Initial Ubuntu Server Setup For Beginners PDF

3/2/2019 Initial Ubuntu Server Setup for Beginners
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Initial Ubuntu Server Start learning Linux in minutes 
Setup for Beginners

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by Matei Cezar | Published: October 27, 2017 |

October 27, 2017
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explained in this topic are
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OS platform, whether
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The rst step you need to
take care of in case of fresh
installation of Ubuntu server
or a new deployed Ubuntu
VPS is to make sure the
system and all system
components, such as the
kernel, the package
manager and all other
installed packages are up-
to-date with the latest
released versions and
security patches.
To update Ubuntu server, to

log in to server’s console
with an account with root
privileges or directly as root
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List Upgrade Ubuntu Packages
After you’ve consulted the

list of packages available for
upgrading, issue the below
command to start system
upgrade process.
$ sudo apt upgrade

Upgrade Ubuntu Server Packages
In order to remove all locally

downloaded deb packages
and all other apt-get caches,
execute the below
command.
$ sudo apt autoremove

$ sudo apt clean
Autoremove APT Packages and Cache
Create New
Account in
Ubuntu
By default, as a security
measure, the root account is Commands of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal
20 Funny
completely
RedHat disabled
RHCSA in
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Ubuntu. In order to create a
new account on the system,
log in to the system with the
account user with root
privileges and create a new
account with the below
command.
This new account will be

granted with root powers
privileges via sudo
command and will be used
to perform administrative
tasks in the system. Make
sure you setup a strong
password to protect this
account. Follow the adduser
prompt to setup the user
details and password.
$ sudo adduser ubuntu_u
Create User in Ubuntu

If this account
RedHat RHCSAwill
andbe
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assigned to another system
admin, you can force the
user to change its password
at the rst log in attempt by
issuing the following
command.
$ sudo chage -d0 ubuntu
For now, the new added user

cannot perform
administrative tasks via
sudo utility. To grant this
new user account with
administrative privileges you
should add the user to
“sudo” system group by
issuing the below command.
$ sudo usermod -a -G su
By default, all users

belonging to the “sudo”
group are allowed to
execute commands with
root privileges via sudo
utility. Sudo command must
be used before writing the
command needed for
execution,
RedHat as shown
RHCSA in theCerti cation Exam Study Ebook ($39.99)
and RHCE Get This Book 
below example.
$ sudo apt install pack
Test if the new user has the

root privileges granted, by
logging in to the system and
run the apt update
command pre xed with
sudo.
$ su - ubuntu_user
$ sudo apt update
Verify New User
Con gure System

Hostname in
Ubuntu
Usually, the machine
hostname is set-up during
the system installation
processRHCSA
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created in the cloud.
However, you should change
the name of your machine in
order to better re ect the
destination of your server or
to better describe its nal
purpose.
In a large company,
machines are named after
complex naming schemes in
order to easily identify the
machine in datacenter’s
racks. For instance, if your
Ubuntu machine will operate
a mail server, the name of
the machine should re ect
this fact and you can setup
machine hostname as
mx01.mydomain.lan, for
example.
To show details about your

machine hostname run the
following command.
$ hostnamectl
In orderRHCSA
RedHat to change
andthe name
of your machine, issue
hostnamectl command with
the new name you will
con gure for your machine,
as illustrated in the below
excerpt.
$ sudo hostnamectl set-
Verify the new name of your

system with one of the
below commands.
$ hostname
$ hostname -s
$ cat /etc/hostname
Set Hostname in Ubuntu Server
Setup SSH with

Public Key
Authentication in
Ubuntu 20 Funny Commands of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal
To increase
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degree of an Ubuntu server,
you should set-up SSH
public key authentication for
an local account. In order to
generate SSH Key Pair, the
public and private key, with a
specifying a key length, such
as 2048 bits, execute the
following command at your
server console.
Make sure you’re logged in

to the system with the user
you’re setting up the SSH
key.
$ su - ubuntu_user
$ ssh-keygen -t RSA -b
Setup SSH Keys in Ubuntu
While the key is generated,

you will be prompted to add
passphrase in order to
secure the key. You can
enter a strong passphrase or
choose to leave the
passphrase blank if you
want toRHCSA
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SSH server.
After the SSH key has been

generated, you can copy the
public key to a remote
server by executing the
below command. To install
the public key to the remote
SSH server you will need a
remote user account with
the proper permissions and
credentials to log in to
remote server.
$ ssh-copy-id remote_us
Copy SSH Key to Remote Server
You should be able to

