trSmpm

1/ oli,fwef;q&mrsm;\ t"duvkyif ef;wpf&yfrmS uav;rsm;\ bmompum;zGUH NzKd ;rIukd ulnD

yhyH ;kd ay;&efEiS hf pma&;pmzwftpysKd ;vkyif ef;rsm;udk uav;rsm;\zGUH NzKd ;rItqifEh iS hf vdu
k af vsmnDaxGpmG
pDpOfay;&efjzpfonf/ oli,fwef;q&mrsm;taejzifh bmompum;\ tjcif;t&mrsm;jzpfaom pum;oH
pepf? a0g[m&? 0guszUJG xH;k ESifh toH;k tEIe;f rsm;udk em;vnfxm;&ef vkt d yfygonf/
2/ xkjYd yifuav;rsm;\ bmompum;zGUH NzKd ;rIwiG f yHjk yifajymjcif;? aw;uAsm&Gwq f jdk cif;? pum;xm
0Sujf cif;ponfwo Ykd nf ta&;ygaomtcef;u@taejzifh yg&Sjd cif;aMumifh oli,fwef;q&mrsm;onf
yHjk yifrsm;? aw;uAsmrsm;? pum;xmrsm;? pum;yHrk sm; ponfwu Ykd kd us,u
f s,jf yefjY yefY vufvrS ;f rD&ef
txl;vdt k yfygonf/
3/ tqdyk gvdt
k yfcsurf sm;udk twdik ;f twmwpfct k xd jznfph rG ;f ay;Edik rf nfh þvrf;ñTepf mtkyu
f kd
atmufyg&nf&, G cf surf sm;jzifh jyKpx
k m;ygonf -
(1) jrefrmbmompum;pepf\ tajccHrsm;udk em;vnf&ef
(2) oli,fwef;uav;rsm;twGuf bmompum;zGUH NzKd ;rIvyk if ef;rsm; zefw;D vkyaf qmif
&mwGif rSjD irf;jyKEidk &f ef
4/ þvrf ; ñT e f p mtk y f w G i f jref r mbmompum;pepf \ tajccH r sm;ES i f h bmompum;
taxmuftuljyK yHjk yif? aw;uAsmESihf pum;xmrsm;[lí tydik ;f ESpyf idk ;f yg&Syd gonf/
5/ tydkif;(1)wGif jrefrmbmompum;pepf\ tajccHrsm;jzpfaom jrefrmbmompum;&Sd
pum;oHrsm;? 0PÖzGJUpnf;yHkESifh o&oH? Asnf;oHtwGJtpyf? ta&;tom;pepf? toHk;rsm;aom
pum;vH;k rsm; ponfwYdk yg0ifygonf/
6/ tykid ;f (2)wGif bmompum;zGUH NzKd ;rI taxmuftuljyK aw;uAsmrsm;? yHjk yifrsm;ESihf pum;xm
rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ azmfjyxm;aom aw;uAsmrsm;? yHjk yifrsm;ESihf pum;xmrsm;onf erlem
rsm;om jzpfonf/ rdrw d aYdk 'otvkud f toH;k jyKEikd af om aw;uAsmrsm;? yHjk yifrsm;ESihf pum;xmrsm;udk
tpm;xk;d toH;k jyKEidk yf gonf/ odaYk omf uav;rsm;\ touft&G,zf UHG NzKd ;rIEiS hf qDavsmrf &I adS p&ef?
yHjk yifrsm;udk rl&if;yHjk yif\ ausm½d;k raysmufapbJ yHak jym[efjzifo h m ajym&ef owdjyK&rnfjzpfygonf/
7/ þvrf;ñTepf mtkyo f nf q&mrsm;em;vnf&eftwGuo f mjzpfNy;D uav;rsm;twGuf bmom
pum;zGUH NzKd ;rIvyk if ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif&mwGif rSjD irf;ud;k um;&efom jzpfygonf/ uav;rsm;\ bmom
pum;zGUH NzKd ;rIEiS hf pma&;pmzwftpysKd ;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif&mwGif þpmtkyu f rsm;pGm taxmuf
tul jzpfvrd rhf nf[k arQmv f ifyh gonf/
tajccHynmoif½;dk ñTe;f wrf;ESihf ausmif;ok;H pmtkyaf umfrwD
 rmwdum

pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsuEf mS

tydik ;f (1) bmompum;pepf\tajccHrsm;

1/ ed'gef; 5
2/ jrefrmbmompum;pepf\tajccHrsm; 6
3/ a0g[m&rsm; 12

tydik ;f (2)bmompum; taxmuftuljyK aw;uAsmrsm;?

ykjH yifrsm;? pum;xmrsm;
4/ u rS t txd Asn;f tu©&muAsmrsm; 15
5/ jrefrmaw;uAsmrsm; 18
6/ t*Fvyd af w;uAsmrsm; 28
7/ ykjH yifrsm; 29
8/ pum;xmrsm; 60
 tydik ;f (1)

bmompum;pepf\tajccHrsm;
 

þtydkif;wGifyg&SdonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;onf
q&mrsmþtyd ik ;f wGix
;od&Sdem;vnf f yg&S
m;&efo
d Enf
Sifhut
h dk;um;&ef
aMumift;t&mrs
wGuf m;onf
q&mrsmNyD;; od&edS olm;vnf
omjzpf i,fwxefm;&ef EiS hf ud;k um;&ef
;uav;rsm;ud k tku
wd wGf&ukduom
fof m
&Sjzpf
if;Nvif
yD; ;olioif,fwMum;jyo&rnf
ef;uav;rsm;ud h k taMumif
wdkuf½kdu;t&mrsm;
f &Sif;vif;
oifw
r[k Mufym;jg/yo&rnfh taMumif;t&mrsm; r[kwyf g/

1
1/ ed'gef;

jrefrmbmompum;onf wdAufbmompum;tpk0if bmompum;jzpfNyD; wufusoH

(tone)udk rlwnfum t"dymÜ ,f uGjJ ym;onfh bmompum;rsK;d jzpfonf/ pum;vk;H wpfcE k iS hf wpfck
tvG,fwul aygif;pyfum pum;vkH;opfrsm;yGm;EdkifaomaMumifh yl;wGJbmompum;[kvnf;
owfrw S Mf uonf/ jrefrmpm ta&;tom;pepfrmS tdE, d´ a&S;a[mif; tu©&mjzpfaom jAm[®t D u©&mrS
yGm;vmaom tu©&mrsm;udk tajcjyKxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tu©&mpmvkH;oufoufudk tajcjyK
a&;om;xm;jcif;r[kwb f J Asn;f oauFwudk t"duxm;Ny;D xdAk sn;f oauFw\ txufatmuf
0J,mwGif tjcm;oauFwi,frsm; Nc&H u H m o&oHEiS hf wufusorH sm;udk owfrw S af &;om;azmfjy&onf/
jrefrmpmta&;tzwfukd tpysKd ;oifMum;Muonfh oli,fwef;q&m? q&mrrsm;onf jrefrmbmom
pum;\ xl;jcm;onft h jcif;t&mrsm;udk od&edS m;vnfNy;D oli,fwef;uav;rsm;twGuf bmompum;
zGUH NzKd ;rIEiS hf pma&; pmzwf tpysKd ;vkyif ef;rsm;udk pDpOfvyk u f ikd &f mwGif tqdyk g xl;jcm;onfth csurf sm;udk
xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;Mu&ef vdtk yfygonf/
pma&;pmzwf oifMum;onft h cg ta&;Bu;D onfeh ,fy,f(5)&yfukd ynm&Sirf sm;u azmfxw
k f
owfrw
S x
f m;ygonf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS -
(1) pum;oHrsm;udk em;vnfjcif;
(2) pum;oHrsm;ESihf tu©&moauFwrsm;\ tquftpyfukd odem;vnfjcif;
(3) oGuv f ufpmG zwfwwfjcif;
(4) a0g[m&<u,f0jcif;
(5) em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;wdYk jzpfygonf/
tqdkyge,fy,f(5)&yfvkH;wGif uav;rsm;uRrf;usifrI&Sdap&ef oif,lrIvkyfief;rsm; pDpOf
aqmif&uG &f mü rdro d ifMum;ay;rnfh bmompum;\ pepfrsm;udk oabmaygufem;vnfxm;&ef
ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ okjYd zpf&m tqdyk ge,fy,f(5)&yftwGuf xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfh bmompum;\
pepftrsK;d rsK;d ESihf tok;H jyKEikd o
f nfh &if;jrpftaxmuftulrsm;udk bmompum;rSwpf t k jzpf atmufwiG f
pkpnf;azmfjyxm;ygonf/

2
2/ jrefrmbmompum;pepf\tajccHrsm;
2-1/ jrefrmbmompum;&Sd pum;oHrsm;
urÇmay:&Sd bmompum;wdik ;f wGif Asn;f oHEiS o
hf &oH[í l yg0ifygonf/ od&Yk mwGif yg0ifonfh
Asn;f oHEiS hf o&oHta&twGurf mS bmompum;wpfcEk iS w hf pfck rwlnyD g/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif
a,bk,stm;jzifh Asn;f oH(33)ck? tajccHo&oH(5)ckEiS hf o&wGo J H (4)ckyg0ifonf[k ynm&Sirf sm;u
owfrw S Mf uonf/
þae&mwGif &nfñeT ;f onfh Asn;f o&[laom tok;H tEIe;f rsm;rSm tu©&moauFwrsm;ESihf
rqdik yf g/ pum;oHoufoufuo kd m &nfñeT ;f jcif;jzpfygonf/
2-1-1/ Asnf;oHrsm;
jrefrmAsn;f oH(33)rsK;d udk toHjzpf&mae&m(Xmef)ESihf toHjzpf[eftvdu
k f atmufyg Z,m;jzifh
azmfjyxm;ygonf/

cifrif(armif)(1990)udk rSD;ygonf/

3
 txl;owdjyK&eftcsufrSm txufazmfjyyg toH(33)rsKd;onf ta&;tom;pepf&Sd
Asn;f (33)vk;H udk wdu k ½f u
kd &f nfñeT ;f jcif; r&So
d nft h csuf jzpfonf/ tcsKUd aom toHrsm;rSm wdu k ½f ukd f
qufE, T of nfh Asn;f tu©&mrsm;&Sad omfvnf; tcsKUd rSm r&Syd g/ Oyrm - tmacgifEiS hf oGm;&if;t&yfwu Ykd kd
tajcjyKNy;D jzpfonfh Asn;f oHrsm;jzpfonfh ]us?cs?*s?,S}wdo Yk nf Asn;f oHwpfcpk oD m jzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif
¤if;wdkYudk udk,fpm;jyKrnfhAsnf;tu©&moD;jcm;r&SdonfhtwGuf ,yifh? &&pfrsm;jzifh tpm;xkd;
a&;om;ygonf/ okjYd zpf&m ta&;wGif Asn;f wGyJ o Hk P²mefjzpfaeygonf/ pifppfrmS Asn;f oHwpfoo H m
jzpfonfukd owdjyK&ygrnf/ tvm;wlyif ESmoHrsm;jzpfonfh ]rS? ES? n§? iS}wdo Yk nfvnf; oHni§ ;f
Asn;f oHwpfopH o D m jzpfonf/ xdt k oHwpfopH t D wGuf oD;jcm;Asn;f tu©&mr&So d jzifh [xd;k (-S)xnfu h m
a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYudkvnf; Asnf;wGJoH[k rowfrSwfEdkifyg/ yGwfwdkufoHrsm;jzpfaom
]oS? [S}wdo Yk nfvnf; xl;jcm;ygonf/ jrefrmpum;&Sd ]owif;pm} pm}[laompum;vk;H \ tpAsn;f oHrmS
½k;dk ½d;k ]o}
]o}toHr[kwb f J oHjyif;Asn;f oHjzpfojzihf oauFw ]oS} udk ok;H xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ]oD;oD;}
[laom pum;vk;H udk &Gwq f Mkd unfvh Qif ]o} oHEpS cf k rwlnaD Mumif; owdxm;rdrnfxifygonf/
tvm;wlyif ][S} [laom toHrmS tHt h m;oifo h nfth cg xGuv f monfh ][m? a[? [if? [,f}f
ponfhtoHrsdK;udk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ tqdkyg tmar#dwftoHrsm;onf ½dk;½dk; ][} ][}toH
r[kwaf Mumif; owdxm;rdrnfxifygonf/f tqdyk gtoHrsKd ;twGuf oD;jcm;tu©&mr&So d jzifh ][ [}
jzifo h m a&;&aomfvnf; toHxu G of nfth cgwGirf l oHjyif;Asn;f oHjzifh ][Sm? a[S? [Si?f [S,}f [kom
toHxu G &f ygonf/
2-1-2/ o&oHrsm;
jrefrmbmompum;onf wufusoH (tone) &Sad om bmompum;jzpfonf[k azmfjycJyh gonf/
toHtedrt hf jrifth vdu k f t"dymÜ ,f uGjJ ym;aom bmompum;jzpfonf/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif
a,bk,stm;jzif-h
1/ oHwkd (tedrhf oufo)H t
2/ oH&n S f (oHajy) tm
3/ oHav; (tjrifo h ufo)H tm;
4/ oH&yf (tedro hf ufo&H yf) twf
[lí wufusoH av;rsK;d cGMJ uonf/ xdt Yk jyif jrefrmbmompum;wGif t o&oHukd tjynfrh xGub f J
rMwm0ufo[ H ak c:aomtoHjzifh xGuq f o kd nfh pum;vk;H rsm;pGm&So
d nf/ Oyrm - ]]tar}}[laom
pum;vk;H &Sd a&SUqk;H rS ]]t}}toHukd ]]tmh}}[k o&oHtjynfrh xGub f J rMwm0ufrQ Mumaom toHjzifh
xGujf cif;rsKd ;jzpfonf/ tqdyk go&rsm;udrk l wufusorH hJ (neutral tone) o&oH[k ac:avh&o dS nf/
jrefrmbmompum;&Sd o&oHrsm;udk txufwiG f azmfjycJo h nfh wufuso(H 4)rsK;d jzifh xyfrcH jJG cm;
Munfv h Qif jrefrmbmompum;wGif o&oHrsm; rsm;pGm&So d nf[k ajymvQiv f nf; &Edik rf nfxifygonf/
jrefrmbmompum;&Sd o&oHrsm;udk rlvo& (22)vk;H ? ESmoHo& (18)vk;H ESihf oH&yfo& (7)vk;H ?
pkpak ygif; (47)vk;H &Sod nfukd atmufygZ,m;twkid ;f awGUEdik yf gonf/
4
 jrefrmo&oH(47)rsK;d Z,m;

t = rMwm0uf
jrefrmpmtzGJU(2005)jrefrmo'´gudk rSD;onf/

5
 jrefrmum&ef(64)yg;

pOf um&efBu;D um&efi,f

1/ t = tum&EÅm'd t tm tm;
2/ td = tdum&EÅm'd td tD tD;
3/ tk = tkum&EÅm'd tk tl tl;
4/ at = atum&EÅm'd at ath at;
5/ tJ = tJum&EÅm'd tJ tJh t,f
6/ atm = atmum&EÅm'd atm atmh atmf
7/ uf = tufum&EÅm'd tuf
atmuf
tdu
k f
8/ if = tifum&EÅm'd tif tifh tif;
atmif atmifh atmif;
tdik f tdik hf tdik ;f
9/ pf = tpfum&EÅm'd tpf
10/ Úf= tÚfum&EÅm'd tÚf tÚfh tÚf;
11/ nf = tnfum&EÅm'd tnf tnfh tnf;
12/ wf = twfum&EÅm'd twf
tdwf
tkwf
13/ ef = tefum&EÅm'd tef tefY tef;
tdef tdeYf tde;f
tkef tkeYf tke;f
14/ yf = tyfum&EÅm'd tyf
tdyf
tkyf
15/ rf = trfum&EÅm'd trf trfh trf;
tdrf tdrhf tdr;f
tkrf tkrhf tkr;f
16/ 0f = td0k u
f m&EÅm'd td0k f td0k hf td0k ;f
6
 ygVdo&(8)vH;k
t tm £ þ O OD { Mo
t tm td tD tk tl at atm

a a i i u u e o

ygVdAsnf;(33)vH;k

u c * C i
•
k kh g gh n

p q Z ps Ú
c ch j jh ~n

# X ! ¡ P
t th d dh n
• • • • •
w x ' " e
t th d dh n

y z A b r
p ph b bh m

, & v 0
y r l v

o [ V t•
s h l •
–m
•

7
2-1-3/ 0PÖzUJG pnf;ykEH iS hf o&oH Asnf;oHtwGt J pyf
o&oH oufoufjzpfap? o&oHEiS hf Asn;f aygif;pyfíjzpfap jzpfay:vmaom toHtpdwf
tydik ;f udk 0PÖ[ak c:jcif;jzpfonf/ 0PÖwpfc\ k toHjzpfay:rIonf a,bk,stm;jzifh wpfrMwm
(wpfenf;tm;jzifh vufzspw f pfcsuw f ;D )Mumonf[k rSw, f Ml uonf/ Oyrm]]tdr}f }[k toHxu G v f Qif
o&oHwpfcw k nf;ESihf 0PÖwpfcjk zpfonf/ ]]pm}}[kqv kd Qif Asn;f oH (p)ESihf (tm)wGq J ufxm;onfh
0PÖwpfcjk zpfonf[k qdEk ikd Nf y;D ]]tdrpf m}}[kqv kd Qif 0PÖ(2)ck&o dS nf[k a,bk,stm;jzifh rSw, f l
Edik yf gonf/ jrefrmbmompum;\ 0PÖzUJG pnf;ykrH sm;rSm -
1/ o&oHoufouf0PÖ - Oyrm tm;? at;? tif;? tdyf
2/ Asn;f oHEiS o hf &oHw0JG PÖ - Oyrm pm;? aq;? qef? qdwf
3/ Asn;f wGo J EH iS o
hf &oHw0JG PÖ - Oyrm ysm;? yG?J NyKH ;? oGm;
jrefrmbmompum;wGif ta&;ykHoP²mefü Asnf;wGJ[kxif&aomfvnf; toHwpfoHom
xGuo f nfh ta&;tom;rsm;&So d nf/ Oyrm-us? cs? *s? Mu? jc? j* [laom u0*fAsn;f rsm;udk ,yif?h
&&pf wGo J nfth cg toHrmS Asn;f oHwpfoo H mxGu&f ygonf/ xdt k a&;tom;rsm;udk ESpyf o Hk ;Hk pmvk;H
(Digraph) [kac:Muonf/ tqdy k gta&;tom;rsK;d rSm uav;rsm;em;vnf&ef cufco J nf?h ½Iyaf xG;onfh
ta&;tom;rsKd ;jzpfojzifh ueOD;oifMum;&mwGif rxnfo h iG ;f oif[ h k tBujH yKMuonf/
jrefrmbmom ta&;tom;pepfonf t*Fvyd b f momuJo h Ydk tu©&mrsm;udk tpOftvdu k f
pDa&;onfh ta&;tom;pepfr[kwyf g/ a&SUwGiaf zmfjycJo h uJo h Ykd t"dutu©&mudk tajcjyKNy;D tjcm;
oauFwrsm;udk xufatmuf 0J,maygif;pyfa&;om;onfh bmompum;jzpfojzifh 0PÖwpfv;Hk
csi;f \a&;zGUJ ykH ta&;ygygonf/ xdaYk Mumifv h nf; jrefrmpmta&;tom;pepfukd 0PÖta&;tom;
pepf[k tcsKUd u ac:Muygonf/ odjYk zpfonfEiS t hf nD uav;rsm;taejzifh pma&;pmzwf tpysK;d
oif,El ikd &f ef 0PÖwpfcck si;f pDukd cGjJ cm;Edik af omtod (Syllabic awareness) &S&d ef ta&;Bu;D onf[k
qdyk gonf/
jrefrmbmompum;wGif pum;vk;H trsm;pkrmS {u0PÖ(tvG,af jym&vQif pum;oHwpfcsu)f
pum;vk;H rsm;jzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif tjcm;bmompum;rsm; enf;wl 0PÖwpfv;Hk xuf ydak om pum;vk;H
rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Syd gonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh -
1/ vl? tdr?f ausmif;? acG;? yGJ ponfwo Ykd nf {u0PÖ (toHwpfcsuo f m Mum;&onf)h
pum;vk;H rsm;
2/ xrif;? pmtky?f tar? taz ponfwo Ykd nf 'd0G PÖ (toHEpS cf suf Mum;&onf)h
pum;vk;H rsm;
3/ q&m? ausmif;om;? q&mr? ukvm;xdik ?f ueazmh? uEkurm? iSuBf u;D 0efykd ponf
wdwYk iG rf l (toHwpfcsurf u Mum;&onf)h pum;vk;H rsm;jzpfojzifh A[k0PÖpum;vk;H
rsm;[k ac:Muygonf/

8
 uav;rsm;taejzifMh um;&onfh pum;oHwpfceG ;f wGif 0PÖrnfrQygonfukd cGjJ cm;odjrifEikd &f ef
vkt
d yfygonf/ odjYk zpf&m atmufazmfjyygvkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyu f ifkd af y;jcif;jzifh uav;rsm;udk toH
oabm? 0PÖoabmrsm; odjrifem;vnfapEdik rf nfjzpfonf/
1/ um&efwt l oHrsm; azmfxw k jf cif;
Oyrm - um;? vm;? tm;? pm; ponfjzifh ...
2/ oHwpl yfaw;uAsmrsm;? pmyd'k rf sm;&Gwq f jkd cif;
Oyrm -
¾ wpfjym;ESpjf ym;? yJvifjym;?
jym;vm;puúL? zvHjzL
xlxx l x J ?J yd;k awmifwh J
uRaJ &aomuf? EGm;a&aomuf/
¾ &TUH ay: &SOahf jy;? &SOahf rG;udk &TUH rvl;/
¾ awmifay:u &Sr;f uav; avQmx f rf;vdaYk jy;
&Snw f ahJ vQmu f &Snf &Snf
wdwk hJ avQmu f wdk wd/k
¾ vomwke;f vrf;ru
vlawGukd vdu k Mf unfw h m
vdyaf wGyJ vmaeawmh
vkzrf;wJh vlawG[m vk;H aewmyJ/
(q&mrrsm;taejzifh uav;rsm;ESit hf wl txufyguJo h aYkd om toHwxl yfpum;rsK;d udk
rdrzd mom wDxiG t f ok;H jyKoifyh gonf/)
3/ pum;vk;H rsm;? 0gusrsm;rS 0PÖrsm;udk cGx J w k jf cif;
Oyrm - &xm; = & + xm;
0PÖrsm;udk aygif;pyfjcif;
Oyrm - p + yg; = pyg;
4/ tpAsn;f oHrsm; cGjJ cm;jcif;
Oyrm - (c)toHeYJ pwJ[ h m bmawG&o dS vJ/

