FOREWORD

Praise be to you in conveying to the presence of God Almighty, because

thanks to His mercy I can complete this paper as expected. As I was given the task to
make a paper on thermochemistry. In preparing this paper, there are not a few
obstacles that I face. But I realized that the fluency in the preparation of this material
was nothing but thanks to the help, encouragement and guidance of parents, so that
the obstacles we faced were overcome.
Therefore we thank:
1. My parents who always provide facilities and encouragement to be able to
make clippings / collection of these articles.
2. The trusted resource person in this process has helped a lot.
Thank you for everything. I am aware, as a student who is still in the
learning process, there are still many shortcomings in this paper. Therefore, we
sincerely hope that there will be positive criticisms and suggestions for better writing
in the future. My hope is that this simple paper can give awareness to young people
about employment in Indonesia Hopefully with me making this paper can be useful
and provide motivation for its readers, especially for me and for the younger
generation who will come.

Compiler,
 WRITING SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO WRITING SYSTEMATICS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1. Background
2. Purpose of Writing
3. Writing method
4. Systematics of Writing

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
1. Basic Concepts
2. Temodinamika I
3. Heat Reaction
4. Work
5. Enthalpy
6. Calorimeter
7. Hess's Law
8. Determination of the reaction
9. Energy Bonds
10. Types of heat

CHAPTER III CLOSING

• Conclusion
• Suggestion

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1. Background

In this paper, I took the theme of Thermochemistry. I chose this theme

because we think this material is very important to learn because thermochemistry is
one of the basic material in chemistry that must be mastered.In this paper I discuss
the basic concepts of thermochemistry that we present at the beginning of the
contents of the paper. I do this because I judge to understand a material, we must
know the basic concept first, after that it goes into the core of the material. Bond
energy, and types of heat. Therefore, I am trying to make thermochemical material in
this paper to be concise and easy to understand.Thermochemistry is a material that
must be well understood because it includes quite a lot of other material, such as
thermodynamics I, reaction heat, work, enthalpy, calorimeter, Hess's law,
determination of reaction

2. Purpose of Writing
1. to learn the basic concepts of thermochemistry
2. to study materials related to thermochemistry
3. understand thermochemistry well

2. Writing method

In writing this paper, I obtained a study of material from several sources,

namely the study of literature from books related to topics and various articles from
the internet.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. Basic Concepts

Thermochemistry is the study of the relationship between heat energy and

chemical energy. While chemical energy is defined as the energy contained in each
element or compound. The chemical energy contained in a substance is a kind of
potential energy of the substance. The chemical potential energy contained in a
substance is called heat in or thickness and expressed by the symbol H. The
difference between the enthalpy of reactants and the enthalpy of results in a reaction
is called the reaction enthalpy change. The reaction enthalpy change is given the
symbol ΔH.
Parts of chemistry that study heat or heat changes in a substance that
accompanies a reaction or chemical and physical process are called thermochemistry.
Operationally, thermochemistry is related to the measurement and interpretation of
heat changes that accompany chemical reactions, changes in state, and formation of
solutions.
Thermochemistry is the basic knowledge that needs to be given or that can
be obtained from chemical reactions, but also necessary as a basic knowledge for the
study of the theory of chemical bonds and chemical structures. The focus of the
discussion in thermochemistry is about the amount of heat that can be produced by a
certain number of reagents and how the reaction heat is measured.
Thermochemistry is the application of the first law of thermodynamics to
chemical events that discusses the heat that accompanies chemical reactions.
 3. Thermodynamics I

Chemical thermodynamics can be defined as a branch of chemistry

dealing with heat, work and other forms of energy, with equilibrium in chemical
reactions and in changing conditions. Thermochemistry is closely related to
thermodynamics, because thermochemistry handles the measurement and
interpretation of heat changes that accompany chemical reactions, changes in state
and formation of solutions.
The application of the first law of thermodynamics in the field of chemistry
is a study material from thermochemistry. "Energy cannot be created or destroyed,
but can be changed from one form to another, or the energy of the universe is
constant."
Heat changes at constant pressure:
VV W = PE + PH = 
E = inner energy