automatically log in via SSH
to the remote server using
the public key authentication
method. You won’t need to
add the remote user
password
RedHat whileand
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public key authentication.
After you’ve logged in to the

remote server, you can start
to execute commands, such
as w command to list ssh
remote logged in users, as
shown in the below
screenshot.
Type exit in the console to

close the remote SSH
session.
$ ssh remote_user@remot
$ w
$ exit
Verify SSH Passwordless Login
To see the content of your

public SSH key in order to
manually install the key to a Commands of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal
20 Funny
remote RHCSA
RedHat SSH server,
and issue
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following command.
$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
View SSH Key
Secure SSH
Server in Ubuntu
In order to secure the SSH
daemon you should change
the default SSH port number
from 22 to a random port,
higher than 1024, and
disallow remote SSH access
to the root account via
password or key, by opening
SSH server main
con guration le and make
the following changes.
$ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd

First, search
RedHat RHCSAtheand
commented
line #Port22 and add a new
line underneath (replace the
listening port number
accordingly):
Port 2345
Don’t close the le, scroll

down and search for the line
#PermitRootLogin yes,
uncomment the line by
removing the # sign
(hashtag) from the
beginning of the line and
modify the line to look like
shown in the below excerpt.
PermitRootLogin no
Secure SSH Service
Afterwards, restart the SSH

server to apply the new
settings and test the
con guration by trying to log
in from a remote machine to
this server with the root
account via the new 20
port
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number.RHCSA
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account via SSH should be
restricted.
$ sudo systemctl restar
Also, run netstat or ss

command and lter the
output via grep in order to
show the new listening port
number for SSH server.
$ sudo ss -tlpn| grep s

$ sudo netstat -tlpn| g
Verify SSH Port
There are situations where

you might want to
automatically disconnect all
remote SSH connections
established into your server
after a period of inactivity.
In orderRHCSA
RedHat to enable
andthis
feature, execute the below
command, which adds the
TMOUT bash variable to
your account .bashrc hidden
le and forces every SSH
connection made with the
name of the user to be
disconnected or dropped-
out after 5 minutes of
inactivity.
$ echo 'TMOUT=300' >> .
Run tail command to check

if the variable has been
correctly added at the end of
.bashrc le. All subsequent
SSH connections will be
automatically closed after 5
minutes of inactivity from
now on.
$ tail .bashrc
In the below screenshot, the

remote SSH session from
drupal machine to Ubuntu
server via ubuntu_user
account has been timed out
and auto-logout after 5
minutes.
Auto Disconnect SSH Sessions
Con gure Ubuntu

Firewall UFW
Every server needs a well
con gured rewall in order
to secure the system at
network level. Ubuntu server
uses UFW application to
manage the iptables rules
on the server.
Check the status of UFW

rewall application in
Ubuntu by issuing the below
commands.
$ sudo systemctl status

$ sudo ufw status

Check UFW Firewall Status
Usually, the UFW rewall

daemon is up and running in
Ubuntu server, but the rules
are not applied by default.
Before enabling UFW rewall
policy in you system, rst
you should add a new rule to
allow SSH tra c to pass
through rewall via the
changed SSH port. The rule
can be added by executing
the below command.
$ sudo ufw allow 2345/t
After you’ve allowed SSH

tra c, you can enable and
check UFW rewall
application with the
following commands.
$ sudo ufw enable

$ sudo ufw status
Open SSH Port and Verify
To add new rewall rules for

other network services
subsequently installed on
your server, such as HTTP
server, a mail server or other
network services, use the
below rewall commands
examples as guide.
$ sudo ufw allow http

$ sudo ufw allow proto
To list all rewall rules run

the below command.
$ sudo ufw status verbo

Check UFW Firewall Rules
Set Ubuntu
Server Time
To control or query Ubuntu
server clock and other
related time settings,
execute timedatectl
command with no
argument.
In order to change your

server’s time zone settings,
rst execute timedatectl
command with list-
timezones argument to list
all available time zones and,
then, set the time zone of
your system as shown in the
below excerpt.
$ sudo timedatectl
$ sudo timedatectl list
$ sudo timedatectl set-

Set Ubuntu Timezone
The new systemd-

timesyncd systemd daemon
client can be utilized in
Ubuntu in order to provide
an accurate time for your
server across network and
synchronize time with an
upper time peer server.
To apply this new feature of

