Knowledge and Practice of Drinking Water,

Water Sanitation and Hygiene in Low and Middle- Income settings in

St. Mary’s Village, Las Pinas City

Submited by
Rajan, Rinita Mary
Tiwari, Rahul
Plavungal Seyad, Ruksana
Suresh, Chinnu
Vijayan, Suji
Philosen, Leo Jean
Muthappan Herman, Limcy
Sakthivel Rexson Thrishta, Ishwarya
Ramesh, Sathyahar
Vinayakumar, Rohit
Patrick Mary Jaya, Nikhil
Packiamuthu, Prishka

A Thesis Proposal Presented

To the Faculty of
Preventive Medicine and Community Health
Jonelta Foundation School of Medicine

February 2019

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APPROVAL SHEET

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to express our gratitude towards almighty God in

enabling us to complete the research paper on “Knowledge and Practice of Drinking

Water, Water Sanitation and Hygiene in Low and Middle- Income settings in St. Mary’s

Village, Las Pinas City”. We would like to thank our respondents, the families who live

in localities of St. Mary’s Village, who helped us to complete this research with their

sincere participation and significant responses to our satisfaction. We would like to

show our utmost gratitude Dr. Audrey Angelis Andres who validated our research. We

would like to thank the members of the panel for thesis defence, who gave their useful

remarks and suggestions that were very helpful in refining the research and they

supported us in making this thesis.

And to our supportive professor Dr Audrey Angelis Andres who guided us in

the fulfilment of this research and for his experience encouragement and assistance

and most especially for his patience to make research possible.

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 ABSTRACT

This paper discusses about the Knowledge and Practice of Drinking Water,

Water Sanitation and Hygiene in Low and Middle-Income settings in St. Mary’s Village,

Las Pinas City. This paper tackles the question, if there is a significant association

between Low -Middle Income settings and the knowledge and Practice of Drinking

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene.

It is known by the survey with the set of questions related to checking for any

association between income settings and source of drinking water and type of

sanitation. In gathering the data, the research design used was the descriptive survey

method using the questionnaire for gathering, recording and analysing the problem

.The paper used the survey questionnaire as the instrument. Majority of the

respondents are young adults. The data gathering procedure used was stratified

random sampling. Mean, Frequency and other statistical devices were used in the

tabulation of the data.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title page 1

Approval sheet 2

Acknowledgement 3

Abstract 4

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the study 7

Statement of the Problem 7

Hypothesis of the Study 8

Objective of the Study 8

Significance of the study 9

Scope and Limitation 9

Theoretical Framework 10

Conceptual Framework 11

Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 12

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 Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 16

Population and Sampling 17

Instrumentation

Data Gathering Procedure

Statistical Treatment of Data

Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION

AND DISCUSSION OF DATA

Ethical Consideration 19

Plan of Activity and Budget 20

Chapter V SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATION

Summary

Findings

Conclusions

Recommendation

References

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 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

Background of the Study

This study aimed to ascertain the influence of Income settings on knowledge

and attitude towards water use, sanitation, and hygiene practices among the

households of St. Mary's Village. Water supply and sanitation are two of the most

important sectors in development. Access to water supply and sanitation are basic

human needs and rights. Moreover, the research also examines the role of income

settings on knowledge and attitude towards water use, sanitation, and hygiene

practices. Lack of financial means was identified to be the main obstacle to the

improvement of water supply and sanitation.

Statement of the problem

This study was conducted to specifically address the following questions:

1) What proportion of the population has access to source of drinking water? Are there

any associations between income settings and sources of drinking water? Is there

a disparity?

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2) What proportion of the population has access to type of sanitation? Are there any

associations between income settings and type of sanitation? Is there a disparity?

Hypothesis of the study

There is a significant association between Low -Middle Income settings and

the knowledge and Practice of Drinking, Sanitation and Hygiene.

Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study is to assess human knowledge and attitude in

response to income settings. Diseases related to water, sanitation, and hygiene

disproportionately affect poorer members of society. The reasons behind this are

complex and interconnected. The estimate presented here represents the disease

Knowledge and Practice of House hold in different income settings. This study gives a

snap shot of the influence of Income settings on knowledge and attitude towards water

use, sanitation, and hygiene practices among the households of St. Mary's Village.

