General Anatomy Module

Dr. Gamal Taha Abdelhady

Assistant Professor of Anatomy & Embryology

Bone
classification
& Features
 Lecture objectives

◼ By the end of this session, you should

be able to:

1. Know the different types of bones.

2. Recognize features differentiating between

its main parts.

3. Identify the different features of the bones.

Skeletal System
 The Skeletal System
▪ Parts of the skeletal system
▪ Bones (skeleton)
▪ Joints
▪ Cartilages
▪ Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)

▪ Divided into two divisions

▪ Axial skeleton- Skull, Spinal Column
▪ Appendicular skeleton – Limbs and Girdle
 Functions of Bones
• Support of the body

• Protection of soft organs

• Movement due to attached skeletal

muscles

• Storage of minerals and fats

• Blood cell formation

 Bones of the Human Body
• The skeleton has 206
bones
• Two basic types of bone
tissue
• Compact bone
• Homogeneous
• Spongy bone
(Cancellous)
• Small needle-like
pieces of bone
• Many open spaces
 Types of Bones
◼ Bones can be classified
into five types based on
shape:
◼ Long
◼ Short
◼ Flat
◼ Irregular
◼ Sesamoid
◼ Pneumatic
◼ Sutural
Bone Classification
 Morphological
classification of Epiphysis
Bones
1. Long bone

◼ A long bone is a bone which has

Diaphysis
a shaft (diaphysis) and two
expanded ends (epiphysis)

◼ Metaphysis is the part of the Epiphysis

shaft just close to the epiphysis
 Growth of a Long Bone

The epiphyseal plate is a

disc of hyaline cartilage
between the epiphysis and
diaphysis that grows during
childhood to lengthen the
bone.

Long bones continue to

lengthen until the epiphyseal
plates are ossified.
 Periosteum
• Gives attachment to
muscles, tendons,
ligaments & capsule.

• Provide the essential source

of blood supply to bones.
 Periosteum
• Plays role in growth of
bones specially in width.

• Necessary for healing of

fractured bones.
 Short Bones
◼ Complex shapes, cube-
shaped, spongy bone
except at surface
(compact) and cannot
be grouped into any of
the previous categories

◼ Carpal and tarsal bones

 Flat Bones

◼ Thin and composed of

two nearly parallel
plates of compact
bone tissue enclosing
a layer of spongy bone
tissue

◼ Cranial, sternum, ribs,

scapulae
23-22
 Sesamoid Bones

◼ Develop in tendons
where there is
considerable
friction, tension and
stress e.g. patella
Sesamoid
Bone
 Pneumatic Bones
◼ These are bones filled
with air e.g. skull
bones ; air sinuses.

◼ Why???

25
Pneumatic
Bones
 Irregular Bones
◼ Complex shapes and
cannot be grouped into
any of the previous
categories

◼ Vertebrae, hip bones,

some facial bones,
calcaneus
 Sutural Bones

◼ Located within
joints between
cranial bones
(within the
sutures)
Axial Skeleton

Appendicular
Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular
Skeleton
 Bone Markings
(Surface Features)
◼ Used to identify specific elevations,
depressions, and openings of bones

▪ Bone markings provide distinct and

characteristic landmarks for orientation
and identification of bones and
associated structures.
 Openings
Fissure: narrow slit.

Foramen: hole for nerves, blood vessels.

Canal: elongated opening.

Aperture: large hole.

Fenestra: hole covered with connective tissue.

Meatus: tube-like opening.

 Depressions
Fossa: large shallow depression.

Groove (Sulcus): elongated depression,

it contains a nerve or blood vessel.

Notch: depression on a border.

Pit.
Fovea.
 Articular Surfaces (parts
sharing in joint formation)
◼ Condyle: smooth part at end of bone
for articulation with a neighboring
bone to form a joint.

◼ Head: rounded condyle on a neck.

◼ Facet: smooth flat surface.

◼ Trochlea: grooved articular surface

 Elevations
Projection or outgrowth on bone for attachment

A. Linear elevations:

◼ Line: long, narrow ridge (less prominent than a

crest).

◼ Crest: prominent ridge or projection, for attachment

of connective tissues

◼ Lip: bounding edge.

 Sharp Elevations

◼ Spine: elongated pointed projection.

◼ Process.

◼ Hamulus.

50
 Rounded or Irregular
Elevations
◼ Tubercle : tiny/small rounded projection
◼ Tuberosity : medium sized rounded roughened
projection on a bone surface e.g.: greater tuberosity
of the humerus.
◼ Trochanter : large rough projection e.g.: greater
trochanter of the femur.
◼ Epicondyle: projection above a condyle, for attachment of
connective tissues.
54
Borders and Angles
 Functions of the Bony Skeleton

1. It determines the shape & length of the

body.

2. It forms jointed levers permitting

movements.

3. It protects the vital organs from damage as

the skull that protects the brain & the
thoracic cage that protect the lungs & the
heart also the pelvic bones protect the pelvic
organs.
 Functions of the Bony Skeleton

4. It transmits the body weight to the

ground.

5. It represents a big reservoir for mineral

and trace elements.

6. The active bone marrow inside the

bone synthesizes most of the blood cells.
◼ For further inquiries PLZ feel
free to contact at any time
through email

gamaltaha@med.asu.edu.eg
gamal.abdelhady@yu.edu.jo