.
 Equipments with oil in a building must be kept a part from other to avoid
accidents.
 More than flexible wire must not be attached to the sealing rose.
 Socket must not be fixing in the bath rooms.
 All the earth joint must be welded together to end earth wire.
 Insulation and resistance must be move than mega ohm.
 A socket must be fixed in a height of 150mm from the floor.
 The voltage drop of a sub circuit must not be more than 2.5%
 The distance between the main switch and its permanents cookers must be less
than 2mm

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4.2 TEST INSTRUMENTS

Commonly using various instrument for electrical work station.

1. Insulation resistance tester (meager)

2. Earth electrode resistance tester
3. Clip-on tester
4. Multi-meter

1. Insulation resistance tester

 Insulation resistance measurements

1. Set the range switch to a desired position.

2. With the test leads connected to the circuit being tested press the test button
and read resistance in mega ohms on the ohm scale.

The power indication lamp should light up. Read the indication directly from the
mega ohm scale on the 500V range and 100V range. Multiply the reading by 0.5 for
250V and 50V and by 2 for 1000V.

 Earth resistance measurement

Press button first and then button. When the meter pointer deflects up full
scale, press button and take the reading. When an earth resistance value to be
measured is bellow 10Ω, press button and take the reading.

During this measurement, ok lamp is illuminated; indicating that connection to C and E

terminals is good. An abnormal condition exists when the lamp does not light up check
for connection to C and E terminals.

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5.1 WORK STATION SAFETY PROCEDURE

1. Site cleaning
2. Protective wear
3. Safety access
4. Scaffolding / platform
5. Prevention of accident due to falls
6. Prevention of due to electrical failure
7. Prevention of accident due to misuse of machineries
8. Prevention of fire
9. Safety sign
10. First aid
11. Activities for safety

1. Site cleaning

 At heights safe scaffolding / platform shall be always kept clean.

 Dustbins shall be provided at appropriate interval for small garbage with
indication by signboard.
 Garbage dumping area shall be arranged at site with indication by
signboard. All garbage shall be collected to this area and collected garbage
shall be disposed to out side of site periodically.

2. Protective wear

 Helmet - all workers / staff shall wears helmet at site.

 Shoes-all workers / staff shall wear gumboots at required
places.
 Other protective wears.
 Safety belt shall be worn for following works structural steel erection,
scaffolding erection etc at high places.
 Goggles shall be worn for following works chipping, grinding, etc in case
small particles could be emitted.

 Welding hoods shall be worn for following works-welding etc in case

harmful ray could be emitted.

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 Mask shall be worn for following works-grinding / cutting concrete, etc in
case small particles could be emitted.

3. Safety access

 Safety access to work place shall be always secured and cleaned.

 Signs for safety access shall be provided lighting to safety access shall be
provided at night.

4. Scaffolding / Platform

 Damaged, deformed, corroded materials shall not be used for scaffoldings.

 Scaffoldings shall be erected in either of following systems.
 Prefabricated scaffolding system, consisting of frame, brace, catwalk
panel, etc
 G.I.pipe scarffolding, consisting of vertical, horizontal, bracing G.I.pipes
tightened by cramps.
 Scaffolding which is more than 5m in height shall be tide to permanent
structure at appropriate interval. Top of scaffolding platform shall be equipped
with handrail.

5. Prevention of accidents due to falls.

 In case of works, be provided.

 In case it is physically difficult to provide safe scaffolding / platform
 form for work at heights, workers must use safety belt.
 Opening which may cause fall shall be closed, or barriered.
 Work at heights in strong wind and heavy rain is prohibited.
 In case heights in strong wind and heavy rain is prohibited.
 In case height / depth of working platform are more than 1.5m, safe
facilities for going up and down shall be provided.

6. Prevention of accidents due to electrical failure.

 Insulated wire shall be used for wiring of temporary

power supply.

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 Nothing shall be put on cable.
 Nothing shall be in front of distribution board.
 Circuit bracer shall be provided to each circuit.

7. Prevention of accidents due to misuse of machineries.

 Max speed within the site shall be 15km/h

 No entry in to the radius of operation of crane, backhoe, ect.is allowed.
 Inspection before commencement of work of basic mechanical items such
as brakes and clutch shall be carried out by operators.
 Periodical inspection for entire machineries shall be established (detail will
be submitted later) and in effect.
 Signals for hoisting shall be unified, and signalman shall be stationed at
hoisting works.

