Contents

DPFC

Table of Contents Page No.

Introduction 1

Technologies Yield Higher Performance at Lower Cost 2

Product Benefits 3

Performance Standards 4

Control Testing & Qualification Testing 5-6

Method of Manufacturing 7

Product Scope - Technical Data 8-11

Pipe Classification Selection 12

Pipe Dimensions 13

Couplings Dimensions 14

Fittings 15

Shipping, Handling and Storage 16-18

General Installation 19-21

Factors Affecting Installation 22

Pipe Joining 23-25

Field Hydrotest - G.R.P. Piping 26-28

Surge Water Hammers 29

Thrust Blocks, Concrete Encasement, Rigid Connections 30-32

Field Adjustments 33-34

Small Diameter Pipes 35-36

Environmental Guide for DPFC Pipe 37-38

WHITE
 Introduction
DPFC

Dubai Pipes Factory Co. is a Pipes and Fittings manufacturing firm located in Jebel Ali Industrial Area
in Dubai-United Arab Emirates.

The first commissioned production line is made for the manufacturing of Glass Reinforced Plastic Pipes
and Fittings upto and including 2400mm diameter. Continuous winding is the process utilized for the
GRP pipe production as per the Know How and Technology supplied from Flowtite Technology. All
manufacturing and testing equipment are of the latest version in the pipe technology supplied by
Flowtite Technology.

The GRP manufacturing, installation procedures, design, testing and qualifications are in accordance to
the Know How and Technology supply agreement between Dubai Pipes Factory Co. and Flowtite
Technology.

DPFC holds kitemark licenses that confirm the compliance of DPFC GRP pipes with requirement set by
international organizations such as ISO, BSI, EN and ASTM.

The second commissioned production line is made for the production of GRP pipes but using the Helical
Winding Process.

DPFC is quality committed and ISO 9001:2008 approved. DPFC is also committed to the Environment,
and our company is certified for complying with ISO 14001:2004 standard.

DPFC GRP pipe has been tested and approved for the conveyance of portable water. Testing and approval
are conducted by Water Regulations Advisory Scheme.

1
 Technologies Yield Higher Performance
at Lower Cost
DPFC

Lightweight, corrosion resistant and manufactured under strict quality standards, DPFC-GRP pipe is
available in over eight pressure classes and three stiffness classes. Diameters* up to 2400mm can be
supplied in standard length up to 12 meters, different pipe lengths could be manufactured depending on
client’s requirements.

Growing awareness of the operational cost savings and superior corrosion resistance offered by glass-
reinforced plastic pipe made by DPFC will result in its widespread application for the following :

● Water transmission and distribution (potable and raw water)

● Sanitary sewerage collection systems (gravity flow and force main)
● Storm water
● Effluent water
● Sea water intake and outfalls
● Circulating cooling water, make-up and blowdown lines for power plants
● Industrial applications
● Irrigation
● Odor control piping
● Oil field injection piping
● Fire fighting lines
● Ducting
● Slip lining for piping rehabilitation
● Insulated pipes for district cooling lines: core pipes as well as jacket pipes.

DPFC-GRP pipe delivers long, effective service life with low operating and maintenance costs. And
DPFC-GRP pipe is the lowest cost option upfront too !

*Diameter availability is dependent on manufacturing equipment.

2
 Product Benefits
DPFC
DPFC-GRP pipe is bringing a product to the market that can provide low cost, long-term piping solution
to the customers around the world. The long list of features and benefits add up to provide the optimum
installed and life cycle cost system.
Features
• Corrosion resistant materials.
• Double bell coupling joints
manufactured of corrosion resistant
glass fiber, and sealed with elastomeric
gaskets.
th
• Light-weight: 1/4 weight of ductile
iron and 1/10th of concrete pipe.
• Manufactured in long sections.
• Extremely smooth bore.
• Pipe specifications meet or exceed
worldwide standards.
• High technology pipe manufacturing system.
3
Benefits
• Long, effective service life.
• No need for expensive cathodic protection.
• No need for costly pipe coating, wrapping,
lining, painting, or use of polyethylene bags.
• Low maintenance costs.
• Hydraulic characteristics essentially remain
unchanged over time.
• Ease of joining helps reduce installation time.
• Tight, efficient joints designed to eliminate
infiltration and exfiltration.
• Costly joint diapers are not required.
• Allows for flexible alignment, accommodating
changes in line direction with fewer fittings.
• Easy to install. No need for expensive
handling equipment.
• Low delivery cost.
• Fewer joints reduce installation time.
• Low friction loss means less pumping
energy needed.
• Minimum slime build up can help lower
cleaning costs.
• Assures high quality product specification.
• Helps ensure consistent product quality.
 Performance Standards
DPFC

Standards developed by BSI, EN, ISO, ASTM and AWWA are applied to a variety of fiber
glass pipe applications including conveyance of sanitary sewage, water and industrial
waste. A thread common to all of the product performance based documents. This means
that all the required performance and testing of the pipe is specified.

designed to comply with these standards:

ISO 10467 Plastic Piping Systems for Pressure
and Non-pressure Drainage and Sewerage.
ISO 10639 Plastic Piping Systems for Pressure
and Non-pressure Water Supply.

AWWA
AWWA C950 is one of the most comprehensive
product standards in existence for fiberglass pipe.
This standard for pressure water applications has
extensive requirements for pipe and joints,
concentrating on quality control and prototype
qualification testing. Like ASTM standards, this
is a product performance standard. DPFC-GRP
pipe is designed to meet the performance
requirements of this standard. AWWA issued a
standard manual, M-45, which includes several
chapters on the design of GRP pipe for buried and
above ground installations.

AWWA C950 Fiberglass Pressure Pipe

ASTM AWWA M45 Fiberglass Pipe Design Manual
Currently, there are several ASTM Product
Standards in use which apply to a variety of
fiberglass pipe applications. All product standards
require the flexible joints to withstand hydrostatic
testing in configurations (per ASTM D4161) that
simulate exaggerated in-use conditions. These
standards include many tough qualification and
quality control tests. DPFC-GRP pipe is designed
to meet all of these ASTM standards.

ASTM D3262 Gravity Sewer

ASTM D3517 Pressure Pipe (Water)
ASTM D3754 Pressure Sewer

ISO
The International Standards Organisation (ISO)
established product standards that specify the
properties of piping system components made from
glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP). The
standards are applicable to GRP piping systems,
with flexible or rigid joints with or without thrust
blocks for water, drainage, or sewerage applications
with or without pressure. DPFC-GRP pipes are

4
 Control Testing & Qualification Testing
DPFC

Raw Materials requirements. The most important of these, and

Raw materials are delivered with vendor
certification demonstrating their compliance with
DPFC quality requirements. In addition, all raw
materials are sample tested prior to their use.
These tests ensure that the pipe materials comply
with the specifications as stated.
Pipe Physical Properties
The manufactured pipe’s hoop and axial load
strengths are verified on a routine basis. In
addition, pipe construction and composition are
confirmed.
Finished Pipe
All pipes are subjected to the following control
checks :
■ Visual inspection
■ Barcol hardness
■ Wall thickness
■ Section Length
■ Diameter
■ Hydrostatic leak tightness test.
On a sampling basis, the following control checks
are performed :
■ Pipe stiffness
generally specified at the same level of performance
in all the previously defined standards is joint,
initial ring deflection, long-term ring bending,
long-term pressure and strain corrosion capability.
DPFC-GRP pipe is rigorously tested to verify
conformance to the ASTM D3262, ASTM D3517,
AWWA C950, BS EN 1796 and 14364 requirements.
Strain Corrosion Testing
A unique and important performance requirement
for GRP gravity pipe used in sewer applications is
the chemical testing of the pipe in a deflected or
strained condition. This strain corrosion testing is
carried out in accordance with ASTM D3681, and
requires a minimum of 18 ring samples of the pipe
to be deflected to various levels and held constant.
These strained rings are then exposed at the
invert of the interior surface to 1.0N (5% by
weight) Sulphuric acid (see Figure 1). This is
intended to simulate a buried septic sewer
condition. This has been shown to be representative
of the worst sewer conditions including those
found in the Middle East, where many FLOWTITE
pipes (our know how supplier) have been
successfully installed.

■ Deflection without damage or structural failure
■ Axial and circumferential tensile load strength
■ Impact resistance
A common element shared by all standards is the
need for a pipe manufacturer to demonstrate
compliance with the standards minimum
performance requirements. In the case of GRP
pipe, these minimum performance requirements
fall into both short-term and long-term
Figure 1
The time to failure (leakage) for each test sample
is measured. The minimum extrapolated failure
strain at 50 or 60 years, using a least squares
regression analysis of the failure data, must equal
the values shown for each stiffness class in Table
1. The value achieved is then relatable to the pipe
design to enable prediction of safe installation
limitations for GRP pipe used for this type of
service.
Table 1

Threaded Rod
Steel Channel
Stiffness Class Scv. Strain %
1/4” Rubber Pad
SN2500 .49 (t/d)
Test Specimen
SN5000 .41 (t/d)
Resin Bond
and Steel SN10000 .34 (t/d)
Test Solution Flexible Dam
1/4” Rubber Pad