2-2/ ta&;tom;pepf
jrefrmpmta&;tom;pepfonf tu©&mESihf tjcm;oauFwrsm; aygif;pyfNy;D 0PÖwpfck
tjzpf pkpnf;a&;zGUJ onfh ta&;tom;pepfjzpfojzifh 0PÖwpfyikd ;f ? tu©&mpOfwpfyikd ;f ta&;tom;
(Alpha-syllabery) pepf[k owfrw S Mf uonf/ odjYk zpf&m pma&;pmzwf tpysKd ;oifMum;&mwGi?f
tu©&mrsm;udak &m 0PÖzUJG &mwGif tok;H jyK&onfh tjcm;oauFwrsm;udyk g rSwrf Nd y;D toHEiS hf tu©&m
oauFwrsm; rnforYkd nfyq Hk ufpyfonfukd od&edS m;vnfatmif vkyaf y;&ef vdtk yfrnfjzpfonf/
9
2-2-1/ Asnf;tu©&mrsm;
jrefrmpmta&;tom;wGif Asnf;tu©&m[kqdk&mwGif urS t txdf (33)vkH;&Sdonf[k
rSw,
f Ml uygonf/ ]]t}} tu©&monftoHtm;jzifh o&oHjzpfaomfvnf; tu©&mtjzpf,&l mwGif
Asn;f tjzpfom tpOftvmt& rSw, f Ml uonfjzpfojzifh Asn;f (33)vk;H [k qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ tqdyk g
Asn;f (33)vk;H rSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf/
jrefrmAsn;f tu©&m(33)vk;H

txufazmfjyyg Asnf;tu©&m(33)vkH;onf jrefrmpum;wGif &Sdaom Asnf;oH(33)oHudk

ud,k pf m;jyKjcif; r[kwyf g/ tcsKUd aom Asn;f rsm; Oyrm - *ESihf C? ZESihf ps? 'ESihf "? AESihf bwdo Yk nf
tu©&mESprf sK;d uGaJ omfvnf; toHrsm; Asn;f oHwpfcpk u D o
kd m ud,
k pf m;jyKygonf/ tcsKUd aom Asn;f rsm;
#? |? !? ¡ ESihf P wdo Yk nf tok;H enf;aom tu©&mrsm;jzpfonfukd owdjyK&ygrnf/ tvm;wlyif
tcsKUd aom Asn;f oHrsm;twGurf ?l ud, k pf m;jyKEikd af om Asn;f tu©&m r&Syd g/ odjYk zpf&m Asn;f oHwpfoH
twGuf tu©&moauFw ESprf sK;d wGo J ;Hk Ny;D a&;om;&onfvnf; &Syd gonf/ txufwiG f azmfjycJah om
ESpyf o
Hk ;Hk pmvk;H (Digraph) ta&;tom;rsm;jzpfaom ]]us? cs? ,S? rS? vS}}wko Yd nf tqdyk gtrsK;d tpm;wGif
yg0ifygonf/ tjcm;owdxm;&rnfh tcsuw f pfcrk mS towfoauFwrsm;jzpfonf/ jrefrmpmta&;
tom;wGif ]puf? wpf? ewf? tyf}ponfh pum;vk;H rsm;uJo h Ykd aemufyw d Af sn;f owfNy;D a&;ykrH sKd ;
awGU&onfhwdkif toHxGufonfhtcg tqdkyg aemufydwfAsnf;rsm;udk toHxGufavhr&Sdaom
tcsujf zpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh towfoauFwrsm;udk oif½;kd wGif aemufyikd ;f rS xnfo h iG ;f oifMum;Mujcif;
jzpfonf/
2-2-2/ o&tu©&mrsm;
jrefrmbmompum;wGif wufuso?H ESmoH? oH&yfrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f cGjJ cm;Munfyh gu o&oH
pkpak ygif;(47)vk;H &Sad Mumif; azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGif ta&;tom;pepfwiG rf l tpOftvm
t& o&tu©&mrsm;udk owfrw S &f mü tajccHo&ESihf oif½;kd o&[lí ESprf sK;d cGjJ cm;rSwo f m;avh&odS nf/
tqdyk gESprf sKd ;udk atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;rsm;wGif o&oauFwrsm;ESihf ,SOw f aJG zmfjyxm;ygonf/
owdjyK&mrSm o&Z,m;rsm;wGif a,bk,stm;jzifh tajccHo&rsm;udk azmfjyxm;jcif;omjzpfNyD;
10
wufuso?H ESmoHEiS fh oH&yfrsm;tm;vk;H udk xnfo h iG ;f xm;jcif; r&Sad o;yg/ xdjYk yif towfa&;xk;H ESihf
,SOaf om toHrsm;udv k nf; azmfjyrxm;ao;ojzifh o&oHtm;vk;H udk vTr;f NcKH Eikd af om ta&;tom;
rjzpfEikd af o;yg/ odjYk zpf&m o&oHtm;vk;H ESiq
hf idk af omta&;oauFwrsm;ESihf ywfoufírl txufwiG f
azmfjycJo h nfh o&oH(47)vk;H Z,m;udk Munf½h aI pvdyk gonf/
tajccHo&ESihf oauFwjyZ,m;

oif½;kd o&ESihf oauFwjyZ,m;

2-2-3/ tjcm;ta&;oauFwtrSwt f om;rsm;

jrefrmbmompum;\ ta&;tom;pepfwiG f pmvk;H Bu;D ? pmvk;H ao;? aumfrmponfwrYkd &Sb d J
yk'jf zwfy'k &f yftjzpf azmfjy&eftwGuf yk'u f av;(wpfacsmif;yk')f ? yk'rf (ESpaf csmif;yk')f wdu
Yk kd tok;H jyK
&onf/ yk'u f av;udk 0guswpfct k wGi;f ta&;ygaomyk'rf sm; ra&maxG;ap&ef jcm;&mü tok;H jyKNy;D ?
yk'rf udrk l 0gusq;Hk aMumif; azmfjy&eftwGuf tok;H jyKonf/ tjcm;oauFwrsm;jzpfaom vufonf;
uGi;f ? rsO;f apmif;? rsO;f wdu
Yk kd pmtkywf iG f awGU&Syd guvnf; uav;rsm; owdjyKrad tmif &Si;f jyoifyh gonf/
3/ a0g[m&rsm;
3-1/ aeYpOftok;H rsm;aom pum;vk;H rsm;
uav;i,frsm;udk pma&;pmzwfoifMum;&mwGif Asn;f ? o&? tu©&mrsm;udk cGjJ cm;roifMum;
rDwiG f pum;vk;H tcsKd Uudk oifMum;Edik yf gonf/ tcsKUd aom pum;vk;H rsm;ukd tjrifjzifh pGo
J mG ;atmif
oifMum;ay;jcif;jzifh pma&;pmzwf jrefqefreS u f efpmG wwfajrmufa&;twGuf taxmuftuljzpf
ygonf/ xyfumxyfum jrif&awGU&rsm;Ny;D tjrifjzifh rSwrf ad om pum;vk;H rsm;jzifh tjrifppJG um;vk;H
rsm;[kvnf; ac:ygonf/ pifppftm;jzifh pma&;pmzwfwwfonfq f o dk nfrmS pum;vk;H tm;vk;H eD;yg;
avmufukd tjrifpjJG zifh zwfEidk jf cif;jzpfonf/
11
 tjrifpGJjzifh pum;vkH;rsm;udk rSwfom;odkavSmifykHrSm uav;wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf
rwlEikd yf g/ wpfO;D csi;f pD xdawGU&if;ES;D &onfh pum;vk;H rsm;tay:wGif rlwnfygonf/ oli,fwef;
q&mrsm;udk uav;rsm;tjrifpjJG zifh zwfEikd af tmif vkyaf y;oifyh gonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh t*Fvyd f
bmompum;wGif aeYpOfawGU&? zwf½&I onfh pmom;wpfy'k t f wGi;f (50)%aom pum;vk;H rsm;rSm
tok;H trsm;qk;H pum;vk;H (100)twGi;f wGif yg0ifaeonf[k qkyd gonf/ tqkyd gpum;vk;H (100)udk
tjrifpt JG jzpf rSwo f m;rdaom uav;taejzifh pma&;pmzwfwwfajrmufrw I iG f a&SUodYk a&mufaeNy;D
jzpfygonf/ odjYk zpf&m jrefrmpum;wGif tok;H trsm;qk;H aom pum;vk;H rsm;udk &SmazGNy;D tjrifpjJG zifh
oifMum;ay;Ekid yf gonf/
trsm;qH;k jrifawGUaeus tjrifpJG pum;vH;k rsm;
1/ -&Sdw,f 26/ -Ny;D 51/ -r-cif 76/ -tbGm;
2/ -jzpfw,f 27/ -wJ-h 52/ -[kwu f hJ 77/ -orD;
3/ -vJ 28/ -ayrhJ 53/ -ol 78/ -om;
4/ -vm; 29/ -yJ 54/ -eif^ig 79/ -pum;
5/ -r,f 30/ -r-bJ 55/ -vkyf 80/ -ig;
6/ -rSm 31/ -&if^vQif 56/ -prf; 81/ -0g;
7/ -yg 32/ -awmh 57/ -wke;f 82/ -EGm;
8/ -eJY 33/ -wm 58/ -a&; 83/ -vQm
9/ -rvdYk 34/ -aemf 59/ -zwf 84/ -ae
10/ -w,f 35/ -avh&dS 60/ -ajym 85/ -vluav;
11/ -bl; 36/ -qd&k if 61/ -oGm; 86/ -uav;
12/ -&Sd 37/ -vdu k f 62/ -xdik f 87/ -toD;
13/ -'g 38/ -b,fawmh 63/ -x 88/ -opfyif
14/ -NyD 39/ -uReaf wmf 64/ -pm; 89/ -ausmif;
15/ -&JU 40/ -uRerf 65/ -Munfh 90/ -b,f^nm
16/ -tke;f ^OD; 41/ -a& 66/ -wGuf 91/ -xD;
17/ -aygh 42/ -tar 67/ -yHqk JG 92/ -zdeyf
18/ -[ift h if; 43/ -taz 68/ -ysi;f 93/ -aomuf
19/ -qHk; 44/ -tpfr 69/ -qdk 94/ -vdYk
20/ -u 45/ -tpfukd 70/ -r 95/ -rvdYk
21/ -vdyYk g 46/ -nDav; 71/ -armif 96/ -pm;yGJ
22/ -udk 47/ -nDrav; 72/ -a': 97/ -ukvm;xdik f
23/ -[m 48/ -oli,fwef; 73/ -OD;
24/ -vdUk 49/ -OD;av; 74/ -q&mr
25/ 'D^onf 50/ -ta': 75/ -tbd;k
12
 tydik ;f (2)
bmompum;taxmuftuljyK
aw;uAsmrsm;? ykjH yifrsm;
pum;xmrsm;

13
 u rS t txd Asn;f tu©&muAsmrsm;
u q
uBu;D a&u rru qvdrqf vdrf
uBuKd ;pkpH mG u ausmif;wufcsed f
aysm&f iT jf rL;<u uckeNf y;D ausmif;wufcsed rf mS aysm&f iT v
f S
qdik ;f awG AHak wGw;D / q&mrudk EIwqf ufMu/

c Z
cacG; cacG; c½kav; ZuJaG v; ZuJaG v;
yef;yifwufwhJ c½kav; ZvyfjzLjzLazG;
oGm;aewmu cyfaES;aES; ZvyfjzLu arT;MuLMuL
z,f&mS ;MupdaYk v;/ rav;yefzYkd ,l/

* n
*i,f *i,f n...n... n...n vjynfn h
*Pef; oifr,f zd;k a&Tvu 0if;yy
wpf ESpf oH;k av; a&wGurf ,f va&mifatmufrmS aysm&f iT v
f Ykd
*&kpu
dk yf guG,/f wdaYk wG upm;Mupd/Yk

i w
iuav; iuav; w0rf;ylw0rf;yl
t&G,f i,fi,fav; 0rf;Adu
k u
f av;uyl
ivufrav; t&G,if ,f w0rf;ylav; vSvaS &;
ai;ai;rIid rf idI f raeeJu
Y ,
G f wtm; aysmw f ,fav;/

p x
pvk;H pvk;H xqifx;l xqifx;l
zd;k pvH;k wdaYk wG xrif;cl;
cg;udk uke;f vdYk pyg;pdu k w
f ek ;f xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jyifqifu, G f
txGuw f ;kd rSmrdYk NyKH ;/ wdaYk wG 0dik ;f pm;r,f/

14
 '‘ A
'axG; .....'axG; AxufNcKd uf AxufNcKd uf
r'axG; A[kow k tvGeBf uKd uf
'axG;av;u '&,frav; ESpNf cKd upf &m rSwo
f m;xm;
[d[
k kd 'D'aD jy;/ Avmpmtkyrf mS a&;pdv Yk m;/

" b
"atmufNcKd uf "atmufNcKd uf buke;f buke;f
0wfqaH v;eJY "atmufNcKd uf bd;k buke;f
ESpNf cKd upf &m "avhrsm; cg;u cyfuek ;f uke;f
wdrYk sm; tav;xm;/ oefprG ;f ygvkdY use;f rmwke;f /

e r
ei,fei,f udek i,f r...rr...rrav;
tpGr;f &Sv
d w
S ,f ra&G;rkeu
Yf kd pm;r,fav;
e*g;i,feYJ eyef;vH;k rukewf mav; csev f x
Ykd m;
b,fawmhrS olr½I;H / reufjzeftwGuv f m;/

y ,
yapmufav; yapmufav; ,yufvufav; ,yufvufav;
yavG oHcsKad y; uBu;D ajymif;jyefa&;
y0gav;eJY a&Trif;orD; ,Of,Ofaus;aus; ,rif;&kyf
yxr&vdYk ½IrNi;D / NyKH ;NyKH ;uav; [efyefvyk /f

z &
zOD;xkyzf OD;xkyf &aumuf&aumuf ud&k aumuf
aeylaqmif;wJh zOD;xkyf &xm;pD;vdYk c&D;a&muf
OD;xkyuf av; aqmif;cJu h ,
G f yJcG if;a&mufcg aysmpf &m
z&Jo;D pdwf oGm;0,fr,f/ &[wf pD;MurSm
&eHjY zmwJh a&arT;av;
0,fomG ;MupdaYk v;/

15
 v [
v ...v...v...v zd;k a&Tv [uav;[uav;
rk;d ay:omwJh v om;om;rD;rD; oHcsKd aw;
tarSmifnudk va&mifciG ;f [...[av; &,foaH y;
vifyef;Bu;D vdk aiGvrif;/ ararhem;0ifat;/

0 t
0vH;k 0vH;k zd;k 0vH;k t tar wdw Yk ikd ;f jynf
csppf &mav; zd;k 0vH;k tNrJ cspcf ifay
csKcd sKNd yKH ;wJh 0vH;k &,f tar&JUom; jrefjynfzmG ;
0dik ;f 0dik ;f uav; a&;ygw,f/ trsm;twGuf wdBYk uKd ;pm;/

o
ouav; ouav; csppf &mouav;
o&uf ocGm; csKd csKd at;
oZifyef;u MuLMuLarT;
tJ'g ouav;/

16
 jrefrmaw;uAsmrsm;
1/ ausmif;cef;0if 4/ wpfu, dk af &oef&Y iS ;f a&;
reDuav; vG,t f wd jf yif tdy&f mxvQif rsuEf mS opfvYkd
ydawmufyef;eJY ausmif;cef;0if/ rnpfywfatmifaeyghr,f?
r*Fvmygq&mr rsuEf mS opfvQio f mG ;ygwku d v f Ykd
nDnn D mnmEIwq f ufMu/ use;f rma&;ud*k ½kpu kd rf ,f?
0vk;H uav; csppf zG,f tke;f qDvrd ;f um acgif;udNk z;D vkYd
0kid ;f atmif a&;wwfw,f/ ajconf;vufonf;vS;D yghr,f?
pHy,fvjdk zLjzLazG; tuÐs? vkcH snf aMu;an§mu f if;atmif
0vk;H MuLMuLarT;/ / oefUoefU&Si;f &Si;f 0wfyghr,f?
(wifr;kd ) ausmif;oGm;csed rf mS igwko Yd mG ;vkUd
em;csed ef m;vdUk upm;r,f?
2/ vl&n S Bf uD; (upm;r,f)2 /
(vl&nS Bf u;D vkad vQmuf)2 (ECD)
(vl&nS Bf u;D vk)d 3avQmuf
(vlyak v;vkad vQmuf)2 5/ rsufpad v;ujrifw,f
(vlyak v;vk)d 3 avQmuf rsupf ad v;u jrifw,f
(vl0Bu;D vkad vQmuf)2 em;uav;u Mum;w,f
(vl0Bu;D vk)d 3 avQmuf ESmacgif;av;u avud½k LS &w,f
(vlyed af v;vdak vQmuf)2 OD;aESmufav;u awG;um
(vlyed af v;vk)d 3avQmuf yg;pyfav;ud[ k um
(rif;om;av;vku d )2 aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT o
f cD si;f qdMk updUk uG,f
(rif;om;av;vk)d 3 u aysm&f iT w
f ,f/
(rif;orD;av;vku d )2 (ECD)
(rif;orD;av;vk)d 3u/
(ECD) 6/ wkUd vnf;vkyEf ikd w f ,f
wdrYk sm;i,faomfvnf;tvkyv f yk wf wfw,f?
3/ acgif;? yck;H eJY 'l; ajczsm; b,ftvkyrf qkw d rYkd sm;vkyw
f wfw,f/
3
«acgif;? yck;H eJY 'l;ajczsm; (a&cyfay;) wwfw,f
('l;ajczsm;)2 ([if;&Guaf >c)3 wwfw,f
acgif;? yck;H eJY 'l;ajczsm; (wHjrufpnf;vSn;f )3 wwfw,f
rsupf ?d em;? ESmacgif;eJyY g;pyf»2/ wkrYd sm;i,faomfvnf;tvkyv f yk wf wfw,f/
(ECD) (ECD)
17
 7/ bl;oD;uav;0wkww f w
k f 10/ tvSLyJG
bl;oD;uav;0wkww f w k f a&T';dk ywfaAwd;k ywf
nDnzD ;kd 0½ky?f aAwd;k ywfa&T';kd ywf/
acgif;pkwzf mG ;eJaY pmifNcKw
H ,f aAwd;k ywfAed af ygifxD
ajymif;zl;udu k &dk ,f? ywfrBu;D ujrnf/
vScsiv f eG ;f vdMYk uufawmifpnf; td;k pnft;dk pnft;kd pnfom;
rD;rD;emewfo;D ? a[vm;armifwUkd 0g;/
ydeyf ed af o;ao;t&yf&n S f 0g;vufcyk af jrm§ ufvcYkd sD
azazyJvif;a>r? ajzmufajzmuftoHjrnf/
arwåmxm;vdUk u½kPmBu;D wD – wD – wD udak &TEJS
arar z&Jo;D / vGr;f atmifou l cRJ
(ECD) armifwt Ykd vSLyJ/G /
(wifr;kd )
8/ awmxJu rdom;pk
rqkpd aumif;? qkpd aumif; 11/ arG;aeY
ok;d uav;eJUudak &Ta'gif; aysm&f iT pf &marG;aeY .......oift
h wGuf
vrf;Buw d pf ufuadk rmif;/ oli,fcsi;f &JU..............arG;aeY
qdak umif;yg&JU yl;eJU,kef aysm&f iT pf mG tm;vk;H .......vufcyk w
f ;D
csr;f írD;udv k HI tm;vk;H oDcsi;f qkd ........oift h wGuf
[kcd sKaH y:u 0uf0x H ;D (KG Team)
rdausmif;Bu;D udpk ;D /
pm0kw;D u aw;oHcsKd 12/ a&Tarmif;oH
toHviT o hf qD dk uumuduu D u
k l
rav;cked UJ udak &Tzm; a&TcsKd ;uav;uuluu l l
uckew f rf;upm;/ wwmwdww D w
k l
rD;&xm;Bu;D wlww l l
9/ zd;k Muufawm rrmrdrrD rk l
a&Tcu J av; zd;k Muufawm rD;rD;av;urlrrl l
rSew
f m&J&aJ jym [[m [d[D [k[l
vdrrf ajymeJaY rmifav;&,f a&Tarmif;oHBu;D 'l [l [l/
a&TcaJ vSmifvrd rhf ,f (wifr;kd )
vdrw f ,fqw kd mowdeå nf;
vlnv hH al Mumufy/J /
(wifr;kd )
18
 13/ wpfvrS ;f wd;k yg 16/ wdaYk usmif;
a&SUudw k ;dk vSr;f yg? aemufuq kd w
k v f udk yf g/ yef;uav;rsm;yGiafh wmhrnf
ud,k w f pfywfvn S fh vufqufun l yD g/ zl;wH0ifvh cdkY s?D
a&SUudw k ;dk vSr;f yg? aemufuq kd w
k v f udk yf g/ aejcnfrmS a&T&nfavmif;
yck;H av;wGe;f vdUk uln&D idk ;f yif;yg/ igwkpYd moifausmif;/
(&Smvm vm vm vm;)3 ulnyD g/
(&Smvm vm vm vm;)3 a[hun l MD uyg/ 17/ oli,fcsif;
(ECD) emewfo;D eJY 'l;&if;[m
oli,fcsi;f awGyg?
14/ zdeyfuav; wpfaeUaomtcg&efjzpfMu
zdeyfuav;udk (nDnu D , G )f 3 'l;&if;oD;u ql;eJcY s/
zdeyfav;udk nDnu D ,G pf u D mxm;&r,f/ emewfo;D &JUrsuEf mS 0,f
pmtkyu f av;udk (nDnu D , G )f 3 ql;csuaf wGu <u,f
pmtkyaf v;udn k n D uD , G pf uD mxm;&r,f/ olwUkd ES,&f efrjzpfeUJ
trIu d uf av;udk (twlwu l , G )f 3 oifah tmifaygif;MuuJUG /
trIud uf av;udt k wlwu l , G Nf yKd iw
f al umuf (ECD)
Mur,f/
upm;&wmaysmyf govm;(aysmyf gw,f)2 18/ Muufzwden f if
upm;Ny;D &if bmvkyrf vJ ...jyefum Muufzwden f if awmud0k if
odr;f &r,f/ armif&ifvm av;eJyY pf
(ECD) rypfygeJY armif&if&,f
Muufwuf pl;yghr,f
15/ oifah usmif;xJrmS aysm&f iT v f Qif b,fbufu pl;pl;
(oifah usmif;xJrmS aysm&f iT vf Qif vufcyk w f ;D )2 nmbufu pl;pl;
oifah usmif;xJrmS aysm&f iT v f Qif cGyv
f u
dk Mf updYk oli,fcsi;f
tm;&yg;&vufcyk w f ;D atmuf tD tD; tGw/f
oifah usmif;xJrmS aysm&f iT v f Qif vufcyk w f ;D / (ECD)
f Qif acgif;udNk ird )hf 2
(oifah usmif;xJrmS aysm&f iT v
oifah usmif;xJrmS aysm&f iT v f Qif 19/ aps;xJomG ;Mur,f
tm;&yg;&acgif;udNk ird hf azazeJt
Y wlwu l ,
G f aps;xJomG ;Mur,f
oifah usmif;xJrmS aysm&f iT v f Qif acgif;udNk ird /hf arareJt
Y wlwu l ,
G f aps;xJomG ;Mur,f?
2
(ajcudak qmif)h ? (ESmudak cs)? (tm;vk;H vky)f (0,fr,fu, G )hf tom;eJiY g;eJ0Y ,f
ponfwUkd tpm;xk;d í qufqydk g/ (0,fr,fu, G )hf 2 [if;oD;[if;&Gu0f ,f/
(ECD) (ECD)
19
 20/ opfyifpu kd Mf upkYd 23/ a&TpeG n f Kd
opfyifav;awGpu dk Mf ur,f a&TpeG n
f Kd bmukv d v
kd 0Ykd yJ gw,f
wdu
Yk rÇmav;vSzu Ykd , G ?f raxG;vkv d 0Ykd yJ gw,f/
opfyifpudk yf g wdu Yk rÇm raxG;ryg wdcYk sn;f om
om,mvSy pdr;f jrjr/ ygygvsuo f m;aemufuxm;
raxG;tom;cg;vSw,f?
21/ aAwk;d wyf acsmif;i,fa&eJUaq;yghr,f/
aAwk;d wyfaAwd;k wyf acsmif;i,fa&csr;f aEGrmS cef;
rD;rD;av;u rwfwwf&yf jrpfi,fa&ESihf aq;yghr,f/
zl;yGivfh mwJh MumyGichf sy/f jrpfi,fa&csr;f aEGrmS cef;
aAwk;d wyfaAwd;k wyf yifv,fa&eJUaq;yghr,f/
cg;udñ k wT v
f Ydk yef;qGww f wf yifv,fa&csr;f aEGrmS cef;
vufuav;udak uG;umqwf/ yifv,fa& b,frcef;
aAwk;d wyf aAwd;k wyf raxG;trdzrf;/
acgif;iJv h nfihJ ,dr;f EJUG wwf (aus;vufuAsm)
rsuEf mS uav;u ajymifpyfpyf
ar;uav;u wZwfZwf 24/ vSvyS yxm;Mur,f
aAwd;k wyf aAwd;k wyf/ tyifuav;rsm;vSyw,f
(wifr;kd ) yef;uav;rsm;yGiMhf uw,f
vSvyS yxm;Mur,f/
22/ avNidrNf idrf rcsK;d eJrY zJeh *YJ ½kpu
kd u
f ,G ?f
avNird Nf ird f ?opfyifBu;D uNird f a&udrk eS rf eS af vmif;pdu Yk ,G ?f
avjyif;wdu k af wmhbmjzpfw,f? yef;yGirhf sm;rsm;yGizhf &Ykd ,f/
(a[m'Dvjkd zpfw,f)2 (ABCD uAsmoHpOf)
ta&SUuwku d jf yefawmh
taemufukd (,dr;f w,f)2 25/ aEG? rk;d ? aqmif;
taemufuwdu k jf yefawmh
atmifrav;awmh^Asmh ylvu dk w
f m
ta&SUudk (,dr;f w,f)2
aEG&moDa&mufvm/
avNird Nf ird ?f opfyifBu;D u (Nird )f 3/
atmifrav;awmh^Asmh
(ECD)
avjyif;rkew f ikd ;f vm?
rk;d wGi;f a&mufNyv D m;/
eSi;f rIeaf wGwzJzG u GJ svvYdk m?
aqmif;wGi;f a&mufNyu D mG /
(KG Team)

