Address Resolution Protocol

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

 Foreword

In order for data transmission to a network destination to be achieved it is

necessary to build association between the network layer and lower layer
protocols. The means by which the Address Resolution Protocol is used
to build this association and prevent the unnecessary generation of
additional broadcast traffic in the network should be clearly understood.

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 Objectives

Upon completion of this section, trainees will be able to:

l Explain how the MAC address is resolved using ARP.

l Explain the function of the ARP cache table.

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ARP

IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP : 10.1.1.2/24

MAC: 00-01-02-03-04-AA MAC: 00-01-02-03-04-BB

Host A Host B

ETH_II IP DATA FCS

Dest IP : 10.1.1.2
Source IP : 10.1.1.1

Dest MAC : UNKNOWN

Source MAC : 00-01-02-03-04-AA

l Data link forwarding relies on knowledge of the MAC address of

the data link layer destination.

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ARP Format

Ethernet_II ARP FCS

0 15 31

Hardware Type Protocol Type

Hardware Protocol Length Operation Code

Length

Source Hardware Address

Source Protocol Address

Destination Hardware Address

Destination Protocol Address

l The ARP packet operates within the boundaries of the data link
layer, as can be understood by the absence of an IP header.

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ARP Process

Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

l Host A wishes to forward data to Host C, but must identify

whether it is able to reach the destination at the data link layer.

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ARP Cache Lookup

Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

Host A>arp -a

Internet Address Physical Address Type

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ARP Request Process

Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

D.MAC S.MAC ARP

Dest IP: 10.0.0.3
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF Source IP: 10.0.0.1
Dest MAC: 00-00-00-00-00-00
00-01-02-03-04-AA Source MAC: 00-01-02-03-04-AA
Operation Code: Request

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ARP Reply Process

Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

Host C>arp -a
Internet address Physical address Type
10.0.0.1 00-01-02-03-04-AA Dynamic

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ARP Reply Process

Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

D.MAC S.MAC ARP

00-01-02-03-04-AA
00-01-02-03-04-CC
Dest IP : 10.0.0.1
Source IP : 10.0.0.3
Dest MAC : 00-01-02-03-04-AA
Source MAC : 00-01-02-03-04-CC
Operation Code: Reply

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ARP Cache

Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

Host A>arp -a
Internet address Physical address Type
10.0.0.3 00-01-02-03-04-CC Dynamic

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Proxy ARP

Proxy

G0/0/0 G0/0/1
10.1.0.2/16 10.2.0.2/16

Host A Host B
10.1.0.1/8 10.2.0.1/8
① ARP Request to 10.2.0.1

② ARP Request to 10.2.0.1

③ ARP Reply with MAC of Host B

④ ARP Reply with MAC of G0/0/0

l Proxy ARP enables data link discovery between networks.

l Proxy replies with own (G0/0/0) address on behalf of Host B

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Gratuitous ARP

IP: 10.0.0.1/24
MAC: 00-01-02-03-04-AA

Host A

D.MAC S.MAC ARP

Dest IP : 10.0.0.1
Source IP : 0.0.0.0
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
Dest MAC : 00-00-00-00-00-00
00-01-02-03-04-AA Source MAC : 00-01-02-03-04-AA

l Duplicate IP addresses may be assigned in a single IP network.

l ARP can be used to discover IP address conflicts.

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 Summary

l Prior to generating an ARP request, what action must be taken by an

end station?

l When are gratuitous ARP messages generated and propagated on

the local network?

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Thank you
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