5
 Control Testing & Qualification Testing
DPFC
Hydrostatic Design Basis - HDB
Another important qualification test is the
establishment of the Hydrostatic Design Basis -
HDB. This test is carried out in accordance with
ASTM D2992 Procedure B and requires hydrostatic
pressure testing to failure (leakage) of many pipe
samples at a variety of very high constant pressure
levels. As in the previously described strain
corrosion test, the resulting data is evaluated on a
log-log basis for pressure (or hoop tensile strain)
vs. time to failure and then extrapolated to 50 or
60 years. The extrapolated failure pressure (strain)
at 50 or 60 years, referred to as the hydrostatic
design basis (strain) or HDB, must be at least 1.8
times the rated pressure class (strain at the rated
pressure) (see Figure 2).
In other words, the design criteria requires that
the average pipe be capable of withstanding a
constant pressure of 1.8 times the maximum
operating condition for 50 years. Due to combined
loading considerations, that is the interaction of
internal pressure and external soil loads; the
actual long-term factor of safety against pressure
failure alone is higher than 1.8. This qualification
test helps assure the long term performance of the
pipe in pressure service.
Figure 2
Log
Pressure
(strain) Test Results
HDB
PN
Rated Pressure Class
100 101 102 103
Log Time
Joint Testing
This important qualification test is conducted on
joint prototypes for elastomeric gasket sealed
couplings. This is a severe test carried out in
accordance with ASTM D4161. It incorporates
some of the most stringent joint performance
requirements in the piping industry for pipe of any
material within the pressure and size ranges of
DPFC pipe. ASTM D4161 requires these flexible
Continued
joints to withstand hydrostatic testing in
configurations that simulate very severe in-use
conditions. Pressures used are twice those rated
and 100KPa (1 bar) is used for gravity flow pipe.
Joint configurations include straight alignment,
maximum angular rotation and differential shear
loading. A partial vacuum test and some cyclical
pressure tests are also included.
Initial Ring Deflection
All pipes must meet the initial ring deflection
levels of no visual evidence of cracking or crazing
(Level A) and no structural damage to the pipe wall
(Level B) when vertically deflected between two
parallel flat plates or rods as shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Deflection Stiffness Class
Level* SN
2500 5000 10000
A 15% 12% 9%
B 25% 20% 15%
*Laboratory Test
*Different deflection values apply for higher stiffness classes
Long-Term Ring Bending
A GRP pipe’s long-term (50 or 60 years) ring
deflection or ring bending (strain) capability, when
exposed to an aqueous environment and under a
constant load, must meet the Level A deflection
level specified in the initial ring deflection test.
Extrapolation This expression of the requirement only exists in
ISO and EN standards. AWWA C950 requires the
test to be carried out, with the resulting 50-year
predicted value used in the pipe’s design. Pipes
104 105 50 Years
produced as per Flowtite technologies are tested
using the guidelines of ASTM D5365 “Long-Term
Ring Bending Strain of Fiberglass Pipe” and meet
the requirements.
6
 Method of Manufacturing
DPFC

Most of the DPFC-GRP pipes are mainly manufactured using the continuous advancing
process (Continuous Filament Winding) which represents the state of the art in GRP pipe
production.

This process allows the use of continuous glass fiber

Exterior Surface
reinforcements in the circumferential direction. For a
pressure pipe or buried conduit the principle stress is in Outer Structural Layer

the circumferential direction, thus incorporating Core

continuous reinforcements in this direction and not just Inner Structural Layer
chopped discontinuous roving such as in a centrifugal Barrier Liner

casting process, yields a higher performing product at Interior Liner

lower cost.

Using technology developed by material specialists, a very dense laminate is created that maximizes the contribution
from three basic raw materials. Both continuous glass fiber rovings and choppable rovings are incorporated for high
hoop strength and axial reinforcement. A sand fortifier is used to provide increased stiffness with placement near
the neutral axis, in the core. The process has the capability of applying a special inner resin liner for severe corrosive
applications while utilizing a less costly resin for the structural and outer portion of the laminate. (See section on
Environments for special resin applications).

Method of Manufacturing
DPFC filament winding machine represents the most advanced state of the art technology in use, and is the
foremost method of manufacturing glass fiber pipe. Simply, this manufacturing machine consists of a continuous
steelband mandrel supported in a cylindrical shape by beams.

As the beams turn, friction pulls the steel band around and roller bearings allow the band to move longitudinally
so that the entire mandrel moves continuously in a
spiral path towards the exit assembly. As the mandrel
rotates, all composite materials are metered onto it in
precise amounts. First, mould-release film, followed by
various forms and patterns of glass fibers, embedded in
a polyester resin matrix.

Inert filler can be interspersed within the structural

laminate for some products. It is the continuous
application of these materials onto the mandrel which
forms the pipe.

After the pipe has been formed on the mandrel it is

cured and later cut to required length.

7
 Product Scope-Technical Data
DPFC
Table 4
Diameters HOOP TENSILE LOAD CAPACITY
DPFC-GRP pipe can be supplied upto 2400 mm Diameter PN1 PN6 PN10 PN12 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32
DN (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm)
diameter. 300 60 366 609 731 975 1218 1522 1948
350 70 427 711 853 1137 1421 1776 2273
Lengths 400 80 488 812 975 1299 1624 2030 2598
The standard length of DPFC pipe is 12 meters for 450 90 549 914 1097 1462 1827 2284 2923

diameters over 300mm. Lengths of 6 and 18 500 100 609 1016 1218 1624 2030 2537 3247
600 120 731 1219 1462 1949 2436 3045 3897
meters are also available.
700 140 823 1371 1645 2193 2741 3427 4387
800 160 914 1523 1828 2436 3045 3806 4871
Load Capacity Values 900 180 1097 1828 2193 2924 3654 4567 5845
For design purposes the following values can be 1000 200 1189 1981 2376 3168 3959 4949 6335
used for hoop tensile and axial tensile load 1100 220 1280 2133 2559 3411 4263 5328 6820

capacity. 1200 240 1463 2437 2924 3898 4872 6089 7794
1300 260 1554 2590 3107 4142 5177 6472 8283
1400 280 1646 2742 3290 4385 5481 6851 8768
Hoop Tensile Load Capacity 1500 300 1828 3047 3655 4873 NA NA NA
Minimum initial hoop (circumferential) load, N 1600 320 1920 3199 3838 5116 NA NA NA
per mm of lengths are shown in Table 4. 1700 340 2011 3351 4021 5360 NA NA NA
1800 360 2194 3656 4386 5847 NA NA NA

Axial Tensile Load Capacity 1900 380 2285 3808 4569 6091 NA NA NA
2000 400 2377 3960 4752 6334 NA NA NA
Minimum initial axial (longitudinal) load, N per
2100 420 2468 4113 4935 6578 NA NA NA
mm of circumference are shown in Table 5. 2200 440 2560 4265 5117 6822 NA NA NA
2300 460 2743 4570 5483 7309 NA NA NA
Fittings and Accessories 2400 480 2925 4874 5848 7796 NA NA NA
All commonly used fittings or accessories can be
Table 5
supplied such as bends, tees, wyes and reducers.
AXIAL TENSILE LOAD CAPACITY
Diameter PN1 PN6 PN10 PN12 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32
Stiffness Class DN (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm) (N/mm)
300 95 115 140 143 150 170 190 220
DPFC-GRP pipe can be supplied to the following
350 100 125 150 155 165 190 215 253
specific initial stiffness (EI/D3) are shown in Table 3.
400 105 130 160 168 185 210 240 285
450 110 140 175 185 205 235 265 315
Table 3 500 115 150 190 200 220 250 290 345
600 125 165 220 232 255 295 345 415
Stiffnes Class N/m2 700 135 180 250 263 290 340 395 475

SN 2500 2500 800 150 200 280 295 325 380 450 545
900 165 215 310 325 355 420 505 620
SN 5000 5000 1000 185 230 340 357 390 465 555 685
1100 195 245 360 382 425 513 610 723
SN 10000 10000 1200 205 260 380 407 460 560 660 760
1300 215 275 400 432 495 595 710 875
1400 225 290 420 457 530 630 760 990
1500 238 305 440 482 565 NA NA NA
1600 250 320 460 507 600 NA NA NA
1700 263 335 480 532 635 NA NA NA
1800 275 350 500 557 670 NA NA NA
1900 288 365 520 582 705 NA NA NA
2000 300 380 540 607 740 NA NA NA
2100 313 395 560 373 775 NA NA NA
2200 325 410 580 387 810 NA NA NA
2300 338 425 600 400 845 NA NA NA
Note: Data for DN below 300 are available in page 36 of this document. 2400 350 440 620 707 880 NA NA NA

8
 Product Scope-Technical Data Continued

DPFC

Presssure service life of GRP pipe. The outermost surface

Pressure classes of GRP Pipe shall be selected will be affected with discoloring of the surface
from the series listed in Table 6. Not all pressure observed. If so desired, the installing contractor
classes are available in all diameters and may paint the exterior surface of pipe with a two-
stiffness. part urethane paint compatible with GRP.
However, this will then become an item requiring
Table 6 future maintenance.
Pressure Class Pressure Rating Upper diameter
PN Bar Limit, mm Poisson's Ratio
Poisson’s ratio is influenced by the pipe
1 (gravity) 1 2400
construction. For DPFC pipe, the ratio for hoop
6 6 2400 (circumferential) loads and axial response ranges
9 9 2400 from 0.22 to 0.29. For axial loading and
circumferential response Poisson’s ratio will be
10 10 2400 slightly less.
12 12 2400
Thermal Coefficient
16 16 2400
The thermal coefficient of axial expansion and
20 20 1400 contraction for GRP pipe is 24 to 30 x 10-6
25 25 1400 cm/cm/0C.
32 32 1400

The pipe’s pressure ratings have been established

in accordance with the design approach outlined
in AWWA M-45, Fiberglass Pipe Design Manual.
Pipes are pressure rated at full operating pressure
even when buried to the maximum depth
recommended. To insure the long service life for
which DPFC pipe is designed, the following
capabilities should be noted and observed in
service.

Hydrotesting
Standard Factory
2 x PN (for 30 sec. or
Test Pressure 1.5 x PN for 5 min.)
Maximum Field
Test Pressure 1.5 x PN (Pressure Class)
Surge
Maximum Pressure 1.4 x PN (Pressure Class)

Flow Velocity
Maximum recommended flow velocity is 3.0m/sec.
Velocities of up to 4m/sec. can be used if the water
is clean and contains no abrasive material.

