Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1
Introduction

1 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Main Topics
Definition of a Fluid
Basic Equations
Methods of Analysis
Dimensions and Units
Analysis of Experimental Error

2 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Definition of a Fluid

When a shear stress is applied:

 Fluids continuously deform
 Solids deform or bend

3
sand? no slip
© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
 Basic Equations
Equations and methods
 Conservation of mass
 Newton’s second law of motion
 The principle of angular momentum
 The first law of thermodynamics
 The second law of thermodynamics

4 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 1) Conservation of Mass
●
Mass is neither created nor destroyed.
●
We will find that this requirement places
restrictions on what velocity and density fields are
permitted.

5 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 2) Newton’s Second Law
(Conservation of Momentum)

●
This tells us how fluid motion will respond to
applied forces or what forces result from fluid
motion.
d (m ⃗V)
∑ ⃗
F=
dt
=m a⃗

6 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 3) Conservation of
Angular Momentum
●
Variation of Newton’s Second Law

d ( I ˙)
ω
⃗
∑ T⃗ = dt =I ω⃗¨
●
where T⃗ is the torque, I is the moment of inertia
⃗¨ is the angular acceleration
and ω

7 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 st
4) 1 Law of Thermodynamics
(Conservation of Energy)

δ Q+ E 1=E 2 +δ W
where:
δ Q is the heat interaction
(+ive if the system acquires heat from the surroundings)
E 1 is the system energy before the process
E 2 is the system energy after the process
δ W is the work interaction
(+ive if the system works on the surroundings.

8 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 nd
5) 2 Law of Thermodynamics

T d s⩾δ Q

●
indicates which processes are possible
●
does not inform us what process will occur

9 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 6) Additional Necessary Relations
●
Additional Relationships such as the ideal gas law

P=ρ R T

10 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Methods of Analysis
 System
(or “Closed System”)

 Control Volume
(or “Open System”)

11 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Differential and Integral Models
• Differential models:
• Complex system of partial differential equations
• Highest detail and generally the most mathematical effort
• Integral models:
• Bulk or lumped approach
• Simpler models – algebraic or ordinary differential
equations
• Examines bulk behavior such as the total drag on an object
• Integral models are the focus of this course
• Differential analysis will be examined in next fluid
mechanics course

12 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Eulerian & Lagrangian
●
Lagrangian: represent each fluid
‘particle’ as a function of time

●
Eulerian: represent flow through field
representation

13 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Dimensions and Units
Systems of Dimensions
[M], [L], [t], and [T]
[F], [L], [t], and [T]
[F], [M], [L], [t], and [T]

14 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Dimensions and Units
Systems of Units
MLtT
• SI (kg, m, s, K)
FLtT
• British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)
FMLtT
• English Engineering (lbf, lbm, ft, s, oR)

15 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Dimensions and Units
Systems of Units

16 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Dimensions and Units
Preferred Systems of Units
SI (kg, m, s, K)

British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)

17 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Analysis of Experimental Error
must measure not just data but also the
uncertainties in measurements
determine how these uncertainties affect
the uncertainty in the final result
trade-off in experimental work or in
manufacturing: reduce uncertainties to a
desired level increases cost of experiment

18 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Uncertainty Analysis
fixed error
(such as some types of instrument bias)
– calibration
random error
(Gaussian or Normal probability distribution)
– quantify

19 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Uncertainty Analysis
 spread of random error (qe) is given by its root
mean square value:
N
σ=
√ 1
N
2
∑ (q e ) j
j=1

 95% of all errors will be within ± 2σ

 Therefore, 95% of the time: q m −2 σ<q<q m +2 σ

20 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Uncertainty Analysis
 generally, measurement uncertainty (2σ) is
specified by manufactures for measurement
instruments, or considered to be ½ the least
count

21 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Uncertainty Analysis
Analyze the propagation of uncertainty in calculations:
– a variation in the derivative of a measurement of an independent variable
(xn) would cause a variation in the derivative of the calculated value R

∂R
δ Ri= δ xi
∂ xi
δ Ri 1 ∂ R x i ∂ R δ xi
= δx =
R R ∂ xi i R ∂ x i x i
xi ∂ R
uR = u
i
R ∂ xi x i

2 2 2 1/2
x1 ∂ R x ∂R x ∂R
u R =±
[( R ∂ x1 1 )(
ux + 2
R ∂ x2
u x +...+ n2 ) (
u
R ∂ xn x n )]
22 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
 Problem Solving Process
1)problem statement
2)information to be found
3)schematic
4)formulation and basic laws
5)simplifying assumptions
6)complete the analysis algebraically
7)analysis results
8)check answer and assumptions
9)label final answer
25 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
 Summary
In this chapter we introduced or reviewed a
number of basic concepts and definitions,
including:
•How fluids are defined, and the no-slip condition
•System/control volume concepts
•Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions
•Units and dimensions (including SI, British Gravitational,
and English Engineering systems)
•Experimental uncertainty

27 © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.