20
 26/ rk;d Ncdr;f oHMum; 29/ udu k w
kd pfuav;
rk;d awGavawGwNcrd ;f Ncrd ;f udu
k kd (1) uav;xGuv f v
Ykd m
(wkww k *f srd ;f )2 /
f w rr (2) vnf;yg
,dr;f u&atmif u&atmif nD (3)? (4)eJU (5) vnf;yg
ywfaA'k;d ajAmifaA'k;d ajAmif? tm;vH;k u MurSm/
armifwrYdk ,fwn Ykd aD pom; (ECD)
0kid ;f Muygvm; 0ef;ygvm;
a[;vm; armifw0Ydk g;/ 30/ rD;&xm;BuD;
(ECD) «rD;&xm;Bu;D ? xGucf geD;NyD
xGuv f vYdk mNy?D wHcg;ydwx f m;
27/ zm;i,fuav; *sK;H *sK;H *sK;H ? *su*f su*f suf
(zm;i,fuav;)2 *sK;H *sK;H ? *su*f suf 0rf;ajrmufpmG »2
olwaYdk tmfoMH um; (ECD)
(tk;H tGrf uGrf uGr)f 2
tk;H tGrf uGrf uGrf uGrf 31/ rD;yGKd ifah v;
(tNr;D r&S)d 2 toHus,pf mG atmf vrf;qkw H idk ;f u rD;yGKd irhf mS
(tk;H tGrf uGrf uGr)f 2 ta&mifo;kH rsKd ;&Sw d ,fumG
tk;H tGrf uGrf uGrf uGr/f t0ga&mifav;jrif&ifawmh
(ECD) t&Sed o f yfwmaygh/
teDa&mifav;jrif&ifu, G f
28/ c&D;oGm;Mur,f um;av;&yfMur,f
c&D;oGm;Mur,f? twlwv l m tpdr;f a&mifav;jrif&ifawmh
oli,fcsi;f tm;vk;H aysmpf &m um;uav;xGuw f maygh/
pD;Mu? armif;Mu? oGm;MurSm wdUk awGtm;vH;k ab;uif;a&;
«(yGr)f 2 um;Bu;D armif;r,f»3 (yGr)f 7 rD;yGKd iahf v;u umuG,af y;/
«(wl)2&xm;Bu;D armif;r,f)»3 (wl)7 (KG Team)
«(ay:)2 oabFmBu;D armif;r,f»3 (ay:)7
«(0D)2 av,mOfysBH u;D armif;r,f»3 (0D)7 32/ yef;uav; 10 yGihf
«(uvif)2 pufb;D av;pD;r,f»3 (uvif)7 yef; 1 yGi?hf yef; 2 yGi?hf yef; 3 yGifh yg
«(0l;)2 qdik u
f ,fp;D r,f»3 (0l;)7 yef; 4 yGi?hf yef; 5 yGi?hf yef; 6 yGifh yg
«(avSsmuf)2 vrf;av;avSsmufr,f»3( avSsmuf)7/ yef; 7 yGi?hf yef; 8 yGi?hf yef; 9 yGifh yg
(ECD) yef;uav; 10 yGiyhf g/

21
 33/ wpf? ESp?f ok;H ? av; 37/ bk&m;yJaG wmfomG ;pkaYd emf
(1? 2? 3? 4)2 (wlaysmaf ysm)f 2bk&m;yJaG wmfomG ;pkUd aemf?
(5? 6? 7)2 oli,fcsi;f rsm;eJtY wlaysm?f
(7 Ny;D awmh 8 uG,)f 2 EGm;vSn;f av;eJaY emf?
(9? 10)2/ a[h EGm;vSn;f av;eJaY emf(wlaysmaf ysm)f 2
yJaG ps;wef;av;avSsmufvaYdk emf?
34/ 1? 2 pmukcd spf aumufni§ ;f aygif;eJb Y ;l oD;aMumf?
wpfEpS ?f pmudck spf 0,fpm;MupkaYd emf?
ok;H av;? rodwmar; a[h 0,fpm;MupdaYk emf/
ig;ajcmuf? ESpcf si;f ayguf (ECD)
ckepf?&Sp?f wynhcf spf
ud;k wpfq,f?BuKd ;pm;r,f/ 38/ MuufNcHuav;
a&TMuufzBu;D wGeo f o
H m
35/ aumufn f §i;f aygif; eHeufr;kd aomufcg?
aumufni§ ;f aygif;av;? ylyal EG; MuufrBu;D rSmtdyaf ewke;f
ESr;f axmif;eHU arT;arT;/ EI;d vkud yf gtke;f /
tke;f oD;azG;azG;xnh&f ifu, G f Muufuav;awGE;kd wJch g
om;om;BuKd uyf gw,f/ usu d sad tmfoo H m/
aumufñiS ;f aygif;onf rrav; wdYkNcxH rJ mS Munfyh gtke;f
rsm;rsm;xnhyf g raES;/ rdom;wpfpv k ;Hk /
wdUk aps;av;&JU ta&SUrSm (KG Team)
rra&mif;wJch g?
39/ yifvHk
aps;qkid jf yifvUdk awmif;udck s
vGwv f yfyef;udb k ,fEh , S qf wG w
f ,f
om;om;pm;r,fAs/
wknYd n D w G vf Udk qGwEf ikd wf ,f/
(KG Team)
&Sr;f ?csi;f ? u&if? ucsirf sm;eJU
36/ aysmf&iT pf &marG;aeY &ckid ?f u,m; toG,o f ,G /f
(aysm&f iT pf &marG;aeY oift h wGu)f 2 yifvNHk rKd UrSmwlqMHk uvdUk
aysm&f iT pf &marG;aeY oift h wGuyf g ..... wkUd jynfreJw Y jYkd ynfe,f/
aysm&f iT pf &marG;aeY oift h wGuf om;csi;f nDaemifwnfaxmifreI YJ
(KG Team) jynfaxmifpBk u;D ay:vmw,f/
trdEikd if H wm0efrsm;udk
uk, d t f m; ÓPftm; xrf;Mur,f/
xrf;r,fxrf;r,f/ /
(wifr;kd )
22
 40/ a&(1) 43/ ig;uav;awG
a& a& a& a& a& ig;uav;awG ig;uav;awG
aomufo;Hk MuzdUk a&? a&xJu ig;uav;awG?
a& a& a& a& a& tjzLa&mifav;awG t0ga&mifav;awG
aq;zdUk ? aMumzdaYk &? tdk tpkyH aJ [h/
a& a& a& a& a& ig;uav;awG ig;uav;awG
csuzf Ykd jyKwzf aYkd & ? a&xJu ig;uav;awG?
a&uav;[mav t"du usvaS y/ [kbd ufu;l vdu k f onfbufu;l vku
d f
xrif;touf ckepf&uf aysmpf &mtvGeaf umif;w,f/
a&toufu wpfreuf? (ECD)
a&aumif;a&oefU&rSom
use;f rm0NzKd ;rSm/ 44/ yk&uG q f w d f
(ECD) yk&u G q f w d u f av;tcsed rf jzKe;f yg
ysi;f &dNy;D awmhtyd rf aeyg/
41/ a& (2) (b,f nm)3 wef;pDum
a&awG a&awG b,fuvm BuKd ;BuKd ;pm;pm; tvkyv f yk wf m
rd;k aumif;uifuvm? ußEG yfk wf Udk vnf;tcsed rf jzKe;f yg/
rd;k aumif;uifudk b,fvadk &muf ysi;f &dNy;D awmhtyd rf aeyg/
a&aiGUjzpfvUdk a&muf/ (b,f nm)3 wef;pDum
a&aiGU a&aiGU b,fuvm BuKd ;BuKd ;pm;pm; tvkyv f yk rf mS /
urÇmajruvm? (ECD)
yifv,fjyifrmS aeylawmh
acsmif;ajrmif;tdik rf mS aeylawmh 45/ ud, k ifaumif
2
a&aiGUjzpfwmaygh/ (ud, k ifaumif)
a&aiGUjzpfawmhavxJyg ody&f zHG aYkd umif;/
aumif;uifjyefwufum? rpifvnf;pm; [if;vnf;pm;
aumif;uifBu;D [m at;vmawmh [ked 'YJ u
D ;l oGm;/
(a&jyefjzpfwmaygh)3/ olUajcvufawG aq;aewm
(KG Team) wdx
Yk rif;0kid ;f ay:rSm
armif;yg[ armif;yguG/
42/ rESi;f wdtYk rd f ta0;odx Yk u
G of mG ;atmif
[kb
d uf urf;u rD;xdex f ed f xrif;0kid ;f av;tkyx f m;&atmif
onfbufurf;urD;xdex f ed f oGm;awmh ud, k ifaumif/
qDr;D xdex
f ed v
f if;ygwJh rESi;f wdt
Yk rd /f (ECD)
23
 46/ vdyjf ymav; 49/ vrif;xJu ,keu f av;
(vdyjf ymav;awG)2 vrif;xJu ,keu f av;
(vSvu f m)2
kd w tom;jzLazG;azG;/
f ,f)2
(yef;0wf&nfupkd yk w awmifa0S;axmufwt hJ bd;k tkd
(vSygw,f)2 armifq
h v
D mygqk/d
(ECD) rvmvdak eyga&mh
vlav;vmrSmaygh/
47/ ausmif;aep (wifr;kd )
uc*Ci
om;om; ausmif;aep? 50/ v,fapmifw h J
p q Z ps n rd;k a&wufa&wazG;azG;
rdwof pf aqGopf&? uGi;f us,t f a0;a0;/
wx'"e v,fapmihw f aJ v;ajcwH&n S f
twl upm;Mu? rk;d ukyaf tmufrmS wnf?
yzAbr MumeDwpfyiG hf jzLwpfyiG hf
uAsm&Gwq f Mkd u? wJEiS yhf eHwif/h
,&v0o (rif;ok0Pf)
pma&; pmzwfMu?
[Vt 51/ wkwYd m0ef
aysmzf Ykd aumif;oy/ onftrd f b,foUl tdrf
armifwifp;kd (opf&maumuf) wdt
Yk rd /f
wdt Yk rd af umif;atmif b,fojl yK
48/ tm;vk;H nDñw G w f ,f igwdYk rdom;pk/
1? 2? 3 nDryef;awGu;Hk onfausmif; b,foUl ausmif;
4? 5? 6 EGm;EdrYk eS rf eS af omuf wdaYk usmif;/
7? 8? 9 O,smOfav;udyk sKd ;? wdaYk usmif;*kPu f kd b,foal qmif
10? 11? 12 ud, k w hf ikd ;f ud, k jhf ynfcspf igwdaYk usmif;ol ausmif;om;armif/
13? 14? 15 yef;csq D yJG gvm; onfajr b,foUl ajr
16? 17? 18 trIu d , f v l yYkd pf wdaYk jr/
19 eJY 20 tm;vk;H nDñw G w f ,f/ wdaYk jromaMumif; b,foal vmif;
(wifr;kd ) igwdYk jynfot l aygif;/ /
(wifr;kd )

24
 52/ tdrf 56/ iSuu f av;eDeD
(tdrf )3.....om;om;^rD;rD;wd&Yk UJ tdrf i,faom iSuu f av;eDeD
(tdrf )3.....aysm&f iT &f wJt
h rd f opfuidk ;f ay:rSm xdik af e?
tdr.f ....om;om;^rD;rD;wd&Yk UJ tdrf tNr;D uav;u vIyí f ae
wdt
Yk rd f uav;[mavaEG;axG;vSayghav/ (vIy)f 2 vIyíf ae?
(KG Team) tNr;D uav;u vIyí f ae?
acgif;uav;u Nird í hf ae?
53/ anmifa0gif anmifa0gif tNr;D uav;u vIyí f ae
ylpu D av; aqmifah Mumifx h ikd f (vIy)f 2 vIyí f ae/
<uuf r&vdrYk idI /f (ECD)
wdik Bf uKd wdik Mf um; avQmufvo Ykd mG ;
tNr;D wzGm;zGm;/ 57/ a&Ta&mifaiGa&mif
ylpuD av; Adu k q
f mavmif ydawmufyef;awG 0if;xdex f ed f
raqmhEikd &f mS aygif/ oBueF u f swthJ csed /f
anmifa0gif anmifa0gif atmfvn Ykd nf; rd;k ajy;wpfBurd &f mG &ifvnf;
ylpD a'goBu;D / / a&Ta&mif0if;ceJ/
(wifr;kd ) ydawmufyef;awGtay:rSm
aejcnfvufvufjzm/
54/ wm0efu, kd pf D avajywpfcgaoG;&ifvnf;
nDrav;u wHjrufvn S ;f aiGa&mifxif;ceJ/
nDnxD if;awGc/GJ (wifr;kd )
a&qJwG mu udak v;yg
rraps;oGm;wm? 58/ qifarsmuf,ek f
ararrSm xrif;csuf ,keuf av;t&G,if ,f
azaz½k;H udw
k uf/ qifBu;D Bu;D vSw,f
,keaf rsmufqifu, G t
f ukev
f ;Hk
55/ bJuav; qifBu;D tBu;D qk;H /
a&uefeaH b; bJuav;
a&ul;r,fwahJ v;/ 59/ jzLazG;vSwUJ ,kef
v,fwu J av; urf;pqD [kcd ek of nfcek f wckecf ek f (jzLazG;vSw,YJ ek )f 3
bJi,fu;l &onf? [kad e&mrSmvnf; wckecf ek f
bmrxDwb hJ u
J av; 'Dae&mrSmvnf; wckecf ek f
ul;r,fta0; urf;ta0;/ / [kcd ek o
f nfcek f wckecf ek f jzLazG;vSwUJ ,ke/f
(wifr;kd ) (ECD)
25
 60/ jynfaxmifpzk mG ;nDaemifrsm; 62/ yJy?J ok;d rnf;
&Sr;f csi;f ucsiuf &ifrsm;eJU (yJy?J ok;d rnf;? ok;d arG;&Syd govm;?
&cdik f u,m; rGef Arm? ([kwu f )YJ 2 ok;H tdwt
f jynhAf s?
wpfajrwnf;ae nDaemifrsm;rdYk wpftw d u f q&mzd?Yk
jynfaxmifom;vdUk ac:Muwm? wpftw d u f q&mrzd?Yk
at;vnf;twl yltrSsS eYJ usew f pftw d u
f vluav;?
twlwuG aexdik u f m? vrf;Mum;xJuav;)2 /
wpfa,mufvufukd wpfa,mufqv JG Ukd
vufcsi;f wJ, G u
S f NrcJ idk rf m? 63/ jrif;BuD;pD;r,f
nDnn D mnm wpfa,muftm;eJY (vmNyD u d k u k d ? jrif ; BuD ; pD ; umjrif ; 0BuD ; uk d
razmufrjym; pnf;vH;k um pD;vdUk vm)2
wdjYk ynfaxmifajr pnfoma&;eJY 'gudk olu vkyjf yw,f
jynf&mG at;zdYk apmihx f ed ;f rSm? (ab;csi;f )3 wdu k v
f Ukd &,f
3
xde;f ...rSm? xde;f ...rSm/ / (a&SUcsi;f ) eD;vkUd &,f
a&eHo Y marmifausmñ f eG Yf (ausmcsi;f )3 uyfvUdk &,f
'gudk olu vkyjf yw,f/
61/ &Gmi,fZeyk'f (ECD)
&Gmi,fZeyk'?f rD;uav;rdw S w
f w
k /f
uß?JG EGm;?acG;? qdwjf rnfoH
([ku d vJ 0kw0f w k ?f 'DuvJ 0kw0f w
k f
[kud 0kw?f 'Du0kwf ......0kw0f w k 0f w
k )f /

26
 t*Fvyd f aw;uAsmrsm;
1. Hello, what’s your name? 7. Are you Sleeping
[(Hello)3what’s your name?]2 (Are you Sleeping)2 (Brother John)2
(my name is Pusu)3 (Morning bells are ringing)2
(Hello, Pusu)2 Hello (Ding Ding Dong)2

2. Good Morning 8. I caught a fish

(Good Morning to you)2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Good Morning dear my friends, Once I caught a fish alive.
Good Morning to you. Why did you let it go?
Because it bit my finger so.
3. A, B, C, D, …. (1)
A, B, C, D, E, F, G 9. Sunday, Monday
H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P (Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday
Q, R, S, T, U, V Thursday, Friday, Saturday)2
W, X, Y, Z
10. One,Two
4. A, B, C, D, …. (2) One, Two, Buckle my shoes
A, B, C, D, E, F, G Three, Four, Shut the door
H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P Five, Six, Pick up sticks
Q, R, S, T, U and V Seven, Eight, Lay them straight
W, X, Y and Z Nine, Ten A big fat hen

5. Good bye 11. Head & Shoulders

Goodbye Goodbye everybody Head and Shoulders, (knees and toes)3
Goodbye Goodbye see you again Head and Shoulder, knees and toes, eyes,
Goodbye John, Goodbye Sue ears, nose and mouth.
(Goodbye)2 bye bye bye

6. Tomy Tomy
Tomy Tomy (how old are you today)2
I am five years old
One, two, three, four, five

27
 yHkjyifrsm;
1/ uRefawmfh tarvm;cifAsm
[d;k a&S;a&S;wke;f u awmtkyBf u;D wpfcx k rJ mS opfyifawG ,dr;f xd;k Ny;D t&Guaf wGa<uusatmif
avawGwu kd af ew,f/ tJ't D csed rf mS yJ awmifuek ;f jrifw h pfcak y:u opfyifBu;D &JU tay:rSm &Sad ewJh
iSufodkufxJu Ouav;wpfvkH; usvmw,f/ tJ'D]]O}}av;u awmifukef;ay:uae vdrfhqif;
oGm;w,f/ tJ'u D aequfNy;D opfw;Hk wHwm;uae jrpfukd ausmjf zwfNy;D vdro hf mG ;w,f/ ]]O}}uav;u
r&yfbJ jrufyifawGukd jzwfNy;D vdro hf mG ;jyefw,f/ ]]O}}uav;[m jrufcif;jyifujkd zwfNy;D wGi;f wpfck
em;a&mufwt hJ cg wGi;f xJukd vdrq hf if;oGm;w,f/ wGi;f xJa&mufwt hJ cg ]]O}}uav;[m qufrvdrhf
awmhbJ ,keaf v;&JU a&SUrSm&yfomG ;w,f/ ]]O}}uav;[m tufuv GJ mNy;D ]]O}}uav;xJu iSuaf yguf
pav; xGuv f mw,f/ [dMk unfh 'DMunfeh YJ iSuaf ygufpav;[m ,keu f av;udk jrifwt hJ cg ]]uReaf wmfh
tarvm; cifAsm}}vdYk ar;vdu k w f ,f/
,keu f av;u ]]rif;tar r[kwyf gbl;/ tay:udk wufomG ;yg/ tJ'rD mS rif;tar&Sw d ,f}} vdYk
jyefajymvdu k w f ,f/
iSuaf ygufpav;wGi;f xJuae ajrjyifay:udk a&mufwt hJ cg jrufcif;xJrmS orifav;udk
awGUjyefw,f/ ]]uReaf wmft h arvm; cifAsm}}vdYk ar;jyefw,f/] ]rif;tar r[kwyf gbl; qufNy;D
oGm;vku d yf g/ tJ'rD mS rif;tar&Sw d ,f}}vdYk ajymjyw,f/
iSuaf ygufpav;vnf; qufNy;D oGm;vdu k wf m opfw;Hk wHwm;av;&Sw d hJ jrpfem; a&mufvmw,f/
tJ'eD m;rSm vdyu f av;wpfaumifukd awGUawmh ]]uReaf wmfh tarvm; cifAsm}}vdYk ar;jyefw,f/
vdyu f av;u ]]rif;tarr[kwyf gbl;/ jrpfukd ausmjf zwfNy;D oGm;vdu k yf g/ tJ'rD mS rif; tar&Sw d ,f}}
qdNk y;D ajymvdu k wf ,f/
iSuaf ygufpav;vnf; jrpfuakd usmjf zwfvu kd wf t hJ cg arsmufuav;udak wGUw,f/f ]]uReaf wmfh
tarvm;cifAsm}}vdYk ar;vdu k w f ,f/ ]]rif;tarr[kwyf gbl; qufNy;D wufomG ;vdu k yf g/ tJ'rD mS rif;tar
&Sw
d ,f}}vdYk arsmufuav;u awmifuek ;f ay:udk vrf;ñTev f u kd w
f ,f/
iSufaygufpav; awmifukef;av;ay:wufoGm;w,f/ awmifukef;ay:u opfyifem;rSm
&SOu hf av;udak wGUwJt h cg ]]uReaf wmfh tarvm; cifAsm}}qdNk y;D ar;awmh ]]rif; tar r[kwyf gbl;/
tay:udk wufomG ;yg/ tJ'rD mS rif;tar&Sw d ,f}} vdaYk jymw,f/
iSuaf ygufpav;u opfyifay:udk armhMunfv h u kd Nf y;D ]]tay:udk qufrwufEikd af wmhb;l wufzYkd
odycf ufw,f}}qdNk y;D ajymwJt h cg ]]rylygeJY ulnyD gr,f}}vdYk &SOu hf av;u ausmay:wifNy;D opfyifay:
wufomG ;w,f/ opfyifay:a&mufwt hJ cg toku d x f rJ mS iSurf Bu;D eJY iSuaf ygufpav;wpfaumifukd
awGUw,f/ ]]uReaf wmfh tarvm; cifAsm}}vdYk ar;vdu k w f t hJ cg ]][kwyf gw,f rif;&JUtaryg/ 'DrmS
rif;&JUtpfryg}}vdYk 0rf;omtm;&ajymvdu k w
f ,f/ iSut f aru tpm&Sm&mu jyefvmwJh iSut f azudk
jyNy;D ]][krd mS Munfph rf;/ rif;&JUtazaygh/ rif;udk &Smaewm/ tckrif;tdrjf yefa&mufvmvdYk tm;vk;H
aysmaf eMuw,f}}vdYk ajymvku d w f ,f/
28
 2/ qifESifharsmuf

wpfcgwke;f u awmBu;D wpfcx k rJ mS qifuav;wpfaumifEiS hf arsmufuav; wpfaumif[m

rdwaf qGzUJG Ny;D aexdik Mf uw,f/
wpfaeYusawmh olwEYkd pS af umif[m awmxJrmS aqmhupm;&if; Adu k qf mvmwmaygh/ 'Dvekd YJ
olw[ Ykd m upm;&if; tpm&SmMuw,f/ vrf;rSm acsmif;wpfcu k kd awGUwJt h cg qifuav;u arsmuf
uav;udk ausmay:wifNy;D jzwfu;l vdu k wf maygh/ jzwfu;l Ny;D wJt
h cgrSm o&ufyifBu;D wpfyifukd
awGUw,f/ tJ'o D &ufyifBu;D [m o&ufo;D trSnahf wGa&m? o&ufo;D tpdr;f awGa&m trsm;Bu;D
oD;aew,f/ o&ufo;D awG trsm;Bu;D udk jrifawmh olwYkd t&rf;aysmo f mG ;Muw,f/
'gayrJh qifu arsmufukd ajymw,f/ ]]igo&ufo;D awGcsO&f if rpm;csib f ;l }}vdYk ajymw,f/
arsmufuav;u ]]pdwrf ylygeJ?Y igtyifay:wufNy;D o&ufo;D awGukd pm;Munfv h u
kd yf ghr,f}}
vYakd jymNy;D tyifay:udk arsmufuav; wufomG ;w,f/ arsmufuav; tyifay: a&mufwmeJY o&uf
oD;udk cl;Ny;D pm;Munfv h ukd af wmh t&rf;udk csKdNy;D arT;aewm awGU&w,f/
arsmufuav; t&rf;aysmo f mG ;Ny;D qifukd tm;&yg;& atmfajymvdu k wf ,f/ ]]toD;awGu
t&rf;csKdNyD; arT;aewmyJuG}} ajymNyD; cl;csay;wmaygh/ qifvnf; arsmufuav; cl;csay;wJh
o&ufoD;awGudk aysmfaysmfBuD; pm;vdkufygawmhw,f/ tJ'DvkdeJY olwdkYoli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf[m
cspcf ifpmG eJtY wl aexdik o f mG ;Muawmhw,f/
(oli,fwef;oif½;kd tzJUG )