UV Resistance
There is no evidence to suggest that ultraviolet
degradation is a factor that affects the long-term

9
 Product Scope-Technical Data Continued

DPFC

Flow Coefficients angular joint deflection must be reduced to the

Based on tests carried out over a 3-year period on levels noted in Table 8.
Flowtite pipe, the Colebrook-White coefficient may
Table 7
be taken as 0.029mm. This corresponds to a Hazen
Angular Deflection of DPFC-Flowtite Coupling
Williams flow coefficient of approximately C=150.
Joint

To assist the designer in estimating the head-loss Nom. Max. Max. Min.Radius
Pipe Angle of Offset (mm) of Curvature
associated with using DPFC pipe, Figures 3 & 4 Diameter Deflection Pipe Length Pipe Length
have been provided, when using the chart, to (mm) (deg) 3m 6m 12m 3m 6m 12m
estimate the head loss for pipes not specifically DN ≤ 500 3 157 314 628 57 115 229
noted on the charts (due to slight inside diameter 500 < DN ≤ 900 2 105 209 419 86 172 344
variances), the error will be less than 7% for flow 900 < DN ≤ 1800 1 52 105 209 172 344 688
velocities between 1 and 3 meters per second. 1800 > DN 0.5 26 52 78 344 688 1376
Contact us for more detailed information, if
needed.
Table 8
High Pressure (>16 bar)
Abrasion Resistance Nom. Pipe Diameter Max. Angle of Deflection
Abrasion resistance can be related to the effects (mm) (deg.)
20 bar 25 bar 32 bar
that sand or other similar material may have on
the interior surface of the pipe. While there is no DN ≤ 500 2.5 2.0 1.5
widely standardized testing procedure or ranking 500 < DN ≤ 900 1.5 1.3 1.0
method, GRP pipe has been evaluated by using 900 < DN ≤ 1800 0.8 0.5 0.5
the Darmstadt Rocker method. Results will be
highly influenced by the type of abrasive material
used in the test. Using gravel which was obtained
from the same source as that used at Darmstadt
University, the average abrasion loss of DPFC-
GRP pipe is 0.34mm at 100,000 cycles.

Joint Angular Deflection

The joint is extensively tested and qualified in
accordance with ASTM D4161.

Maximum angular deflection (turn) at each coupling

joint, considering both combined vertical and
horizontal, measured at the change in adjacent pipe
center lines, must not exceed the amounts given in
Table 7. The pipes must be joined in straight
alignment, but not all the way to the home line, and
thereafter deflected angularly as required.

When the DPFC-GRP pipe system will be operated

at pressures exceeding 16 bar, the allowable

10
 Product Scope-Technical Data Continued

DPFC

Figure 3

Figure 4

11
 Pipe Classsification Selection
DPFC

The selection of DPFC-GRP pipe is based on
stiffness and pressure class requirements.
Stiffness
The stiffness of DPFC pipe is selected from one of
the three stiffness classes listed below. The
stiffness class represents the pipe’s minimum
initial specific stiffness (EI/D3) in N/m2 as shown
in Table 9.
diameters, the maximum allowable cover depths,
with consideration for traffic loads, for the three
different stiffness classes in the six native soil
groups are given in Table 19.
The correlation between the backfill soil modulus
and different backfill soil types at four different
levels of relative compaction may be found in
Table 20.

The second parameter for pipe stiffness class

Table 9
selection is negative pressure, if it exists. Table 18
Stiffness Class
on page 21 of this brochure shows which stiffness
SN N/m2 to select for various amounts of negative pressure
2500 2500 and burial depths for average native and backfill
5000 5000 soil conditions.
10000 10000
The stiffness selected should be the higher of that
determined to suit negative pressure and burial
Stiffness is selected according to two parameters.
conditions.
These are : (1) burial conditions, which include
native soil, type of backfill, cover depth, loads on Installation Types
the top of pipes and (2) negative pressure, if it The illustrations on page 21 show four standard
exists. installation types commonly used with DPFC-
GRP Pipe.
The native soil characteristics are rated according
to ASTM D1586 Standard Penetration Test. Some DPFC-GRP pipe can be installed in a number of
typical soil blow count values relative to soil types different situations including above ground, sub-
and density are given in Table 10. aqueous, trenchless and sloped applications.
These applications often require more initial
A wide range of backfill soil types are offered in planning and more design considerations than the
standard buried pipe installation. Specific
Table 17 to allow each installation to be customized
instructions have been developed and could be
providing the most economical cost. In many
provided when needed.
instances, the native trench soils can be used as
pipe zone backfill.

Assuming standard trench construction, and an

allowable long-term deflection of 5% for pipe
diameters 300mm and larger, and 4% for smaller

Table 10 Native Soil Group Classification

Non-Cohesive Soils Cohesive Soils

Native Soil Blow E1n value Description Friction Description Unconfined Comp.
Group Counts (Mpa) (degrees) Strength Group (kPa)
1 >15 34.5 compact 33 very stiff 192-384
2 8 - 15 20.7 slightly compact 30 stiff 96-192
3 4-8 10.3 loose 29 medium 48-96
4 2-4 4.8 very loose 28 soft 24-48
5 1-2 1.4 very loose 27 very soft 12-24
6 0-1 0.34 very, very loose 26 very, very soft 0-12

12
 Nominal Spigot Outer Wall Thickness (e) Min. Wall Thickness (e) Min. Wall Thickness (e) Min.
Diameter Diameter SN 2,500 STIS SN 5,000 STIS SN 10,000 STIS

DPFC
DN DOS DOS PN1- PN PN PN PN PN PN Weight* PN1- PN PN PN PN PN PN Weight* PN1- PN PN PN PN PN PN Weight*
Max Min PN6 10 12 16 20 25 32 (kg/ PN6 10 12 16 20 25 32 (kg/ PN6 10 12 16 20 25 32 (kg/mtr)
mtr) mtr)
300 324.5 323.5 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 NA NA 8 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.9 NA 10 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.9 13
350 376.4 375.4 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 NA NA 11 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.5 NA 14 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.7 18
400 427.3 426.3 5.5 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.1 NA NA 15 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.1 NA 18 8.2 8.2 8.2 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.4 23
450 478.2 477.2 6.2 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 NA NA 19 7.7 7.2 7.1 6.8 6.8 6.7 NA 23 9.2 9.2 9.1 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.2 29
500 530.1 529.1 6.8 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.1 NA NA 23 8.6 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.3 NA 28 10.2 10.2 10.0 9.4 9.2 9.1 9.1 36
600 617.0 616.0 8.0 7.2 7.0 6.9 6.9 NA NA 31 9.8 9.1 8.8 8.6 8.4 8.4 NA 39 11.9 11.9 11.0 10.9 10.6 10.3 10.2 48
700 719.0 718.0 9.1 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.8 NA NA 42 11.3 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.6 9.5 NA 53 13.9 13.9 13.2 12.5 12.1 11.9 11.7 66
800 821.0 820.0 10.3 9.3 9.1 8.8 8.8 NA NA 55 12.7 11.8 11. 11.1 10.8 10.7 NA 68 15.7 15.7 15.1 14.2 13.7 13.4 13.2 85
900 923.0 922.0 11.5 10.3 10.0 9.8 9.7 NA NA 69 14.2 13.4 12.8 12.3 12.0 11.9 NA 87 17.5 17.5 16.8 15.8 15.3 14.9 14.7 107
1000 1025.0 1024.0 12.7 11.3 11.0 10.7 10.7 NA NA 85 15.6 14.7 14.2 13.5 13.2 13.1 NA 107 19.4 19.4 18.6 17.4 16.8 16.4 16.2 132
1100 1127.0 1126.0 13.9 12.4 12.0 11.7 11.6 NA NA 104 17.1 16.1 15.5 14.8 14.4 14.3 NA 130 21.4 21.4 20.4 19.1 18.4 17.9 17.7 161
1200 1229.0 1228.0 15.0 13.4 13.0 12.7 12.5 NA NA 122 18.5 17.5 16.8 16.0 15.6 15.5 NA 152 23.2 23.2 22.1 20.7 19.9 19.5 19.2 190
Pipe Dimensions

1300 1331.0 1330.0 16.2 14.4 14.0 13.6 13.5 NA NA 145 20.1 18.8 18.1 17.2 16.8 16.7 NA 180 25.0 25.0 23.9 22.3 21.5 21.0 20.6 224

13
1400 1433.0 1432.0 17.3 15.4 15.0 14.6 14.4 NA NA 166 21.6 20.2 19.4 18.5 18.0 17.9 NA 207 26.9 26.9 25.6 23.9 23.1 22.5 22.1 258
1500 1535.0 1534.0 18.4 16.4 16.0 15.5 NA NA NA 191 23.1 21.5 20.7 19.7 NA NA NA 240 28.6 28.6 27.4 25.6 NA NA NA 297
1600 1637.0 1636.0 19.6 17.5 16.9 16.5 NA NA NA 215 24.5 22.9 21.9 20.9 NA NA NA 269 30.5 30.5 29.1 27.2 NA NA NA 336
1700 1739.0 1738.0 21.0 18.5 17.9 17.4 NA NA NA 246 26.0 24.3 23.2 22.2 NA NA NA 306 32.3 32.3 30.9 28.8 NA NA NA 380
1800 1841.0 1840.0 22.1 19.5 18.9 18.4 NA NA NA 272 27.5 25.6 24.6 23.4 NA NA NA 340 34.2 34.2 32.7 30.5 NA NA NA 424
1900 1943.0 1942.0 23.2 20.5 19.9 19.3 NA NA NA 306 28.9 27.0 25.9 24.6 NA NA NA 381 36.0 36.0 34.4 32.1 NA NA NA 475
2000 2045.0 2044.0 24.4 21.6 20.9 20.3 NA NA NA 335 30.3 28.4 27.2 25.8 NA NA NA 418 37.8 37.8 36.2 33.7 NA NA NA 525
2100 2147.0 2146.0 25.6 22.6 21.9 21.2 NA NA NA 373 31.8 29.7 28.5 27.1 NA NA NA 464 39.7 39.7 37.9 35.3 NA NA NA NA
2200 2249.0 2248.0 26.7 23.6 22.8 22.2 NA NA NA 409 33.3 31.1 29.8 28.3 NA NA NA 509 41.5 41.5 39.6 36.9 NA NA NA NA
2300 2351.0 2350.0 27.9 24.6 23.8 23.1 NA NA NA 446 34.7 32.5 31.0 29.5 NA NA NA 555 43.3 43.3 41.4 38.6 NA NA NA NA
2400 2453.0 2452.0 29.1 25.6 24.8 24.1 NA NA NA 481 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 45.1 45.1 43.2 40.2 NA NA NA NA

Measurements in mm unless otherwise noted.