8. Prevention of fire.

 Contact Tel.No. of nearest fire station shall be displayed at site office.

 Flammable gas cylinder shall be kept at well ventilated place.

9. Safety signs
Following signs shall be provided at appropriate places according to site situation
/ progress

 Safety first
 Wear helmets
 Watch your head
 Dust bin
 Max. load
 Other sings as required

10. First aid

 First aid box equipped with a first-aid kit, etc. shall be

provided
 Contact Tel.No. for calling ambulance shall be displaced
at site office.

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11. Activity for safety

 Monthly safety meeting - safety meeting for all workers

shall be held monthly in order to educate workers for improvement of safety at
site.
 Daily meeting - at daily meeting for tomorrow’s
activities, what to take care for safety shall be discussed.

6.0 Specification

Specification generally consisted of two sections, one being the requirements for
Stranded of workmanship and the other being a specific requirement for the electrical
wiring of the installation. Particular requirements were detailed in individual clauses.

The Electrical Consultant had the responsibilities of ensuring that the Specification
correctly identified and details the work that the electrical contractor was to undertaken;
there be clauses requiring him to accept responsibility for the satisfactory design of the
installation, as well as clauses requiring him to point out any alleged deficiencies or error
in the design at the tender stage of the project. In addition to this, was the general
responsibility upon the electrical installation were safe and designed to a satisfactory
standard.

It some times happens that the client changed the requirement about some aspect of the
work being undertaken or that an incorrect detail was discovered on a drawing or in the
specification. Such variance (as they were called) were generally advised by the
consulting engineer to the architect who then issued an architect’s instruction to the main
contractor who in turn informs the electrical contractor to carry out the extra work in
accordance with terms and condition.

The permanent site staff consists of project Manager, Engineers, Assistant Engineers
Quantity Surveyors, Administrative Officer, & Storekeepers. Duties and responsibilities
of these officers at the work site distribute as follows.

6.1 DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROJECT MANAGER

 He should responsibilities for around all section of the site administration,

technical and other parts.
 He should prepare programs & progress charts for the site organization.
 He should co- ordinates between head office and site and also between the client
& contractor

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 He must select who are the best for each work and who can do hard works.
 He should co-coordinate with different sub contractor agencies to maintain the
speed of construction project work.
 He should attend site meetings, preparation of proceeding for tomorrow; discuss
the difficulties, suggestions taken out the meeting.
 He should give instructions to the engineers, assistance engineers & officers as it
required by the site conditions.
 Complete the project with in given time & cost also good quality must there.

6.2 DUTIES OF ENGINEERS

 Keeping overall watch on working of all the supervisors & workers to obtain
maximum out put from them.
 To control wastage & details provided by the consultants & explain to supervisors.
 To prepare reinforcement schedules of the project.
 To work out the requirement of different material necessary for work involved.

6.3 DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

 Security services should be careful checked on daily basis & report promptly all
shortcomings to project manager.
 Maintenance & movements of machineries, vehicles & arrangement it requirement
in time.
 All transfers of employers from one work site should be organized an in order to
prepare the transfer documents. ( gate passes )
 All the copies of attendance sheet & any other document pertaining to site
employee’s from; be care fully packed and dispatched to teed office at the end
every month.
 The passes must be issued all sub contractors employees & re-new or alter each 6
months.
 Every personal accident looks after the purpose of employees & he should take
action to over come problems as soon as possible.

6.4 STORE MANAGEMENTS

To get good store handling without wasting the materials or working hours of labors due
to the finishing of materials, the site manager should keep close associated with store
keepers. Main stores managed site stores.

Storekeepers should maintain the following records;

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Material requisition
Goods Received note
Stores requisition
Gate pass
Transfer voucher
Issue receipt voucher

Material Requisition

This is used to issue the material to the workers from the site office. Officers have to fill
this form & sign it & worker give it to stores and store keeper was issued request quantity
for the worker.

Goods Received Note

When the requested materials are supplied to the site, the store keeper prepares the
“Goods Received Note” by checking quantity of the goods received thoroughly. The
project manager must give the final approval.