Systemd, modify systemd-
timesyncd daemon
con guration le and add
the closest geographically
NTP servers to NTP
statement line, as shown in
the below le excerpt:
$ sudo nano /etc/system
Add following con guration

to timesyncd.conf le:

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NTP=0.pool.ntp.org 1.po
FallbackNTP=ntp.ubuntu.
NTP Time Con guration
To add your nearest

geographically NTP servers,
consult the NTP pool project
server list at the following
address:
http://www.pool.ntp.org/en/
Afterwards, restart the

Systemd timesync daemon
to re ect changes and check
daemon status by running
the below commands. After
restart, the daemon will
start to sync time with the
new ntp server peer.
$ sudo systemctl restar


Start TimeSyncd Service
Disable and
Remove
Unneeded
Services in
Ubuntu
In order to get a list of all
TCP and UDP network
services up-and-running by
default in your Ubuntu
server, execute the ss or
netstat command.
$ sudo netstat -tulpn

OR
$ sudo ss -tulpn
List All Running Services

Staring RHCSA
RedHat with Ubuntu 16.10 Certi cation Exam Study Ebook ($39.99)
release, the default DNS
resolver is now controlled by
systemd-resolved service,
as revealed by the output of
netstat or ss commands.
You should also check the

systemd-resolved service
status by running the
following command.
Check Systemd Resolved Status
The systemd-resolved
service binds on all enabled
network interfaces and
listens on ports 53 and 5355
TCP and UDP.
Running system-resolved
caching DNS daemon on a
production server can be
dangerous due to the
numerous number of DDOS
attacks performed by
malicious hackers against
unsecured DNS servers.
In orderRHCSA
RedHat to stop and
and RHCE
disableCerti cation Exam Study Ebook ($39.99) Get This Book 
this service, execute the
following commands.
$ sudo systemctl stop s

$ sudo systemctl disabl
Disable Systemd Resolved Service
Verify if the service has been

stopped and disabled by
issuing ss or netstat
command. The systemd-
resolved listening ports, 53
and 5355 TCP and UDP,
should not be listed in
netstat or ss command
output, as illustrated in the
below.
You should also reboot the

machine in order to
completely disable all
systemd-resolved daemon
services and restore the
default /etc/resolv.conf le.
RedHat RHCSA
$ sudo and RHCE Certi cation Exam Study Ebook ($39.99)
ss -tulpn Get This Book 
$ sudo netstat -tulpn
$ sudo systemctl reboot
Verify All Running Services
Although, you’ve disabled

some unwanted networking
services to run in your
server, there are also other
services installed and
running in your system, such
as lxc process and snapd
service. These services can
be easily detected via ps,
top or pstree commands.
$ sudo ps aux
$ sudo top
$ sudo pstree

List Running Services in Tree Format
In case you’re not going to

use LXC container
virtualization in your server
or start installing software
packaged via Snap package
manager, you should
completely disable and
remove these services, by
issuing the below
commands.
$ sudo apt autoremove -

$ sudo apt autoremove -
That’s all! Now, Ubuntu

server is now prepared for
installing additional
software needed for custom
network services or
applications, such as
installing and con guring a
web server, a database
server, a le share service or
other speci c applications.
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13 RESPONSES
 Comments 13  Pingbacks 0
tal  November 28, 2018 at 5:50 am

Thank you, very helpful. Just a question:
you mentioned “Staring with Ubuntu
16.10 release, the default DNS resolver
is now controlled by systemd-resolved
service” and then you stop and disabled
it.
So how the system resolve dns queries?

where can I nd which dns is in use?
Thanks
Reply
Ravi Saive
  November 28, 2018 at 10:15 am
@Tal,
Please read this line: “Running

system-resolved caching DNS
daemon on a production server
can be dangerous due to the
numerous number of DDOS
attacks performed by malicious
hackers against unsecured DNS
servers.”
So it’s depends on you whether

you want to active or not..
Reply
brent  July 10, 2018 at 10:02 am

Ok having issues here following along
and everything goes ok until the “cat
/etc/hostname” = No such le or
directory, If I continue i can get the
public key generated but can not copy to
remote, it says no such le. I am
stopping here until I nd out what is
going on. Needing help.
Reply
Ravi Saive
  July 10, 2018 at 12:10 pm
@Brent,
Have you set your Ubuntu

hostname using following
command?
$ sudo hostnamectl set-hostname tecmint
Also what output you getting
when verifying hostname using
these commands?
$ hostname
$ hostname -s
How you copying the SSH key to
remote server? have you used
following command?
$ ssh-copy-id remote_user@remote_server
Reply
Brent Norris
 July 17, 2018 at 4:40 am
I will try this later this
evening but a couple of
questions on the $ssh-
copy-id
remote_user@remote_se
is the remote_server
supposed to be the ip
address of the remote
server or just
remote_server?
20I Funny
am newCommands
to the Linux.of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal
Reply
Ravi Saive
  July 17, 2018 at
11:25 am
@Brent,
Yes, copy the

