ABSTRACT

This report describes the design of an LED emergency light that switches on
automatically when main power fails. Power to the LED is supplied by a battery that keeps
charging when the main power is present. The circuit of the automatic LED light is designed,
simulated and built with hardware. The simulation results and design details are provided.
Complete circuit diagram, which is tested successfully, is given.

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 INTRODUCTION
Growing demand for the saving of electricity. It is based on the principle of providing
light when the power is cut off. This is accomplished by the use of automatic charger which gets
charged when power supply exists. When the battery is fully charged it stops charging. In case of
power failure, the LED glows automatically with the supply provided by the charged battery.

This project is working on two major processes:

1. It turns on automatically when the mains power fails, so you need not search it in the dark.
2. Its battery starts charging as soon as mains resumes.

This Emergency light is used mostly in village because there is the lack of electricity
which is very required. In industries and as well as in household applications an emergency light
is employed where there is frequent non uniform voltage distribution occurs. Many types of
emergency lights from rechargeable torches to systems like generators are available in market.
All of them require a switch to operate them when frequent power failure occurs. The present
one deals with a model which senses the mains as well as daylight to switch on the emergency
light. There is no need to search the switch in the dark as it switches on/off automatically. This
present one has one on/off switch on operating which the emergency light glows. In most of the
emergency light there exists a drawback. The discharge level of the battery is not being
controlled to a safe level. The batteries get discharged completely and lose their life rapidly. This
is a very serious aspect in order to overcome this cut-off is provided and there exists a minimum
discharge level which ensures the long life of batter.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Functional Block Diagram

Power supply block is connected with relay and if the supply is off it will turn of LEDs.
When supply is on it charge the battery continuously. Functional Block diagram describe as
below.

1.2.2 Flow Diagram:

When AC is on the flow shows that battery will be charge. When AC is off it turn on the
LEDs as shown in the flow diagram.

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1.3 Explanation Of Each Block:

1.3.1 Power Supply:

For converting 230V AC to 12V AC, 12-0-12V Transformer is used. It steps down the
voltage from 230V to 12V AC. Now, to convert 12V AC to 12V DC we use Bridge Circuit.
There are four 1N4007 Diode is used to get 12V DC output. This is the function of Power
Supply to convert AC to DC.

A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one
where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output
of the power supply is the recommended way to test a project after having double checked parts
placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement guide. This type of regulation is ideal
for having a simple variable bench power supply. Actually this is quite important because one of
the first projects a hobbyist should undertake is the construction of a variable regulated power
supply. While a dedicated supply is quite handy e.g. 5V or 12V, it's much handier to have a
variable supply on hand, especially for testing. Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5
volt power supply. To use these parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you
start with an unregulated power supply ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC (A 12 volt power
supply is included with the Beginner Kit and the Microcontroller Beginner Kit.). To make a 5
volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC.

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BLOCKDIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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BASIC POWER SUPPLY RATING
Above is the circuit of a basic unregulated dc power supply. A bridge rectifier D1 to D4
rectifies the ac from the transformer secondary, which may also be a block rectifier such as WO4
or even four individual diodes such as 1N4004 types. (See later re rectifier ratings).

The principal advantage of a bridge rectifier is you do not need a centre tap on the
secondary of the transformer. A further but significant advantage is that the ripple frequency at
the output is twice the line frequency (i.e. 50 Hz or 60 Hz) and makes filtering somewhat easier.

As a design example consider we wanted a small unregulated bench supply for our
projects. Here we will go for a voltage of about 12 - 13V at a maximum output current (IL) of
500ma (0.5A). Maximum ripple will be 2.5% and load regulation is 5%.

Now the RMS secondary voltage (primary is whatever is consistent with your area) for
our power transformer T1 must be our desired output Vo PLUS the voltage drops across D2 and
D4 ( 2 * 0.7V) divided by 1.414.

This means that Vsec = [13V + 1.4V] / 1.414 which equals about 10.2V. Depending on
the VA rating of your transformer, the secondary voltage will vary considerably in accordance
with the applied load. The secondary voltage on a transformer advertised as say 20VA will be
much greater if the secondary is only lightly loaded.

If we accept the 2.5% ripple as adequate for our purposes then at 13V this becomes 13
* 0.025 = 0.325 Vrms. The peak to peak value is 2.828 times this value. Vrip = 0.325V X 2.828
= 0.92 V and this value is required to calculate the value of C1. Also required for this calculation
is the time interval for charging pulses. If you are on a 60Hz system it it 1/ (2 * 60 ) = 0.008333
which is 8.33 milliseconds. For a 50Hz system it is 0.01 sec or 10 milliseconds.