*Pipe weights are based primarily on Class PN6, which is the heaviest product.
Pipe dimensions may vary from these values in some countries, dependent on local standards and practices.
For Smaller Diameter pipes, details are available in page 36.
 Nominal Outer
CD KL
Diameter Diameter Weight**

DPFC
DOS PN1- PN PN PN PN PN PN PN1- PN PN PN PN PN PN (kgs/unit)
DN
Max PN6 10 12 16 20 25 32 PN6 10 12 16 20 25 32
300 324.5 367 368 369.0 367* 385* 385* 390* 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 12
350 376.4 419 420 421.0 422 432* 432* 437* 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 14
400 427.3 469 471 472.0 473 483 483 484 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 16
450 478.2 520 522 523.0 524 534 534 534 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 18
500 530.1 572 574 574.0 576 586 586 586 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 20
600 617.0 665 667 667.0 669 679 679 679 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 32
700 719.0 768 770 770.0 774 784 784 792 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 40
800 821.0 870 873 874.0 879 889 889 909 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 47
900 923.0 972 977 977.0 983 993 1000 1020* 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 55
1000 1025.0 1075 1080 1081.0 1087 1097 1109 1128* 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 63
1100 1127.0 1176 1181 1184.0 1188 1190 1188* 1225* 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 71
1200 1229.0 1280 1284 1287.0 1291 1301 1313* 1330* 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 74
1300 1331.0 1381 1387 1390.0 1393 1404 1422* 1437* 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 86

14
1400 1433.0 1485 1490 1493.0 1499 1510 1525* 1542* 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 91
1500 1535.0 1586 1593 1596.0 1602 NA NA NA 330 330 330 330 NA NA NA 108
1600 1637.0 1689 1696 1699.0 1706 NA NA NA 330 330 330 330 NA NA NA 119
Couplings Dimensions

1700 1739.0 1791 1798 1802.0 NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA 105***

1800 1841.0 1894 1902 1905.0 NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA 107***
1900 1943.0 1996 2003 2009.0 NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA 120***
2000 2045.0 2099 2107 2112.0 NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA 127***
2100 2147.0 2200 2209 NA NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA 136***
2200 2249.0 2303 2312 NA NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA 145***
2300 2351.0 2405 2414 NA NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA 154***
2400 2453.0 2508 2517 NA NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA 163***

Measurements in mm unless otherwise noted.

*Dimensions are only approximate. Couplings are overwrapped to achieve the rated pressure.
**PN16
***PN10
 Fittings
DPFC

Fittings
DPFC-GRP has created a standardized line of GRP fittings that are molded or
fabricated using the same materials that are used to produce GRP pipe. One of the
benefits of DPFC-GRP pipe is the ability to fabricate a wide assortment of fittings,
standard as well as non-standard.

Elbows

Wyes Tees

Eccentric Reducers Concentric Reducers

Flanges Saddles

15
 Shipping, Handling and Storage
DPFC

Inspecting Pipe Pipes packages may be handled

All pipes should be inspected upon receipt at the
job site to ensure that no damage has occurred in
transit. Re-inspection of the pipe just prior to
installation is advisable. Inspect the shipment
upon delivery, as follows:
1. Make an overall inspection of the load. If the
load is intact, ordinary inspection while
unloading will normally be sufficient to make
sure the pipe has arrived without damage.
2. If the load has shifted or indicates rough
treatment, carefully inspect each pipe section
for damage. Generally, an exterior inspection
will be sufficient to detect any damage.
3. If any imperfection or damage is found,
immediately segregate the affected pipes and
contact DPFC.
4. Do not use pipe that appears damaged or
defected.
Repairing Pipe
Normally, pipes with minor damage can be repaired
quickly and easily at the job site by a qualified
individual. If in doubt about the condition of the
pipe, do not use the pipe. The Field Service
Representative can help you determine whether
repair is required and whether it is possible and
practical. He can obtain the appropriate repair
specification and arrange for the required materials
and a trained repair technician, if desired. Repair
designs can vary greatly due to pipe thickness, wall
composition, application, and type and extent of
damage. Therefore, do not attempt to repair a
damaged pipe without consulting DPFC first.
Improper repaired pipes may not perform as
intended.
using a pair of slings as shown in Figure 5.
1/
4 xL 1/
2 xL 1/
4 xL
Figure 5
Single Pipes:
Single pipes must be unloaded and handled
separately (one at a time). Use pliable straps,
slings or ropes to lift single pipes. Do not use steel
cables or chains to lift or transport the pipe. Pipe
sections can be lifted with only one support point
(Figure 6) although two support points placed as
in Figure 7 make the pipe easier to control. Do not
lift pipes by passing a rope through the section
end to end. See page 13 & 14 for appropriate
weights of standard pipes and couplings. If at any
time during handling or installation of the pipe,
any damage such as gouge, crack, or fracture
occurs, the pipe should be repaired before the
section is installed. Contact DPFC for inspection
of damage and for recommendation for repair
method or disposal. See previous section on
Repairing Pipe.

Unloading and Handling Pipe

Unloading the pipe is the responsibility of the
customer. Be sure to maintain control of the pipe
during unloading. Guide ropes attached to pipes or
packages will enable easy manual control when
lifting and handling. Spreader bars may be used
when multiple support locations are necessary. Do
not drop, impact, or bump the pipe, particularly at
ends.

16
 Shipping, Handling and Storage Continued

DPFC

abrupt changes of curvature are not permitted.

Storing of pipes outside these limitations may
result in damage to the pipes.

Figure 6
Lifting Pipe at One Support Point

Figure 8

Table 16
Maximum Storage Deflections
1/
4 xL 1/
2 xL 1/
4 xL Maximum Deflection
Stiffness Class SN (% of Diameter)
2500 2.5
5000 2.0
10000 1.5
Figure 7
Lifting Pipe at Two Support Points Storing Gaskets and Lubricant
Rubber ring gaskets, when shipped separate from
Storing Pipe the couplings, must be protected from exposures to
It is generally advantageous to store pipes on flat grease or oils, which are petroleum derivatives,
timber to facilitate placing and removal of lifting and from solvents and other deleterious
slings around the pipe. When storing pipe directly substances.
on the ground, be sure that the area is relatively
flat and free of rock and other potentially damaging
debris. All pipes should be chocked to prevent
rolling in high winds.

If it is necessary to stack pipes, it is best to stack

on flat timber supports at maximum 6 meter
spacing (3 meter for small diameter) with chocks
(See Figure 8).

Insure the stack will be stable for conditions such

as high winds, un-level storage area or other
horizontal loads. Maximum stack height is
approximately 3 meters. Stacking of pipes larger
than 1400mm diameter is not recommended.
Maximum diametrical deflection must not exceed
the values in Table 16. Bulges, flat areas or other

17
 Shipping, Handling and Storage Continued

DPFC

Transporting Pipe
If it is necessary to transport pipes at the job site,
support all pipe sections on flat timber spaced on
a maximum of 4 meters centers (3 meter for small
diameter) with 2 meters maximum overhang.
Chock the pipes to maintain stability and
separation (Figure 9). Strap pipe to the vehicle
over the support points using pliable straps or
Control
rope –never use steel cables or chains without Rope
adequate padding to protect the pipe from abrasion. Figure 10

will be specified for each project.

4. Package removal and de-nesting of the inside
pipe(s) is best accomplished at a de-nesting
station. Typically, this consists of three or four
fixed cradles to fit the outside diameter of the
largest pipe of the bundle. Inside pipes, starting
with the smallest size may be removed by
lifting slightly with an inserted paddle boom to
suspend the section and carefully move it out
the bundle without touching the other pipes
Figure 9 (Figure 11). When weight, length and/or other
equipment limitations preclude the use of this
Handling Nested Pipes
method, procedures for sliding the inside pipe(s)
Pipes to be shipped long distances may be nested
out of the bundle will be recommended for each
(smaller diameter pipes inside of larger sizes) to
project.
reduce the transportation cost. These pipes
generally have special packaging and may require
non-standard procedures for un-loading, handling,
storing and transporting. Non-standard practices,
if required, will be supplied prior to shipment.
Regardless, the following general procedures
should always be followed:
1. Always lift the nested bundle using at least two
pliable straps (Figure 10). Limitations, if any,
for spacing between straps and lifting locations
will be specified for each project. Insure that Figure 11
the lifting slings have sufficient capacity for the
bundle weight. This may be calculated from the
approximate pipe weights given in page 13.
2. Nested pipes are usually best stored in the
transport packaging. Stacking of these packages
is not advisable unless otherwise specified.
3. Nested pipe bundles can only be safely
transported in the original transport packaging.
Special requirements, if any, for support,
configuration and/or strapping to the vehicle