SSH ID to
remote server,
means specify
the IP address
of the remote
Linux server.
Reply
Brent Norris
 July 18, 2018 at 11:31
am
Ok yes i have set the
host name as brentcpr-
server
$ hostname
$ hostname -s
output is brentcpr-
server.
When I to the ssh-copy-
id
remote_user@remote_se
it says ERROR: failed to
copy ID le
/home/bjn/.pub : No
such le to install the
contents of
/home/bjn/.pub anyway
look at the -f option.
Reply
Ravi Saive
  July 18, 2018 at
12:02 pm
@Brent,
It seems the
path is not of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal
20 Funny Commands
correct, if you
could try again
generating SSH
Key Pair using
following
commands.
$ su - ubuntu_user
$ ssh-keygen -t RSA -b 2048
$ ssh-copy-id remote_user@remote_server
Reply
Brent
Norris
 July
19, 2018
at 2:38
am
Thank
you for
your
help, I
was
nally
able to
get
past
that
part, I
think,
not on
the part
that
says.
$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
It says
no such
le or
directory
Ravi
 Saive
 July
19, 2018
at 10:18
am
@Brent,
That’s
really
great to
hear,
that you
solved
yourself
Brent
Norris
 July
19, 2018
at 3:09
am
Also
after
that,
$ sudo ufw status verbose
mine shows as
TO Action From
2345/tcp allow anywhere
80 allow anywhere
Anywhere allow 25,443/tcp
2345/tcp (v6) allow Anywhere (v6)
80 (v6) allow Anywhere (v6)
Anywhere (v6) allow 25,443/tcp (v6)
I have
went on
to
follow
the rest
of the
instructi
listed
and will
stop
here,
until I
can get
the
other
problem
gured
out and
this
one.
Again
thanks
for any
and all
the
help.
Ravi
 Saive
 July
19, 2018
at 10:18
am
@Brent,
UFW is
in
active
state,
means
running
ne..
xABBAAA  October 27, 2017 at 7:45 pm

The very good thing, Thanks to the Great
stuff.
Reply
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3/2/2019 Initial Ubuntu Server Setup for Beginners

 BEGINNER'S GUIDE FOR LINUX 

Setup for Beginners

by Matei Cezar | Published: October 27, 2017 |

ubuntu server for beginners

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Upgrade Ubuntu RHEL/CentOS and Fedora

System How to Install Ubuntu 16.10/16.04 Alongside With

To update Ubuntu server, to

$ sudo apt update

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20 Funny Commands of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal

Introducing Learn Linux In One Week and Go

packages for upgrading Linux Foundations LFCS/LFCE Certi cation

process and the command Guide

packages upgrades. Ansible Setup Guide for Linux

Never Miss Any Linux Tutorials,

List Upgrade Ubuntu Packages

After you’ve consulted the

$ sudo apt upgrade

20 Funny Commands of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal

Upgrade Ubuntu Server Packages

In order to remove all locally

$ sudo apt autoremove

Autoremove APT Packages and Cache

This new account will be

$ sudo adduser ubuntu_u

Create User in Ubuntu

20 Funny Commands of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal

$ sudo chage -d0 ubuntu

For now, the new added user

By default, all users

$ sudo apt install pack

Test if the new user has the

Verify New User

Con gure System

To show details about your

$ sudo hostnamectl set-

Verify the new name of your

Set Hostname in Ubuntu Server

Setup SSH with

Make sure you’re logged in

Setup SSH Keys in Ubuntu

While the key is generated,

After the SSH key has been

Copy SSH Key to Remote Server

You should be able to

After you’ve logged in to the

Type exit in the console to

Verify SSH Passwordless Login

To see the content of your

View SSH Key

20 Funny Commands of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal

Don’t close the le, scroll

Secure SSH Service

Afterwards, restart the SSH

$ sudo systemctl restar

Also, run netstat or ss

$ sudo ss -tlpn| grep s

Verify SSH Port