4. Heat Reaction

Changes in energy in chemical reactions can always be made as heat,

because it is more appropriate if the term is called reaction heat.
Mostly, chemical reactions are not closed from the outside world. When the
temperature of the reaction mixture rises and the potential energy of the chemicals
concerned falls, it is called an exothermic reaction. But if at a temperature reaction
the mixture falls and the potential energy of the substances that participate in the
reaction rises, it is called an endothermic reaction.
There are several types of changes in a system. One of them is an open
system, that is, when mass, heat and work can change. There is also a closed system,
where there is no change in mass, but only heat and work. Meanwhile, adiabatic
change is a condition where the system is isolated from the environment so that no
heat can flow. Then, there are also changes that occur at a fixed temperature, which is
called isothermic changes.
At changes in temperature, it is indicated by ∆t (t indicates temperature),
calculated by reducing the final temperature with the initial temperature.
∆t = last - first
Likewise, changes in potential energy;
Final ∆ (E.P) = (E.P) = (E.P)
From this definition an agreement was reached in algebraic signs for changes in
exotherms and endotherms. In exothermic changes, the potential energy of the
reaction product is lower than the potential energy of the reagent, meaning that the
end is lower than the initial EP. So the price ∆ (E.P) has a negative price. In an
endothermic reaction, the reverse occurs so that the price of ∆ (E.P) is positive.
In a reaction, the formation reaction is defined as a reaction that forms a
single compound from its constituent elements (example: C +
½O2 + 2H2 → CH3OH). While the heat of formation is based on 1 mole
compound formed. Standard heat formation is 298.15 K (∆H ° f298). Standard heat is
at 25 ° C, as is the example of a reaction
• 4HCl(g) → 2H2(g) + 2Cl2(g) ∆H°298 = (4) (92307)
• 2H2(g) + O2(g) → ∆H ° 298 = (2) (- 241818) Meanwhile, heat of reaction at non-
standard temperatures

5. Work

When wood or kerosene is burned, a certain amount of heat is produced.

Heat burnt wood or kerosene produced causes the surrounding environment to
become hot. However, when the fire is extinguished, the situation will return to
normal. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created
or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another. So, the heat produced in
burning wood or kerosene is absorbed by air molecules or other objects around it and
converted into other forms of energy, for example, into kinetic energy. Likewise, the
heat source produced when wood or kerosene burns is not something that is created,
but only changes in the form of energy. Wood and
 kerosene stores a certain amount of energy, called chemical energy. When
the ingredients burn, some of the chemical energy stored in them turns into heat. The
principle of conservation of energy is also the First Thermodynamic Law.
In thermochemistry there are two things that need to be considered concerning energy
transfer, namely the system and the environment. Everything that is at the center of
attention in studying energy changes is called the system, while things that limit the
system and can affect the system are called the environment.
Based on its interaction with the environment, the system is divided into three types,
namely:
 Open Systems
 An open system is a system that allows the transfer of energy and substances
(matter) between the environment and the system. Material exchange means
there is a result of a reaction that can leave the system (reaction container),
such as gas, or something from the environment can enter the system.
 Closed system
 A system between the system and the environment can occur energy transfer,
but there cannot be an exchange of material called a closed system.
 Isolated system
 Isolated systems are systems that do not allow the transfer of energy and
matter between systems and the environment.
Energy is the capacity to do work (w) or produce heat (heat = q). The energy
exchange between system and environment can be either heat (q) or other forms of
energy which we collectively call work (w). The energy transferred in the form of
work or in the form of heat which affects the total amount of energy contained in the
system is called internal energy. Work is a form of energy exchange between the
system and the environment outside the heat. One form of work that often
accompanies chemical reactions is volume-pressure work, which is work that is
related to increase or decrease in system volume
 6. Enthalpy