3/ zdk;uJwdYk rdro
d m;pk

zd;k uJwrYdk o
d m;pk[m jrpfurf;yg;u &Gmav;wpf&mG rSm aeMuw,f/ tpuawmh tbd;k ? taz?
tareJY zd;k uJwYkd (4)a,mufyJ &SMd uw,f/ ckawmh nDrav;arG;Ny;D rdom;pk (5)a,muf jzpfvmw,f/
tbd;k u touftBu;D qk;H jzpfNy;D tm;vk;H u bd;k bd;k pum;udk em;axmifMu&w,f/ nwdik ;f
rdom;pktm;vk;H bk&m;&Scd ;dk &w,f/ ajcvufaq;Ny;D rS tdy&f m0if&w,f/
wpfaeYrmS araru ]]zd;k uJa& .... nDrav;udk cPMunfx h m;aemf/ arart0wfavQmf
vdu
k Of ;D r,f}}vdYk ajymNy;D tdraf emufaz;rSm t0wfavQmaf ew,f/ zd;k uJvnf; nDrav;eJY tdru f
acG;aygufpav;eJY upm;aew,f/ tbd;k uawmh xrif;pm;Ny;D wpfa&;tdyaf ew,f/
tJ't D csed rf mS acG;aygufpav;[m a&ajrmif;xJ jyKwu f somG ;w,f/ zk;d uJvnf; acG;aygufp
av;udk a&ajrmif;xJu q,f,zl Ykd tvky½f yI o f mG ;w,f/ zd;k uJ tvky½f yI af ewke;f nDrav;[m av;zuf
oGm;Ny;D xGuo f mG ;wm zd;k uJ rodvu dk b
f ;l aygh/
acG;aygufpav;ukd q,f,Nl y;D wJt h csed f nDrav;ukMd unfv h u
dk af wmh rawGUawmhb;l / zk;d uJvnf;
3
(nDrav;a&) vdYk atmfac:w,f/ arar a& ... vkyyf gOD; nDrav; b,fa&mufomG ;rSe;f rodb;l
....[D; [D; qkNd y;D atmfio kd wJ/h
29
 zdk;uJatmfidkoHaMumifh tara&m? tbdk;a&m tdrfa&SUudk ajy;xGufvmMuw,f/ zdk;uJu
taMumif;pk&H iS ;f jyaewke;f ]]0ke;f }}ceJ toHBu;D Mum;vdu k &f w,f/ ]]urf;yg;NyKd w,fa[h...uav;awG
tem;ruyfMueJY}}vkdU &GmuvlawGatmfNyD; urf;yg;bufukd ajy;oGm;MuwmawGUvdkuf&w,f?
tm;vkH;vnf; nDrav;twGufpkd;&drfNyD; ...ajy;vkdufoGm;Muw,f/ 'gayrJh nDrav;udkawmh
rawGUMubl; taruvnf;idk ...zk;d uJuvnf; idak ygh/
tJ't D csed rf mS acG;rBu;D rdjzLu tbd;k &JUykq;kd udk twif;qJaG c:owJ/h tm;vk;H [m tbd;k eJt Y wl
rdjzLac:wJh tdraf emufbufukd vku d o
f mG ;Muw,f/ tdraf emufbufu aumuf½;dk ykrH mS nDrav;[m
acG;aygufpav;awGeYJ twltyd af ewmudk awGUvku d Mf u&w,f/ tm;vk;H vnf; 0rf;omaysm&f iT o f mG ;
Muw,f/
(oli,fwef;oif½;kd tzJUG )

4/ b,foGm;rvdkYvJ *smabmuf

wpfcgwke;f u &Gmom,mqdw k hJ &Gmuav;rSm *smabmufwYkd rdom;pk[m v,f,mvkyif ef;

vkyuf ikd Nf y;D aysm&f iT pf mG aexdik Mf uowJ/h *smabmuf touf(5)ESpt f &G,af &mufawmh *smabmuf&UJ
rdbawG[m ausmif;wufzYkd &GmrSm&Sw d hJ rlvwef;ausmif;rSm ausmif;oGm;tyfwmaygh *smabmufvnf;
ausmif;wuf&awmhr,fqakd wmh t&rf;0rf;omae&Smw,f/
ausmif;pwuf&r,fah eYa&mufawmh *smabmufu eHeufapmapmtdy&f mx? Ny;D awmh a&csKd ;?
t0wftpm;vJ? xrif;pm;Ny;D awmh olUtaz0,fay;xm;wJh vG,t f wd uf av;udk vG,u f m olUtarudk
zufNy;D ]]arar *smabmuf ausmif;oGm;awmhr,fv}Ykd } ajymum EIwq f ufowJu h ,
G .f .. olUtar
uvnf; ]]orD; aumif;aumif;oGm;aemf}}vdYk ajymowJ/h
tJvekd YJ tdru f ae xGuv f mNy;D Nc0H a&mufawmh olaY ':av;eJY awGUwJt h cg olUa':av;u
]]b,fomG ;rvkv Yd J *smabmuf}}vdYk ar;w,f/
*smabmufuvnf; ]]ausmif;oGm;rvk}Yd }ygvdYk ajymvdu k w f ,f tJvekd YJ a&SUqufNy;D oGm;wm
vrf;a&mufawmh oltpfu0kd rf;uJeG YJ awGUjyefw,f/olUtpfuu kd vnf; ]]b,fomG ;rvkv Yd J *smabmuf}}vkYd
ar;jyefw,f/
*smabmufuvnf; ]]ausmif;oGm;rvkdYygvkdY}} ajymvkdufw,f/ tJ'DvdkeJU *smabmuf[m
a&SUqufomG ;awmh opfyifBu;D em;rSm olUOD;av;eJY awGUowJu h , G /f olUOD;av;uvnf; ]]b,fomG ;rvkv Yd J
*smabmuf}}vkYd ar;w,fu, G /f
*smabmufuvnf; ]]ausmif;oGm;rvdyYk g}}vdYk ajymvdu k wf ,f/tJ'v D ekd YJ a&SUqufNy;D oGm;wm
awmifuek ;f ay:rSm v,form;Bu;D wpfO;D eJY awGUjyefw,f/ v,form;Bu;D uvnf; ]]b,fomG ;rvdv Yk J
*smabmuf}}vkYd ar;owJu h ,
G /f

30
 *smabmufuvnf; ]]ausmif;oGm;rvkyYd g}} vdYk ajymvku d jf yefowJh tJvedk YJ a&SUqufomG ;awmh
&GmxJ aps;qkid uf qkid yf idk &f iS t
f a':Bu;D eJY awGUowJu h ,
G /f ta':Bu;D uvnf; ]]b,fomG ;rvkv Yd J
*smabmuf}}vdYk ar;owJu h , G /f
*smabmufuvnf; ]]ausmif;oGm;rvdyYk g}}vkYd ajymvku d wf ,f/ tJvekd o
YJ mG ;vdu k w f m ausmif;
t0if0rSm ausmif;tkyBf u;D eJY awGUowJ/h
ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ]]r*Fvmyguav;a&/ uav;u oli,fwef;uvm;}}vkdY ajymawmh
*smabmufuvnf; ]]r*Fvmygq&mBu;D / orD;u oli,fwef;uyg}}vkYd ajymvku d o f wJ/h
tJ't D cgrSm ausmif;tkyq f &mBu;D u ]]oli,fwef;tcef;u [ked m;rSm oGm;vku d yf gvk}Yd }ajymawmh
*smabmufuvnf; ]][kwu f yhJ g/ q&mBu;D }}vkaYd jymum tcef;udk avQmufvmowJ/h oli,fwef;
tcef;0vnf;a&mufa&m q&mru ]]orD;a& r*Fvmyg}}vdYk ajymawmh *smabmufuvnf; ]]r*Fvmyg
q&mr/ orD;u oli,fwef;yg/ 'gu oli,fwef;tcef;vm;&Si}f }vdYk ar;vdu k o f wJ/h tJ't D cgrSm
q&mru ]][kww f ,f 'goli,fwef;tcef;yJ? q&mru uav;wd&Yk UJ q&mryg/ orD;emrnf b,fvkd
ac:ygovJ}}vdYk ar;w,f/
]]*smabmufyg q&mr}}vdYk ajymvdu k wf ,f/ ]]tcef;xJukd 0ifvmcJh orD;a&}}vdYk q&mru
ajymvku
d w f thJ cg *smabmufu ]][kwu f yhJ g q&mr/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f&iS }fh }qdNk y;D 0rf;ompGmjzifh
oli,fwef;tcef;xJ 0ifomG ;ygawmhw,fu, G /f

5/ ,kefuav; jzLjzL

[kad &S;a&S;wke;f u jzLjzLvdaYk c:wJh tvGecf sppf &maumif;wJh ,keu f av;wpfaumif&o dS wJ/h
jzLjzL[m cspfp&maumif;oavmuf tvGefrmeBuD;owJhuG,f/ tdrfeD;csif;awGeJYvnf; pum;
rajymbl;wJ/h jzLjzL&JUtdraf b;rSmawmh ndKnKd qw dk hJ &SOu
hf av;&,f? 0wkwq f w
dk hJ 0uf0u H av;&,feYJ
zd;k ½Iyq
f w dk hJ arsmufuav;wdYk aeMuowh/J ndKnKd ? 0wkwef UJ zk;d ½Iyw f [Ykd m odycf spMf uwJh oli,fcsi;f awGaygh/
olw[ Ydk m jzLjzLeJv Y nf; oli,fcsi;f jzpfcsiv f Ydk ac:Muayr,fh jzLjzLu jyefrac:bl;wJu h , G /f 'Dvedk YJ
avawGwu dk Nf y;D rd;k awG&mG wJw h pfaeYrmS awmh jzLjzL&JUtdru f av;[m NyKd omG ;owJu h ,G /f jzLjzL[m
olUtdru f av; NyKd omG ;awmh rk;d a&awGxrJ mS 0rf;enf;aewmaygh/ olUtdraf b;rSm&Sw d hJ ndKnKd ? 0wkwef YJ
zk;d ½Iyw f u Ydk vkd nf; tultnDrawmif;&Jb;l wJ/h 'gayrJh rk;d a&xJrmS jzLjzLidak ewmudk ndKnKd u jrifowJ/h
tJ't D csed rf mS ndKnKd [m oli,fcsi;f rsm;jzpfwhJ 0wkwef YJ zk;d ½Iyw f q Ydk o
D mG ;Ny;D ]]oli,fcsi;f wkaYd & ....
jzLjzLUtdru f av; avawGwu dk vf Ydk NyKd omG ;w,f/ igwkYd oGm;ul&atmif}}vkYd ajymwmaygh/ arsmufuav;
zd;k ½Iyu f vnf; ]][m 'gqdo k mG ; uln&D rSmaygh}}qkNd y;D jzLjzLqDukd oGm;MuowJ/h Ny;D awmhow l Ydk oli,fcsi;f
awG[m jzLjzL&JUtdru f av;udk jyefaqmufay;Muwmaygh/ oli,fcsi;f tm;vk;H 0difk ;f Ny;D pkaygif;aqmuf
vdu k af wmh jzLjzLUtdru f av; jyefaumif;oGm;wmaygh/

31
 aemufq;Hk awmh jzLjzL[m oli,fcsi;f rsm;udk awmif;yefwmayghu, G f ]]oli,fcsi;f wk&Yd ,f
igrSm;ygw,f aemufqidk grif;wdeYk YJ cspcf spcf ifciftwlwal eygawmhr,f}}vkYd ajymowJ/h ndKnKd uvnf;
]]&ygw,f ...igwku Yd oli,fcsi;f awGy/J oli,fcsi;f qkw d m wpfO;D eJY wpfO;D uln&D rSmaygh[m}}[k
ajymNy;D oli,fcsi;f rsm;tm;vk;H cspcf spcf ifcifaeMuwmayghu, G /f

rSwcf suf / / q&mu ykjH yifajymNy;D vQif oli,fcsi;f rsm; tcsi;f csi;f cspcf ifpmG ae&rnft
h aMumif;ESifh
tcsi;f csi;f tultnDay;&rnfjzpfaMumif;udk ay:vGiaf tmif &Si;f jyyg/

(oli,fwef;oif½;kd tzJUG )

6/ 0ufuav;oHk;aumif

wpfcgwke;f u 0ufuav;oH;k aumif&o dS wJ/h 0ufararBu;D u]]om;wdYk awmxJrmS usm;qd;k Bu;D

&Sw
d t hJ wGuf owdxm;zdaYk wmh vdw k ,f/ usm;qd;k Bu;D rvmEdik af tmif ud, k t hf rd uf , kd af qmufNy;D aeMu}}vdYk
ajymowJ/h yxr0ufuav;u aumuf½;kd tdraf v; aqmufNy;D aexdik w f ,f/ 'kw, d 0ufuav;
uawmh 0g;tdru f av;aqmufNy;D aexdik w f ,f/ wwd,0ufuav;uawmh opfv;kH tdraf qmufNy;D
aexdik w f ,f/
wpfaeYawmh yxr0ufuav;tdru f kd usm;qd;k Bu;D a&mufvmw,f/ ]]rif;tdru f kd zsuyf pfr,f/
rif;udv k nf; pm;r,f}}vdYk ajymowJ/h Ny;D awmh aumuf½;kd tdraf v;udk zsuNf y;D tdrx f J 0ifvmowJ/h
0ufuav;vnf; tdraf emufaz;aygufuaeNy;D 'kw, d 0ufuav;qDukd xGuaf jy;oGm;w,f/
'kw, d 0ufuav; tdru f v kd nf; usm;Bu;D a&mufvmw,f/ ]]rif;tdru f kd zsuyf pfr,f/ rif;udk
vnf; pm;r,f}}vdYk ajymowJ/h Ny;D awmh 0g;tdru f av;udk zsuNf y;D tdrx f J 0ifvmowJ/h 0ufuav;
ESpaf umifvnf; tdraf emufaz;aygufuaeNy;D wwd,0ufuav;qD xGuaf jy;oGm;Muw,f/
wwd,0ufuav;tdru f v kd nf; usm;Bu;D a&mufvmw,f/ ]]rif;tdru f kd zsuyf pfr,f/ rif;udk
vnf; pm;r,f}}vdYk ajymowJ/h tJ't D cg 0ufuav;oH;k aumifu ]]igwdt Yk rd u f kd rif;zsuv f Ykd r&bl;/
tdrx f 0J ifcsi&f if acgifr;kd aygufu 0ifcv hJ Ykd ajymowJ/h 0ufuav;oH;k aumif[m acgifr;kd aygufuae
usm;Bu;D ckeq f if;vmr,fh ae&mrSm a&aEG;td;k Bu;D csxm;owJ/h usm;Bu;D vnf; ]]igvmNyaD emf}} qdNk y;D
acgifr;kd aygufuae tdrx f u
J kd ckeq f if;vdu k o f wJ/h tJ't D cg usm;Bu;D [m a&aEG;tk;d xJukd ]]0ke;f }} qdk
usomG ;awmhwmaygh/ 0ufuav;oH;k aumifvnf; usm;Bu;D &efu vGwo f mG ;vdYk aysmo f mG ;Muwmayghu, G /f
(Edik if &H yfjcm;yHjk yifukd rSjD irf;onf)

32
 7/ qmavmifaeaombDvl;BuD;

wpfcgwke;f u bDv;l Bu;D wpfaumif[m vlawGaewJ&h mG rSmvmNy;D aeaew,f/ vlawGuawmh

bDvl;BuD; tckvdkaewmudk rBudKufMubl;/ 'gayrJh bDvl;BuD;rSm wif;ykwfBuD;&SdaewmrdkY olUudk
aMumuf&UHG aeMuwmaygh/
bDv;l Bu;D [m tvGet Yf vGeq f mavmifwwfw,fw/hJ aeYwikd ;f aeYwikd ;f olpm;zdYk pm;p&mtwGuf
&Gmom;awGu[ kd ed ;f a[mufNy;D &Smcdik ;f aewmyJ/ &Gmom;awG[m bDv;l Bu;D pdwq f ;kd rSmudk aMumufMuawmh
bDv;l Bu;D vdck siw f m rSeo f rQ tajy;tvTm;&Smay;MuowJu h , G /f
bDv;l Bu;D [m &GmxJrmS aevmwm wpfEpS af usmMf umvmwmayghu, G /f wpfaeYrmS awmh bDv;l Bu;D
[m tdy&f mu Ed;k vmNy;D qmavmifwt hJ wGuf xk;H pHtwdik ;f [de;f a[mufNy;D cdik ;f awmhwmaygh/ ]]ig
xrif;pm;csiw f ,f xrif;,lvmcJh r,lvmcJ&h if ighwif;ykwef YJ eifwu Ykd kd xkypfvu kd rf ,f}}vdYk [de;f a[muf
owJ/h vlawG[m tajy;tvTm;eJY qefawG&mS azGNy;D bDv;l Bu;D udk xrif; t0auR;&wmayghu, G /f
aemufwpfaeYrmS awmh bDv;l Bu;D u ]]ig Muufom;[if;pm;csiw f ,f? Muufom;[if; ,lvmcJh
r,lvmcJ&h if ighwif;ykwef YJ xkypfvu kd rf ,fv}Ykd } [de;f a[mufjyefowJ/h vlawGu tajy;tvTm;eJY
Muufom;awG&mS azGNy;D bDv;l Bu;D udk Muufom;[if; t0auR;arG;&wmayghu, G /f
aemufwpfaeYrmS awmh ]]ig vufzuf&nfaomufcsiw f ,f vufzuf&nf,v l mcJh r,lvmcJ&h if
ighwif;ykwef YJ eifwu Ykd kd xkypfvu kd rf ,f}}vdYk xyfNy;D [de;f a[mufjyefowJ/h vlawG[m tajy;tvTm;eJY
vufzuf&nfawGukd azsmNf y;D bDv;l Bu;D udk vufzuf&nf t0wdu k Mf u&jyefw,f/
aemufwpfaeYrmS awmh ]]ig ysm;&nf vdck siw f ,f? ysm;&nf,v l mcJh r,lv l mcJ&h if ighwif;ykwef YJ
eifwu Ykd kd xkypfvu kd rf ,f}}vdYk [de;f a[mufjyefowJ/h vlawG[m ysm;&nfukd ae&mtESUH tajy;tvTm;
&SmMuwmayghu, G f 'gayrJh b,frmS rS &SmrawGUMubl;wJ/h
tJ't D cgrSm bDv;l Bu;D u]] ig ysm;&nfvckd siw f ,f? ysm;&nf ,lvmcJh r,lv l mcJ&h if ighwif;ykwef YJ
eifwu Ykd kd xkypfvu kd rf ,f}}vdYk xyfNy;D [de;f a[mufjyefw,f/
vlawGu ysm;&nfukd xyfNy;D tajy;tvTm; &SmazGayrJh b,frmS rS &SmvdYk r&bl;wJu h ,G /f
tJ'tD csed rf mS rde;f uav;wpfa,mufu ]]ysm;&nf&w dS hJ ae&mudk uRerf odw,f}}vdaYk jymNy;D &Gmom;
tcsKUd udk awmxJu ysm;tk&H w dS ahJ e&mudk ac:aqmifomG ;w,f/
olw[ fYkd m ysm;tku H kd aoaocsmcsm cGmNy;D bDv;l Bu;D qDukd ,lcMhJ uwmayghu, G /f bDv;l Bu;D
qDvnf;a&mufa&m ]]'DrmS rif;twGuf ysm;&nf&Ny}D }vdYk &Gmom;awGu ajymw,f bDv;l Bu;D u ]]'g
ysm;&nfrS r[kwb f }J }vdaYk jymNy;D olUwif;ykwBf u;D eJY ysm;tku H kd xkypfvu kd w f ,f/
tJ't D cgrSm ysm;tkx H u J ysm;awGxu G v
f mNy;D bDv;l Bu;D qDukd ysv H mMuw,f/ bDv;l Bu;D uvnf;
xGuaf jy;wmaygh/ ysm;awGuvnf; bDv;l Bu;D aemufuv kd u kd Nf y;D wkyMf uwmaygh/ tJ't D csed u
f pNy;D
bDv;l Bu;D udk &GmrSm aemufxyfb,fawmhrS rawGUMu&awmhb;l wJu h , G /f

33
 8/ txnfonf

wpfcgwkef;u txnfonfwpfa,muf[m wd& pämefawGaewJh &Gmudk a&mufvmw,f/

olUrSma&mif;zdYk txnfawG trsm;Bu;D ygvmvdYk txnfxyk Bf u;D udk xrf;vmawmh av;aewmayghu, G /f
,keuf av;eJY <uufuav; oli,fcsi;f 2 a,muf[m ausmif;oGm;Mu&if; vrf;rSm txnfonfukd
awGUMuw,f/ ,keu f av;u ]]OD;av;rSm tuÐstjzLeJY ausmif;pdr;f puwfygvm;}}vdYk ar;w,f/ txnf
onfu ]]&Syd gw,f/ 'DrmS yg}} qdNk y;D ay;vdu k wf ,f/ <uufuav;u ]]bavmuftuÐseYJ vHjk cnf
t0ga&mifa&mygvm;}}vkYd ar;w,f/ txnfonfu ]]&Syd gw,f/ 'DrmS yg}}qdNk y;D ay;vdu k w
f ,f/ olwu Ykd
txnfz;kd ydu k q f aH y;vdu k af wmh txnfonfuvnf; ]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f}}qdNk y;D xGuo f mG ;w,f/
qifeaYJ rsmuf[mvnf; abmvH;k uef&if; txnfonfukd awGUvdu k Mf uw,f/ olwYkd 2 aumif
[mvnf; abmvH;k uef&if0wfzYkd t0wftpm; vdck siaf eMuw,f/ tJ'geJY arsmufu ]]OD;av;rSm wD&yS ef YJ
abmif;bDwakd wGygvm;}} vdYk vSr;f ar;vdu k wf ,f/ qifuvnf; ]]uReaf wmfu 0w,f/ wD&yS yf yG BG u;D eJY
abmif;bDwkd Bu;D Bu;D yg&JUvm;}}vdYk xyfar;vdu k wf ,f/ txnfonfu ]]&Syd gw,f? 'DrmS yg}}vdYk qdNk y;D
&Smay;vdkufw,f/ txnfzdk; ydkufqHay;vdkufawmh txnfonfu ]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f}}qdkNyD;
qufxu G o f mG ;w,f/
0uf0eH YJ a>rwdv Yk nf; awmifay:udk wufzYkd taEG;xnfawG vdck siaf eMuw,f/ txnfonfeYJ
vrf;rSmawGUawmh 0uf0Hu ]]OD;av;rSm ukwftuÐs? abmif;bD&SnfeJY OD;xkyfawGygvmvm;}}vdkY
ar;vdu k w f ,f/ txnfonfu ]]&Syd gw,f/ 'DrmS yg/ bmta&mifvckd siv f }J }vdYk ar;w,f/ 0uf0u H
]]tndKa&mif ukwt f uÐseYJ teufa&mif abmif;bD&n S f vdck siw
f ,f}}vdYk ajymw,f/ txnfonfu
&Smay;vdu k af wmh ydu k q
f aH y;vduk wf ,f/ a>ru]]uReaf wmfu t&yf&n S Nf y;D ydeaf wmh &Sn&f nS af o;ao;
tuÐs rygbl;vm;}}vdYk ar;w,f/ txnfonfu ]]&Syd gw,f/ 'DrmS yg}}qdNk y;D &SnNf y;D ao;wJh taEG;xnfukd
ay;vdkufw,f/ a>ru ydkufqHay;vdkufw,f/ txnfonfu ]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f}}vdkY ajymNyD;
xGuo f mG ;w,f/
'Dvekd tYJ xnfonfvnf; tJ'&D mG uxGuv f mawmh txnfawGtrsm;Bu;D a&mif;vdu k &f awmh
txkyBf u;D vnf; ayghomG ;Ny;D odyaf ysmo f mG ;awmhw,f/

9/ aps;

OD;armifBuD;[m aps;xJrSm ypönf;awGo,fykd;ay;wJh tvkyform;wpfa,mufjzpfw,f/

wpfaeYrSm aps;0,folawGpnfum;wJhtcsdefjzpfwJhtwGuf vlawG wdk;a0SYoGm;vmaeMuw,f/
tJ't D csed rf mS OD;armifBu;D u rkeUf [if;cg;[if;&nfawG tjynhx
f nfx
h m;wJh yk;H Bu;D ESpyf ;Hk udk vufwpfzuf
2
pDrmS qJNG y;D (enf;enf;avmufz,fay;yg) vkUd atmfNy;D oGm;aew,f/ aps;0,foal wGuvnf; z,fay;
Muwmaygh/

34
 aps;0,fot l a':Bu;D wpfa,mufuawmh ]]ud, k bhf momvGwaf tmif a&Smifaygh/ rz,fay;Edik f
ygbl;}}qkNd y;D vrf;rz,fay;bl;/ OD;armifBu;D uvnf; vGwaf tmif a&SmifNy;D oGm;wmawmif tJ'D
ta':Bu;D ukd yk;H eJw Y u dk rf od mG ;awmhw,f/ [if;&nfawGta':Bu;D &JU vkcH snu f akd yukew f ,f/ tJ't D cg
ta':Bu;D u t&rf;pdwq f ;kd oGm;Ny;D ]]ighvcHk snaf wG ayukeNf y?D tavsmaf y;&r,f? eifu h akd ps;vlBu;D awGeYJ
wdik rf ,f}}vkYd ajymw,f/
OD;armifBu;D uawmh ]]rawmfvyYkd gAsm? pdwrf qd;k ygeJ}Y }vdYk awmif;yefw,f/ olUta&SUrSm uav;
csxD m;wJh rde;f rwpfa,mufukd awGUawmh OD;armifBu;D u ]]enf;enf;avmuf z,fay;MuygcifAsm}}vdYk
atmfNy;D rwdu k rf ad tmif renf;a&SmifomG ;&w,f/ 'Dvekd YJ oly&Ykd r,fq h ikd uf kd a&mufawmh yH;k 2 yH;k udk
csvu kd wf t hJ cg qdik &f UJ axmifeh m;rSm ydu k qf t H wd wf pftw d u f kd awGUvduk w f ,f/ tJ'geJY OD;armifBu;D u
aps;½H;k cef;u vlBu;D awGqrD mS oGm;tyfzYkd xGucf w hJ ,f/ ½H;k cef;rSm olUudk pdwq f ;kd Ny;D wdik rf ,fqw kd hJ
ta':Bu;D udk awGU&w,f/ ta':Bu;D u ydu k qf tH w d af ysmufvYkd vmtaMumif;Mum;wm jzpfw,f/
OD;armifBu;D u ydu k q f t H wd w f pftw d f aumuf&vdYk vmtyfwt hJ aMumif; ajymvdu k af wmh ta':Bu;D vnf;
olUydu k qf H tdw d uf kd awGUvdu k w
f ,f/ ta':Bu;D vnf; olUydu k q
f t
H wd u f kd jyef&vdYk t&rf;0rf;omNy;D
OD;armifBu;D udk aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymvdu k wf ,f/
(oli,fwef;oif½;kd tzJUG )