Significance of the study

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 The main goal of the study is to assess the knowledge of water sanitation and

hygiene in low and middle income settings. Clean drinking water, hygiene, and

sanitation play an important part in maintaining health. Water is a basic necessity, and

an important resource for sustaining life. The decline in water quality endangers

the health of humans as well as the ecosystem. This study will educate the people of

St. Mary’s Village about the necessity of water hygiene in their day to day lives.

Scope and Limitation

These studies conducted to determine the knowledge and practice of drinking

water, water sanitation and hygiene in low and middle income settings in St. Mary’s

Village, Las Pinas City. Although the study is beneficial to the researcher, the research

is executed within a limited time period and for a smaller sample size compared to the

entirety of the village. Also the study is restricted to a small geographical area and

hence it can affect the result of the study.

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Theoretical Framework

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Conceptual Framework
Independent Variables

Water Sanitation Related Hygiene Related

Related Variables Variables
Variables

Depended Variable

Knowledge

Water
Sanitation
Hygiene

Practice

Socio- Demographic Variables

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and

in-depth search done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of the

art, theoretical and conceptual framework to fully understand the research to be done

and lastly the definition of terms for better comprehension of the study.

In a study by Gokul Pathak et.al published in 2015 on Practice on Water,

Sanitation and Hygiene among Mothers of Under-5 Years Children in Urban Slum of

Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal; it was concluded that Practice of drinking water

purification was found quiet low and there was significant lack of knowledge about

proper hand washing steps. The practice of open defecation was high and household’s

solid and liquid waste was poorly managed. Study clearly defines the population of

interest. The descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in January-February

2015 among 206 mothers of under-5 year’s children residing in the urban slum area of

Butwal sub-metropolitan city, Nepal. Systematic random sampling procedure with

pretested semi structured questionnaire following interview technique was used to

collect information. Collected data was coded. Results showed that most of the

respondents (87.9%) used improved source of water and the practice of purifying

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water before drinking was very low (18%). The study showed 42.7% of the households

used to dispose solid waste directly into the river. Open defecation practice was

considerably high as 48. 1% respondents defecate in river bank. Place of defecation

was significantly associated with education (p=0.004) and income (p<0.001). Only

43.9% respondents used improved but not shared latrine among those who were using

latrine and 62.6% respondents used to wash their hands with soap and water after

defecation.

In the study conducted by Md. Mahfuzul Haque, Research Officer (WASH

Project),Habitat for Humanity Bangladesh on Water borne Diseases Caused by Using

Surface Water ;demonstrated that the prevalence of waterborne diseases was

significantly high due to unimproved water supply and water source at household level.

The prevalence of waterborne diseases at baseline and follow-up was more or less the

same for groups of differing economic status and literacy level. This signifies that the

disease incidences have a specific trend which might be an outcome of lacking of water

and hygiene related issues. Evidence shows that the educational status and health

outcomes are strongly associated.

To find the predictors of the prevalence of waterborne diseases, two models

were constructed. The model I represented the baseline survey, model II was the risk

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assessment from the follow-up information. The two models were consistently

designed but assessed different characteristics of the study participants. However, in

model II, additional hygiene condition and behavior was assessed during the study

period. It indicates that at baseline, under-5 year old children were more likely to report

diarrheal events and over 5year old men and women were more likely to be affected

by skin diseases. Among the under-5, the probability of reporting diarrhea was

significantly higher at both points of time. Non-poor were less likely to report

waterborne diseases compared to the ultra-poor and poor both at baseline and follow-

up. The results show that the diseases related to water, sanitation, and hygiene

disproportionately affect poorer members of society. The reasons behind this are

complex and interconnected.

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A research methodology defines what the activity of researcher is, how to

proceed, how to measure progress, and what constitute success. Research methods

are the steps, procedure and strategies for gathering and analyzing the data in a

research investigation.

This chapter deals with the methodology adopted for Research on Knowledge

and Practice of Drinking Water,Water Sanitation and Hygiene in Low and Middle-

Income settings in St.Mary’s Village , Laspinas. It Includes description of research

approach, research design, study setting, sample and sampling technique,

development of data collection tools and questionnaires, development of structured

teaching programme, procedure for data collection and the plan for data analysis.

