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Manuscript received October 4, 2017; revised February 20, 2018; accepted I. I NTRODUCTION
July 17, 2018. Date of current version September 5, 2018. (Corresponding
author: Patrick Taiwo Ogunboyo.)
P. T. Ogunboyo and R. Tiako are with the Discipline of Electrical, Electronic
and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041,
T HE electric power system serves to generate, trans-
port, and distribute electrical energy to consumers in
an efficient, economical, and reliable manner. In designing
South Africa (e-mail: ogunboyopt@gmail.com; tiako@ukzn.ac.za). and operating electric power networks or implementing major
I. E. Davidson is with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa (e-mail: expansions to existing networks, a number of key issues
innocentd@dut.ac.za). regarding the technical performance of the network at both the
Associate Editor managing this paper’s review: Om Malik. transmission and distribution (T and D) levels must be ascer-
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. tained. These include voltage regulation, voltage fluctuations,
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/CJECE.2018.2858841 rapid voltage rise, electrical loses, distribution plant loading
0840-8688 © 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
106 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 41, NO. 2, SPRING 2018
and utilization, fault level, generation stability, harmonics, Since this is achieved in discrete ways, it cannot purpose-
phase balancing, system security, and supply availability. fully balance the system load; hence, voltage variation and
In many countries, the electric power system is facing voltage profile correction are not properly achieved, hence
major changes such as challenges in operating aging electricity insufficient.
infrastructure while decommissioning outdated power plants Various devices can be employed to perform volt-
for the electric utility and the customer, the delivery voltage age stabilization such as static synchronous compensators
at the end-user terminal is of utmost importance and a measure (DSTATCOM), distribution series capacitors and power factor
of the quality of power supply. Maintaining the voltage and corrector, static Var compensator, uninterruptible power sup-
frequency within the statutory limits (±5% voltage and ±1% plies, and solid-state transfer switches; however, difficulty in
frequency) at the end user’s terminal is a major challenge for maintenance, high cost of facilities, and large size compared
distribution companies. with the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) have been noted in
The most frequently seen power quality problem in the low- the market. Hence, the simple, effective, and cheapest device
voltage electric power distribution networks today is voltage for voltage profile correction in distribution network compared
unbalance. Voltage unbalance is the ratio of the maximum to other custom power devices is the DVR.
voltage deviation of phase voltages from the average pace- Many researchers in the field of power quality show
voltage magnitude of the average phase-voltage magnitude [1]. that DVR has been effectively used to find a solution to
Similarly, in [2], voltage unbalance is defined as the ratio the power quality problems in the distribution network.
of the difference between the highest and the lowest phase- Ogunboyo et al. [10] and Omar and Rahim [11] proposed the
voltage magnitude of the average phase-voltage magnitude, flexible controllers with the use of newly available power elec-
also related to electric power quality. tronics components, which are developed for custom power
The quality of electrical power, which is given to the end applications. A two-pulse voltage source converter based on
users, can be assessed or estimated in terms of constant voltage the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control scheme has been
magnitude, that is, balanced phases, zero voltage variation, carried out to control electronic values in DVR and DSTAT-
constant power factor, constant frequency, zero voltage swells COM [12]. The DVR has been effectively used to mitigate
or sags, and finally a complete absence of power interruptions harmonic as presented in [13]. To reduce downstream fault
and ability to withstand faults and with equanimity fast. The current [14], the problems of the voltage dips and the swell
uses of a custom power-based electronic controller in the were addressed by Farhard et al. [15].
electrical power distribution network to provide high-quality In recent research studies, the use of DVR for mitigation
electrical power to the end users have become high standing purposes has been reported by Sundarabalan and Selvi [16].
importance of the electricity industry in the deregulated power DVR was employed to compensate both balanced and unbal-
system world. anced voltage sag/swell in the load side for the DG sys-
Different kinds of techniques have been utilized over the tem under different types of fault conditions using the real
years in industry to compensate voltage unbalance along elec- coded generic algorithm optimized fuzzy logic controller.