18
 General Installation
DPFC
Long life and the good performance characteristics of
GRP pipe can only be achieved by proper handling and
installation of the pipe. It is important for the owner,
engineer and contractor to understand that glass-
reinforced plastic (GRP) pipe is designed to utilize the
bedding and pipe zone backfill support that will result
from recommended installation procedures. Engineers
have found through considerable experience that properly
compacted granular materials are ideal for backfilling
GRP pipe. Together, the pipe and embedment material
form a high performance “pipe-soil system”.
The following information is a partial review of installation
procedures; it is not intended to replace the installation
instructions which must be followed for any project.
Trenching
Details of a standard trench must always be wide enough
to permit placement and compaction of the pipe zone
backfill materials and provide proper pipe support. The
depth of cover charts presented in this brochure are
based on an assumed trench width 1.75 times the pipe’s
nominal diameter. Widths down to 1.5 times DN may be
achievable, however the burial limits will be affected.
Consult us if your conditions will vary from these
assumptions.
Bedding
The trench bed, of suitable material, should provide
uniform and continuous support for the pipe.
Backfill Materials
To ensure a satisfactory pipe-soil system, correct backfill
material must be used. Most coarse grained soils (as
classified by the Unified Soils Classification system) are
Table 17
Backfill Soil Descripion
Type
A Crushed stone and gravel, < 12% fines
B Gravel with sand, sand, < 12% fines
C Silty gravel and sand, 12 - 35% fines, LL < 40%
D Silty, clayey sand, 35 - 50% fines, LL < 40%
E Sandy, clayey silt, 50 - 70% fines, LL < 40%
F Low plasticity fine-grained soils, LL < 40%
19
acceptable bedding and pipe zone backfill material.
Where the instructions permit the use of native soil as
backfill, care should be taken to ensure that the material
does not include rocks, soil clumps, debris, frozen or
organic material. Table 17 identifies acceptable backfill
soils.
Standard Trench Details
Minimum Width Trench
Dimension “A” is a minimun of .75* DN/2
Provide 100 to 200 mm bedding below the pipe
Checking the Installed Pipe
After installation of each pipe, the maximum diametrical
vertical deflection must be checked. With DPFC-GRP
pipe this procedure is fast and easy.
Installed Diametrical Deflection
The maximum allowable initial diametrical deflection
(typically vertical) shall be 3% for diameters 300mm and
larger, and max 5% is the long-term allowable deflection.
These values will apply to all stiffness classes.
Bulges, flat areas or other abrupt changes of pipe wall
curvature are not permitted. Pipe installed outside of
these limitations may not perform as intended.
Unified Soil Classification
Designation, ASTM D2487
GW, GP, GW- GP - GM
GW - GC, GP - GC, SW, SP,
SW-SM, SP-SM, SW-SC, SP-SC
GM, GC, GM - GC, SM, SC, SM - SC
GM, GC, GM - GC, SM, SC, SM - SC
CL, ML, CL - ML
CL, ML, CL - ML
 General Installation Continued

DPFC

INSTALLATION TYPE 1
■ Carefully constructed bed
■ Backfill 70% relative Density
Gravel
■ Backfill compacted to 300mm
over pipe crown
Negative Pressure:
Allowable negative pressure is a function of:
(1) Pipe stiffness.
(2) Burial depth, and
(3) Type of installation.
Table 18 are given max. burial depth, based on
average native soil & backfill soil condition

High water table:

INSTALLATION TYPE 2
■ Backfill to 60% of pipe
diameter with gravel or sand
(primary pipe zone)
■ Backfill from 60% to 300 mm
over the pipe crown with
compactible native soil
compacted to 90% Standard
Proctor
A minimum of 0.75 diameter of earth cover
(minimum dry soil bulk density of 1900Kg/m3) is
required to prevent an empty submerged pipe from
floating. Alternatively, the installation may
proceed by anchoring the pipes. If anchoring is
proposed, restraining straps must be a flat
material, minimum 25mm wide, placed at
maximum 4.0m intervals.

Traffic:
All pipe zone backfill material should be compacted
to grade level when traffic loads are to be present.
Minimum cover restrictions maybe reduced with
special installations such as concrete encasement,
concrete cover slabs, casings, etc. (See Table 21)

Table 18 Negative Pressure

Native Soil Group 3 (E’n = 10.3 Mpa)
Backfill Type C at 90% SPD (E’b = 14 Mpa)
Water Table Below Pipe
Standard Trench Installation

20
 General Installation Continued

DPFC

Table 19

Table 21

Table 20

21
 Factors Affecting Installation
DPFC

A. Depth of Cover:
Maximum allowable depth of
Traffic Load cover is affected by:
• Backfill soil modules
• Trench width
Fill-to-Grade • Native soil modules
• Traffic load
• Pipe stiffness
Native Soil
• Water table elevation
A.
• Negative pressure
Backfill B. Pipe Diameter (DN)
Material DN Determines:
• Bedding depth
DPFC
GRP
• Trench width
C. Pipe Zone:
The area from the bottom of
Operating the bedding to 300mm over
Pressure E. the crown of the pipe is defined
Negative
as the pipe zone.
Pressure D. D. Compacted Backfill:
The soil modules, E’b, of the
Geologic backfill material depends on
Conditions B. type and degree of compaction.
C. E. Trench Width:
F. Minimum trench width is a
Haunching
function of pipe diameter.
Standard Width = 1.75 x DN.
Bedding F. Side Clearance:
G. Sufficient side clearance must
be allowed to permit specified
Water Table
compaction of haunching and
backfill soil.
G. Depth of Bedding:
The compacted bedding for the
pipe is calculated as DN/4 with
a maximum depth of 150 mm.

Installation Types Compact backfill

from 60% of DN to
Type 1 (full embedment) Type 1a (full embedment) Type 2 (split 300mm over pipe
embedment) crown, compacted,
Fill to grade Fill to grade if necessary, to
with native soil with native soil achieve a minimum
modulus of 1.4 mPa

Compacted Compacted
backfill as backfill as Compacted
specified from specified from backfill as
bedding to bedding to specified from
300 mm over pipe crown bedding to 60%
pipe crown of pipe diameter

Installation Design Process

RECORD DATA:
1. Define diameter Effluent: DN:
2. Select pressure class PN:
3. Define native soil classification Group:
4. Check minimum depth of cover and operating pressure OK?
5. Check minimum depth of cover for traffic load OK?
6. Define native pressure (vacuum) Negative pressure (Vacuum):
7. Select trench type Type (full or split):
8. Check allowable burial depth and select SN and E’b SN: E’b:
9. Select alternate trench construction, if necessary Alternative:
10. Select backfill soil type and degree of compaction Type: %:

22
 Pipe Joining
DPFC

Joining pipes
DPFC-GRP pipe sections are typically joined using GRP double bell couplings. Pipe and
coupling will be supplied separately.

Other joining systems such as flanges, mechanical couplings and lay-up joints may also be
used with DPFC-GRP pipe.

Double Bell Coupling equally above the top of the groove around the
The following steps apply to all double whole circumference.
bell coupling joining procedures:
Tapping with a rubber mallet will be helpful to
Step 1: Clean Coupling accomplish the above.

Thoroughly clean double bell coupling grooves Step 3: Lubricate Gaskets

and rubber gasket rings to make sure no dirt or Next,using a clean cloth, apply a thin film of
oil is present (Figure 12). lubricant to the rubber gaskets (Figure 14).

Figure 12 Figure 14

Step 2: Install Gaskets

Insert the gasket into the grooves, leaving two or
more uniform loops of rubber (depending on
diameter) extending out of the groove. Do not put
any lubricant in the groove or on the gasket at this
stage. There should be a minimum of one loop for
each 450mm of gasket ring circumference
(Figure 13).
Step 4: Clean and Lubricate Spigots
Thoroughly clean pipe spigots to remove any dirt,
grit, grease, etc. Using a clean cloth, apply a thin
film of lubricant to the spigots from the end of the
pipe to the black positioning stripe. After
lubricating, take care to keep the coupling and
spigot clean (Figure 15).

Figure 13 Figure 15
With uniform pressure, push each loop of the
Caution: It is very important to use only the
rubber gasket into the gasket groove. When
correct lubricant. Never use a petroleum based
installed, pull carefully on the gasket in the radial
lubricant.
direction around the whole circumference to check
for well-distributed compression of the gasket.
Check also that both sides of the gasket protrude

23
 Pipe Joining Continued

DPFC

Step 5: Fixing of Clamps
Clamp A is fixed anywhere on first pipe or left in
position from previous joint. Fix Clamp B on the
pipe to be connected in the correct position relative
to the alignment stripe on the spigot-end (home-
line) so as to act as a stopper (Figure 16).
Figure 16
coupling. While these are held in position the new
pipe is entered into the coupling until it rests
against the pipe clamp. Come-along jack might
need protective blanket under it in order not to
touch against the pipe (Figure 17).
Note: Approximate joining force 1 kg/mm of
diameter.

Figure 18

Note: The mechanical installation clamp is to act

both as a stopper to position the coupling and as a
device on which to attach the pulling (come-along
jacks) equipment. Clamp contact with the pipe
shall be padded or otherwise protected to prevent
damage to the pipe and to have high friction
resistance with the pipe surface. If clamps are not
available, nylon slings or rope may be used as in
Figure 17, but care must be taken in the alignment
of the coupling. A pipe clamp has the advantage of
acting as a stopper. However, if not available,
insert the pipe spigots until the home-line
(alignment stripe) aligns with the coupling edge.
Figure 17
Step 8: Join Pipes
Come-along jacks are loosened and timbers
removed before re-tightening the jacks for entering
the coupling onto the previously connected pipe.
Check the correct position of the edge of the
coupling to the alignment stripe (Figure 18).
Note: When step 8 has been completed, Clamp-B
is left in position while Clamp A is moved on to the
next pipe to be joined.

Figure 19

Step 6: Pipe Placement

The pipe to be connected is placed on the bed with
sufficient distance from previously joined pipe to
allow lowering the coupling into position.

Step 7: Join Coupling

Come-along jacks are installed to connect the pipe
clamps and two 10cm x 10cm timbers or similar
(larger diameters require a bulkhead) are placed
between the pipe previously connected and the

24
 Pipe Joining Continued

DPFC

Flanged Joints Control of bolting torque with these couplings is

GRP flanges should be joined according to the most important. After initial bolt up, the coupling
following procedure: (Figure 20) should be rapped with a rubber mallet to help seat
1. Thoroughly clean the flange face. and flow the gasket. Bolt torque should then be
2. Ensure the gasket is clean and
adjusted up to proper levels. Depending on
undamaged. Do not use defective gaskets.
3.Place the gasket in position, if necessary, with coupling size, this procedure may need to be
small strips of adhesive tape. repeated several times. Do not over torque as
4. Align flanges to be joined. this may over stress the bolts. Follow the
5. Insert bolts, washers, and nuts. All hardware manufacturer’s recommended assembly
must be clean and lubricated to avoid incorrect instructions.
tightening. Washers must be used on all GRP
flanges. Figure 21
6. Using a torque wrench, tighten all bolts to 35
N.m (25 lb.ft) torque, following standard
flange bolt tightening sequences.
7. Repeat this procedure, raising the bolt torque
to 70 N.m (50 lb.ft) or until the flanges touch
at their inside edges.
8. Check bolt torque one hour later and adjust
if necessary.
Note: When connecting two GRP flanges, only
one flange should have a gasket groove in
the face.
3.3.2 Mechanical Steel Couplings:
Other Joining Methods (Viking Johnson, Dresser etc.–See Figure 22)
Flexible Steel Couplings: These couplings can be used for joining, typically
(Straub, Tee Kay, etc.–See Figure 21) to other types of pipe or to rigid items. Bolting
These couplings can be used for joining as well as torque must be controlled to not exceed the
for repair. The coupling consists of a steel mantle manufacturer’s maximum recommended values.
with an interior rubber sealing sleeve. Excess torque could damage the pipe.
Three grades are available:
A. Epoxy or PVC-coated steel mantle.
B. Stainless steel mantle.
C. Hot dip galvanized steel mantle.