Remember the tolerance of the type of capacitor used here is very loose. The
important thing to be aware of is the voltage rating should be at least 13V X 1.414 or 18.33. Here
you would use at least the standard 25V or higher (absolutely not 16V).With our rectifier diodes
or bridge they should have a PIV rating of 2.828 times the Vsec or at least 29V. Don't search for

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this rating because it doesn't exist. Use the next highest standard even higher. The current rating
should be at least twice the load current maximum i.e. 2 X 0.5A or 1A. A good type to use would
be 1N4004, 1N4006 or 1N4008 types. These are ratedAmat400PIV, 600PIV and 1000PIV
respectively. Always be on the lookout for the higher voltage ones when they are on special.

TRANSFORMER RATING

In our example above we were taking 0.5A out of the Vsec of 10V. The VA required is
10 X 0.5A = 5VA. This is a small PCB mount transformer available in Australia and probably
else where This would be an absolute minimum and if you anticipated drawing the maximum
current all the time then go to a higher VA rating.

The two capacitors in the primary side are small value types and if you don't know
precisely and I mean precisely what you are doing then OMIT them. Their loss won't cause you
heartache or terrible problems.

1.3.2 Relay:
Relay is working as a Switch. There are three terminal NC (Normally Close) and NO
(Normally Open) and Common. Here we connect. NC terminal to the rechargeable battery and
Common terminal is Connects with the LEDs. Now if Power supply is on it connects with NO
terminal and charge the battery and when there is no power supply NC terminal is connected
with the battery and LEDs will be ON.

1.3.3 Rechargeable Battery:

Li-ION battery is used to give 3.7V as Output and Maximum Voltage of the battery is 4.7
voltage Zener Diode of 4.5V is used to get 4.5V as an input. So that it can be measured how
much time it will take to charge battery.

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1.3.4 LEDs:

10 LEDs are connected in parallel to get charge from rechargeable battery when power supply is
cut off. It is on automatically when power supply is off.

Design Details

2.1 Transformer:

In this circuit the transformer used is of step down type which consumes 230 volts as
input (primary side) and produces output of 12volts. This can be termed as 230votls primary,
12v secondary step down transformer.

2.2 Relay circuit:

Relay is working as a Switch. In the input of Relay 9V DC supply can be given and at the
output if we connect bulb so relay is working as switch and bulb will turn On/Off so, we can
verify the working of Relay.

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 Simulated circuit for relay as shown below

Relay Simulation Circuit

2.3 Zener Diode:

It permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in
the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value - the breakdown voltage known
as the Zener voltage. The Zener diode specially made to have a reverse voltage breakdown at a
specific voltage. For example, a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 4.2 V exhibits a
voltage drop of very nearly 4.2 V across a wide range of reverse currents.

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 ZENER DIODE

2.4 Capacitor:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electro statically
in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (I.e. insulator). An ideal capacitor is characterized by a
single constant value for its capacitance. Capacitance is expressed as the ratio of the electric charge Q
on each conductor to the potential difference V between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad
(F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Typical capacitance values range from about 1 pF
(10−12 F) to about 1 mF (10−3 F)

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2.5 Diode:

Diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance; it has low (ideally
zero) resistance to current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

2.7 Rechargeable Battery:

Li-ION battery is used to give 3.7V as Output and Maximum Voltage of the battery is 4.7
voltages. Zener Diode of 4.5V is used to get 4.5V as an input. So that it can be measured how much time
it will take to charge battery.

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2.8 Bridge Circuit:

A bridge circuit is a type of electrical circuit in which two circuit branches (usually in
parallel with each other) are "bridged" by a third branch connected between the first two
branches at some intermediate point along them.
In the circuit of automatic emergency light the bridge circuit is used for convert 12VAC to 12VDC
voltage.

FIG. 2.8 Bridge Simulation

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3 Circuit Diagram with Explanation of Each Block

3.1 Circuit Diagram

Circuit diagram of Automatic LED Emergency light is as below

3.2 Operation of circuit Diagram

The step down transformer and the diode bridge rectifier steps down and convert the high AC (in
the range of 110V or 230V) voltage to low (12V) DC voltage. The diode D5 prevents the battery charge
from flowing back, it acts as a freewheeling diode too. In the presence of electricity, the relay contact
connects the NO (Normally Open) terminal to battery. Thus battery charges during this time. Use Green
LED as the charging indicator which glows when the emergency light battery is charging. When supply
failure occurs, relay connects the NC (Normally Closed) terminal to the battery. The LED arrays are
connected to NC terminal, thus they glow by using the charge stored in the battery.

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3.3 Circuit Diagram With Operational Details
3.3.1 Transformer:

For Converting High AC voltage to Low AC voltage we used 12-0-12V Transformer

.
3.3.2 Bridge Circuit:

To convert 12V AC to 12 V DC, we use 4 Diode 1N4007. It has High Current Capability
and Low Forward Voltage Drop. The value of capacitor is 470μF. So we get rectified output.