Purchase Requisition

If any material is not available or not on sufficient quantities in the site the store keeper
should inform the project manager about the stock levels when a requirement arises a
“Purchase Requisition” is prepared stating the required materials, quantities etc. and
forwarded to the site manager for approval.

Store Requisition

If a material purchasing through the head office stores requisition is prepared. Then
certified it by site manager and forwarded to the head office.

Transfer voucher

To transfer any equipment, material from one site to another site or head office stores to
the site transfer voucher is issued. This is consisting of four copies.

Original - to receive place

Duplicate - to certify that goods received and return it to the site
Triplicate - to the security book copy

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Gate pass

If some thing is taken out from the site the gate pass is issued. Especially for the sub
contractors

6.5 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSULTANT

Consultant has to design and prepare the details of the project to the satisfaction of the
client has to administer the work till its completion.
In this task consultant has to give details and certification where ever necessary. If all of
his responsibilities be has,

1. Closely supervises the work

2. Review the progress and propose remedial action
3. Check and certify the bills
4. Check and approve the new rates, day works, variation orders
5. Supervise the rectification work during maintenance period
6. Issue as certificate of completion at the end of the project
7. Check the quality of the work that client wishes
8. Complete project within given time period and given cost by the client.

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7.0 C-Bus Lighting Control system

Introduction

C-Bus is a microprocessor-based control and management system for buildings and

homes. It is used to control lighting and other electrical services such as pumps,
audiovisual devices, motors, etc. Whether simple ON/OFF control of a lighting circuit, or
variable (analogue) type control, such as electronic dimmable fluorescent ballasts, C-Bus
can be used to easily control virtually any type of electrical load..
To ensure fast and reliable operation, each C-Bus device has its own in-built
microprocessor and “intelligence”, allowing units to be individually programmed.
C-Bus uses a patented method for updating the status of units. This method does not
require a central computer or central controller to handle databases or lookup tables to
operate. The status of each C-Bus unit is initiated at specific time intervals, without the
need of a central controller. Each device is allocated a specific time frame to broadcast its
status, synchronized by a self- generated system clock pulse. This allows large amounts
of data to be transmitted in a very small time frame, effectively and reliably on the
network, leading to low processing overheads and low bandwidth requirements.

There are many reasons to use C-Bus:

 It is a highly robust and reliable control system, with a low cost per node.
 A wide range of tools is available, allowing third party companies to interface
with both PC based and embedded systems.
 A single C-Bus cable connection can control many devices.
 C-Bus offers the ultimate flexibility in switching and control. Functions can be
changed, added, removed, moved, reprogrammed, at any position on the network,
at any time — without any cumbersome hard-wiring.
 C-Bus is simple to install and commission.
 C-Bus can control any type of load, digital and analogue.

Electrical wiring practices have not changed much since the introduction of insulated

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multicore cabling. However, wiring requirements in commercial buildings have changed
rapidly since that innovation. The additions of fire and smoke detection, security and
energy management systems have placed high demands on electrical installations.
The need for central monitoring and control of these extra systems may result in massive
networks of wires emanating from the control area.
Conventional wiring practice requires current to flow through both a switch and its load.
This requires heavy conductors to run from the switchboard to the load and, from the
load to the controlling switches. These aspects add to wiring complexity, increasing

installation time, documentation control and overall system cost. Maintenance and
system flexibility can be problematic.

The C-Bus network overcomes these problems. It uses a twisted pair of wires such as
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Category 5 (Cat-5) Local Area Network (LAN) cable, to
communicate between a building’s light switches and load controlling devices. This same
cable pair also provides the DC supply voltage to the C-Bus devices.
This greatly reduces the number of heavy wires in an installation, while enabling easy
central monitoring and system control.

C-Bus can be expanded to control and monitor a building’s electrical appliances from a
personal computer. Security, air conditioning and other systems can be programmed to
turn on or off at specific times or events. Lighting and temperature can be varied
according to ambient conditions. Inputs, switches and loads can be reconfigured without
reconnecting a single wire.

C-Bus Communications

When a button is pressed on an input unit, a measurement is made of its press duration.
This measurement influences the message that the unit issues in response to the button
press (depending on its programming). This is illustrated in Figure 1.

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The relevant C-Bus message is then transmitted over the C-Bus network as indicated by
the dashed line in Figure 2.