10/ nDñGwfMuygpdkY

wpfcgwke;f u &Gmwpf&mG rSm pmoifausmif;av;&Sw d ,f/ tJ'pD moifausmif;av;[m acsmif;&JU

wpfzufurf;rSm&SNd y;D ausmif;olausmif;om;awG[m opfom;wHwm;av;udjk zwfNy;D ausmif;oGm;
Mu&w,f/
wpfaeYrmS oli,fwef;pmoifcef;udk ausmif;om;opfo;Hk a,muf a&mufvmw,f/ ausmif;om;
wpfa,mufrmS wjcm;olawGxufyBkd u;D wJh ESmacgif;tBu;D Bu;D &So d wJ/h aemufausmif;om;wpfa,muf
rSmawmh wjcm;olawGxufyBkd u;D wJh em;&Gut f Bu;D Bu;D &SNd y;D aemufq;Hk ausmif;om;rSmawmh vuf0g;
tBu;D Bu;D &So
d wJ/h
aeYv,fupm;csed af &mufwt hJ cg upm;uGi;f udo k mG ;Muw,f/ upm;uGi;f udk a&mufwt hJ cg
twef;azmfawGu armifEmS acgif;Bu;D udk rif;ESmacgif;utBu;D Bu;D yJ? igwdeYk v YJ mrupm;eJv Y Ykd ajymowJ/h
aemufwpfcg armifem;&GuBf u;D udv k nf; rif;em;&Guu f tBu;D Bu;D yJ? igwdeYk UJ vmrupm;eJv Y aYkd jymowJ/h
tJ'vD ykd J armifvuf0g;Bu;D udv
k nf; rif;vuf0g;u tBu;D Bu;D yJ? igwdeYk v YJ mrupm;eJv Y Ykd ajymowJ/h
twef;azmfawGu twlwu l pm;zdYk vufrcHwt hJ wGuf olwYkd 3 a,muf[m pdwn f pfaeMu
wmaygh/ wpfaeYrmS ausmif;rqif;cif avawGr;kd awGBu;D Ny;D ausmif;olausmif;om;awG jzwfomG ;aeus
wHwm;av;[m usK;d Ny;D a&xJuakd rsmygoGm;owJ/h ausmif;olausmif;om;awG tdru f jkd yefzYkd tcufawGU
aeawmhwmayghu, G /f acsmif;udjk zwfzYkd avS&adS yrJv h nf; avSrmS taygufawG&adS eawmh b,forl S
rok;H &JMubl;/
35
 tJ't D csed rf mS armifEmS acgif;Bu;D ? armifem;&GuBf u;D eJU armifvuf0g;Bu;D wdu Yk rif;wdtYk m;vk;H
tdrjf yefEikd af tmif igwdu Yk n
l aD y;r,fvaYkd jymNy;D oli,fcsi;f awGukd avSay:wufcikd ;f vku d w
f ,f/
tm;vk;H avSay:a&mufwt hJ cg armifvuf0g;Bu;D u olUvuf0g;Bu;D udo k ;Hk Ny;D avSukd tjyif;
txef avSmcf wfw,f/ ausmif;olausmif;om;awGuvnf; avSxu J kd 0ifvmwJah &awGukd twlwl
cyfxkwfMuw,f/ armifESmacgif;BuD;u olU&J UESyfacs;awGeJY avSaygufawGudk vdkufydwfw,f/
armifem;&GuBf u;D uvnf; olU&JUem;&GuBf u;D eJY vd&k ma&mufatmif &Guv f iT ahf y;w,f/
aemufq;Hk awmh tm;vk;H tqifajypGmeJY wpfzufurf;udk a&mufomG ;Muw,f/ ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;awGu armifEmS acgif;Bu;D ? armifem;&GuBf u;D eJY armifvuf0g;Bu;D wdu Yk kd aus;Zl;l wifMuNy;D
nDñw G jf cif;&JU tusKd ;aus;Zl;udk em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;Muw,f/
(oli,fwef;oif½;kd tzJUG )
11/ qmavmifaeaom claumifav;
vomNy;D wdwq f w d w
f hJ nwpfnrSm jzLazG;aewJh Oav;wpfv;kH udk opf&u G wf pf&uG af y:rSm
awGU&w,f/
'Dvekd YJ reufr;kd vif;Ny;D aexGuv f mwJt h csed rf mS opf&u G af y:rSm&Sad ewJh Ouav;xJuae
claumifao;ao;av;wpfaumif xGuv f mw,f/
tjyifukd a&mufvmwJh claumifuav;[m wjznf;jznf; opfuikd ;f ay:rSm wGm;oGm;&if;
[d[ k 'kd 'D D vdu k Mf unfwh maygh/ aeYv,fyikd ;f udk a&mufwt hJ cgrSmawmh claumifuav;[m tpm&SmxGuf
wmayghu, G /f
we*FaEGaeYrmS claumifav;[m oabFmoD;tBu;D Bu;D wpfv;Hk udak wGUNy;D azmufpm;vdu k wf ,f/
wevFmaeYrmS awmh rif;uGwo f ;D ESpv
f ;Hk udk claumifav;u xyfpm;vdu k jf yefw,f/
t*FgaeYa&mufwt hJ cg vdar®mo f ;D ok;H vk;H udak wGUawmh tukepf m;vku d af o;w,f/
Ak'[ ¨ ;l aeYrmS yef;oD;av;vk;H udk awGUawmh tukepf m;vdu k jf yefw,f/
claumifav;[m Mumoyaw;aeYrmS o&ufo;D ig;vk;H udak wGUawmh tukev f ;Hk xyfpm;vdu
k f
jyefw,f/
aomMumaeYrSmawmh t&rf;qmavmifaewJhtwGuf iSufaysmoD;wpfvkH;? a&cJrkefYwpfck?
pawmfb,f&DoD;wpfvkH;? rkefvmOwpfO? z&JoD;wpfpdwfeJY c&rf;csOfoD;wpfvkH;? ajymif;zl;wpfzl;?
½k;H ywDo;D wpfawmif?h oMum;oD;wpfv;Hk eJY emewfo;D wpfv;Hk udk pm;vku d Nf y;D awmh ....
Adu k rf jynfah o;wJch al umifav;[m paeaeYrmS opf&u G pf rd ;f Bu;D wpf&u G u f ykd g xyfpm;ypf
vdu k w f ,f/
tckawmh claumifav;[m Adkufrqmawmhbl;? claumiftBuD;BuD;wpfaumifjzpfoGm;NyD/
claumifav;[m Adu k v
f nf;jynfo h mG ;wJth wGuf olU&JUtdwx f rJ mS jyefNy;D tdyaf ysmo f mG ;w,fw/hJ
Ny;D awmhtyd &f mu Ed;k vmwJt h cg claumifav;[m vSywJv h yd jf ymBu;D wpfaumif jzpfvmwm
ayghu, G /f
36
 12/ pum;enf;í tvkyfvkyfaom yifhulav;

wpfcgwke;f u aerif;Bu;D xGuv f mNy;D avawGwu kd af ewJh eHeufcif;av;rSmayghu, G /f yifu h al v;

wpfaumif[m aveJt Y wl vGiyhf gvmNy;D arG;jrLa&; Ncw H pfNcH&UJ NcpH nf;½k;d tem;udk usomG ;w,f/ tJ'D
NcpH nf;½d;k rSm yifu h al v;[m olU&JUtdru f kd ydu
k u f eG yf pHk rH sKd ; pwif&ufvyk af wmhw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm jrif;wpfaumifa&mufvmNyD; ][D; [D;... jrif;pD;rvm;}vkdY ar;w,f/
yifhulav;u bmrQjyefrajymbJ olU&JUtdrfudk qufNyD; &ufvkyfaew,f/ tJ'Daemuf EGm;rBuD;
a&mufvmNy;D ]bGwt f J bGwt f J ...jrufprd ;f pdr;f eJU aumuf½;dk pm;rvm;}vdYk ar;jyefw,f/ yifu h al v;u
bmrQjyefrajymbJ olU&JUtdru f ykd J qufNy;D &ufvyk af ew,f/ tJ'aD emuf od;k wpfaumif a&mufvmNy;D
]tJ tJ tJ ......jrufcif;pdr;f pdr;f &Sw d q hJ uD kd vdu k rf vm;}qdNk y;D vmar;jyefw,f/ yifu h al v;u
bmrQjyefrajymbJ olU&JUtdru f ykd J qufNy;D &ufvyk af ew,f/ tJ'aD emuf qdww f pfaumif a&mufvmNy;D
]yJ yJ...uGif;jyifrSm oGm;ckef&atmifvdkufrvm;}qdkNyD; vmar;jyefw,ff/ yifhulav;u bmrQ
jyefrajymbJ olU&JUtdru f ykd J qufNy;D &ufvyk af ew,f/ tJ'aD emuf 0ufrBu;D a&mufvmNy;D ]iGwf iGwf
iGw.f .. uRerf wdeYk t YJ wl &TUH AGuv f ;l &atmif}qdNk y;D vmac:w,f/ yifu h al v;u bmrQjyefrajymbJ
olU&JUtdru f ykd J qufNy;D &ufvyk af ew,f/ tJ'aD emuf acG;wpfaumifa&mufvmNy;D ]0kwf 0kwf 0kwf
... aMumifomG ;vdu k &f atmif}f qdNk y;D vmac:w,f/ yifu h al v;u bmrQjyefrajymbJ olU&JUtdru f ykd J
qufNy;D &ufvyk af ew,f/ tJ'aD emuf aMumifwpfaumifa&mufvmNy;D ]anmif anmif anmif ...
cPtdy&f atmif}f vdYk vmajymw,f/ yifu h al v;u bmrQjyefrajymbJ olU&JUtdru f ykd J qufNy;D &ufvyk f
aew,f/
tJ'aD emuf bJrBu;D a&mufvmNy;D ]*wf *wf *wf ...uefxaJ &oGm;ul;&atmif}vdYk vmajym
jyefw,f/ yifu h al v;[m tdru f q kd ufr&ufawmhb;l wJ/h bmjzpfvv Ykd q J akd wmh olU&JUydu
k u f eG af xmifacsmuf
tdraf v;Ny;D pD;oGm;Nyu D ;kd / aemufq;Hk awmh MuufzBu;D a&mufvmNy;D ]atmuftt D ;D tGw.f .. t&rf;
qd;k wJh 'D,ifaumifav;udk rzrf;csib f ;l vm;}vdYk vmar;w,f/ yifu h al v;[m Nird Nf ird af v;yJ aeaeNy;D
]&Tw}f qdk ,ifaumifav;udk axmifacsmufxJ zrf;vdu k yf gava&mwJu h , G /f cPMumawmh narSmifvmNy;D
ZD;uGuaf &mufvmw,f/ ]uGuf uGu.f ..'Davmufvw S hJ yifu h tl rd af v; b,fov l yk xf m;wmvJ} vdYk
ar;w,f/ yifu h al v;[m Nird af ew,f/ Nird af erSmayghu, G f yifuh t l rd af v;Ny;D oGm;NyrD Ykd ESpEf pS Nf cKd uNf cKd uf
tdyaf ysmaf ewmayghu, G /f

37
 13/ vl0HBuD;ESifh arsmufuav;

a&S;oa&mtcg vl0BH u;D eJY arsmufuav;&SMd uowJu h ,G /f vl0BH u;D [m taumiftBu;D Bu;D
arsmufuav;utaumifao;ao;av; jzpfw,fuG,f/ wpftdrfwnf;rSm twlaeMuowJh/
b,fae&m oGm;oGm; twlwo l mG ;Muw,f/ wpfcgawmh arsmufuav;u 'Dnawmh vl0BH u;D udk
uspD ,fr,fvYkd pOf;pm;w,fu, G /hf na&mufawmh arsmufuav;u -
]]vl0BH u;D ? vl0BH u;D enf;enf;av;a&TUay;ygOD; uReaf wmfae&mrqHv h yYkd g}} ajymw,f/ vl0BH u;D u
a&TUay;vdu k o f wJ?h Ny;D awmharsmufuav;u xyfajymvdu k o
f wJ/h
]]vl0BH u;D ? vl0BH u;D enf;enf;av;a&TUay;ygOD; uReaf wmfae&mrqHv h yYkd g}} ajymw,f/ vl0BH u;D u
a&TUay;vdu k o f wJ?h 'Dvekd UJ arsmufuav;u xyfajymvdu k f vl0BH u;D u xyfa&TUay;vdu k ef UJ aemufq;kH rSm
vl0BH u;D [m ckwifay:u usawmhowJ/h vl0BH u;D u t&rf;pdwq f ;kd oGm;w,fu, G /f
aemufaeYa&mufawmh arsmufuav;udk vl0BH u;D u igvnf; olu Y jkd yefNy;D uspD ,fr,fvYkd
qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/ aemufwpfaeYrSm arsmufuav;eJY vl0HBuD;u awmif,modkY oGm;MuowJh/
vl0HBuD;[m arsmufav;rodatmif rD;jcpfudk ,loGm;owJh/ arsmufuav;xrf;wJh oufi,fudk
vl0BH u;D u olU&JUrD;jcpfeYJ rD;½dUI vdu k o f wJ/h oufi,fuwpfqifh arsmufuav;&JU ausmuke;f udk rD;u
ul;pufoGm;w,f/ arsmufuav;[m igh&JUausmukef; bmjzpfvdkYylavmifaeovJvdkY vufeJY
udik Mf unfah wmh rD;avmifaewmodNy;D a&xJukd ckecf svu kd wf ,f/ arsmufuav;u vl0BH u;D udk ightrSm;yg
awmif;yefygw,f/ aemufq&dk if wpfa,mufew YJ pfa,muf ruspD ,fawmhb;l aemfvYkd ajymvdu k w
f ,f/
tJ't D csed u f pNy;D vl0BH u;D eJY arsmufuav;[m cspcf spcf ifcifeYJ aeoGm;MuowJu h , G /f

14/ aMumifESpfaumifESihf arsmuf

wpfcgwke;f u tvGeAf u kd q
f maewJh aMumifrw d af qGEpS af umif[m pm;p&m&SmzdYk xGuv f mMu
owh/J tcsed t f awmfMumtpm&SmNy;D wJt h cg wHcg;yGiahf ewJh aMumiftrd w f pfcx k rJ mS rkewYf pfcuk kd awGUMuNy;D
pm;zdcYk ;dk ,lMuowh/J rkeUf udk cGaJ 0Muwht J cg wpfjcrf;u enf;enf;Bu;D Ny;D aemufwpfjcrf;u enf;enf;
i,fowh/J tJ't D cg ESpaf umifpvk;H u Mu;D whrJ ek jYf crf;udk &csipf w d ef YJ tjiif;tckjH zpfMuowh/J olw&Ykd UJ
jyóemukd ajz&Si;f ay;zkYd ta0;wpfae&mrSm&Sw d Jh arsmufwpfaumifqu D dk oGm;Muowh/J arsmufuvnf;
olun l ED idk w
f ,fvUdk ajymvduk Nf y;D jcrf;xm;wJrh ek Yf 2 ckukd olUrSm&Sw
d Jh csed cf iG ef YJ csed Mf unhw
f t Jh cg wpfzufu
tvGeaf v;aeowh/J arsmufuvnf; tav;csed f wlnaD tmif vkyaf y;r,fqNkd y;D Bu;D wJrh ek jfY crf;udk
wpfuu kd f uduk vf u
kd yf gowh/J

38
 tJ'aD emuf rkeu Yf kd csed cf iG ef YJ jyefcsed Mf unfw h t Jh cg usew f pfzufjcrf;u tvGeaf v;vGe;f jyef
wmaMumifh tJ't D jcrf;bufukd wpfuu kd f jyefuu kd vf u kd Nf y;D 'Davmufq&kd if twlwjl zpfavmufNyv D Ykd
qduk m jyefcsed Mf unfv h ukd o f wh/J 'gayrJh tav;csed u f rwlnb D J wpfzufjcrf;rSm tav;csed f ykad e
jyefw,f/ arsmufuvnf; ]]aMomftMhH ozdYk aumif;vdu k w f m}}qdNk y;D wpfzufjcrf;udk udu k v f ukd jf yefowh/J
tJ't D cg aMumifEpS af umifu ]]udak rsmuf&,f usew f t hJ jcrf;uav;udyk J jyefay;ygAsm? tav;csed f
rwlvnf; aeygapawmh}}vdYk ajymMuowh/J
arsmufuvnf; toHus,favmifpGmeJY ]]rjzpfEdkifbl; rif;wdkYjyóemajz&Sif;ay;zkdY ighudk
ac:xm;MuNy;D tckjyóemajz&Si;f vkYd rNy;D ao;bl;}}vdYk jyefajzvdu k o f wh/J arsmufu nDwn l rD Qjzpfatmif
qdkNyD; wpfzufjcrf;udkudkufvdkuf aemufwpfzufjcrf;ukd jyefudkufvdkufeJY rkefYjcrf;av;ESpfck[m
ao;ao;av;om useaf wmhowh/J aMumifEpS af umifuvnf; ]]tpfuBkd u;D arsmuf&,f uReaf wmfwYkd
ESpaf ,muftwGuf t&rf;yifyef;ygNyD usew f rhJ ek uYf av;uko d m jyefay;vdu k yf gAsm}}vdYk xyfawmif;yef
Muwht J cg arsmufuvnf; ]]aumif;NyD rif;wdjYk yóemudk ajz&Si;f ay;wJt h wGuf ighukd bmay;MurvJ?
eifwdkYrSm bmrSr&SdaMumif; igtukefodw,f}}[kqdkum rkefYjcrf;awGudk tukefpm;ypfvdkufw,f/
ÓPfrsm;wJh arsmufudk aMumifESpfaumif[m tav;jyKMuNyD; ta0;ukd xGufoGm;MuowhJ/
aemufq;Hk awmh rdwaf qGaumif;jzpfwJh aMumifEpS af umif[m tenf;i,f avmbpdwjf zpfrw d maMumifh
olwpYkd m;&r,fh rkejYf crf;udk rpm;&awmhb;l wJu h , G /f
vJiof pJ may(½d;k &mykjH yif)

15/ armiftD;uGJeJY rtD;vGifh

wpfcgwke;f u &Gmwpf&mG rSm armift;D uGeJ YJ rtD;vGiw hf Ykd &Sw d ,f/ olwEYkd pS af ,mufu t&rf;
tD;aygufMuowJ/h armift;D uGJ tD;aygufvu kd &f if olUem;rSm&Sw d hJ ypön;f awG aygufuu JG ek af &mwJ/h
rtD;vGihf tD;D aygufvu kd &f ifvnf; olUem;rSm&Sw d hJ ypön;f awG tukev f iG x
hf u
G o
f mG ;wmyJw/hJ
wpfaeYawmh rtD;vGiu hf olwt Ykd rd rf mS pyg;axmif;aeMuw,f/ olaxmif;aewJh opfom;
qHBk u;D [m tBu;D Bu;D yJw/hJ tJ't D csed rf mS armift;D uGJ a&mufvmNy;D rtD;vGiehf YJ ynmNyKd iMf ur,fvYkd
ajymw,f/
armift;D uGuJ ]]uGi;f jyifxrJ mS a&tdik f 2 tkid &f w dS ,f/ awmif 1 vH;k &Sw d ,f/ awmif&UJ
ab;ESpzf ufrmS *laygufwpfcpk &D w dS ,f/ *laygufEpS cf ak tmufrmS csKd it hf Bu;D Bu;D wpfc&k w dS ,f/ tJ'gbmvJ}}
vdYk ar;w,f/
rtD;vGiu hf ]]a&tdik f 2 tkid u f rsuv f ;kH 2 vH;k udk ajymwm/ awmif 1 vH;k qdw k m ESmacgif;?
*layguf 2 cku ESmacgif;ayguf? *layguf 2 ckatmufu csKd it hf Bu;D Bu;D qdwk mu yg;pyfaygh}}vdYk
ajzvdu k w
f ,f/

39
 wpfzef rtD;vGiu hf armift;D uGu J kd jyefar;wJt h cg rajzEdik b f ;l wJ/h tJ't D cg rtD;vGiu hf
atmfNy;D &,fowJ/h armift;D uG[ J m tvGe&f u S Nf y;D rxde;f Edik b f J tD;aygufvu kd w
f m rtD;vGihf pyg;
axmif;aewJh opfqBkH u;D u jAKe;f qdk ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;a&mwJ/h rtD;vGiv hf nf; olo Y pfqBkH u;D uGo J mG ;awmh
pdwq
f ;kd wmaygh/ 'Dawmh oluvnf; tD;jyefaygufvu kd w
f m tD;uG[ J m [d;k .. rd;k ay:udk vGiyhf goGm;Ny;D
bk&ifeh ef;awmfxu J kd zkwcf eJ jyKwu f somG ;owJ/h
&Sib
f &k ifBu;D eJY rSL;rwfBu;D awGvnf; vefo Y mG ;Ny;D b,fvjkd zpfwmvJvYkd ar;owJ/h armift;D uGJ
uvnf; tD;vGiahf Mumifh ol'v D jkd zpf&wmudk ajymjywJt h cg bk&ifBu;D u tD;vGiu hf ykd g eef;awmfrmS
ac:xm;owJ/h
wpfaeYawmh bk&ifBu;D &JU wdik ;f jynfukd &efoal wG vmwdu k cf ukd Mf uw,f/ tJ't D cg tD;uGeJ YJ
tD;vGi[ hf m &efoal wGzufukd vSnNhf y;D NyKd iw f l tD;tBu;D Bu;D aygufvu kd of wJ/h &efoal wGvnf; ESpjf crf;uG?J
aumif;uifukd vGiNhf y;D xGuaf jy;ukeMf uowJ/h
bk&ifBu;D vnf; 0rf;omoGm;jy;D tD;uGeJ YJ tD;vGiu hf kd qkvufaqmifawG? &wemawG trsm;Bu;D
ay;vdu k o f wJ/h
(vlxOk ;D vS\ wdik ;f crf;wDyjkH yif)

16/ 'dwf'dwfESifh Muufuav;

'dw'f w d wf Ykd rdom;pk[m MuufawGukd tvGecf spNf y;D arG;xm;Muw,f/ 'dw'f w d [

f m MuufawGukd
tvGecf spw f maMumifh aeYwikd ;f tpmauR;w,f/ nwkid ;f vnf; MuufawG pHrk pHpk pfaq;w,f/ wpfaeYrmS
'dw'f w d [
f m MuufawGukd tpmauR;aewke;f MuufrBu;D u Muufuav;awGukd uawmf...uawmfvYkd
ac:Ny;D Muufuav;awG tvG,w f ulpm;Edik zf t
Ykd wGuf tpmawGacsay;aewmudk ai;Munfah erdw,f/
tJ't D csed rf mS 'dw'f w d [ f m ol i,fpOfu olUtar olUudt k pmawG cGUH auR;cJw h mudk owd&Ny;D olUtar&JU
cspjf cif;udk ydrk ekd m;vnfvmawmhw,f/
aemufwpfaeU MuufawGudk tpmjyefauR;wJhtcsdefrSm Muufru Muufuav;awGudk
uawmf.h ..uawmfv h Ykd jyefac:avw,f/ 'gayrJh Muufuav;wpfaumif[m rdcif&UJ ac:oHukd
Mum;aomfvnf; rdcifxo H rYkd vmbJ tjyifxu G o
f mG ;w,f/ tJ't
D csed rf mS Muufuav;&JU atmfoH
Mum;vdYk 'dw'f w d f ajy;Munfv h u kd af wmh pGewf pfaumif[m wpfaumifwnf; xGuaf jy;aewJh Muufu
av;udk vku d tf yk af ewmudk awGUvku d w
f ,f/ 'dw'f w d vf nf; toHuek af tmf[pfum armif;xkwv f ukd &f m
pGev f nf; aMumufvefNY y;D ysaH jy;wmeJY Muufuav;udk jyefu,fwifEikd cf w hJ ,f/
tJ'Dtcg 'dwf'dwfacgif;xJrSm aemufxyftawG;wpfck jyef0ifvmw,f/ rdbpum;
em;raxmif&if raumif;bl;qkw d m od&v dS mw,f/ tJ'aD eYrpS Ny;D rdbpum; tNreJ m;axmifyghr,fvYkd
qH;k jzwfvu dk af wmhw,f/
(Zkrd ;D -csif;yHjk yif)

