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Technology Pathway
Molten Salt
Gemasolar; Spain
19.9 MWe, 15 hours TES
1. Salt Chemistry
2. Material Selection/Compatibility
3. TES Tank Design & Cost
4. Salt Receiver
5. Pumps, Valves, and Piping
6. Salt-to-sCO2 Heat Exchanger
7. Heat Trace and Sensors
NaCl/KCl:
ZnCl2 NaCl BP(MgCl2) = 1412°C
KCl
204 0.81 2.4 1.66 +14.8% 18
NaCl: +26.1%
Na2CO3 EP(747°C) = 0.014 atm
K2CO3 398 1.61 2.0 1 +3.6% EP(827°C) = 0.041 atm 28
Li2CO3 EP(947°C) = 0.151 atm
* normalized to smallest tank for a given energy
** BP: boiling point temperature,
EP: equilibrium pressure at a given temperature of CO2
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap 11
11
energy.gov/sunshot
Technology Gap – Salt Chemistry
Main Attributes of the Salt Candidates
• Thermophysical properties.
• Thermophysical properties.
• Optimize salt composition (cost and properties)
• Low-lithium with additives or ternary (Mg, K, Na)-Cl.
• Thermophysical properties.
• Optimize salt composition (cost and properties)
• Low-lithium with additives or ternary (Mg, K, Na)-Cl.
• Demonstrate freeze recovery at (~400°C),
• It may eliminate zinc-chloride salts.
• Volume change to avoid deformation or rupture.
• Thermophysical properties.
• Optimize salt composition (cost and properties)
• Low-lithium with additives or ternary (Mg, K, Na)-Cl.
• Demonstrate freeze recovery at (~400°C),
• It may eliminate zinc-chloride salts.
• Volume change to avoid deformation or rupture.
• Total costs must include purification/pre-melting
component, ullage gas, corrosion mitigation control, etc.
• Thermophysical properties.
• Optimize salt composition (cost and properties)
• Low-lithium with additives or ternary (Mg, K, Na)-Cl.
• Demonstrate freeze recovery at (~400°C),
• It may eliminate zinc-chloride salts.
• Volume change to avoid deformation or rupture.
• Total costs must include purification/pre-melting
component, ullage gas, corrosion mitigation control, etc.
• Specify baseline melting/purification protocols.
• Thermophysical properties.
• Optimize salt composition (cost and properties)
• Low-lithium with additives or ternary (Mg, K, Na)-Cl.
• Demonstrate freeze recovery at (~400°C),
• It may eliminate zinc-chloride salts.
• Volume change to avoid deformation or rupture.
• Total costs must include purification/pre-melting
component, ullage gas, corrosion mitigation control, etc.
• Specify baseline melting/purification protocols.
• Determine compatibility with CO2.
Jonemann 2013
Jonemann 2013
• Assess performance of
refractory brick,
• Chemical compatibility.
• Heat transfer (insulation).
• Open porosity. Upton Industries 2016
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap 43
43
energy.gov/sunshot (Molten Salt Baths)
Technology Gap – Thermal Energy Storage
Recommended R&D Activities
Crescent Dunes
Solar Reserve
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap 51
51
energy.gov/sunshot
Technology Gap – Salt Solar Receiver
Current Status
Crescent Dunes
Solar Reserve
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap 52
52
energy.gov/sunshot
Technology Gap – Salt Solar Receiver
Current Status
Crescent Dunes
Solar Reserve
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap 53
53
energy.gov/sunshot
Technology Gap – Salt Solar Receiver
Current Status
http://ceresist.com
http://ceresist.com
Crescent Dunes
Solar Reserve
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap 73
73
energy.gov/sunshot
Technology Gap – Piping
Impact
Crescent Dunes
Solar Reserve
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap 74
74
energy.gov/sunshot
Technology Gap – Pumps
Current Status
*D.L. Barth, J.E. Pacheco, W.J. Kolb, and E. E. Rush. “Development of a High-
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap Temperature, Long-Shafted, Molten-Salt Pump for Power Tower Applications.” Journal of 79
79
energy.gov/sunshot
Solar Energy Engineering, 124 (2002)170-175.
Technology Gap – Pumps
*D.L. Barth, J.E. Pacheco, W.J. Kolb, and E. E. Rush. “Development of a High-
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap Temperature, Long-Shafted, Molten-Salt Pump for Power Tower Applications.” Journal of 80
80
energy.gov/sunshot
Solar Energy Engineering, 124 (2002)170-175.
Technology Gap – Pumps
*D.L. Barth, J.E. Pacheco, W.J. Kolb, and E. E. Rush. “Development of a High-
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap Temperature, Long-Shafted, Molten-Salt Pump for Power Tower Applications.” Journal of 81
81
energy.gov/sunshot
Solar Energy Engineering, 124 (2002)170-175.
Technology Gap – Pumps
Current Status
• A salt-to-sCO2 heat exchanger does not exist. Three
concepts were suggested (vessel shell and tube;
serpentine shell and tube; printed circuit)
Current Status
• A salt-to-sCO2 heat exchanger does not exist. Three
concepts were suggested (vessel shell and tube;
serpentine shell and tube; printed circuit)
Current Status
• Bellows valves were recommended to provide hermetic
sealing but packed valves are preferred if a packing
material is suitable:
• Potentially less expensive and easier to maintain.
• Rupture of bellows if actuated when salt frozen.
Current Status
• Bellows valves were recommended to provide hermetic
sealing but packed valves are preferred if a packing
material is suitable:
• Potentially less expensive and easier to maintain.
• Rupture of bellows if actuated when salt frozen.
Impact
• Valve designs will be an important consideration for
reliability, performance, and O&M.
• If valve reliability is not accomplished it will create
significant technical risks for commercial application.
Current Status
• Improper heat trace damages valves and pipes.
• Detailed insulation procedures are available.*
10
10
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap
energy.gov/sunshot 00
*SAND2000-2598
Technology Gap – Heat Trace and Insulation
Current Status
• Improper heat trace damages valves and pipes.
• Detailed insulation procedures are available.*
10
10
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap
energy.gov/sunshot 11
*SAND2000-2598
Technology Gap – Heat Trace and Insulation
Impact
10
10
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap
energy.gov/sunshot 22
Technology Gap – Heat Trace and Insulation
Impact
10
10
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap
energy.gov/sunshot 33
Technology Gap – Heat Trace and Insulation
Impact
10
10
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap
energy.gov/sunshot 44
Technology Gap – Sensors
(flowmeter, pressure, level , flux, and chemistry)
10
10
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap
energy.gov/sunshot 55
Technology Gap – Sensors
(flowmeter, pressure, level , flux, and chemistry)
10
10
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap
energy.gov/sunshot 66
Molten Salt Receiver Pathway - Summary
10
10
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap
energy.gov/sunshot 77
Molten Salt Receiver Pathway - Summary
10
10
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap
energy.gov/sunshot 88
CSP Gen 3 Roadmap
Technology Pathway
Molten Salt
energy.gov/sunshot
Technology Pathway
Molten Salt
energy.gov/sunshot