Figure 20 Figure 22

Flanges

25
 Field Hydrotest-G.R.P. Piping
DPFC
UNDERGROUND PIPING SYSTEM - existing end by coupling.
COUPLING JOINTS
Field Hydrotest could be conducted in segments or
as a complete piping system :
Segment Hydrotestings
Certain lengths shall be chosen according to site
conditions to test the installed piping system in
segments. A clearance of 4 meters minimum shall
be maintained between the segments which could
be later installed as Make-up pipe piece with
double spigot calibration to facilitate the joining
on existing piping segment.
FIXING TEST PLUGS :
There are more than one method to close
temporarily the pipe ends for hydrotest purposes :
1. USING BLIND END CAPS :
Blind end cap is GRP coupling with one end closed
through lamination, while the other end is with
groove for rubber gasket to work as sealing the
end.
Fix the end cap with the last pipe end to be tested
after placing the rubber gasket into end cap
groove.
Join with the spigot pipe end through pullers/
come-along jacks.
Necessary openings could be provided to the end
caps for ventilation/pressure gauge. After segment
test, these end caps could be removed through
pullers & upon rubber gasket replacement, could
be reused for other segments.
End caps are available with DPFC upon separate
purchase order.
Adequate concrete block supports shall be provided
to the end cap to prevent the pipe movement
during hydrotest.
2. FLANGED BLIND END :
Flanged blind end is a spool consisting of flange
with pipe piece & blind through a blind flange
with bolts at one end while the other end is a
spigot calibrated pipe and shall be joined with the
26
*Further details of above options are available upon request
CHECK LIST
PRIOR TO PIPE ENDS BLIND :
To check each coupling joint is connected correctly
and the clearance between the pipe end is uniform
all around. (Field joints testing equipment is
available upon separate Purchase Order for pipe
diameters ranging from 700mm to 2400mm. This
test ensures the rubber gasket correct positioning
inside the double bell coupling groove. The test
shall be conducted prior to start backfill. For
details, contact Dubai Pipes Factory Co. - Field
Representative).
Internal visual inspection shall be carried out for
accessible pipe diameters for any possible damage
during installation/backfilling.
Vertical deflection measurements shall be taken
to observe the pipe behaviour after the backfill.
Make sure that the pipes are backfilled to the
minimum cover depth requirements of hydrotest.
For 300mm diameters: Min. 600mm cover over the
pipe crown.
For 350mm diameters & onwards: Min. 1000mm
cover over the pipe crown.
Double bell coupling joints could be exposed in case of the
client requirements.
Make sure that the backfilling slope at the joints
location is maintained with minimum pipe
exposure.
PREPARATION PRIOR TO HYDROTEST :
Make sure that the test method statement
is available with full understanding of
implementation to the testing team.
Allowance for each branch / manhole to move
freely, within limits during the hydrotest.
Fixing ventilation at highest points, minimum two
pressure gauges and filling points with valves.
 Field Hydrotest-G.R.P. Piping
DPFC
The values and reading at the pressure shall be
calculated taking into account the static head
between the lowest pipe invert level along the
complete line and the level of the pressure gauge.
All flanges are tightened to the specified torque
bolt sequence. Make sure that the valves are
anchored and the above ground piping, if any, is
supported as specified.
In no case, shall a single person be allowed to get
inside of the piping for inspection.
Upon verification of the inspection, when the
findings are all judged acceptable & recorded,
manhole covers shall be closed.
Prior to start water filling, temporary piping &
blinds shall be installed checked & verified by the
client /consultant /contractor representatives.
WATER FILLING & PRESSURIZING THE
SYSTEM :
(It shall be confirmed that all vent points are fully
opened to atmosphere, prior to start water filling).
Introduce water filling through temporary hosing
& pump at lowest point. Pump capacity shall be
chosen according to the pipe diameter and segment
/system linear length. (Pumps having 100m3
capacity /hour are generally used for large diameter
pipes).
The sign of complete water filling is when the
water starts coming through a higher ventilation
point of an opened valves.
Stop water pumps at this stage & check the
flanges, valves and connected accessories for any
weepage /leakage, while keeping the vents open.
PRESSURIZING :
Start pressurizing the segment / system through
the pump. Once the water starts coming out
through the vent opening, close the valves at the
low elevation. Later, on the high elevation end,
the vent valves shall be closed as when water
27
Continued
starts coming. The pressure increment shall be
maintained approx. as 0.5 Bar /10 minutes at this
stage. When the pressure reaches to 2 bar, the
pumps shall be stopped.
Keep this stoppage for 15-20 minutes. During this
time, following checks shall be made :
A) Pressure at each test gauge shall be checked
& recorded on inspection sheet.
B) Watch the pressure at the water feed point
for any decrease in pressure.
C) Walk through along with the underground
lines to observe any traces of wet soil. Check
the coupling joints, if exposed.
The inspection sheet shall be maintained for the
observations & findings.
Anything unusual shall be immediately reported
to the team leader.
Unless there is no findings which prevent the test
from continuing, the segment/system shall be
further pressurized.
Connect the hose with the pressure pump and
start pressurizing the line. At this stage, slightly
open the vent. Valve should be fixed at a higher
elevation to ensure that no entrapped air is
present.
Upon confirmation of water coming out of the
vent, valve shall be closed. The system is now
totally closed and under pressure.
Continue pressurizing until pressure reaches 5.0
Bar.
Stop the pressure pump once it reaches to 5.0 Bar
and let is stabilize.
There could be a drop in pressure due to the
thermal expansion, which could be resolved by
restarting the pump or keep it as is & record it on
the inspection sheet.
Keep this stoppage for about 30 minutes. During
 Field Hydrotest-G.R.P. Piping Continued

DPFC

this period, repeat the same sequence of inspection
as described earlier. The findings & observations
shall be recorded on inspection sheets.
Any unusual findings shall be reported immediately
to the team leader.
Unless there is no finding which prevents the test
from continuing, the segment/system shall be
further pressurized to the requirement.
Continue the installation for the other segments &
conduct the hydrotest in the similar manner as
described earlier. Keep connecting the segments
through closure spools.
COMPLETE SYSTEM hydrotest /Final
hydrotest
Purpose of this hydrotest is to test the pipe closure
spools joints.

The test pressure should not exceed 1.5 times
the maximum rated operating pressure. The
test pressure shall be maintained for a minimum
period of time.
(It is recommended to maintain the test hold time
to a maximum of 15 minutes after pressure
stabilization).
Following arrangements shall be made :
1- All branch connections shall be kept free to
move.
2- Separate the line from all connecting
equipments.
3- Exposure of joints at closure pipe piece shall
be done manually in order to prevent the pipe
from any damage.

A thorough inspection shall be made as FINAL The procedure described for the segment
INSPECTION. testing is applicable to the final hydrotest.

Fill up the inspection sheets accordingly.
The test shall be considered as “PASS” if no signs
of leakage is observed
The inspection sheet(s) shall be signed by the
authorities.
For final hydrotest, it is recommended to maintain
the test hold pressure for minimum period of time
(to inspect the joint/fittings) and the pressure
shall be equal to the maximum rated operating
pressure.

POST HYDROTEST:
After completion of the test, drain or flush out the
filled water from the pipe segment/system through
drain valves & vents shall be opened. This pressure
release shall be made slowly at 2 bar /5 minutes.

Remove the end cap from the segment as per

procedure.

Prepare the pipe end to be ready for next

installation.

Exposed joints may be backfilled using the specified

backfill material.

Connect the adjacent segment ends with closure

pipe piece.

28
 Surge & Water Hammers
DPFC

Water hammer or pressure surge is the sudden rise or fall in pressure caused by an abrupt
change in the fluid velocity within the pipe system. The usual cause of these flow changes is
the rapid closing or opening of valves, or sudden starting or stopping of pumps such as
during a power failure. The most important factors which influence the water hammer
pressure in a pipe system are the change in velocity of the fluid, rate of change of the velocity
(valve closing time), compressibility of the fluid, stiffness of the pipe in the “hoop” direction,
and physical layout of the pipe system.