40
 17/ ÓPftajrmftjrif&SdwJh iSufazaz

wpfcgwke;f u iSurf o d m;pkav;&So d wJu h ,

G /f iSuaf zaz? iSuaf rareJY iSuu f av;ESpaf umif
&So
d wJu h , G /f olwUkd rdom;pk[m opfyifav;wpfyifrmS todu k af qmufNy;D aeowJ/h olwrYkd o d m;pk[m
odyu f akd ysm&f iT Mf uw,f/ aysm&f iT rf aI wGeYJ jynfah ewJrh o d m;pkaygh/
wpfaeYrmS awmh olwUkd todu k af qmufwhJ opfyif&UJ yifpnfem;udk tifrwefBu;D wJh a>rBu;D
wpfaumifvmowJ/h wjznf;jznf;eJU opfyifay: wufvmw,f/ tJ't D csed rf mS iSuuf av;awG[m odyu f kd
aMumufvefaY eMuw,f/ iSuaf zazeJY iSuaf raruvnf; t&rf;pd;k &draf eMuw,f/ b,fvv kd yk &f if
aumif;rvJvYkd tBux H w
k Mf uw,f/ 'Dvekd YJ iSuaf zaz[m [d;k ta0;Bu;D udk yso H ef;oGm;owJ/h Ny;D awmh
teDa&mifopf&u G u
f av;awG ,lvmvdu k f jyefomG ;vdu k ef YJ t&rf;tvky½f yI af ew,f/ tJ't D csed rf mS
a>rBu;D vnf; wjznf;jznf;eJY iSuo f u kd q f uD kd OD;wnfvmaew,f/ 'Dvekd YJ iSuaf zaz[m todu k x f rJ mS &Swd hJ
iSuuf av;awGukd teDa&mifopf&u G u f av;awGeYJ zH;k vdu k o f wJ/h tJ't D cg a>rBu;D [m vefzY syNf y;D
atmufukd tjrefqif;oGm;owJ/h bmjzpfvYkd ajy;qif;oGm;ovJqakd wmh iSuaf zaz,lvmwJh teDa&mif
opf&u G u f av;awG[m a>rBu;D twGuf tqdyjf zpfaevdaYk ygh/ aemufq;Hk awmh iSurf o d m;pk[m a>rBu;D &JU
tEÅ&m,fu vGwaf jrmufNy;D aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT f aexdik o f mG ;MuowJu h ,G /f
(wef&Y rS ;f em*yHjk yif)

18/ tBuHaumif;aom Muufr

wpfcgwke;f u MuufrBu;D eJY Muufuav;awG awmxJrmS tpm&SmaeMuw,f/ tJ't D csed rf mS

aMumifwpfaumifu Muufuav;awGupkd m;csiaf wmh MuufrBu;D udk ar;vdu k w f ,f/ ]]'Dn eifwYkd
b,frmS tdyd rf mS vJ}} ]]'DnigwdaYk wmifay:rSmtdyrf ,fv}Ykd } MuufrBu;D u jyefajymvdu k w f ,f/ nrd;k csKyaf wmh
aMumifuolwu Ykd kd awmifay:rSm oGm;&Smwmaygh/ tJ't D csed rf mS olwu Ykd awmifatmufrmS oGm;tdyf
Muw,f/
aemufwpf&uf aMumifu olwu Ykd kd xyfar;jyefw,f/ ]]'Dna&meifwYkd b,frmS tdyrf mS vJ}}
MuufrBu;D u ]]igwdYk awmifatmufrmS tdyrf ,f}}vdYk jyefajymvdu k w f ,f/ rd;k csKyaf wmh anmif ...
anmif...aMumif[m olwu Ykd kd awmifatmufrmS oGm;&Smawmh olwu Ykd awmifay:rSm oGm;tdyf
jyefw,f/ aMumifu aemufq;kH wpfBurd f xyfar;jyefw,f ]]'Dna&m eifwYkd b,frmS tdyrf mS vJ}}
MuufrBu;D u ]]awmifay:a&m awmifatmufa&m oGm;tdyrf ,f}}vdYk ajymvdu k w f ,f/
ntcsed af &mufjyefawmh aMumifu olwu Ykd kd awmifay:a&m awmifatmufa&m vdu k &f mS
wmaygh/ tJ't D csed rf mS olwu Ykd bl;oD;cGx H rJ mS oGm;tdyv f u kd wf ,f/ nOfeh ufvmwJt h csed rf mS Muuf
ti,fq;kH av;wpfaumif[m ]]arar om;om; tD;aygufcsiw f ,f}}vkYd ajymw,f/ MuufrBu;D u
]]raygufeYJ tjyifrmS aMumif&w dS ,f olMum;oGm;&if igwdu Yk dk tukev f ;kH zrf;pm;oGm;vdrd rhf ,f}}vkYd jyefajym
vkud w
f ,f/
41
 ]]om;om;atmifx h m;vdYk r&awmhb;l enf;enf;av; aygufvu kd rf ,faemf}} ]]at; enf;enf;
av;yJ aygufaemf}} Muufuav;u tD;udk enf;enf;qdNk y;D aygufvu kd w
f m ]]bke;f }}qkNd y;D bl;l oD;cGH
uGo
J mG ;awmh aMumifuvefNY y;D xGuaf jy;oGm;w,f/ MuufrBu;D eJY Muufuav;awGvnf; aysm&f iT pf mG eJY
tpm&Sm xGuo f mG ;Muawmhw,f/
(u,m;yHjk yif)

19/ aus;Zl;odwwfaom yk&Gufqdwf

wpfcgu yk&u G qf w d w f pfaumif[m tpm&SmxGuw f ek ;f olUtazmfeYJ uGo J mG ;w,f/ ol[m

tazmfudk vdkuf&SmzdkY opfyifay:udk wufvkdufw,f/ opfyif[m aqG;jrnfhaeNyDjzpfwJhtwGuf
opfuikd ;f [m ]*Rw}f qdNk y;D ½kww f &ufusK;d usomG ;w,f/ 'geJyY &k u G q f w d [ f m opfuikd ;f ay:u aejyKwu f sNy;D
acsmif;xJusomG ;w,f/ yk&u G q f w d [ f m a&eJaY rsmygNy;D ]u,fMuygOD;? u,fMuygOD;}vdYk atmfw,f/
yk&Gufqdwf&JUatmfoHudk tjcm;opfyifwpfyifay:rSm em;aewJhiSufu Mum;oGm;w,f/ iSufu
yk&u
G q f w d u f kd ulnzD Ydk olU&JUtodu k u f kd csrD Ny;D a&xJypfcsay;vdu k w f ,f/ yk&u G qf w d af v;[m iSu&f UJ
todu k u f kd cdpk ;D Ny;D a&ab;uae vGwaf jrmufomG ;w,f/ yk&u G q f w d af v;[m ]aus;Zl;wifvu dk w f m
iSuu f av;&,f}vdYk ajymvdu k w f ,f/
aemufwpfaeYa&mufawmh yk&u G qf w
d [ f m tpm&SmxGujf yefw,f/ rarQmv f ifb h J vlwpfa,muf
[m opfyifay:rSm todu k t f opfjyefaqmufaewJh iSuu f kd av;cGeYJ ypfzcYkd sed af ewmudk awGUvku d w f ,f/
'geJY yk&u G q f w d [f m ]'Diu S [ f m ightoufuu kd ,fczhJ ;l wmyJ? igvnf;olUtoufuu kd ,f&r,f}qdNk y;D
tJ'v D &l UJ ajcaxmufukd ajy;udu k v f u kd wf ,f/ yk&u G qf w d tf udu k cf &H wmaMumifh tJ'v D [l m ]tm;}vdYk
atmfvu kd w f ,f/ tJ'v D &l UJ toHaMumifh iSu[ f mvefNY y;D yso H mG ;w,f/ 'geJyY J yk&u G q f w d [f m iSuu f kd
jyefvnfun l vD ukd &f wJth wGuf tvGe0f rf;omyDwd jzpf&awmhowJ/h
(ua,m-u,m;yHjk yif)

42
 20/ t&dyfvkdvSsif tyifrckwfeJY

wpfcgwke;f u &Gmwpf&mG rSm anmifyifBu;D wpfyif&ydS gw,f/ tJ'aD nmifyifBu;D &JU t&dyrf mS
oGm;vmolwidk ;f u tarmajytyef;ajzavY&MdS uw,f/
wpfaeYawmY vli,fwpfpu k tJ'aD nmifyifBu;D ukcd w k Nf y;D anmifap;awGudk trsm;Bu;D xkw, f l
cJMh uw,f/ MumvmwJt Y cgusawmY tJ'aD nmifyifBu;D [m ajcmufuyfNy;D aooGm;ygw,f/ tJ'D
anmifyifajcmufBu;D ay:rSm yk&u G qf w d af v;awGpv k mMuNy;D opfyifem;rSm vmwJUolreS o f rSsudk 0kid ;f uku
d f
vku d Mf uw,f/
tJ't D csed rf mS vli,fwpfpu k pdwq f ;dk Ny;D anmifyifajcmufBu;D ukd ckwyf pfum ]]tusKd ;r&S?d
tok;H ruswhJ anmifajcmufBu;D }}vdYk used q f NJ y;D ykqed ef YJ ckw?f vTeYJ jzwfvu dk Mf uw,f/ tJ't D csed rf mS
anmifajcmufBu;D xvmNy;D ]]igYt&dyrf mS cked m;wJt Y csed af wG enf;enf;av;awmif rrSwrf Md uawmh
bl;vm;}}[k jyefajymvku d yf gw,f/
]]igY&UJ tap;awGudk rxkwb f J tukid ;f tcufawGrckw&f if tNrpJ rd ;f Ny;D igYt&dyrf mS cked m;Edik f
rSmav}}vdv Yk nf; ajymvku d yf gw,f/
Ny;D awmY ]]t&dyv f vdk sS if tyifrckwef aYJ ygY}}vdYk ajymvku d of whu J ,G /f tJ'rD mS wif vli,fwpfpk
olwYdk rqifrjcif anmifyifBu;D ukd ckwrf Md uwm aemifw&awmhowJu h ,G /f
(aigef-csif;yHjk yif)

21/ atmufcsif;iSuf

wpfcgwke;f u nDtpfuEkd pS af ,muf&w dS ,f/ iSuaf wGaewwfwhJ todu k af wGu&kd mS zdUk awmxJ
xGuv f mw,f/ ausmufw;kH Bu;D tay:&Sd opfyifxyd zf sm;ay:rSm atmufcsi;f iSuw f pfou kd uf kd awGUvdu
k f
w,f/ 'geJU tpfuBkd u;D u wufNy;D iSuo f ukd uf Mkd unfv h u
kd af wmh iSuOf oH;k vH;k awGUvdu k w f ,f/ olUnDu
O,lvmzdYk ajymw,f/ 'geJY Owpfv;kH udk tdwu f yfxJ xnfNh y;D ,lvmw,f/ opfuikd ;f eJY xdNy;D uGo J mG ;w,f/
aemufwpfv;kH udk vG,t f w
d x f J xnfNh y;D ,lvmw,f/ 'gayrJh opfuikd ;f eJY xdNy;D uGo J mG ;jyefw,f/aemufq;kH
wpfv;kH udk yg;pyfxx J nfNh y;D ,lvmawmh yg;pyfxrJ mS uGNJ y;D rsKcd srw d ,f/ csucf si;f yJ atmufcsi;f iSuf
jzpfomG ;w,f/ nDav;uawmh idw k maygh/ tpfuu kd olUt&dyt f wdik ;f vduk zf rYkd mS w,f/ aemufq;kH &Gm
jyefa&mufw,f/
olUnDav;&Jh pm;0wfaea&;twGuf tpfujkd zpfwhJ atmufcsi;f iSuu f oGeo f ifvrf;jyw,f/
aemufq;kH rSmawmh nDu ypön;f Opöm<u,f0wJt h jyif oD;ESaH wGvnf; <u,f0vmw,f/ oH;k ESpjf ynfw h hJ
tcg atmifyv JG yk zf t
Ydk wGuf olUnDeYJ &Gmom;awGu atmufcsi;f iSuaf wmifyeH YJ tNr;D udk awmif;Muw,f/
tpfuakd tmufcsi;f iSuu f apwemxm;Ny;D olUnDwYkd vkcd sio f avmufay;vku d af wmh tpfuBkd u;D [m
rysEH ikd af wmhb;l / nDu olyv JG yk w
f thJ csed wf iG ;f omru tpfuakd tmufcsi;f iSuf tNr;D tawmif jyefpw kH hJ
txd jyKpv k ukd w f ,f/ tarG;tawmifawGjyefpv Hk mawmh nDuEkd w I qf ufNy;D yso H mG ;awmhw,f/
43
 'Dtcsed u f pNy;D atmufcsi;f iSu[ f m jyefrvmawmhayrJh atmufcsi;f iSu&f UJ enf;ay;vrf;jy
rIaMumifh csi;f vlrsK;d awG[m pku
d yf sK;d a&;? arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;awGukd vkyw
f wfvmMuw,f/
'gaMumifh csi;f vlrsKd ;awG[m atmufcsi;f iSuu f dk tjrwfwEk;d xm;wJt
h jyif csi;f vlrsK;d awG&UJ
trSwt f om;wpfct k jzpfvnf; toH;k jyKMuw,f/
(pD,if;-csif;yHjk yif)

22/ pmemwwfwJh 0uf0HMuD;

wpfcgwkef;u &Gmwpf&GmrSm uav;awG[m vG,ftdwf? avmufpmvkH;? av;cGukd,fpDeJY

o&ufo;D cl;zdYk awmxJxu G vf mMuowh/J tJ't D csed rf mS rk;d onf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f vmwmaMumifh tdru f dk
rjyefEidk Mf ubJ rk;d a&awGeYJ awmxJrmS tcsed t f MumBu;D aeMu&owh/J tdrrf mS usecf w hJ hJ rdbawGvnf;
tvGepf w d yf al eMuowh/J rk;d uvnf;qufwu dk o f m &GmoGe;f aewmaygh/ rk;d a&awGxrJ mS uav;awG[m
t&rf;csr;f vmwmaMumifh tat;rduek Mf uNy;D tm;vk;H owdvpfomG ;Muawmhowh/J
tJ't D csed rf mS 0uf0BH u;D wpfaumif[m owdvpfNy;D vJaeMuwJh uav;awGem;ukd a&mufvm
owh/J 0uf0BH u;D u owdvpfaewhJ uav;awGudk oem;wmaMumifh uav;awGtm;vk;H ukd olU&JU
&ifciG xf rJ mS ayGUxm;Ny;D taEG;"mwfvnf;&atmif rd;k a&vnf;xyfrpdak tmif vkyaf y;owJ/h
reufr;dk vif;vmawmh uav;awGvnf; 0uf0BH u;D &JU &ifciG x f u
J taEG;"mwfaMumifh owd&
vmMuNy;D 0uf0BH u;D &JU&ifciG x f rJ mS tdyaf ysmaf eMuwmukd tvGet f MHh o0rf;omMuowhu J , G /f
uav;awG[m t&rf;Aku d qf mMuNy;D ikMd uwmayhg/ 0uf0BH u;D u o&ufo;D cl;Ny;D uav;awGudk
auR;vku d o f wh/J uav;awGvnf; tm;yg;w&pm;Muwmaygh/ 'Dvedk UJ 0uf0BH u;D eJt Y wl uav;awG[m
aysmyf g;aeMuowh/J
aemufaeYa&mufwt hJ cg uav;awG&UJ rdom;pkawGeYJ &Gmol&mG om;awG[m uav;awGukd
vkduf&SmMuowhJ/ uav;awGuvnf; olwkdYrdbawG&JU toHukdMum;wJhtcg ]]azaz arar}}vdkY
atmfac:Muowh/J rdbawGuvnf; uav;awG&UJ toHuMdk um;Ny;D uav;awG&&dS mukd vku d of mG ;awmh
olwkdYuav;awG bmrSrjzpfbJ touf&Sifaewmukd awGUMuowhJ/ tJ'DvkdeJY uav;awG&,f?
olwrYdk bd awG&,f aysm&f iT pf mG eJY 0uf0BH u;D ukd EIwq f ufNy;D &Gmukjd yefomG ;Muowhu J ,
G /f
(vifopJ may ykjH yif)

44
 23/ vDql ESpfopful;opfyif

a&S;a&S;wke;f u &Gmwpf&mG rSm oabmaumif;wJh Eked ;D ac:trsK;d orD;wpfa,muf&w dS ,f/ olUrSm

om;ESpaf ,muf&NdS y;D tBu;D u arG;pm;om;jzpfw,f/ ti,fuawmh Eked ;D &JU om;t&if;jzpfygw,f/
wpfaeYawmh EkdeD; awmif,mutjyefrSm ppfolBuD;ESifhawGUawmh ppfolBuD;u ti,fukdawmh
vrf;avQmufckdif;NyD; tBuD;ukdawmh bmvkdYykd;xm;ovJvdkY ar;w,f/ EkdeD;u arG;pm;om;jzpfvkdY
yk;d xm;w,fvaYdk jymwJt h wGuf ppfoBl u;D u oabmaumif;wJh Eked ;D ukd rif;tcktrd jf yefNy;D tdraf &SUrSm
opfyifpu dk x f m;yg/ bk&ifBu;D u wpf&mG vk;H zsuq f ;D zkYd vTwv f u dk v f Ydk igwkvYd mwm/ 'gayrJh rif;tdru f adk wmh
csex f m;r,fvYkd ajymvku d w
f ,f/
Eked ;D vnf; tjrefjyefvm&if;eJY wpf&mG vk;H r&S&d ifighwpftrd yf J useaf evdrYk jzpfb;l / wpf&mG vk;H
aus;Zl;eJY igwku Yd touf&iS af ewm/ 'gaMumifh &Gmuku d n l rD ,fvpYdk Of;pm;w,f/ tdru f adk &mufawmh
uav;ESpaf ,mufudk odyx f m;cJNh y;D wpfnvk;H awmxJu opfyifawGudk ckww f ,f/ Ny;D awmh&mG xJu
tdraf wGa&SUrSm opfyifawG pku d af y;awmhwmaygh/ wpfnvk;H opfyifawGucdk w k v f udk f tdraf &SUrSm
pku
d v f udk ef YJ Eked ;D wpfa,mufwnf; vkyaf ewmaygh/
rk;d vif;awmh Eked ;D vnf;yifyef;aewJt h wGuf oltrd af &SUrSm opfyifrpku d Ef idk af wmhb;l / ppfoBl u;D u
&GmxJuadk &mufvmawmh wpf&mG vk;H &JUtdraf &SUrSm opfyifawG pku d xf m;vdYk tHMh ooGm;w,f/ aocsm
vku d Mf unfah wmh opfyifrpku d xf m;wJh tdrw f pftrd af wGUw,f/ 0ifomG ;Munfah wmh Eked ;D tdrjf zpfae
w,fw/hJ ppfoBl u;D uvnf; ]]'gb,fvjdk zpfwmvJ...}}vkaYd r;vku d af wmh Eked ;D uvnf; ]]ppfoBl u;D
use;f rmygap? wpf&mG vk;H r&Sv d Ydk rjzpfb;l / opfyifrpku d x f m;wJh uRerf tdru f o dk m zsuv f u
dk yf g}}vkYd
ajymvku d w f ,f/ ppfoBl u;D vnf; ]]rif;u wpf&mG vk;H uku d n
l w D t hJ wGuf rif;ukq d ck sr,f/ bk&ifBu;D ukv d nf;
awmif;yefay;r,f}}vdYk ajymw,f/ wpf&mG vH;k uvn;f Eked ;D udk aus;Zl;wiMu f Ny;D aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT ef YJ
opfyifukd 0dik ;f Ny;D uMuwmaygh/ tJ'cD sed u f pNy;D vDqw l idk ;f &if;om;awGu ESpo f pfu;l a&mufwidk ;f
tdraf &SUrSm opfyifpu dk Mf uwmaygh/
(vDq-l ucsifyjkH yif)

45
 24/ olrsm;raumif;BuH ab;'Pfxd

wpfcgwke;f u aMumifjzLav;wpfaumif[m tdrjf zLav;wpfv;Hk ykid w f ,f/ tJ't D rd vf v S aS v;ukd

qdwrf Bu;D wpfaumifu vk,v l u
dk wf ,f/ tJ'aD MumifjzLav;[m t&rf;ukpd w d yf suNf y;D ajcOD;wnf&h m
avSsmufoGm;aew,fuG,f/ 'DcsdefrSm aMumifjzLav;ukd jcaoFYu jrifvkdufw,f/ jcaoFYuvnf;
igu,fr,fvaYdk jymNy;D tdrjf zLav;qDudk jyefomG ;Muw,f/ tJ't D csed rf mS qdwrf Bu;D u igYcsKd vnf;
&Snw f ,f/ tNr;Dd vnf; &Snw f ,f/ igYtNr;D wpfcsuf vIyv f u dk &f if vltrsm;Bu;D aow,fvYkd ajymvnf;
ajyma&m jcaoFEh iS hf aMumifjzLav;u aMumufNy;D jyefxu G o f mG ;Muw,f/
tJ't
D csed rf mS aMumifjzLav;[m ajcOD;wnfU&mavSsmufomG ;jyefawmY uPef;Bu;D wpfaumifEiS hf
awGUw,f/ aMumifjzLav;uvnf; olUtcuftcJudk ajymjyvku d wf ,f/ igu,fr,fqNdk y;D qdwrf Bu;D
qduD dk jyefomG ;Muw,f/ qdwrf Bu;D uvnf; t&ifv<dk um;Ny;D ajymvku d w f ,f/ uPef;Bu;D uvnf;
igraMumufb;l xGucf UJ prf;ygvdYk ajymvku d w
f ,f/ qdwrf Bu;D vnf; wHcg;zGiNhf y;D xGuv f udk wf ,f/
uPef;Bu;D uvnf; qdwrf Bu;D &JU tNr;D ukd n§yyf pfvu dk wf ,f/
qdwrf Bu;D vnf; emvGe;f vkYd xGuaf jy;oGm;w,f/ aMumifjzLav;vnf; olt Y rd uf kd jyefomG ;
&w,f/ tJ't D csed uf pNy;D olrsm;udk raumif;Buw H hJ qdwrf Bu;D [m tNr;D wkad v;jzpfomG ;w,f/ 'DaeYtxd
qdwaf wG[m tNr;D wkad v;eJyY J ae&awmhw,f/
(aigef-csif;yHjk yif)

