CE 340 Hydraulics and Hydrology Formula Sheet

Chapter 10. Open Channel Flow

V V2
Froude number: Fr = Wave speed: c = gy Specific energy: E = y +
gy 2g
13
3y æ q2 ö
Minimum energy: Emin = c Critical depth: yc = ç ÷
2 ègø
dy S f - S0
Rate of change of water depth: = Chezy Formula: V = C S0 RH
dx 1- Fr 2
k
Manning Equation: V = Rh2 3 S01 2 (k = 1 in SI unit system, k = 1.49 in English unit system)
n
Depth ratio across the hydraulic jump:
y2 1
(
= -1+ 1+ 8Fr12
y1 2 )
V 12 - V22
Head loss across the hydraulic jump: hL = y1 - y2 +
2g
/ / /
Broad-crested weir: 𝑄=𝐶 𝑏 𝑔 𝐻 𝐶 = 1.125
/

Rectangular sharp-crested weir: 𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑏𝐻 /

2𝑔 𝐶 = 0.611 + 0.075
Triangular sharp-crested weir: 𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐻 /
2𝑔 𝐶 ~0.58 − 0.62

Underflow gate: 𝑞 = 𝐶 𝑎 2𝑔𝑦 𝐶 ~0.55 − 0.60

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CE 340 Hydraulics and Hydrology Formula Sheet

Chapter 2. Hydrometeorological Factors

Net radiation at the Earth’s surface: R = S(1- a ) - L
Lapse Rate: 6.5 0C/1000 m
Atmospheric Pressure: 760 mm HG = 101.3 kPa
ea
Relative Humidity: f = ´100%
es
Chapter 3. Precipitation
Rational Formula: 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴
Table 3.1: Typical Urban Runoff Coefficients2 for 5- to 10-year Storms
(For storms having return periods of more than 10 years, increase the listed values as follows, up to a maximum coefficient
of 0.95: 25 year - add 10 percent, 50 year - add 20 percent, 100 year - add 25 percent)
Runoff Coefficient, C
Description
Minimum Mean Maximum
Pavement asphalt or concrete 0.70 0.83 0.95
Roofs 0.70 0.83 0.95
downtown 0.70 0.83 0.95
Business
neighbourhood 0.50 0.60 0.70
light 0.50 0.65 0.80
Industrial
heavy 0.60 0.75 0.90
single family urban 0.30 0.40 0.50
multiple, detached 0.40 0.50 0.60
Residential
multiple, attached 0.60 0.68 0.75
suburban 0.25 0.33 0.40
Apartments 0.50 0.60 0.70
Parks, Cemeteries 0.10 0.18 0.25
Playgrounds 0.20 0.28 0.35
Railroad yards 0.20 0.28 0.35
Unimproved 0.10 0.20 0.30

Chapter 4. Streamflow

Velocity measurement: 𝑉 =𝑉. = . .

Chapter 5. Evaporation and Evapotranspiration

Penman’s Equation: 𝐸 =
.
.
.
o
Slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve (mm Hg/ C): 𝑚 = ( )
.
Albedo of the water surface: r = 0.06
−7
Lummer and Pringsheim Constant: 𝜎 = 1.177 × 10 𝑔𝑟. 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑑𝑎𝑦/𝑐𝑚
Absolute air temperature in 𝐾: 𝑇 𝐶 + 273
.
.
Saturated vapor pressure (mm Hg): 𝑒 = 10 .

Evaporation due to mass transfer of vapor (mm/day): 𝐸 = 0.35(𝑒 − 𝑒 )(0.5 + 0.54𝑈 )

Psychrometric constant: γ = 0.49 mm Hg/oC
Net irradiance (gr.cal./day/cm2): 𝑅 = 𝑅 0.2 + 0.48 (1 − 𝑟) − 𝜎𝑇 0.47 − 0.77 𝑒 0.2 + 0.8

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CE 340 Hydraulics and Hydrology Formula Sheet

Figure 5.1: Slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve, des/dT

15
14
13
12
Pressure Curve, ms (mm Hg/oC)

11
Slope of Saturated Vapor

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Air Temperature, T (oC)

Figure 5.2: Saturated vapor pressure curve, es

400
Saturated Vapor Pressure, es (mm Hg)

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Air Temperature, T (oC)

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CE 340 Hydraulics and Hydrology Formula Sheet

Table 5.1: RA, Angot’s value (gr.cal/day/cm2) of solar radiation arriving at the outer limit of the atmosphere
(Brunt, 1944)

Table 5.2: D, Possible hours of sunshine (Criddle, 1958)

Chapter 6. Basin

Shape Indices: 𝑆𝐼 = 𝐿 ⁄𝑊 𝑆𝐼 = 𝐴 𝐴 = 4𝜋 Ad : Area of the circle with the same perimeter P

Coefficient of compactness: 𝐾 = 0.28
√
A: Area of the basin, P: Perimeter of the basin, L: Main channel length, L H: Basin length, LC: Length from outlet to
the centroid, L0 : Longest basin diameter, WH: Basin width = A / LH

Bifurcation ratio: 𝑅 =

( ) .
SCS Equation Method: 𝑡 = 1.67𝑡 𝑡 =𝐿 .
. 𝑆= − 10
.
Kirpich’s Equation: 𝑡 = 0.0078(𝐿 . ⁄𝑆 . ) Bransby Williams Equation: 𝑡 = . .

Infiltration rate: 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓 + 𝑓 − 𝑓 𝑒−𝑘𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑓 𝑡 + 1 − 𝑒−𝑘𝑡

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CE 340 Hydraulics and Hydrology Formula Sheet

0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃 ≤ 𝐼
SCS Curve Number Method: 𝑄 = ( ) 𝑆= − 254 𝐼 = 0.2𝑆
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃 > 𝐼
200

175 (P - 0.2S)2
Q= CN=100
P + 0.8S CN=95
150
CN=100 CN=90
Direct Runoff Q (mm)

CN=85
125
CN=80
CN=75
100 CN=70
CN=65
75 CN=60
CN=55
CN=50
50
CN=45
CN=40
25 CN=35
CN=30
CN=30
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

Rainfall P (mm)

Chapter 7. Hydrograph Analysis

Darcy Equation: 𝑞(𝑡) = ℎ(𝑡) Baseflow Equation: 𝑞(𝑡) = 𝑞 𝑒−𝛼𝑡

UH Lagging Method: UHtr + (tr hr lagged) UHtr = 2UH2tr

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