The water hammer pressure expected for GRP Table 22

pipe is approximately 50% of that for steel and Surge Wave Celerity for
ductile iron pipe, for similar conditions. The pipe DPFC- GRP Pipes
has a surge pressure allowance of 40% of the
DN 300-400 450-800 900-2500
nominal pressure, as shown in Table 22. Meters/Sec.
SN2500
An approximate relationship for the maximum
PN6 365 350 340
pressure variation at a given point in a straight
pipeline with negligible friction loss can be PN10 435 420 405
calculated from the formula : PN16 500 490 480
SN5000
H = (w v)/g PN6 405 380 370
Where : PN10 435 420 410
H = change in pressure (meters)
PN16 505 495 480
PN25 575 570 560
w = surge wave celerity (meters/sec)
SN10000
v = change in liquid velocity (meters/sec) PN6 420 415 410
PN10 435 425 415
g = acceleration due to gravity (meters/sec2) PN16 500 495 485
PN25 580 570 560
PN32 620 615 615

29
 Thrust Blocks, Concrete Encasement, Rigid
Connections
DPFC

Thrust Restraints 2- Tees: When the branch pipe is concentric to the

When the pipeline is pressurized, unbalanced header pipe centerline.
thrust forces occur at bends, reducers, tees, wyes,
bulkheads and other changes in line direction. 3- Valves: Valves must be sufficiently anchored to
These forces must be restrained in some manner to absorb the pressure thrust.
prevent joint separation. When the surrounding
soil cannot provide this restraint, thrust or stress / 4- Nozzles: Nozzles are tee branches meeting all
thrust blocks must be used. Determination of need the following criteria:
and design of these restraints is the responsibility i- Nozzle diameter ≤300mm.
of the owner’s engineer subject to the following ii- Header diameter ≥3 times nozzle diameter.
limitations: iii- If the nozzle is not concentric and/or not
perpendicular to the header pipe axis, the
Thrust/Stress Blocks nozzle diameter shall be considered to be
Thrust/stress blocks must limit the displacement the longest chord distance on the header
of the fitting to 0.5% of the diameter or 6mm pipe wall at the nozzle/pipe intersection.
whichever is less. They must also restrict the
radial deformation of the fitting to 0.1% of the Note: It is not necessary to encase nozzle
respective pipe sections. For operating pressures connections in concrete.
above 10 bar, the block must completely surround
the fitting for its entire length and circumference
(Figure 23) and should be placed either against
undisturbed earth or backfilled with pipe zone
material as appropriate for the native soil
characteristics.
These blocks are required for the fittings when
the line pressure exceeds 1 bar (100KPA):
These blocks are applicable to:
1- All bends, reducers, bulkheads and blind flanges.

Figure 23

Section A-A A

A A
A A Concrete
Thrust Blocks A

One Miter Bend: Two Miter Bend: Three Miter Bend:

0-30º 31-60º 61-90º

A
A

A A
Tee Reducer

30
 Thrust Blocks, Concrete Encasement, Rigid
Connections Continued
DPFC
Concrete Encasement
When pipes must be encased in concrete,such as
for thrust blocks, stress blocks, or to carry unusual
loads, specific additions to the installation
procedures must be observed.
Pipe Anchoring
During the pouring of the concrete, the empty pipe
will experience large uplift (flotation) forces. The
pipe must be restrained against movement that
could be caused by these loads. This is normally
accomplished by strapping over the pipe to a base
slab or other anchor(s). Straps should be a flat
material of minimum 25mm width, strong enough
to withstand flotation uplift forces, spaced not to
exceed 4 meters, with a minimum of one strap per
section length. The straps should be tightened to
prevent pipe uplift, but not so tight that additional
pipe deflection is caused.
max.
4 meters
min.
.25 meters
Figure 24
Pipe Supports
The pipe should be supported in such a way that
the concrete can easily flow completely around
and fully underneath the pipe. Also, the supports
should result in an acceptable pipe shape (less
than 3% deflection and no bulges or flat area).
Supports are normally placed at strap locations
(not exceeding 4 meter spacing)(Figure 25).
Concrete Pouring
The concrete surround must be placed in stages
allowing sufficient time between layers for the
cement to set (no longer exert buoyant forces).
Maximum lift height is variable with nominal pipe
stiffness:
STIS 2500 — Larger of 300mm or 1/4 pipe DN.
STIS 5000 — Larger of 450mm or 1/3 pipe DN.
STIS 10000 — Larger of 600mm or 1/2 pipe DN
31
Max. 4 meters
Clear area
Figure 25
Rigid Connections
When a pipe passes through a wall, or encased in
concrete, or meets a junction with a manhole, or is
flanged to a pump, valve, or other structure,
excessive bending stresses may develop in the pipe
if differential movement occurs between the pipe
and the rigid connection. For all rigid connections
action must be taken by the installer to minimize
the development of high discontinuity stresses in
the pipe. Two options are available. Alternate A
(preferred) uses a coupling joint cast into the
concrete-pipe interface. Alternate B wraps the
pipe in rubber to ease the transition.
Where possible, cast a coupling joint in the concrete
at the interface (Figure 26) so that the first pipe
outside the concrete has complete freedom of
movement (within the joint limits).
Caution
1- When casting a coupling in concrete, be sure to
maintain its roundness, so later joint assembly
may be accomplished easily. Alternatively, make
up the joint outside the encasement prior to
pouring the concrete.
2- Since the coupling cast in concrete is rigid, it is
important to minimize the vertical deflection and
deformation of the adjacent pipe.
Where the standard method is not possible, wrap
a band (or bands) of rubber around the pipe prior
to placement of any concrete, such that the rubber
slightly protrudes (25 mm) from the concrete.
Layout the pipeline so the first completely exposed
coupling joint is located as shown in Figure 27.
 Thrust Blocks, Concrete Encasement, Rigid
Connections Continued
DPFC

Misalignment problems should be remedied by

rebedding the full pipe sections leading to the
rocker pipe.
Max. – Larger of 2m or 2 x D
Min. – Larger of 1m or 1 x D 3. Extra care and caution must be taken to replace
and properly compact backfill adjacent to the
concrete structure. Construction of the concrete
structure will frequently require over-
excavation for formwork, etc. This extra
Well compacted SC1 or SC2
(or stabilised) backfill excavated material must be restored to a
density level compatible with surroundings or
excess deformation, or joint rotation adjacent
Figure 26 to the structure may occur. It is recommended
Concrete encasement rubber
that a backfill soil modulus (E’b) of at least 6.9
MPa be attained in this region to prevent
Special Pipe
Short Pipe Section excessive movements. Use of stabilized backfill
Max. – Larger of 2m or 2 x D
Min. – Larger of 1m or 1 x D (cement) adjacent to large concrete structures
has also been found to be very effective in
preventing excess joint deformation in very
large diameters (DN>1600mm).

Well compacted SC1 or SC2

(or stabilised) backfill

Figure 27

Construction Guidelines
1. When the design of the concrete structure is
considered, it should be noted that any excessive
settlement of the structure relative to the pipe
can be the cause of a pipe failure.
2. The pipeline layout shall be such that the first
pipe section near the rigid connection is a short
length (rocker pipe) as follows : (See Figures 26
and 27)
Minimum : larger of 1 meter or 1 diameter
Maximum : larger of 2 meters or 2 diameters
This rocker pipe section is used to account for
some differential settlements that may occur.
The rocker pipe should have straight alignment
with the concrete structure at the time of
installation to provide maximum flexibility for
subsequent movements.
Multiple short lengths or rocker pipes should
not be used, as the short spacing between
couplings may result in an unstable condition.

32
 Field Adjustments
DPFC

Length Adjustment End Coating of Field Cut Sewer Pipe

The following procedure shall be followed for If sewer pipe is intended to ever be subjected to
proper length adjustment: high pressure water jet cleaning, a special
1- Determine the length required and mark a
square cut location on the selected pipe. Figure 28

2- Measure the pipe diameter at point of cut with Spigot Width CL

a circumferential PI tape. BL
3- Compare the measurement with spigot tolerance
70˚
range given in page 13. (Note: manufacturers
may give the pipe a special marking (Adjustment
Pipe) at the factory indicating the entire pipe
barrel is within spigot tolerance range). Select
Smooth and
one of these pipes (if available) for the field Round Corner
adjustment to avoid spigot machining.
4- Cut the pipe at the appropriate location using a Pipe spigot and bevel dimensions definition for coupling joints.
Note: For field closure section, double the spigot width (CL).
circular saw with a masonry blade.
5- If pipe diameter is within the spigot tolerance
range, clean the surface in the joining area, protective end should be applied at the time of
sand smooth any rough spots and with a grinder manufacture. Customers are advised to so request
bevel cut pipe end to ease assembly. No further upon ordering the pipe. It will be necessary for the
grinding is necessary. installing contractor to similarly coat the ends of
6- If the pipe diameter is not in the spigot tolerance all field cut pipes. Alternatively, special short
range use a field lathe or grinder and machine lengths can be ordered, thereby avoiding the need
the joining (spigot) surface to the tolerances as to make field cuts.
indicated in Table 23, Bevel pipe end. (Figure 28)
The above is only necessary for gravity sewer pipes
Table 23 which will be subjected to high pressure (over 80
bar, but less than 120 bar) water jet cleaning. It is
Diam.
Spigot Dimensions and Tolerances
DN Minimum Maximum CL BL
not necessary for pipes that are used to convey
Series (mm)
DOS
(mm)
DOS
(mm) (mm) (mm) water or for pumped sewer mains, or where pipes
B2 300 323.4 324.5 159.0 6.6
are not cleaned by high pressure water jets.
350 375.4 376.4 161.0 8.5
400 426.3 427.3 162.0 10.4 Field Closure
500 529.1 530.1 166.0 14.3
1. Carefully measure the space where the closure
B1 600 616.0 617.0 170.0 17.6
700 718.0 719.0 172.0 20.0
piece is to be placed. The closure piece must be
800 820.0 821.0 172.0 20.0 50mm shorter than the length of the space. The
900 922.0 923.0 172.0 20.0 piece must be centered with an equal clearance
1000 1024.0 1025.0 172.0 20.0
of 25mm left between the inserted pipe and the
1200 1228.0 1229.0 172.0 20.0
1400 1432.0 1433.0 172.0 20.0 adjacent ones.
1600 1636.0 1637.0 172.0 20.0 2. Use a special pipe with long machined ends
1800 1840.0 1841.0 172.0 20.0 ordered or prepared specifically for this purpose.
2000 2044.0 2045.0 172.0 20.0
3. Two double bell couplings.
2400 2452.0 2453.0 172.0 20.0
4. Pull the couplings onto the machined ends of
Note:
1. Series B2 matches with Ductile Iron spigot O.D.’s. the closure pipe after lubricating abundantly
2. Series B1 is GRP O.D. series. the ends and the rubber ring. It may be necessary
3. In some countries the Ductile Iron (B2) series
may not be used
to gently help the second ring over the chamfered
end of the pipes.

33
 Field Adjustments Continued

DPFC

5. Lubricate well the ends of the two adjacent

pipes after they are cleaned thoroughly.
6. Place the closure pipe in its final position and
pull the coupling over the adjacent pipes up to
the home line (Figure 29. Steps 2 and 3).
7. The compaction of the backfill around a field
closure pipe is very important. Very often the
closure piece area is over-excavated for ease of
access. It is essential to provide proper backfill
support. It is recommended that a backfill soil
modulus (E’b) of at least 6.9 MPA be attained in
the closure area to prevent excessive movement
and joint rotations.