tric power distribution networks such as booster transformers, References [17] and [18] used DVR using power system
series capacitors, shunt reactors, and most recently Volt-VAR computer aided design/electro magnetic transient design and
reactive power compensation. control under different kinds of fault conditions to miti-
Various mitigation techniques have been suggested in the gate voltage harmonic, swell, and voltage sag. The results
past by many researchers to correct voltage variation and of the abovementioned methods compensate voltage sag,
improve the voltage profile in the distribution system; this swell, and harmonics in the sensitive load voltage, and
includes distribution line reconfiguration, phase rearrange- it is nearly kept to the given reference value under all
ment, and phase balancing between specific medium voltage disturbances.
feeder and the power distribution energy converter banks This study carries out a detailed investigation on the perfor-
with a radial arrangement system [3]–[9]. The earlier stated mance of DVR to mitigate voltage unbalance and voltage vari-
techniques mostly focus on medium voltage side distribution ation in a typical radial structure in the secondary distribution
systems. Nevertheless, the proposed solutions did not provide a system for different distribution feeder lengths for balanced
specific outcome for the effective quality of voltage variation and unbalanced distribution lines using MATLAB/Simulink in
and voltage profile enhancement expected by the customers Sim power system tool box.
and the electricity company, notwithstanding, they offer less
effective solutions. Hence, it is not enough to obtain the II. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE R ESTORER
statutory voltage limits of ±5% of the nominal voltage value
on the end-user side. Therefore, there is an urgent need to sup- A DVR is a solid-state custom power device, which is
port secondary distribution systems with modern techniques connected in a series to the load voltage for the purpose
of ensuring a better, effective, cheap, and dynamically fast of injecting a controlled voltage to the electric distribution
response for voltage variation and voltage fluctuation mitiga- network. The most vital role of a DVR is to mitigate voltage
tion and voltage profile improvement along feeder length in unbalance and voltage variation, except it can likewise carry
the radial system secondary distribution network. out tasks such as compensate voltage swells and sags, fault
In recent days, the use of manual and regulated feeder current limitation, harmonics elimination, and reduction of
switching controls are coupled with the many reconfigu- voltage transients [19]. DVR is a voltage source converter
ration problem solving procedures or algorithms [3], [9]. that injects a dynamically controlled voltage in series to
OGUNBOYO et al.: EFFECTIVENESS OF DVR FOR UNBALANCE VOLTAGE MITIGATION 107
F. Energy Storage
Fig. 1. Schematic of DVR.
This supply the necessary energy to the VSI via a dc link for
the generation of needed voltages during disturbances in the
network, and most of the DVR application, the energy source
can be an electrolytic capacitor bank.
G. Control Unit
A controller is employed for effective control of DVR
systems. DVR detects the presence of voltage disturbances
and compensates the voltage problem. The PWM provides
Fig. 2. DVR equivalent circuit diagram.
an effective method of controlling an inverter to generate ac
power from dc power to produce a three-phase 50-Hz sine
supply voltage via three single phase boosting transformer for
wave voltage on the load side. The control of compensating
improving the load voltage.
device is carried out in three steps: detection of voltage dis-
The schematic of DVR is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of
turbance occasion in the system, compared with the reference
three important parts: measuring unit, control unit, and power
value, and the production of gate pulses to the VSI to produce
unit.
the DVR output voltages, which will mitigate poor voltage
profile and other power quality problems in the power system.
A. Series Voltage Injection Transformer
Mathematically, DVR can be represented by the following
The utmost function of series voltage injection transformer equation:
is employed in secondary distribution system that is to step
up the supply voltage from the output of the ac line filter to VDVR = VLoad + Z d ILoad − Vd (1)
the desired nominal voltage level required by the customer where VDVR is the injected voltage to the network, VLoad is
load and for the prompt isolation of the DVR from the power the nominal load voltage, Z d is the load impedance, and Vd
network in the event of fault to safeguard the DVR system is the system voltage during disturbances.
from damage. For DVR to properly compensate for the miss- The load current ILoad is given by the following equation:
ing voltage, the secondary side of the series voltage injection
[PLoad + j Q Load]
transformer must be equal to the main source voltage and must ILoad = . (2)
be properly matched to the power system network [11]. V
The active power of the DVR is given as follows:
B. AC Filter
PDVR = ILoad (VLoad cos θLoad − VS cos θ S ). (3)
Essentially, filters are employed to decrease or get rid of the
switching harmonics produced by the series voltage inverter The DVR apparent power is given as follows:
system. This is done to keep a standard permissible harmonic SDVR = ILoad VDVR (4)
distortion level of the sinusoidal voltage waveform that is 2 2
0.5
supplied to a series voltage injection transformer. SDVR = ILOAD VLoad + VS − 2VLoad VS cos (θLoad − θ S ) .