Every system or substance has energy stored in it. Potential energy is

related to the form of matter, volume, and pressure. Kinetic energy is generated
because atoms and molecules in a substance move randomly. The total amount of all
forms of energy is called enthalpy (H). Enthalpy will remain constant as long as there
is no energy entering or leaving the substance. . For example enthalpy for water can
be written H H2 O(l) and for ice written H H2 O(s)
Enthalpy (H) of a substance is determined by the amount of energy and all
forms energy possessed by substances whose quantities cannot be measured. Heat or
enthalpy changes that occur during the process of receiving or releasing heat are
expressed by "enthalpy change (ΔH)". For example, in the change of ice into water, it
can be written as follows:
Δ H = H2 O(l) -H2 O(s)
If we observe the reaction of burning gasoline in the engine of the motor.
Some chemical energy contained in gasoline, when gasoline burns, is converted into
heat energy and mechanical energy to drive the motor. Likewise on the mechanism of
battery cell work. When battery cells work, chemical energy is converted into
electrical energy, heat energy is used to burn gasoline and combustion reactions of
gasoline to produce gas, moving the piston so that it moves the motor wheels.
The following figure shows a diagram of the change in chemical energy into
various other forms of energy

The actual enthalpy price of a substance cannot be determined or measured. But ΔH

can be determined by measuring the amount of heat absorbed by the system. For
example in the change of ice into water, which is 89 calories / gram. When the ice
changes to water, ΔH is positive, because the enthalpy changes, the enthalpy of water
is greater than the enthalpy of ice.
Thermochemistry is a part of chemistry that studies the enthalpy changes that
accompany a reaction. In chemical changes enthalpy changes always occur. The
amount of enthalpy change is equal to the difference between the reaction enthalpy
and the amount of enthalpy of the reagent.
In endothermic reactions, the enthalpy after reaction becomes greater,
so ΔH is positive. Whereas in the exothermic reaction, the enthalpy after the reaction
becomes smaller, so that ΔH is negative. The enthalpy change in a reaction is called
the reaction heat. The reaction heat for typical reactions is also called a typical name,
for example formation heat, decomposition heat, combustion heat, dissolution heat
and so on.

6.1. Standard Formation Enthalpy (ΔH◦)

The standard formation enthalpy of a compound states the amount of heat
which is needed or released for the process of forming 1 mole of compounds from
standard stable (STP) elements. The standard formation enthalpy is given a symbol
(ΔH◦f), the symbol f comes from the word formation which means formation.
Examples of stable elements in standard conditions, namely: H2 ,O2 , C, N2 , Ag, Cl2 ,
Br2 , S, Na, Ca, and Hg
6.2. Standard Decoding Enthalpy (ΔH◦)
The standard decomposition enthalpy of a compound states the amount of
heat that is needed or released for the decomposition process of 1 mole of a
compound from its standard stable (STP) elements. The standard decomposition
enthalpy is given a symbol (ΔH◦) the symbol d comes from the word decomposition
which means decomposition.
According to Laplace's Law, the amount of heat released in the formation of
compounds from its elements is equal to the amount of heat needed for
decomposition of the compound into its elements. Thus, decomposition enthalpy is
the opposite of the enthalpy of formation of the same compound. Thus the amount of
heat is the same but the sign is opposite because the reaction is in the opposite
direction.
 6.3. Standard Combustion Enthalpy (ΔH◦)
The standard combustion enthalpy of a compound states the amount of heat
that is needed or released for the combustion process of 1 mole of compounds from
standard stable (STP) elements. The standard decomposition enthalpy is given the
symbol (ΔH◦) the symbol d comes from the word combustion which means
burning.Combustion always frees heat so that the entrapment value is always
negative (exothermic)

6.4. Standard Dissolution Entalpy (ΔH◦)

The standard dissolution enthalpy states the amount of heat needed or
freed to dissolve 1 mole of substances under standard conditions (STP). Enthalpy
standard breakdown is given a symbol (ΔH◦) s symbol comes from the word
salvation means dissolution.