Research approach

Research approach is a systemic, objective method of discovery with empirical

evidence and rigorous control. The research approach spells out the basic strategies

that the researcher adopts to develop information that is accurate and interpretable.

The control is achieved by holding area of population inhabiting as a constant and

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varying only the income under study. The type of research dealing here is a descriptive

type and approach used is a mix of qualitative and quantitative. The main purpose of

this research is to find out there is a significant association between Low -Middle

Income settings and the knowledge and Practice of Drinking Water, Sanitation And

Hygiene. Questionnaire is the major tool used in this particular study. Questionnaire

used in this study is simple and short, terms used are explained properly and questions

are written in a logical manner. Mainly answers for each of these questions are to be

evolved from the questionnaire survey.

 What proportion of the population has access to source of drinking water?

Are there any associations between income settings and sources of drinking

water? What proportion of the population has access to type of sanitation?

Are there any associations between income settings and type of sanitation?

Is there a disparity?

This research methodology helps in identification and analysis of a problematic

situation, in order to change and improve it.

Research design

The researcher chose a cross sectional study using survey research design

because it best served to answer the questions and the purposes of the study.

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 The survey research is one in which a group of people or items is studied by

collecting and analyzing data from only a few people or items considered to be

representative of the entire group. In other words, only a part of the population is

studied, and findings from this are expected to be generalized to the entire population

(Nworgu 1991:68). Similary, McBurney (1994:170) defines the survey assessing public

opinion or individual characteristics by the use of questionnaire.

Research setting

It refers to the physical location and conditions which data collection takes place

in the study. This study has been conducted at St.Mary’s Village , Laspinas.

Population and Sampling

Population refers to the entire aggregate of individuals or objects having

common characteristics. In the present study, the target population comprises of

people of St. Mary’s Village, Las Pinas, who belongs to different financial status

including low- middle income.

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SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE

Sample consists of a subset of a population selected in a research study. The samples selected
for the present study comprises of members from low and middle income settings in
St.Mary’s Village , Las Pinas. The Sample size for the present study consists of 50 members
to understand the knowledge and practices of drinking water, water sanitation and hygiene in
low and middle income settings.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Sampling technique is used in research when it is not feasible to study the whole population
from which it is drawn. The process of sampling makes it possible to accept a generalization to
the intended population based on careful observation of variables, within a relatively small
proportion of population. In this study, samples were selected by using purposive sampling
method.

SAMPLING CRITERIA

The following criteria were set to select samples.

Inclusion criteria

The study includes:-

1. All the people from low and middle class settings in St.Mary's Village,Las Pinas.

2. People who are able to read and speak English.

3. People from low and middle income settings in St.Mary's Village,Las Pinas who are willing to
participate.

Exclusion criteria

The study excludes:-

1. People from low and middle class settings in St.Mary's Village,Las Pinas who were not
available during the period of data collection.

2. People from low and middle class settings in St.Mary's Village,Las Pinas who were not willing
to participate.

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 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA

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 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

The approval letter from st.marys village officer from laspinas will be taken for

conduction of research on knowledge and practice of drinking water, Water sanitation

and hygiene in low and middle income settings. Permission was obtained from

respective village area council authorities. Purpose and objective of the research will

be explained before to the respondents. Verbal consent of the respondent will be taken

prior to data collection .Privacy and confidentiality were respected during the course of

study. The study will involve almost 50 members from low and middle income settings

with duration of 15 minutes from one person. Questionnaire used in this study is

simple and short, term used is explained properly and questions are written in logical

manner.

Checking for are there any association between income settings and source of

drinking water and type of sanitation .Medical care and alternative treatment if any

disease associated with low hygiene.

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 Plan of Activities and Budget Preparation

RESEARCH PHASE/ ACTIVITY DATE (week) DURATION (week)

Topic selection 1 2

Develop questionnaire 3 1

Select participants 4 2

Conduct survey 6 1

Analyses survey& write up research 7 2

Gantt chart of above data

RESEARCH PHASE / ACTIVITY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Topic selection

Develop Questionnaire

Select participants

Conduct survey

Analyses survey & write up research

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 BUDGET

The budget is needed for different purpose during entire research work given below:

PROGRAM OR PROJECT AMOUNT TOTAL

Questionnaire print cost 1×50 50

Travel by jeepney 6×12 72

Report print &binding cost 300 300

422

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 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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