Note: After the coupling is in final position a

“feeler” gauge maybe used to assure that gasket
lips are properly oriented
Figure 29

Field Closures with Non DPFC-GRP

Couplings
Follow the general procedures except that the
closure pipe will not typically need to have the
special long machined spigot ends. The installation
procedures for the particular coupling used must
be followed.

34
 Small Diameter Pipes (SDP) GRP Pipes
DPFC

Small Diameter Pipes ranging from DN80 to DN300 mm are manufactured in our
second production line using Dual Helical Winding process.
Manufacturing Process
Pipe

The Dual Helical Winding Process uses continuous Glass-fiber Filaments impregnated
in resin. In this process the fiber glass roving wetted with resin is wound on the steel
mandrel at pre-calculated winding angles (in reference to the axis of the mandrel vary
from 50-90 Deg.). The dual helical winding pattern is responsible for providing the
composite product with maximum mechanical durability. The resin used will decide
the extent of its chemical and temperature resistance. The entire process is controlled
via the software in which we determine the winding angles as well as the number of
layers to be wound on to the product. Silica Sand if used is added during the winding
process in the structural wall of the pipe to give necessary compressive strength if
required. The dual Helical winding process is illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Figure 1

35
 Small Diameter Pipes (SDP) GRP Pipes Continued
DPFC

Figure 2

Product Range - Pipes & Fittings: Hoop Tensile Load Capacity:

Pressure Minimum initial load as shown in
Diameter DN Stiffness SN
Class PN
(mm) (N/m2) table 26.
(Bars)
80 Hoop Tensile Load Capacity
100 6 2,500 (N per mm of Length)
150 10 5,000
DN PN1-PN6 PN10 PN12 PN16
200 12 10,000
250 16 80 92 153 183 244
300 100 122 203 244 325
Table 24
150 183 305 366 487
200 244 406 487 650
Pipes with different pressure classes and 250 305 508 609 812
stiffness could be manufactured depending 300 366 609 731 975
on client’s requirement. Table 26

Technical Details:
Dimensions & Weight:
Axial Tensile Load Capacity:
Nominal Spigot Outer Helical pipes with no filler
Diameter Diameter PIPE COUPLING Minimum initial load as shown in
DOS DOS Std. Pipe Min. Pipe
Weight*
Std. Weight* table 27.
DN Max Min Length Thickness Coupling (Kg/
(Kg/m)
(mm) (mm) (m) (m) Length (m) unit) Axial Tensile Load Capacity
80 88 87 6 4.7 2.5 150 3 (N per mm of Circumference)
100 108 107 10 4.7 3 150 3.5 DN PN1-PN6 PN10 PN12 PN16
150 158.5 157.5 10 4.7 4.5 150 4.5 80 75 80 85 90
200 211 210 12 5.5 7 176 7 100 75 80 85 90
150 85 100 105 110
250 263.5 262.5 12 6.3 10 176 9
200 95 110 115 120
300 314.5 313.5 12 6.3 12 216 10
250 105 125 130 135
Table 25
300 115 140 145 150
Load Capacity Values: Table 27
For design purposes the following values
can be used for hoop tensile and axial
tensile load capacity.

36
 Environmental Guide for DPFC Pipe
DPFC

Using this environment guide :

All materials listed in “green” can be used with our current standard pipe resin systems as well as vinyl ester lined pipes. All
materials listed in “blue” are in addition to the “green” materials that can be used in pipes that use a vinyl ester resin liner. All
materials listed in “red” are not recommended and may not work in any type of DPFC-GRP pipe system.

Standard Standard
Pipe Resin Vinyl Pipe Resin Vinyl
or Vinyl Ester or Vinyl Ester
Ester Only NR Ester Only NR
Acetic Acid <20% X Copper Acetate, Aqueous (40 °C) X
Adipic Acid X Copper Chloride, Aqueous X
Alum (Aluminium Potassium Sulfate) X Copper Cyanide (30 0C) X
Aluminium Chloride, Aqueous X Copper Nitrate, Aqueous (40 °C) X
Ammonia, Aqueous <20% X Copper Sulfate, Aqueous (40 °C) X
Ammonium Chloride, Aqueous (40 °C) X Crude Oil (Sour)* X
Ammonium Flouride X Crude Oil (Sweet)* X
Ammonium Nitrate, Aqueous (40 °C) X Crude Oil, Salt Water (25 °C)* X
Ammonium Phosphate-Monobasic, Aqueous X Cyclohexane X
Ammonium Sulfate, Aqueous X Cyclohexanol X
Aniline Hydrochloride X Dibutyl Sebacate** X
Antimony Trichloride X Dibutylpthalate** X
Barium Carbonate X Diesel Fuel* X
Barium Chloride X Dioctyl Phthalate** X
Barium Sulfate X Ethylene Glycol X
Beet Sugar Liquor X Ferric Chloride, Aqueous X
Benzene Sulfonic Acid (10%)* X Ferric Nitrate, Aqueous X
Benzoic Acid* X Ferric Sulfate, Aqueous X
Black Liquor (Paper) X Ferrous Chloride X
Bleach X Ferrous Nitrate, Aqueous** X
Borax X Ferrous Sulfate, Aqueous X
Boric Acid X Formaldehyde X
Bromine, Aqueous 5%* X Fuel Oil* X
Butyric Acid, <25% (40 °C)** X Gas, Natural, Methane X
Calcium Bisulfide ** X Gasoline, Ethyl* X
Calcium Carbonate X Glycerine X
Calcium Chlorate, Aqueous (40 °C) X Green Liquor, Paper X
Calcium Chloride (Saturated) X Hexane* X
Calcium Hydroxide, 100% X Hydrobromic Acid X
Calcium Hypochlorite* X Hydrochloric Acid, Up to 15% X
Calcium Nitrate (40 °C) X Hydrofluoric Acid X
Calcium Sulfate NL AOC X Hydrogen Sulfide, Dry X
Cane Sugar Liquors X Kerosene* X
Carbon Dioxide, Aqueous X Lactic Acid, 10% X
Carbon Tetrachloride X Lactic Acid, 80% (25 °C) X
Casein X Lauric Acid X
Caustic Potash (KOH) X Lauryl Chloride X
Chlorine, Dry Gas* X Lauryl Sulfate** X
Chlorine, Water * X Lead Acetate, Aqueous X
Chlorine, Wet Gas* X Lead Nitrate, Aqueous (30 °C) X
Chlorocetic Acid X Lead Sulfate X
Citric Acid, Aqueous (40 °C) X Linseed Oil* X

37
 Environmental Guide for DPFC Pipe Continued

DPFC

Standard Standard
Pipe Resin Vinyl Pipe Resin Vinyl
or Vinyl Ester or Vinyl Ester
Ester Only NR Ester Only NR
Lithium Bromide, Aqueous (40 °C)** X Sodium Ferrocyanide X
Lithium Chloride, Aqueous (40 °C)** X Sodium Hydroxide 10% X
Magnesium Bicarbonate, Aqueous (40 °C) X Sodium Mono-Phosphate** X
Magnesium Carbonate (40 °C) X Sodium Nitrate, Aqueous X
Magnesium Chloride, Aqueous (25 °C) X Sodium Nitrite, Aqueous X
Magnesium Nitrate, Aqueous (40 °C) X Sodium Silicate X
Magnesium Sulfate X Sodium Sulfate, Aqueous X
Manganese Chloride, Aqueous (40 °C)** X Sodium Sulfide X
Manganese Sulfate, Aqueous (40 °C)** X Sodium Tetraborate X
Mercuric Chloride, Aqueous** X Stannic Chloride, Aqueous* X
Mercurous Chloride, Aqueous X Stannous Chloride, Aqueous X
Mineral Oils* X Stearic Acid* X
n-Heptane* X Sulfur X
Naphthalene* X Sulfuric Acid, <25% (40 °C) X
Naptha* X Tannic Acid, Aqueous X
Nickel Chloride, Aqueous (25 °C) X Tartaric Acid X
Nickel Nitrate, Aqueous (40 °C) X Toluene Sulfonic Acid** X
Nickel Sulfate, Aqueous (40 °C) X Tributyl Phosphate X
Nitric Acid X Triethanolamine X
Oleic Acid X Triethylamine X
Oxalic Acid, Aqueous X Turpentine X
Ozone, Gas X Urea, (Aqueous)** X
Paraffin* X Vinegar X
Pentane X Water, Distilled X
Perchloric Acid X Water, Sea X
Petroleum, Refined & Sour* X Water, Tap X
Phosphoric Acid X Zinc Chloride, Aqueous X
Phosphoric Acid (40 °C) X Zinc Nitrate, Aqueous** X
Phthalic Acid (25 °C) X Zinc Sulfate, Aqueous X
Potassium Permanganate, 25% X Zinc Sulfite, Aqueous (40 °C)** X
Potassium Bicarbonate** X
Potassium Bromide, Aqueous (40 °C) X
Potassium Chloride, Aqueous X Note : This guide is intended to serve as a basic guide when considering
Potassium Dichromate, Aqueous X GRP pipe. Final determination of the suitability of a particular resin
Potassium Ferrocyanide (30 °C)** X system for a given environment is the responsibility of the customer. This
Potassium Ferrocyanide Aqueous (30 °C)** X list is based on information supplied by resin manufacturers who provide
Potassium Nitrate, Aqueous X Flowtite producers with their material. Thus this guide provides only
Potassium Sulfate (40 °C) X general information and does not imply approval of any application as
Propylene Glycol (25 °C) X DPFC has no control of the conditions of usage nor any means of
Sea Water X identifying environments to which the pipe may unintentionally have been
Sewage (50 °C) X exposed.
Silicone Oil X
Silver Nitrate, Aqueous X
Sodium Bromide, Aqueous X
Sodium Chloride, Aqueous X
Sodium Dichromate X
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ** X

38