7. Calorimeter
Calorimeter is a device used to measure the amount of heat involved in a
change or chemical reaction. The calorimeter is divided into two, namely the solution
calorimeter and the bomb calorimeter. If two or more substances are mixed together,
a substance with high temperature will release heat while a substance with low
temperature will receive heat, until thermal equilibrium is reached. According to the
principle of Black: Heat released = heat received The heat of an object is independent
of the mass of the object, but depends on the nature and type of the object. If the heat
of an object is small, the temperature rise of the object will be fast if heated. Water
heat capacity = 4.200 J / kg ° C

7.1. Bomb Calorimeter

Bomb calorimeter is a device used to measure the amount of heat
(calorific value) which is freed from complete combustion (in excess O2) of a
compound, food ingredients, fuel. A number of samples are placed on an oxygenated
tube which is immersed in a heat absorbing medium (calorimeter), and the sample
will be burned by an electric apparatus from a metal wire installed in a tube. An
example of a bomb calorimeter is a food calorimeter.
 6.2. Food calorimeter.
Food calorimeter is a tool to determine calorific value of carbohydrate,
protein, or fat food. This tool consists of a glass tube that is approximately 19 cm
high and approximately 7.5 cm in diameter. The base part curves up to form a lid.
This enclosure is clogged with a plug that has a hole in the middle. The top of the
glass tube is covered with a round ebonite plate. Inside the glass tube there is a stirrer,
whose stem pierces the ebonite lid, there is also a spiral pipe from copper. The
bottom end of the spiral pipe penetrates the rubber plug hole in the enclosure and the
top end pierces the middle ebonite lid. On the ebonite lid there is still a hole, where to
put a thermometer into a glass tube. The glass tube is placed on an asbestos chip and
held by 3 pieces. The chip is a square whose sides are approximately 9.5 cm. Under
the asbestos chip, there is an electrical cable that will be connected to the power
source when used. On top of the asbestos chips is an aluminum cup. Above the cup
hung a nickel wire that was connected to an electric cable under the asbestos chip.
Nickel wire is what will ignite the food in the cup when it is glowed by an electric
current. Near the cup there is a metal pipe to drain oxygen.

6.3. Calorimeter solution

Solution calorimeter is a tool used to measure the amount of heat involved in
chemical reactions in the solution. Basically, the heat released / absorbed causes
changes in temperature at the calorimeter. Based on changes in temperature per
quantity of reagents then heat is calculated reaction from the reaction system of the
solution. Now the calorimeter of the solution with high accuracy can be obtained in
the market. In determining enthalpy the equation applies
Q reaction = - (Qutan + Q calorimeter) Q reaction = - (m.c.∆T + c.∆T)
If the calorie capacity in the calorimeter is ignored, then
Qreak = = (m.c.∆T)
Information :
m = mass of substance (kg) c = heat of type (J / kg⁰C)
∆t = temperature change (Celsius)

Hess's Law

Visual description of Hess's law in reaction. According to Hess's law,

because enthalpy is a function of the state, the enthalpy change from a chemical
reaction is the same, even though the steps used to obtain a product are different. In
other words, only the initial and final conditions affect the enthalpy change, not the
steps taken to achieve it. This causes the enthalpy change of a reaction to be
calculated even if it cannot be measured directly. The trick is to do arithmetic
operations on several reaction equations whose enthalpy changes are known. The
reaction equations are arranged so that the sum of all the equations will produce the
reaction we want. If a reaction equation is multiplied (or divided) by a number, the
enthalpic change must also be multiplied (divided). If the equation is reversed, then
the sign of enthalpy change must be reversed too (i.e. to be -ΔH). In addition, using
Hess's law, the value of ΔH can also be known by reducing the enthalpy of formation
of products minus the reactant formation enthalpy. Mathematically .For other
reactions in general
Usability

By knowing ΔHf (enthalpy change of formation) from the reactants and their
products, it can be predicted that any reaction enthalpy changes, with the formula
ΔH = ΔHfP-ΔH fR
The enthalpy change of a reaction can also be predicted from enthalpy changes in
combustion reactants and products, by formula
ΔH = -ΔHcP + ΔHcR
The concept of Hess's law can also be extended to calculate changes in other
functions, such as entropy and free energy. Both of these applications are very useful
because these quantities are difficult or cannot be measured directly, so calculations
with Hess's law are used as one way to determine it.
For changes in entropy:
• ΔSo = Σ (ΔSf product) - Σ (ΔSf reactant)
• ΔS = Σ (ΔSo reactants).
For free energy changes:
• ΔGo = Σ (ΔGf product) - Σ (ΔGf reactant)
• ΔG = Σ (ΔGo reactants)