25/ MuufrESifh abmufu,fiSuf

[d;k a&S;a&S;wke;f u a':MuufreJY rabmufu,fqw dk hJ oli,fcsi;f ESpaf ,muf[m wpfa,mufukd

wpfa,muf awmfawmfcspcf ifMuw,f/ tcsi;f csi;f ulnMD u? twlupm;Mu? twlpm;Mu? twl
oGm;Muw,f/ rabmufu,fu a':Muufr&JU zifu tarG;eDe?D vSvaS v;ukd tvGev f ckd siw
f ,f/
wpfaeYawmh rabmufu,fu ]]a':MuufrBu;D &,f? aus;Zl;jyKNy;D ? ta':h&UJ zifyikd ;f u tarG;eDeBD u;D udk
uRerf udak y;ygvm;? t&rf;vSv?Ykd uRerf eJq Y kd tvGev
f u
kd zf ufrmS yJ}}vdYk awmif;yef&mS w,f/ a':Muufr
uvnf; ]][m rjzpfEikd b f ;l ? ray;Edik bf ;l ? uRerf vnf;vScsiw f maygh}}vdYk jyefajymw,f/ rabmufu,fu
tarG;eDeaD v;ukd aeYwikd ;f vdv k kd awmif;w,f/
wpfaeYawmh a':Muufruvnf; olUrdwaf qG rabmufu,fudk oem;vmw,f/ ]]uJ...
rabmufu,f? wu,fvYkd rif;ukd ightarG;eDeaD y;&if eifu igUudb k mjyefvyk af y;rvJ}} vdYk ajymw,f/
rabmufu,f ]]atmf[w k Nf yD a':Muufr? uRerf udk tarG;eDeaD v;ay;&if uRerf u ta':csucf si;f
rjrifwhJ ta':h&UJ &efol ode;f iSuv f mwmeJU uRerf csucf si;f tcsuaf y;r,f/ uRerf u wpfoufv;kH
uif;apmifah y;r,f/ ta':&JU rsdK;quftm;vHk;udkvnf; uRefrwdkY trsdK;awGu apmifha&Smuf
ay;r,f}}vdkY jyefajymw,f/ 'DvdkeJY wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf uwday;Muw,f/ uwday;NyD;
aemufydkif;awmh a':Muufru olUtarG;eDav;udk EkwfNyD; rabmufu,fudk ay;vdkufw,f/
46
 rabmufu,fuvnf; tarG;eDeaD v; olUqDrmS wyfvu dk w
f thJ wGuf odyu f v
kd o
S mG ;w,f/
aysmv f aJ ysmw
f maygh? a':Muufruvnf; olUtarG;eDav; ay;vdu k &f ayrJ?h rabmufu,f aysmaf ewm?
vSaewmudk jrifawmh auseyfomG ;w,f/ aysmv f aJ ysmof mG ;w,f/ 'geJY 'DaeYxd a':Muufr&JU uav;
awGukd cd;k cszD Ydk ode;f iSuu
f wdww f w d af v; opfyifay:u acsmif;aewmyJjzpfjzpf? rd;k aumif;uifay:u
ys0H aJ ewmudyk jJ zpfjzpf rabmufu,fu csucf si;f jrifwmeJY ]]uwf... uwf...uwf...uwf...}}
eJY toHay;w,f/ toHMum;wmeJY a':Muufruvnf; olUuav;awG ac:oGm;Ny;D ? vHNk cKH wahJ e&mudk
csucf si;f ajy;awmh &efoo l ed ;f iSuf vufuae vGwo f mG ;w,f/ a':Muufruvnf; rabmufu,fukd
'DaeYxd uwdwnfaevdYk odyu f akd us;Zl;wifw,f/ rabmufu,fuvnf; a':Muufrudk 'DuaeYxd
odyu f kd aus;Zl;wifvrYkd qH;k bl;/ rdwaf qGaumif;awG twlwal eoGm;Muwmaygh/
(r&m-csif;yHjk yif)

26/ oli,fcsif;awG cspfMur,f

[dk;a&S;a&S;wkef;u oli,fcsif; oHk;a,muf&Sdw,f/ olwYdk[m awmxJrSm xif;ckwfzdkY

xGuv f mMu&if; awmifapmif;uae avQmNy;D awmifatmufukd vdrq hf if;oGm;Muw,f/ awmifatmuf
a&mufwt hJ cg wpfa,mufu rsuv f ;kH apGomG ;w,f/ wpfa,mufu yg;&GUJ oGm;Ny;D aemufq;kH wpf
a,mufu cg;uke;f oGm;owJu h , G /f olwv Ykd nf; awmxJukd quf0ifvmMuwm awmpyfem;a&mufawmh
xGejf cpfwpfacsmif;udkd awGUwJt h cg ]]udyk g;&GUJ }} u aumufu f ikd Nf y;D xrf;vmw,f/ a&uefem;a&mufawmh
vdyw f pfaumifukd xyfawGUjyefa&m/ vdyu f akd wmh ]]udak pG}}u ol&UJ yvdik ;f xJ aumufxnfv h mw,f/
aemufaeYreuf rd;k vif;awmh &Gmt0ifem;rSm AHw k akd v;wpfv;kH udk awGUw,f/ ]]udck g;uke;f }} u AHw k akd v;udk
olUyvdik ;f xJ aumufxnfv h mw,f/
'Dvekd YJ c&D;qufvu kd w f m awmtkyBf u;D wpfcx k uJ kd a&mufomG ;w,f/ tJ'aD wmtkyBf u;D rSm
bDv;l Bu;D wpfaumif&o dS wJ/h olwu Ykd kd bDv;l Bu;D ujrifawmh ]]a[h ighyikd ef ufxu J kd ighciG jhf yKcsurf &bJ
0ifvmwJh rif;wdkYudk igpm;r,f}}vdkU ajymowJh? tJ'Ddawmh ]]udkcg;ukef;}}u ]]r&bl; rif;eJY igwkdY
NyKd iMf ur,f}}vdUk ajymvdu k w f ,f/ bDv;l Bu;D uvnf; ]]aumif;Ny-D igEkid &f if rif;wdu Yk pkd m;r,f}} ? ]]rif;wdYk
Edik &f if a&TawG aiGawG ay;r,f}}vdYk ajymvdu k w f ,f/
yxrqHk; ]]bDvl;BuD;}}u ]]rif;wdkYrSm 'DvkdrsdK;&Sdovm;}}vkdY ajymNyD; olUacgif;ay:u oef;
wpfaumifukd ypfcsvu kd w f ,f/ tJ'aD wmh ]]udak pG}}uvnf; 'DrmS Munhq f Ndk y;D olUyvdik ;f xJu vdyBf u;D udk
xkwjf yvdu k af wmh bDv;l Bu;D ½I;H oGmG ;w,f/ aemufwpfcg ]]bDv;l Bu;D }} u ]]rif;wdrYk mS 'Dvrdk sKd ;&So d vm;}}vkYd
ajymNy;D bD;wpfacsmif; ypfcsvu kd w f ,f? tJ'aD wmh ]]ud&k UJG }}uvnf; 'DrmS Munhq f Ndk y;D olxrf;vmwJh
xGejf cpfBu;D udk ypfcsay;vdu k af wmh 'kw, d tBurd f bDv;l Bu;D ½H;I oGm;jyefw,f/ aemufq;kH tBurd f ]]bDv;l
Bu;D }}u ]]rif;wdrYk mS 'Dvrdk sKd ;&So d vm;}}vkYd ajymNy;D tD;aygufvu kd w f m ]]bl;}}vdYk tus,Bf u;D jrnfomG ;w,f/
]]udck g;uke;f }}u 'DrmS Munhq f Ndk y;D AHuk kd xkwNf y;D ]]Ak.H ...AH}k }vdYk tus,Bf u;D jrnfatmifw;D vdu k w f ,f/

47
tJ'aD wmh bDv;l Bu;D t½H;I ay;vdu k &f w,f/ a&TawG aiGawGuv kd nf; ay;vdu k &f wmayhg/ a&TawGaiGawGukd
&Ny;D cJaG 0,lMuwJt h cg oH;k OD;om;pum;rsm; &efjzpfMuawmhw,f/ &efjzpfMu&if; ]]udyk g;&GUJ }}u ]]udak pG}}&JU
rsufvHk;udkxdk;vdkufwm apGaewJhrsufvHk; jyefwnfhoGm;w,f/ ]]udkapG}}uvnf; ab;em;rSm&SdwJY
]]udkcg;ukef;}}&JUaemufausmudk uefxnfhvdkufwm ]]udkcg;ukef;}}vnf; cg;jyefqefYoGm;w,fwJY/
]]cg;uke;f Bu;D }}uvnf; olUab;rSm&Sw d hJ ]]udyk g;&GUJ }}&JUyg;udk pdwq f ;kd Ny;D ½du
k v f ukd wf m yg;vnf; jyefwnfh
oGm;w,fw/hJ
]]a[h Munfph rf; wdt Yk m;vH;k jyefaumif;oGm;MuNyD
igvnf; rsuv f ;kH rapGawmhb;l }}
]]igvnf; yg;r&GUJ awmhb;l /}}
]]igvnf; cg;ruke;f awmhb;l /}}
igwdo Yk il ,fcsi;f awGvnf; &efrjzpfawmhb;l pnf;vH;k nDñw G vf Ykd wdaYk wGbv D ;l Bu;D udk Edik cf w
hJ m
aemufvnf;yJ tNrpJ nf;vH;k nDñw G &f r,fqNkd y;D olwt Ykd m;vH;k nDnñ D wG ñ f w G ef YJ c&D;twlwl qufomG ;
Muygawmhw,f/
(u&ifyjHk yif)

27/ vlom;eJY qif

a&S;a&S;wke;f u qifeYJ jcaoFw h [Ykd m rdwaf qGzUGJ Ny;D twlaexdik Mf uowJ/h wpfaeYrmS olwYkd
ESpaf umif acsmif;xJukd a&aomufq f if;tvmrSm avSaS vSmv f mwJh vlom;ESpOf ;D udak wGUG owJ/h
]udq
kd ifBu;D a& Munfyfh gOD;? OD;acgif;rnf;wJv h o l m;awG ÓPfaf umif;vku d yf ukH awmh touf
r&Sw Sd hJ opfv;Hk Bu;D udak wmifp;D Ny;D ckikd ;f pm;aewmawGU&JUvm;}vdYk ajymw,f/
]awGUygw,f udjk caoF&h m ..... olwu Ykd kd odyt f xifrBu;D ygeJ}Y vdYk qdo k wJ/h ]iguawmh
pd;k &drw f ,f udq k if&m..... wdu Yk vkd nf; ÓPfqifNy;D cdik ;f pm;rSmudk aMumufw,fumG } 'Dvekd YJ a&aomuf
Ny;D vdYkd jyefwufv f mawmh awmpyfv f ,faf wmem;rSm v,fx f eG af ewJh uRBJ u;D wpfaf umifef UJ awGUowh/J
]awGUvm;udkqif udkuRJBuD;udkvnf; OD;acgif;rnf;wJhvlawGu ESmacgif;rSm BudK;wyfNyD;
cdik ;f pm;aejyefNy/D
]raMumuffygeJYJ udkjcaoFh&m ... vlacgif;rnff;&JU OD;acgif;[m ighacs;wkH;avmufawmif
rBu;D wJ[ h m.... igawmh raMumufb f ;l a[h}vdYkd qdo dk wJ/h
]udkqifBuD;a&...'DvlOD;acgif;rnf;awG[m wdkYawGxuf udk,fcE¨mi,fayrJh awG;awm
qifjcifEikd w f hJ todynm? ÓPfynmydBk u;D wJo h al wGjzpfMf uw,f? olw l eYkd YJ a0;wJhJ [drd 0EÅmawmuddk
ajymif;Mupd}Yk vdYk ajymowJ/h

48
 qifBu;D u ]iguawmh raMumufb f ;l a[h ..... rif;aMumuf&f ifv f nf; ajy;aygh udjk caoFh
&m...} vdYk ajymawmh jcaoFu h ]iguawmh rae&Jb;l ajymif;awmhr,f/ rif;vnf; owdxm;Ny;D
ae&pfyg} vdYk rSmowJ/h 'Dvekd YJ wpfaeYrmS vlom;awG[m qifBu;D udk BuK;d awGeG zYJ rf;Ny;D &Gmudak c:oGm;owJ/h
Ny;D awmh ,Ofyg;atmifoifMum;ay;vkdY tdraf rG;wd& pämef jzpfo f mG ;cJw
Jh maygh/ wdik ;f crf;f wD&rS ;f awG[m
qifaf wGukd v,f,mxGe, f ufjcif;? opfxw k vf yk jcf if; ykck ufq
f ifí ukeyf pön;f rsm; o,faf qmifjcif;pwJh
vlom;tusK;d jyKvyk if ef;awGrmS tok;H 0ifwhJ tdraf rG;wd& pämefwpfaumifjzpfatmif arG;jrLavhusihf
ay;cJMh uygw,f/
(wkid ;f crf;wD-&Sr;f yHjk yif)

28/ qdwfokH;aumifESifh bDvl;MuD;

[d;k a&S;a&S;wke;f u awmtkyBf u;D wpfcrk mS udBk u;D ? udv k wf? udak v; qdw k hJ qdwn f aD emif
ok;H aumif&w dS ,f/ olw[ Ykd m wHwm;&JUwpfzufurf;rSm&Sw d hJ jrufcsKd csKd awGukd pm;csiMf uw,f/ wHwm;&JU
atmufrmS bDv;l Bu;D wpfaumifaeNy;D wHwm;ay:udk jzwfavQmufwo hJ al wGudk zrf;pm;avh&w dS ,f/
wpfaeYrSm udkav;u ]]udkBuD;eJU udkvwfa&? uRefawmfawmh wHwm;ay:u jzwfavQmufNyD;
[dbk ufurf;u jrufcsKd csKd awGukd oGm;pm;csiw f ,f}}vdYk ajymvdu k wf ,f/ 'geJU udak v;qdwu f wHwm;qDukd
avQmufomG ;wmaygh/ wHwm;ay:udk ]]a'guf a'guf a'guf}}eJY jzwfavQmufvu kd w
f ,f/ bDv;l Bu;D u
Mum;awmh ]]a[h...ighww H m;ay:u jzwfavQmufwm b,fov l u J }G }vdYk atmfNy;D ar;vdu k w f ,f/
]]uReaf wmf udak v;qdwyf gcifAsm}}vdYk jyefajymvdu k w f ,f/ bDv;l Bu;D u ]]rif;ukid g zrf;pm;&
vdrrhf ,f}}vdYk ajymowJu h , G /f
]]rvkyyf geJcY ifAsm uReaf wmfu bDv;l Bu;D pm;zdYk ao;i,fveG ;f ygw,f/ cPav;ae&if udv k wf
vmrSmrdYk olUudak pmifv h ukd yf gOD;cifAsm? olu uReaf wmfx h uf ydx k mG ;wJt h wGuf ykpd m;vkaYd umif;rSmyg}}vdYk
ajymvdu k o f wJ/h
tJ't D cgrSm bDv;l Bu;D u ]]'gjzihf aumif;NyD rif;oGm;awmh}}vdaYk jymNy;D jzwfciG jhf yKvu kd w f maygh/
'geJY udak v;[m jrufcif;pdr;f av;qDukd a&mufomG ;wmaygh/
rMumcifrmS yJ udv k wfqw d vf nf; wHwm;ay:udk ]]a'guf a'guf a'guf}}eJY jzwfavQmuf
vmw,f/
tJ't D cgbDv;l Bu;D u ]]a[h...ighww H m;ay:u jzwfavQmufwmb,fov l uJ }G }vkYd atmfar;
vdu k wf ,f/ ]]uReaf wmf udv k wfqw d yf gcifAsm}}vdYk jyefajymowJu h , G /f ]]rif;udk ig zrf;pm;&vdrrhf ,f}}vdYk
bDvBl u;D u ajymowJ/h ]]rvkyyf geJY cifAsm? uReaf wmht f pfuBkd u;D udk apmifv h u kd yf gOD;/olu uReaf wmfx h uf
ydx
k mG ;awmh ydpk m;vdaYk umif;rSmyg}}vdYk ajymvdu k of wJu h , G /f
tJ't D cgrSm bDv;l Bu;D u ]]'gjzifh aumif;Ny?D rif;oGm;awmh}}vdaYk jymNy;D jzwfciG jhf yKvu kd o f wJ/h
rMumcifrmS yJ udBk u;D qdwv f nf; wHwm;ay:ukd ]]a'guf a'guf a'guf}}eJY jzwfavQmufvmowJ/h

49
 bDv;l Bu;D u ]]a[h ighww H m;ay:u jzwfavQmufwm b,fov l u
J }G }vdYk atmfar;vdu
k w
f ,f/
tJ't D cgrSm ]]uReaf wmf udBk u;D qdwyf gcifAsm}}vdYk jyefajymvdu k wf ,f/ bDv;l Bu;D u ]]ig rif;udk zrf;pm;
&vdrrhf ,f}}vdYk ajymw,f/
]]zrf;&J&ifzrf;Munfah v}}vdYk udBk u;D qdwu f jyefajymvdu k wf ,f/ bDv;l Bu;D vnf; wHwm;ay:
wufvma&m udkBuD;qdwfu olYcsdKBuD;eJY wtm;0ifa0SYypfvdkufwJhtcg bDvl;BuD;wHwm;ay:u
ajrm§ ufwufomG ;Ny;D a&xJukd ]]AGr;f ceJ}} jyKwu f somG ;w,f/ aemufb,fawmhrQ jyefay:rvmawmhb;l
wJuh , G /f
'Dvekd YJ udBk u;D qdw?f ukv
d wfqw d ef YJ udak v;qdww f Ydk qdwn f aD emifo;Hk aumif[m jrufprd ;f pdr;f
av;awGukd tm;yg;w&eJY aysm&f iT pf mG pm;Muawmhwmayghu, G /f

29/ arSmfig;uav;

[d;k a&S;a&S;wke;f u tbd;k tdw k pfa,muf&o dS wJuh , G /f

tbk;d td[ k m aeYwikd ;f jrpfxrJ mS ig;oGm;rQm;avh&w dS ,f/ rQm;vd&Yk wJih g;awGukd aps;rSm a&mif;zdYk
r[kwb f J tdrrf mS &Sw d hJ tbd;k eJUtbGm;pm;zdyYk J zrf;wmjzpfw,f/
wpfaeYrmS awmh tbd;k td[ k m tvGex f ;l qef;wJh ig;wpfaumifukd zrf;rdowJ/h tJ'iD g;av;[m
pum;ajymwwfw,f/ ig;uav;u ]]uReaf wmf[m arSmif g;av;jzpfygw,f/ uReaf wmfu h kd vTwaf y;&if
oiftvd&k w dS m bmrqdv kd yk af y;yghr,f}}vdYk ajymowJ/h
tbdk;tdkuvnf; ]]oif[m arSmfig;av;jzpfwJhtwGuf oifhudk igvTwfay;r,f igbmrQ
rvdck sib f ;l / ighrmS tvkt H avmuf&ydS gw,f}}vdaYk jymNy;D ? tbd;k td[ k m tdrjf yefomG ;wmaygh/ tdrv f nf;
a&mufa&m tbGm;udk olzrf;rdwhJ ig;taMumif;ajymjyw,f/ tJ't D cgrSm tbGm;u ]]bmawmif;vdu k f
ovJ}} vdYk ar;vdu k wf ,f/ tbd;k tdu k bmrQrawmif;vdu k yf gbl;? igwdrYk mS vdrk Q rvdbk v J Ykd jyefajym
vduk wf ,f/ tJ't D cgrSm tbGm;u ]]uRerf wdrYk mS vdw k mawG trsm;Bu;D yJav/ [if;csuw f hJ td;k awG
aygufuek Nf y/D csupf &mtd;k topfawG vdw k ,fvYkd oGm;ajymvdu k yf g}}vdYk ajymw,f/ 'geJY jrpfukd jyefomG ;Ny;D
]]arSmif g;av;? arSmif g;av; [if;csuzf Ykd td;k topfawG igvdck siw f ,f}}vdYk ajymvdu k wf ,f/
tJ'DtcgrSm arSmfig;av;ay:vmNyD; ]]tdrfudk jyefoGm;yg? [if;csufp&mtdk;topfawG
&ygvdrrhf ,f}}vdYk jyefajymw,f/
tbd;k tdu k vnf; tdrjf yefomG ;wmaygh/ tdrv f nf;jyefa&mufa&m [if;csuzf t Ykd ;kd topfawG
awGU&wmaygh/
tbGm;u]]'ghtjyif bmawGawmif;cJhao;vJ}}vdkYar;awmh? tbdk;tdku ]]bmrQrawmif;
vduk yf gbl;? igwdrYk mS vdrk Q rvdb k }J }vdYk ajymw,f/

50
 tJ't D cg tbGm;u ]]uRerf wdrYk mS vdw k mawG trsm;Bu;D yJav? uRerf wdt Yk rd u
f ao;Ny;D tdak eNy?D
tdrt f opfvw kd ,fvYkd oGm;ajymvdu k yf gOD;}}vdYk ajymvdu k w f ,f/
tbdk;tdku jrpfudk jyefoGm;w,f/ jrpfa&mufawmh ]]arSmfig;av;? arSmfig;av; igtdrf
topfwpfv;Hk vdck siw f ,f}}vdYk ajymawmh arSmif g;uav;[m ay:vmNy;D ]]tdru f kd jyefomG ;yg? tdrt f opf
wpfv;Hk &ygvdrrhf ,f}}vdYk jyefajymw,f/
tbd;k tdv k nf; tdrjf yefomG ;wmaygh/ tdrv f nf;jyefa&mufa&m tdrt f opfwpfv;Hk udk awGU&
wmaygh/ tbGm;u ]]'ghtjyif bmawGawmif;cJah o;vJ}}vdYk ar;awmh? tbd;k tdu k ]]bmrQrawmif;
vduk yf gbl;? igwdrYk mS vdrk S rvdb k }J }vdYk ajymw,f/
tJ't D cgtbGm;u ]]uRerf wdrYk mS ydu k qf v H w
kd ,fav? ydu k q
f aH wGtrsm;Bu;D vkw d ,fvYkd oGm;ajym
vduk yf gOD;}}vdYk ajymvdu k w
f ,f/
tbd;k tdu k jrpfukd jyefomG ;w,f/ jrpfa&mufawmh ]]arSmif g;av;? arSmif g;av; ydu k q f aH wG
trsm;Bu;D vdck siw f ,f}}vdYk ajymawmh arSmif g;uav;[m ay:vmNy;D ]]tdru f kd jyefomG ;yg? ydu k q f aH wG
trsm;Bu;D &ygvdrrhf ,f}}vdYk jyefajymw,f/ tbd;k tdv k nf; tdrjf yefa&mufa&m tdrx f rJ mS ydu
k q f aH wG
trsm;Bu;D awGU&wmaygh/ tbGm;u &Sib f mawG awmif;cJah o;vJvYkd ar;jyefw,f? tbd;k tdu k bmrQ
rawmif;vdu k yf gbl;? igwdrYk mS vdrk Q rvdb k v J Ykd ajymvdu k w f ,f/ tJ't D cgtbGm;u ]]uRerf udk i,fNy;D
vSatmif vkyaf y;ygvdYk oGm;ajymvdu k }f }vdYk ajymvdu k w f ,f/
tbd;k tdu k jrpfukd jyefomG ;&wmaygh/ jrpfuv kd nf;a&mufa&m ]]arSmif g;av;? arSmif g;av;
tbGm;udik ,fNy;D vSatmifvyk af y;yg}}vdaYk jymawmh arSmif g;uav;[m ay:vmNy;D ]]tdru f kd jyefomG ;
yg? tbGm;ui,fNy;D vSvmygvdrrhf ,f}}vdYk jyefajymowJ/h
tbd;k tdv k nf; tdrjf yefa&mufa&m olrY ed ;f r i,fNy;D vSaewmudk awGU&w,f/ tJ't D cgrSm
tbGm;u ]]bmawmif;cJah o;ovJ}}vdYk ar;awmh? tbd;k tdu k ]]bmrQ rawmif;vdu k yf gbl;? igwdrYk mS
vdrk S rvdb k }J }vdYk ajymw,f/
tJ'DtcgtbGm;u ]]uRefrudk urÇmay:rSm wefcdk;tBuD;qkH;vljzpffatmif vkyfay;ygvdkY
oGm;ajymvdu k }f }vdYk ajymvdu k wf ,f/
tbd;k tdu k jrpfukd jyefomG ;&wmaygh/ jrpfuv kd nf;a&mufa&m ]]arSmif g;av;? arSmif g;av;
tbGm;udk urÇmay:rSm wefc;kd tBu;D qk;H vljzpfaf tmif vkyaf y;yg}}vdaYk jymawmh arSmif g;uav;[m
ay:vmNy;D ]]oifawmif;wmawG rsm;aeNy}D }vdYk ajymNy;D ta0;udk ul;oGm;awmhw,f/
tbdk;tdk tdrfjyefa&mufwJhtcgrSmawmh olU&JU[if;csufp&mtdk;awGvnf; a[mif;NyD;
aygufaew,f/ tdru f vnf; ao;Ny;D tdak ew,f/ aemufNy;D olrY ed ;f rvnf; tdak ewmudk awGU&owJ/h
tJ't D cgrSm tbd;k tdu k ajymvku d w f ,f/ ]]ighrmS bmrQrvd?k tvkt H avmuf&w dS ,f}}vdYk ajymvdu k f
owJu h ,
G /f

51
 30/ acG;eufBuD;ESif h bJrdom;pk

wpfcgwke;f u v,form;Bu;D wpfa,mufrmS bJrBu;D wpfaumif&w dS ,f/ bJrBu;D u bJuav;