FIG. 3.3.2 Bridge Circuit

3.3.3 Relay:
Relay is working as a Switch. To operate relay we needs 12V DC supply so that we are
using 12V Transformer.

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3.3.4 Rechargeable Battery:

For Rechargeable battery, Nominal Voltage of Li-Ion battery is 3.7 Voltage. Standard capacity is
1950mAh. Charging voltage is 4.2V.Constant current 0.2C5A.

3. 4 Simulated Circuit

At the time of simulation, circuit is simulated and diagram is as shown below

FIG. 3.4 Simulated Circuit

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Comparison of LED Lamps with other Lighting Technologies:
The comparison between LED, Florescent Lamp and incandescent lamp is shown:

Comparison of LED with other Technologies

Eagle PCB Layout

With the use of circuit diagram PCB layout is as below:

PCB Layout

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5.2 Part list

Part Value Package Library Position (inch) Orientation

C1 470u E3, 5-8 rcl (0.3 1.1) R0
D1 1N4007 DO41-10 diode (0.45 0.45) R270
D2 1N4007 DO41-10 diode (0.7 0.45) R90
D3 1N4007 DO41-10 diode (0.9 0.45) R90
D4 1N4007 DO41-10 diode (1.05 0.45) R270
D5 1N4004 DO41-10 diode (0.9 1.05) R90
D6 1N4007 DO41-10 diode (1.3 0.8) R180
D7 1N5333 C1702-15 diode (1.6 0.25) R0
JP1 3.7V JP1 jumper (1.9 0.55) R0
JP2 230V JP1 jumper (0.25 0.35) R18
K2 G5L G5LE relay (2.2 1.05) R0
L1 Green LED5MM led (0.65 1.05) R90
L2 Red LED5MM led (0.25 1.45) R90
L3 Red LED5MM led (0.55 1.45) R90
L4 Red LED5MM led (0.85 1.45) R90
L5 Red LED5MM led (1.15 1.45) R90
L6 Red LED5MM led (1.45 1.45) R90
R1 1k 0207/10 resistor (0.45 0.8) R0
R2 1k 0207/10 resistor (1.25 1.1) R180
R3 330 0207/10 resistor (2.05 1.5) R180

Part List

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ADVANTAGE
The advantage are; it is easy to use, very low cost, save energy more and easy to
install anywhere.

 Efficiency: more light per watt than incandescent bulbs.

 Color: can emit of an intended color without use of color filters.

 Size: very small.

 On/off time: light up very quickly.

 Life time: long useful life time.

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DISADVANTAGE

 BN Cost currently more expensive.

 Health hazard: cool white LEDs can cause problems to eyes.

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Application

 Used as an alternative source at the time of power failure.

 It is suitable for domestic applications.

 Used in remote residential areas.

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Result

The output of the LEDs is measured and tested battery backup is approx. 8 Hours. At the input of
the battery the measured voltage is 4.5V through Zener Diode. Across Capacitor measured voltage is
12.15V DC and from calculated current is 12.15mA. Across Diode D2 voltage is 13.7V. This circuit can
also be extended to a higher output voltage for which the charging voltage and the load are to be chosen
accordingly. All the other components involved in the circuit are of same value.

Circuit Diagram in Working Condition

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Future Scope

The emergency light which uses IC is a reliable one comparing to other on IC

emergency lights and there is an automatic feature by which itself get glows. This project can be
adopted for mass production as cheap and efficient method

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Conclusion

The project was concluded to be innovative for the improvement of day today life.Device
also adds a new look to the traditional lamps. The cost of implementing this circuit is also very
less - an added advantage in using this circuit. Thus the implementation of automatic LED
emergency light proves to be a cost effective and compact application in today’s world of
technological miniaturization. As of there has been an increase in the use of LEDs for the
development of new applications, its promotion would lead to the enhancement of future
innovations

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References

 Jacob Millman & Christos C. Halkias, Electronic Devices & Circuits, McGraw-Hill, 1967 –
Textbook
 http://www.fmlink.com/article.cgi?type=Magazine&pub=Premises%20&%20Facilities%20
Management&id=30856&mode=source
 http://www.circuitstoday.com/automatic-led-emergency-light
 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/estates/maintenance/fire/documents/UCLFire_TN_022.pdf
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_light
 http://electrotech99.blogspot.in/2012/11/led-based-automatic-rechargeable.html
 http://www.connectingindustry.com/electricalengineering/the-benefits-of-automatic-
emergency-lighting-testing.aspx
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/161102521/Automatic-Led-Emergency-Light-Ppt
 http://www.tridonic.com/pl/download/Emergency_Lighting_Overview_EN.pdf
 http://www.8051projects.net/files/public/1259220442_20766_FT0_7380969-line-follower-
using-at89c51.pdf

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