8. Determination of ΔH Reaction

Hess's law states that enthalpy changes do not depend on how many stages
of the reaction, but depend on the initial and final state. In other words, for a given
overall reaction, the enthalpy change is always the same, no matter whether the
reaction is carried out directly or indirectly and through different stages. The formula
that can be used is
There are three ways you can use to search for si react with the law
This Hess, namely the way of diagrams, cycles, and ways of reaction equations.
 Diagram
The calculation by means of a diagram is to pay attention to the initial state,
the final state, and the reaction arrow (up or down).
 Cycle
How to cycle is almost the same as a diagram, but the shape is more flexible
than a diagram.
 How to Equate Reactions
This method can be used if the diagram or cycle is unknown. Determination
of this method requires accuracy in determining whether a reaction remains,
reversed, or multiplied because it will affect the results.

There is another way to determine siHreaking by calculating the average bond

energy. Average bond energy is the average energy needed to break one mole of
bonds between atoms in the gas phase.
Average bond energy data:
C-H = 410 kJ / mol C-O = 351 kJ / mol O-H = 460 kJ / mol C = C = 607 kJ / mol C-C
= 343 kJ / mol
The enthalpy change is associated with the reaction of the formation of one mole
compound called standard formation enthalpy ΔH ° f
 9. Energy Bond

Bonding energy is the energy needed to break chemical bonds in 1 mole of a gas-
shaped molecule / compound into its atoms. Bond energy symbol = D
H is determined using bond energy,A reaction that
then the atoms involved in the reaction must be gas.
Based on the type and location of atoms on other atoms in the molecule, there are 3
types of bonding energy, namely:

a. Atomization Energy.
It is the energy needed to break all bonds 1 mole of molecules into free atoms in a gas
state.Energy atomization = the sum of all bonds of atoms in 1 mole of compounds.

b. Bonding Dissociation Energy.

Is the energy needed to decide on one of the bonds contained in a molecule or
compound in a gas state.

c. Energy of Average Bonds.

Is the average energy needed to break the bonds of atoms in a compound (notation =
D). The bonding energy of a gas-shaped molecule can be determined from the
standard formation enthalpy data (fHf) and the binding energy of the elements. The
process is through 2 stages, namely:
 Decomposition of compounds into their elements.
 Changing elements into gas atoms.
 Chemical reactions basically consist of 2 processes:
 Termination of ties to reagents.
 The formation of bonds in the reaction product.
In the process of breaking ties = requires energy. In the process of forming bonds =
freeing energy
 10. Types of Heat

Every system or substance has energy stored in it. Potential energy is

related to the form of matter, volume, and pressure. Kinetic energy is generated
because atoms and molecules in a substance move randomly. The total amount of all
forms of energy is called enthalpy (H). Whereas heat is a form of energy that moves
from high temperatures to low temperatures. If an object receives / releases heat, the
temperature of the object will go up / down or the shape of the object changes.
Type heat (c) is the amount of heat needed to raise
1 gram or 1 kg of substance at 1ºC (unit of calories / gram.ºC or kcal / kg ºC).
Heat used to increase / decrease the temperature without changing the form of the
substance:
Q = heat released / received
H = heat capacity
Dt = increase / decrease in temperature m = mass of object
c = heat type
Heat absorbed / released (Q) in the process of changing objects: Q = m. L
m = object mass (kg)
L = latent heat (melting heat, frozen heat, steam heat, dew heat, sublime heat, heat
disappears) So heat is absorbed or released when things change does not cause
changes in body temperature (constant body temperature).

10.1. Standard Formation Heat

Is another name for enthalpy changes that occur in formation 1 Hf.moles
of compounds from their elements at standard temperature and pressure (25 oC, 1
atm). The entalpel can be released or absorbed. The unit is kJ / mol. The standard
form of an element is the most stable form of the element in the standard state (298
K, 1 atm). If the change in enthalpy of formation is not measured in standard
conditions it is denoted by
Note:
o fHf the free element = zero
o In the enthalpy of formation, the amount of substance produced is 1 mole. o
Formed from the elements in standard form.

