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Grammar notes
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GRAMMAR NOTE 2.1

SIMPLE PRESENT VERB “HAVE”

The verb HAVE is used to express what people possess.

Conjugation of the verb HAVE in Simple Present Tense:

Affirmative Sentences

Form: Subject + Have /Has + Rest

 
                       
SUBJECT PRONOUN VERB HAVE REST
 
I have a beautiful car.

You have a nice laptop.

He has a little son.

She has a young daughter.

It has a small house.

We have a big office.

You have a brown jacket.

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They have an orange watch.

Negative Sentences

Form: Subject + do / does + not + Have + Rest  

SUBJECT PRONOUN DO / DOES + VERB HAVE REST

NOT

I do not or don't have a beautiful car.

You do not or don't have a nice laptop.

He does not or have a little son.

doesn't

She does not or have a young daughter.

doesn't

It does not or have a small house

doesn't

We do not or don’t have a big office.

You do not or don't have a brown jacket.

They do not or don't have an orange watch.

GRAMMAR NOTE 2.2

SIMPLE PRESENT VERB “HAVE”

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Yes/No questions

Also called closed questions because there are only two possible answers: Yes or No.

Form: Do / Does + Subject + Have + Rest?

DO / SUBJECT VERB HAVE REST + ?

DOES PRONOUN

Do I have a beautiful car?  

Do You have a nice laptop?

 

Does He have a little son?

 

Does She have a young daughter?

 

Does It have a small house?

 

Do We have a big office?

 

Do You have a brown jacket?

Do They have an orange watch?

Remember:

· In short affirmative answers, we do not repeat the whole question. We only use Yes or No,
the subject pronoun, and the appropriate auxiliary form.

Does she have a red dress? Yes, she does.

· In short negative answers, it's usual to contract the auxiliary DO or DOES with not:

Does she have a red dress? No, she doesn't.

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GRAMMAR NOTE 2.3

PLURAR NOUNS (REGULAR AND IRREGULAR)

The plural form refers to 2 or more nouns (people, objects, places, animals, things, etc.)

Regular plural nouns

Most singular nouns are made plural by simply putting an  –S at the end.

There are many di erent rules regarding pluralization depending on what letter a noun
ends in. 

SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN NOUN+S

a car two cars

a bicycle three bicycles

a book some books

a girl five girls

an apple ten apples

an elephant four elephants

Regular plural nouns

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If the singular noun ends in –s, -ss, -ch, -x, -sh or z, add –es to the end to make it plural.

SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN

NOUN+ES
A bus Two buses

A dress Three dresses

A match Two matches

A box Three boxes

A brush Five brushes

The nouns that end in a consonant+y , it is necessary to change the y for ies.

SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN

a baby two babies

a country two countries

a strawberry ten strawberries

a nationality two nationalities

If the singular nouns ends in  -y  and the letter before the -y, is a vowel, simply add an  -s
to make the plural.

SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN

a boy two boys

a toy two toys

If the singular nouns ends in  -f  or -fe,  is often changed to  -ve  to form  the plural
version.

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SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN

a wolf two wolves

wife wives

 Exceptions:

SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN

roof roofs

belief beliefs

chef chefs

chief chiefs

If the singular noun ends in -O, add -es to make it plural.

SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN

potato potatoes

tomato tomatoes

 Exceptions:

SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN

piano pianos

photo photos

halo halos

Other irregular Plural Nouns

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SINGULAR NOUNS PLURAL NOUNS

a man two men

a woman three women

a child five children

a person ten people

a tooth three teeth

a foot two feet

a mouse twelve mice

GRAMMAR NOTE 2.4

Demonstrative Articles:

  Near Far
Singular This That
Plural These Those

We use this/these to talk about or point to people, animals or things that are near to

us.

This This picture (= this picture here)

These These flowers (= these flowers here)

We use that/those to talk about or point to people, animals, or things that are far from

us.

That That picture (= this picture here)

Those Those flowers (= these flowers here)

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