(4)aumif aygufvmw,f/ wpfaeYawmh bJuav;wpfaumifu olt Y ar tpm&SmwJh aemufukd
vduk cf siv f Ykd cGiahf wmif;w,f/ olt Y aru vrf;rSm tEÅ&m,frsm;wJt h wGuf rvdu k cf zhJ Ykd jyefajymw,f/
bJuav;u ]]jct H jyifrmS bmawG&o dS vJqw
kd modcsiv f yYkd g}}vdYk jyefajymvdu k w
f ,f/ tJ'geJY olt Y aru
vkud cf iG jhf yKvu kd af wmhw,f/ bJuav;eJY olt Y ar[m tpm&SmzdYk Nct H jyifukd twlxu G cf MhJ uw,f/
bJuav;u aysmfaewmayghuG,f/ olwdkY[m tpm&Sm&if; avQmufoGm;aewmaygh/ wpfae&m
a&mufawmh acG;eufBu;D wpfaumif[m olwu Ykd jkd rifomG ;w,f/ acG;eufBu;D u ]]a[h ....b,fomG ;
Murvdv Yk }J }vkYd ar;vdu k wf ,f/olw[ Ykd m acG;eufBu;D udk aMumufvYkd xGuaf jy;Muw,f/ acG;eufBu;D u
pdwq f ;kd Ny;D olwu Ykd kd ]]0kwf 0kw}f }vdYk atmfNy;D vdu k zf rf;wmaygh/ olwaYkd wGuvnf; ]] w*wf *wf}}eJY
atmfNy;D xGuaf jy;Muw,f/
acG;oHMum;vdYk v,form;Bu;D u xGuMf unfv h u kd af wmh acG;eufBu;D u bJawGukd vku d zf rf;
aewmawGU&wmaygh/ v,form;Bu;D u ]][Jah cG;...[Jah cG;}}vdYk ajcmufvu kd Nf y;D wkwef YJ vSr;f ypf
vdu
k w f ,f/ acG;eufBu;D u aMumufNy;D xGuaf jy;oGm;w,f/ tJ'aD wmhrS acG;eufBu;D &efu vGwo f mG ;vdYk
olwv Ykd nf; tvGeaf ysmo f mG ;Ny;D tdrjf yefomG ;Muw,f/

31/ ,kefuav;jzLazG;ESifh <uufrnf;BuD;

,keu f av;u jzLjzLazG;azG;rdYk csppf &maumif;onf/ csppf &maumif;aom ,keu f av;udk

jzLazG;[k trnfay;Muonf/ ,keu f av;jzLazG;onf tqif;½lyguom jzLazG;onfr[kw/f pdw"f mwf
uvnf; jzLazG;onf/ tqif;a&m tcsi;f ygvSonfh jzLazG;jzpfygonf/
,keu f av;jzLazG;u oem;MuifemrI&o dS nf/ axmufxm;iJn h m§ rI&odS nf/ ½dik ;f yif;ulnrD &I o
dS nf/
ay;urf;apmifah &Smufr&I o dS nf/ xdaYk Mumifv h nf; jzLazG;udkd tm;vk;H u cspcf ifaeMujcif; jzpfayonf/
]]tif;...igBuKd uw f thJ pm&atmif ighbmomzefw;D &rSmyJ}} ,keu f av;jzLazG;u olpY w d Bf uKd uf
tpm&&Sad &;twGuf pOf;pm;aeonf/
]]ig tifrwefBudKufwmu rkefvmOyJ/ igBudKufwJh rkefvmOawG trsm;BuD;&Sdaeatmif
bmvky&f ifaumif;rvJ}}
tif; rkev f mOpdu k cf if;Bu;D jzpfatmif vkyx f m;vdu k &f if rkev f mOawG trsm;Bu;D &Sad erSmyJ/
igud,k wf ikd v
f nf; 00vifvifpm;vd&Yk r,f/ rdwaf qGtaygif;toif;awGuv kd nf; vufaqmifay;vdYk
&r,f/ 'Dawmh... rkev f mOawG trsm;Bu;D &Sad ernhf rkev f mOpdu k cf if;Bu;D udk igzefw;D &r,f}}

52
 rkev f mOpdu k cf if;Bu;D jzpfatmif pdu k yf sKd ;xm;&ef jzLazG; qk;H jzwfvu kd o
f nf/ qk;H jzwfNy;D onfEiS hf
rkev f mOpdu k cf if;Bu;D jzpfatmif taumiftxnfazmfavawmhonf/ ajrom;udk El;nHah eatmifjyKjyif
onf/ abmifwef;av;awG jzpfatmifvyk o f nf/ rkev f mOrsKd ;aphrsm;udk &Sm,lNy;D pdu
k o
f nf/ rkev f mO
pdu
k cf if;av; jzpfvmavNy/D rkev f mOpduk cf if;av;ukMd unfNh y;D jzLazG;aysmaf eonf/ aeYpOfaeYwikd ;f
aygif;oif a&avmif;ay;ae&onf/ yifyef;qif;&JveG ;f vS\/ qif;&Jyifyef;vGe;f vSaomfvnf; jzLazG;u
tNrw J rf;&Tiv f ef;aeonf/ rMumrD rkev f mOawG trsm;Bu;D &vmawmhrnfukd awG;Ny;D 0rf;om
MunfE;l aejcif;jzpfonf/
jzLazG;\ rkev f mOcif;Bu;D xJrS rkev f myifrsm;onf t&Gurf sm; zm;zm;0if;aeNy/D Orsm;vnf;
Bu;D xGm;vmNy/D jzLazG;\ rkev f mOcif;Bu;D xJu rkev f mOrsm;onf xGm;vnf;xGm;\/ oefvnf; oef\/
t&nfvnf; &Tr;f \/ t&omvnf; &S\ d /
wpfcgpm;zl;vQif xyfcgxyfcgpm;csiaf eawmhonf/ jzLazG; rkev f mOcif;xJu rkev f mOrsm;\
t&omudk pGpJ v JG rf;vrf;jzpfaeMuNy/D pm;zl;olwikd ;f u jzLazG;xHvmNy;D awmif;Muonf/vmNy;D awmif;
olwikd ;f udvk nf; jzLazG;u ay;ygonf/ tNrrJ jywf aeYpOfaeYwikd ;f cPcPvmNy;D awmif;olrmS jzLazG;\
rdwaf qG<uufrnf;Bu;D jzpfonf/ <uufrnf;Bu;D vmawmif;wdik ;f vnf; jzLazG;uay;ygonf/
wpfaf eYaom naecif;av;ü jzLazG;xHoYkd <uufrnf;Bu;D a&mufvmonf/
]]jzLazG;a&...ighudk rkefvmOay;ygOD;uGm/ ig&JUZeD;acsm<uufndKru rif;&JUrkefvmOudkyJ
csijf cif;wyfaevdyYk g}}
jzLazG;xHrS rkev f mOudk vmawmif;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ]]udrk nf;a&...rkev f mOcif;xJu rkev f myif
awGrmS yd;k 0ifaevdYk yd;k owfaq;zse;f xm;&w,fumG / 'gaMumifh ck&ufyikd ;f rSmawmh onf;cHNy;D apmifah y;
ygOD;/ rMumygbl;uGm/ aemufxyf ok;H av;&ufxuf rMumygbl;/ aemufxyf ok;H av;&uf&adS wmh
vm,lvn S yfh g/ rif;vdck sio f avmufay;yghr,f}}
jzLazG;\ rkev f myifav;awGrmS &Guv f yd yf ;kd awG0ifaeonf/ jzLazG;u rkev f myifrsm; tm;vk;H udk
yd;k owfaq;&nfzse;f xm;onf/ <uufrnf;Bu;D vmNy;D awmif;f aom tcsed o f nf yd;k owfaq;&nf
zse;f xm;Ny;D cgpjzpfonf/ jzLazG;xHrS rkev f mOr&bJEiS hf jyefvmcJ&h onf/
ZeD;acsmav; <uufnKd ru vifawmfarmif<uufrnf;Bu;D jyeftvmudk apmifBh uKd aeonf/
<uufrnf;Bu;D jyefvmonfukd jrifae&ojzifh 0rf;omtm;&jzpfaeonf/
]]usKypf m;csiw f hJ rkevf mOawGygcJ&h UJ vm; udrk nf;}}
]]r&cJyh gbl; ndKr&m}}
<uufrnf;Bu;D u acgif;cg&if; rkev f mOr&cJo h nfth aMumif;udk &Si;f jyonf/
]]jzLazG;ajymwmud, k NHk y;D jyefvmcJw h mvm; udrk nf;}}
]]jzLazG;u rvdrfwwf rnmwwfygbl; ndKr&JU/ pdwfaumif;apwemaumif;&Sdygw,f/
b,ftcsed rf qdk wdaYk wmif;oavmufay;aewmyJ/ olajymwJh ok;H av;&ufavmufawmh apmifv h u kd yf gOD;
ndKr&,f/}}

53
 <uufrnf;Bu;D u <uufnKd rudk acsmNh y;D ajymjyonf/em;0ifatmif azsmif;zsonf/
]]usKyu f awmh r,kyH gbl; udrk nf;/ aeYwikd ;f cP cP vmawmif;aewmyJqNkd y;D ray;csif
awmhvYkd ajymvdu k wf myJjzpf&r,f/ ndKr raeEdik f rxdik Ef ikd jf zpfatmif pm;csiv f eG ;f aewmu tJ'D
rkev
f mOudyk g udrk nf;&,f/ ndKrudk cspw f ,fq&kd if &atmif,al y;ygaemf udrk nf;}}
<uufnKd ru ZGwt f wif;ylqmaeavNy/D
]]olurS ray;wmbJ ndKr&,f/ b,fvv kd yk ,
f v l &Ykd yghrvJ}}
<uufrnf;Bu;D rSm Bu&H cufaeonf/
]]olray;vnf; olrodatmifomG ;Ny;D ,lay;yg udrk nf;&,f/ ndKr pm;csiv f eG ;f vdyYk g}}
<uufnKd r\ rsuEf mS av;u idrk rhJ jhJ zpfaeonf/ <uufrnf;Bu;D uoem;aeonf/ <uufnKd r
pm;csiv
f eG ;f vSaom jzLazG;\rkev f mOudk r&&atmif ,lay;rnf[k qk;H jzwfvu kd af vNy/D
<uufrnf;Bu;D rSm jzLazG;\rkev f mcif;em;odYk a&mufvmonf/ ,keu f av;jzLazG; tdyaf rm
usrnft h csed uf kd apmifMh unfah eonf/ nOhef ufcsed o f Ydk a&mufvmavNy/D
acg...acg...acg...acg...acg...
jzLazG;vnf; wacgacgjzifh tdyaf rmusomG ;Ny/D apmifMh unfah eaom <uufrnf;Bu;D u jzLazG;\
rkev
f mOcif;Bu;D xJoYkd <uufrnf;Bu;D a&mufvmNy/D awGUonfh rkev f myif\t&Gurf sm;udk udu k jf zwf
onf/ ajrBu;D xJu rkev f mOudak zmfonf/
t&Guu f kd udu
k jf zwf&if; t&Guaf y:rS yd;k owfaq;&nfu <uufrnf;Bu;D \ 0rf;Adu k o
f Ykd 0ifaeNy/D
t&Gurf sm;udk tqufrjywfuu kd jf zwfNy;D Orsm;udk azmfae&if;rSmyif <uufrnf;Bu;D \&ifxJ ylavmif
vmonf/ rsufvkH;rsm;u jymrIdif;vmonf/ rsufcHGrsm;u av;vHvmonf/ <uufrnf;BuD;cAsm
atmhtefNy;D arhajrmae&&Smavownf;/
a&eHoY marmifausmfñeG Yf

32/ awmajymif;wJh opfawmufiSuf

vufyyH ifawGcsn;f aygufaewJh vufyaH wmBu;D xJrmS opfawmufiu S w

f pftyk f usupf m;ae
Muw,f/ opfawmufiu S q f w
kd m olw&Ykd UJ EIwo
f ;D eJU opfacgufawGukd wa'gufa'gufjrnfatmif acguf&
w,f/ tJovdak cgufvu kd af wmh opfacgufawGMum;rSm cdak tmif;aeMuwJh yd;k avmufawG xGuv f mMu
wmaygh/ xGuv f mwJh yd;k avmufawG[m opfawmufiu S w
f &Ykd UJ tpmygyJ/
wpfaeYrSmawmh vufyHawmxJrSmaewJh opfawmufiSuf wpfaumif[m olYrdwfaqG
opfawmufiu S af wGukd ajymowJ/h
]]igawmh onfvufyaH wmxJrmS wGiaf eNy;D &SmazGpm;aomuf&wm tm;r&bl;/ wjcm; awmudk
oGm;Ny;D tpm&SmxGucf siw f ,f}}
]]rif;uvnf;uGm/ wkv Yd ufyaH wmtkyBf u;D xJrmS &SmazGpm;aomufp&mawG trsm;Bu;D ygyJumG /
onfavmufpm;aomufp&maygwJh rdcifawmtkyBf u;D xuf aumif;wJah e&m r&SEd ikd yf gbl;uGm/}}
54
 ]][dwk pfaeYu wjcm;opfawmufiu S w f pfaumifeYJ rdwaf qGjzpfcw hJ ,f/ olu &Sm;awmxJrmS
aewmwJ/h olwaYkd ewJh &Sm;awmxJrmS &Sw d hJ pm;p&mawGu t&omody&f w Sd myJw/hJ ighuv kd mvnf
pm;aomufzYkd zdwaf c:aewmuG/ 'gaMumifh tJ'aD wmudo k mG ;rvd}Yk }
]]&Sm;awmxJ rif;a&mufoGm;&if 'ku©tBuD;tus,fawGUrSmaygh/ rif;usifvnfusufpm;
aewmu vufyHawmyJuG/ vufyHyifqdkwm tacgufuvnf;yG? tom;uvnf;yGw,fqdkwm
rif;tod/ wdEYk w I of ;D eJt Y u H u kd yf /J &Sm;awmxJu &Sm;yifawG&UJ tacgufuvnf; rmw,f/ tom;
uvnf; rmw,f/ rif;EIwo f ;D usKd ;oGm;rSmaygh/
oli,fcsi;f opfawmufiu S af wGu usKd ;aMumif;jywm;jrpfMuyg&JU/ 'gayrJh [do k pfawmufiu S f
uav;u vufrcHcyhJ gbl;/
]]olwaYkd wmifrS 'DawmxJrJ mS &SmazGpm;aomufEidk af o;wmyJ/ igvnf; &SmazGEikd &f rSmaygh/
olwv Ykd nf; opfawmufiu S f igvnf; opfaf wmufiu S yf /J bmjyKvpYkd ;kd &draf e&rSmvJ}}
oli,fcsi;f awGwm;aewJMh um;uyJ &Sm;awmbufqu D kd twif;yso H mG ;ygava&m/
&Sm;awmxJa&mufoGm;wJh opfawmufiSuf[m ae&ma'otopftqef;udk awGU&vdkY
0rf;omaew,f/ rdru d , dk u f , kd v f nf; igrSig rmewpfco JG m;eJY 0Jvu kd yf sv
H u kd f jrL;xl;vdaYk ygh/
]]igwJh opfawmuf? ajczsm;eJaY xmufNy;D
opfacgufBuKd Mum;? cdak eem;wJh
ao;rTm;yd;k avmuf? ighEw I of ;D eJrY sm; aygufvu kd &f if
a'gufceJ a'gufceJ
arSmufceJ arSmufceJ vJusr,f/
ieJom;yd;k rTm;? aumufumaumufum igpm;vdu k rf ,f/
vm;vm;rSraMumuf?
igopfawmufwahJ [h/}}vdaYk wmif BuKH ;0g;a<u;aMumfNy;D aevdu k af o;w,f/
tJ'v D kd BuKH ;0g;Ny;D awmh &Sm;yifwpfyif&UJ yifpnfukd ajczsm;eJU ukyw f ,
G f xm;vdu k w f ,f/
t&om&Sw d hJ tpm;tpmawGukd pm;&awmhrmS yJqNkd y;D tifrwefrv S nf; 0rf;omaew,f/ oGm;&nf
awGawmif usvaYkd ygh/
opfawmufiu S [ f m olaY jczsm;eJY ukyw f , G xf m;wJh &Sm;yifwpfyif&UJ yifpnfukd ajczsm;eJY ukyw f ,G f
xm;vdu k w f hJ &Sm;yif&UJ tacgufukd olUEIwo f ;D eJY a'gufceJ a'gufceJ jrnfatmif acgufvu kd w f ,f/
olUEIwo f ;D usicf eJ jzpfomG ;whJ a0'emudk roufrom cHpm;vdu k &f w,f/ usicf eJjzpfomG ;ay rrIygbl;/
aemufwpfcg tm;wif;Ny;D wtm;acgufvu kd jf yefw,f/ 'Dwpfcgawmh olUEIwo f ;D [m ajzmufceJ
usKd ;oGm;w,f/ usK;d ½Hb k ,f[w k rf vJ/ olUEIwo f ;D u aoG;awGyg pD;usvmawmhwmygyJ/ emvdu k w f m
uawmh wqwfqwfukd wkeo f mG ;wmygyJ/ emusiv f eG ;f vdYk olarSsS mrf eS ;f xm;wJh tpmawGudk rpm;
Edik af wmhygbl;/

55
 ]]onfae&mudk igaevdYk rjzpfygvm;}}qdw k hJ todvnf; 0ifvmNy/D
]]igh&UJ rdcifvufyaH wmBu;D udyk J jyefwmaumif;w,f/ igjyefr,f}}
owd&Ny;D rdcifvufyaH wmBu;D xJ jyefvmcJw h ,f/ trSejf rifowd&Ny;D jyefvmwJh opfawmuf
iSuu f kd olUrdwaf qG&if; opfawmufiu S af wGu 0rf;omtm;&BuKd wmaygh/
]]igrSm;oGm;w,f oli,fcsi;f wd?Yk olwpfyg; ae&ma'o[m b,favmufyJ tpma&pmaygayg
aysmpf &m b,favmufyaJ umif;aumif; rdcifae&ma'oavmuf pdwcf sr;f omud, k cf sr;f om rjzpfEikd bf ;l
qdw k m ighu, kd af wGUcHpm;ch&J wmygyJ/}}
olUtrSm;udk 0efcsawmif;yefaeawmh rdwaf qGawGu pdwrf aumif;Mubl;/ tMuifem rsuv f ;kH
av;awGeYJ u½kPmoufaeMuw,fav/
]]rMumcifrmS rif;&JUEIwo f ;D jyefaumif;oGm;rSmyguGm/ cktawmtwGi;f rif;bmrQ tm;ri,f
eJ?Y wdUk &SmauGs;r,f/ rif;EIwo f ;D aumif;oGm;wJt h cg wdaYk wGaysmaf ysmyf g;yg; jrL;xl;yso H ef;Muao;wm
ayghumG }}
rdwaf qGawGu tm;ay;Mu? ,k,Mu? MuifemMuav aemifw&&Su&f avoluawmh rdcif
vufyaH wmxJuaeNy;D wjcm;wpfae&m &Sm;awmbufukd tvnfusL;rdwYJ opfawmufiu S rf u kd f
uav;yguG,.f ../
a&eHo Y marmifausmfñeG Yf

33/ rqHk;wJh yHkjyif

wpfcgwkef;u tbdk;tdkwpfa,muf[m ollUajr;awGudk tdyf&m0ifyHkjyif ajymjyaew,f/

yHjk yifrajymcifrmS tbd;k tdu
k olUajr;awGukd pum;wpfceG ;f qH;k wdik ;f 0guswpfaMumif;qH;k wkid ;f ]]tif;}}vdYk
ajym&r,f/wu,fvYkd vdu k Nf y;D rajym&if yHjk yifukd qufrajymbJ &yfvu kd rf ,fvYkd rSmxm;w,f/ Ny;D awmh
tbd;k u ]]a&S;u v,form;wpfa,muf&w dS ,f}}vdYk tpcsND y;D ajymvdu k w f ,f/
'Dawmhem;axmifaewJh ajr;awGu ]]tif;}}vdYk jyefajymvdu k w f ,f/ wpfcgtbd;k u ]]tJ'D
v,form;[m v,fxrJ mS yJ wJx;kd Ny;D aew,f}}vdYk qufajymw,f/ em;axmifwahJ jr;rsm;uvnf;
]]tif;}}vdkY olwdkYem;axmifaeaMumif; odatmifjyefajymvdkufw,f/ aemufqufNyD;ajymvdkufyHk
uawmh... tbd;dk u
]]'Dv,form;&JU v,f[m jrpfev YJ nf; odyrf a0;bl;wJ}h } em;axmiforl sm;u ]]tif;}}
]]'gaMumifh v,fuav;u om,mw,f/}}
]]tif;}}
]]iSuuf av;awGuvnf; urf;pyfu opfyifawGrmS em;avh&w dS ,f/}}
]]tif;}}
]]urf;em;rSmu vrkyifvnf; &Sw d ,f? vrJyh ifvnf; &Sw d ,f/}}
]]tif;}}
56
]]urf;pyfrmS trsm;qH;k aygufaewmuawmh udik ;f yifawGy/J }}
]]tif;}}
]]'Duikd ;f yifawGrmS awmh pmuav;awGu pmbl;awmif; vkyNf y;D aeMuw,f}}
]]tif;}}
]]wcsKd Uuvnf; pmbl;awmif; rvkyw f wfvYkd rvkyMf ubl;? 'Dv d ykd J udik ;f yifawG&UJ t&Gucf aG wG
Mum;xJrmS xd;k tdyMf uw,f/}}
]]tif;}}
]]wpfaeYawmh v,form;&JU r,m;u iSuo f m;pm;csiw f ,fvYkd olUl a,mufsm;udk ylqmw,f}}
]]tif;}}
]]'DawmhwpfnrSm olUa,mufsm;u uGew f pfvufuq kd NJG y;D acsmif;urf;pyfu udik ;f awmbufukd
xGuo f mG ;w,f}}
]]tif;}}
]]pmuav;awGukd zrf;&wmu udik ;f yifrmS tdyaf ewJh pmuav;awGukd uGeef yYJ pfNy;D ig;zrf;ovdk
zrf;&wmrsKd ;}}
]]tif;}}
]]'geJY v,form;u uGeu f t kd omjzef?Y udik ;f yifawGay:udk tkyNf y;D ypfcsvu kd wf ,f/}}
]]tif;}}
]]'Dvu kd eG ef YJ tkyrf ad tmif ypfzrf;vdu k af wmh pmuav;awG trsm;Bu;D uGex f rJ mS rda&m }}
]]tif;}}
]]'geJY v,form;u uGeu f kd tomuav;rNy;D pmuav;wpfaumifukd zrf;vdu k wf ,f/}}
]]tif;}}
]]'gayrJh rrdb;l ? pmuav;u z½l;qdk ysx H u
G of mG ;w,f/}}
]]tif;}}
]]aemufwpfaumifzrf;vdu k jf yefa&m}}
]]tif;}}
]]pmuav;u z½l;qdk yso H mG ;jyefa&m}}
]]tif;}}
]]aemufwpfaumifzrf;jyefawmhvnf;}}
]]tif;}}
]]pmuav;u z½l;qdk ysx H u G o f mG ;jyefwmyJ}}
]]tif;}}
]]'geJY v,form;u pdwrf &Snb f J aemufwpfaumifukd zrf;vdu k jf yefw,f}}
]]tif;}}
]]pmuav;u z½l;qdk yso H mG ;w,f}}
]]tif;}}
57
]]aemufwpfaumifukd zrf;vdu k w
f ,f}}
]]tif;}}
]]pmuav;u z½l;qdk yso H mG ;w,f }}
]]tif;}}
]]aemufwpfaumif}}
]]tif;}}
]]z½l;qdk yso H mG ;w,f}}
]]tif;}}
]]aemufxyfNy;D zrf;awmhvnf;}}
]]tif;}}
]]pmuav;u z½l;qdk ysaH &m}}
]]tif;}}
]]'Dvekd YJ zrf;vdu k w f m}}
]]tif;}}
]]wpfcgzrf;vdu k }f }
]]tif;}}
]]z½l;qdk yso H mG ;vdu k }f }
]]tif;}}
]]aemufwpfcg z½l;qdk yso H mG ;vduk }f }
]]tif;}}
]]z½l;qdk ysv H ukd }f }
]]tif;}}
]]z½l;}}
]]tif;}}
]]z½l;}}
]]tif;}}
tJ'rD qH;k wJyh jkH yif[m b,fawmhrQ rqH;k bJ pmuav;yso H mG ;wJh z½l;qdw
k hJ toHukd tbd;k u
qdjk yvku kd f em;axmifwhJ uav;u ]]tif;}} vdu k f vdu
k ef UJ ...
aemufq;kH awmh ...
]]z½l;}}
]]tif;}}
]]z½l;}}
]]tif;}}eJY tif;vdu k w f hJ uav;awGvnf; ]]tif;}} rvdu
k Ef idk af wmhbJ tdyaf ysmo f mG ;MuowJu
h , G /f
(vlxOk ;D vS\rGeyf jkH yif)

58
 pum;xmrsm;

1/ ar; - EGm;Edw
Yk pfyef;uef wpfjynfv;kH vQ/H
ajz - vjynf0h ef;ESihf va&mif
2/ ar; - ESpaf ,mufwpfwJG aeYrmS cG?J nbufa&mufvQif jyefaygif;csif
ajz - wHcg;&Guf
3/ ar; - olUud½k u
kd af wmh csmcsmvnf? BuKd ;udk qGNJ y;D id&k mS w,f/
ajz - aMu;pnf
4/ ar; - tOD;vnf;pm; tpmvnf; r0? t&omvnf; r&S/d
ajz - a,mif;r
5/ ar; - aeYpOfpm;vdYk rukeEf ikd ?f ola&miga&mudik /f (ucsipf um;xm)
ajz - ZGe;f

59