10.2. Standard Decomposition Heat

Hd. Unit = kJ / mol. Standard breakdown enthalpy changeIt is another
name for enthalpy changes that occur in the decomposition of 1 mole of compounds
into their constituent elements in standard conditions. If measurements are not made
in standard conditions, it is denoted by
is the opposite of the standard formation enthalpy change, the value will also be
opposite the sign. According to Marquis de Laplace, "the amount of heat released in
the formation of compounds from its constituent elements = the amount of heat
needed to decompose the compound into its constituent elements. "This statement is
called Laplace's Law.

10.3. Standard Combustion Heat

Is another name for enthalpy changes that occur in combustion 1
Hc. Unit = kJ / mol.mole of a substance perfectly in standard conditions. If
measurements are not made in standard conditions, it is denoted by

10.4. Heat Neutralization Standards

Is another name for enthalpy changes that occur in neutralizing 1 mole
Hn. The unitacid by base or 1 mol of base by acid under standard conditions. If
measurements are not made in standard conditions, it is denoted by
= kJ / mol

10.5. Standard Evaporation Heat

Is another name for enthalpy changes that occur in evaporation 1
moles of substances in the liquid phase become the gas phase at standard conditions.
If measurements are not made in standard conditions, it is denoted by vHvap. Unit =
kJ / mol.
 10.6. Standard Melting Heat
Is another name for enthalpy changes that occur in melting /fusion of 1
mole of substance in the solid phase into a liquid phase substance under standard
conditions. If measurements are not made in standard conditions, it is denoted by
fHfus. Unit = kJ / mol.

10.7. Standard Sublimation Heat

Is the enthalpy change that occurs in sublimation of 1 mole of substances in
phase Hsub. Unit = kJsolid becomes a substance in the gas phase at standard
conditions. If measurements are not made in standard conditions,

10.8. Standard Dissolution Heat

Hsol. Unit = kJ / mol.It is another name for enthalpy change that occurs
when 1 mole of a substance dissolves in a solvent (generally water) under standard
conditions. If measurements are not made in standard conditions, it is denoted by
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

1. Conclusion
In short, the learning material on thermochemistry is a basic material that must be
studied and understood in depth. Materials which generally include thermodynamics
I, reaction heat, work, enthalpy, calorimeter, Hess's law, determination of reaksiH
reaction, bond energy, and types of heat are basic materials in chemistry lessons
which are useful for studying the next material which of course more complicated. In
this paper the material is briefly elaborated so that the reader can easily understand it.

2. Suggestions
With this simple paper, the authors hope that readers can understand this
thermochemical material easily. Suggestions from compilers so that readers can
master the short material in this paper well, then proceed with the training of
questions according to the related material in order to better master the material
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Brady, James .E. 1999. Kimia Universitas Azas & Struktur Jilid 1, Edisi ke-

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Kleinfelter, Wood. 1989.Kimia Untuk Universitas Jilid 1.ed.6.Jakarta :

Erlangga

Rahayu,Nurhayati,dan Jodhi Pramuji G.2009.Rangkuman Kimia

SMA.Jakarta : Gagas Media

Sutresna,Nana. 2007.Cerdas Belajar Kimia untuk Kelas XI.Jakarta :

Grafindo Media Pratama

Kuliah Kimia Dasar I oleh Pak Umar

free.vlsm.org/v12/sponsor/.../0281%20Fis-1-4d.htm
http://blog.ums.ac.id/vitasari/files/2009/06/kuliah-11_panas-reaksi.pdf
http://elearning.gunadarma.ac.id/docmodul/pengantar_kimia/Bab_8
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_Hess
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http://www.scribd.com/doc/20100823/Kalorimeter

http://www.chem-is-
try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_fisika1/termokimia/pengertian-termokimia/

dhan_di@rocketmail.com / dhanshei.blogspot.com