The C-Bus message is broadcast over the bus for all C-Bus units to read, as illustrated in
Figure 3. It contains information about the Group Address and the operation to be
performed, such as switch on or off. Only the C-Bus units with the same address will
respond.

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C – Bus Wiring

Figure 6 shows how the same two-way control is wired using C-Bus (pink wiring). The
control circuitry is simpler than the conventional method. If a four or eight button switch
is used instead of the two button, the wiring remains the same. Just two conductors are
required to link the C-Bus control.

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

There are several methods of designing and installing C-Bus. An overview of the
installation approach is shown below.

Installation
Once the design phase has been completed, installation may
begin. Several
simple steps are typically followed:
• Implementation of Programming Requirements of the Design
on a Personal Computer (Build C-Bus Database).
• Unit Initialisation and Programming (One at a Time).
• Cabling and Electrical Installation of the Hardware.
• Finalization and Further Programming of Units on the
Network as required.

The details of the design are first input into a personal

computer using the C-Bus Installation Software. Hardware
should then be initialised (on a Unit by Unit basis). This
involves the assignment of a Unit Address to each Unit, one at
a time. In this way Units can be uniquely identified once
installed on the Network. It is recommended that each Unit be

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clearly labeled for easy identification before final electrical
fitting takes place. Testing and any further programming may
be undertaken at this time, or tackled once all
Units have been physically installed.
Commissioning
Subject to compliance with the specification, the system may
now be commissioned. Modifications or design review can be
undertaken at any time, often requiring programming changes
only. A well designed system should seldom call for the
installation of new hardware, except where revised
specifications dictate the necessity.

Programming Principles

All C-Bus devices require programming (with the exception of

Power Supplies).
This is achieved by dedicated software running on a Personal
Computer.
Unit programming is carried out to achieve the following
objectives:
• Create/Define Units on the C-Bus Network
• Identify each Unit using the C-Bus addressing convention
• Create/Define/Edit control relationships between Inputs and
Outputs
• Edit Unit operating parameters
The operating parameters vary from Unit to Unit, depending on it’s type.
They include:
• Key Functions
• Timer Functions
• Dimming Functions
• Toggle (On/Off) Control
• Preset Levels
• Custom/Other Functions
• Output Switching Logic Assignments
• Power Fail Recovery Status
• Power Up Sequences
• Dimming Rates

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• Indicator Options
• Sensor Switching Conditions
• Override Controls (Enable/Disable)
• Error Status Options

Practical Wiring Considerations

The C-Bus is designed to operate at a safe, extra-low voltage of 36V DC, with optical
and/or galvanic isolation from mains voltages. The installer must ensure that acceptable
wiring practices for extra low voltage cabling are adopted with C-Bus.

In particular, the routing of the C-Bus cable near mains wiring, where physical separation
criteria between cables need to be satisfied. In this respect C-Bus is treated as a data
cable, and the same practices should be employed. The C-Bus, operating at the safe extra
low voltage of 36V DC, allows electrical work to be performed on the C-Bus side while
the system is powered on.

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The C-Bus side with short circuit protection ensures that the equipment will not be
damaged if the supply is shorted for an indefinite period. The installer needs to be aware
that shorting the C-Bus Network will disable operation of the C-Bus Network as long as
the short circuit persists. A benefit of the C-Bus method of wiring is that wiring of the C-
Bus Units may be accomplished in a number of ways. The C-Bus Units are all wired in
parallel on the Bus, and the Units may be daisy chained, or be part of a branch/star
structure or a combination of these. Closed loop ring structures are not recommended.

Installation of every Unit on the C-Bus Network requires connection to the Unshielded
Twisted Pair C-Bus Network Cable. This connection is polarity sensitive, and is clearly
marked on the terminal block of the Unit. Clipsal has Category 5 cable for use with C-
Bus (Catalogue Number 5005C305B). The cable features eight single core conductors
(four Unshielded Twisted Pairs (UTP), encased in a pink outer sheathing. Pink has been
chosen in order to distinguish between the C-Bus cabling in an installation. A second
feature is that the cable may for short runs be routed into a switchboard close to mains
cable. The outer sheath insulation resistance is suitable for this application. The following
illustration shows the recommended technique for cable termination giving optimum
performance, and immunity from electromagnetic interference (EMI).

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