(5)
C. DC Charging Unit
The DVR complex power injection is put forward as shown
This charges the energy source after voltage fluctuation and in the following equation:
the variation compensation event, and it also maintains dc link
voltage at the nominal dc link voltage and provides a discharge SDVR = VDVR ILoad ∗ . (6)
circuit and grounding equipment for maintenance purposes. The essential components of DVR are used for the following
purposes: injection transformer is series connected to the
D. Pass Switch electric distribution line. It helps to inject the appropriate
A pass switch is employed primarily in a secondary distri- voltage to the source voltage when voltage unbalance and
bution system to safeguard the entire DVR system from fault voltage variation occur; voltage source inverter is used to
currents caused by faults in the secondary distribution system. produce a sinusoidal voltage with the needed magnitude,
108 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 41, NO. 2, SPRING 2018
Va = sin(ωt + δ) (14)
2π
Vb = sin ωt + δ + (15)
3
4π
Vc = sin ωt + δ + . (16)
3
dφ
ω (t) = . (17)
dt
Fig. 4. Proposed block model of DVR.
The control circuit of the DVR can be summarized from
the control algorithm of DVR with PI controller. IV. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
1) The three-phase load voltage (abc) is converted to The effectiveness of the modeled DVR, as described
dq0 frame components and is compared with the ref- in Fig. 4, is demonstrated using MATLAB/Simulink Sim
erence voltage in dq0 frame components. Power System tool box software. In this study, voltage distur-
2) The PI controlling system provides accurate and fast bance in secondary distribution network was modeled and sim-
responsive solution and correction to a control function. ulated in MATLAB/Simulink platform. The performance of
The error signal generated due to the difference between DVR is studied with the PI controller and dq0-based algorithm.
the measured load voltage profile and the reference The DVR dc bus voltage is chosen as 400 and 415 V as source
voltage values and the controller will be active to process line voltage.
the needed voltage required for the mitigation of the The software simulation parameters for the studied sec-
voltage disturbance detected. The error signal generated ondary distribution system are given in Table I. The
will derive the PI controller, which regulates the system length of the secondary electric power distribution feeder
operation depending on the actuating error signal. length ranges from 0.5 to 5 km, the voltage levels and
3) The output from the PI controller, which is in dq0 frame, conductor type of the secondary access network consist
is converted to three-phase abcvoltage by the inverse of 500 kVA, 415 V L−L , 220 V L−N through 11/0.415 kV,
Park’s controller; hence, it is directed to the two-level at 0.9 pF, 80% transformer rating, based on all-aluminum
discrete PWM generator. conductors standard.
4) The two level PWM generator produces the needed In the proposed Simulink model, the pulse signal generated
pulses to fire the PWM inverter with the desire triggering by the discrete PWM generator is at 50-Hz frequency and
sequence. The PWM generator method is utilized on a sample time is chosen to be 50 μs. The overall time of
voltage source inverter to modulate the carrier signal simulation is 0.04 s.
to produce a three-phase 50-Hz sine wave output ac Two cases were studied using MATLAB/Simulink software
voltage, which is the same as the reference voltage. in Power Sim System tool box. The software simulation
5) The storage device produces a 400-V dc power to the parameters are given in Table I.
voltage source inverter to be converted to 220-V ac Case I: A balanced three-phase load is applied at 120 kW
power from the inverter. per-phase for distribution feeder length of 0.5–5 km. The
6) The line filter is utilized at the output of the inverter for magnitude of phase voltages during this event is equal in the
the purpose of smoothing and for complete removal of three phases. The simulations were performed without DVR
switching harmonics produced by the VSI circuit. and with DVR in the distribution system.
7) The PLL circuit is employed in DVR to keep the phase Case II: An unbalanced three-phase load is applied to Phase
and frequencies of output signals in track with the A 150 kW, Phase B 110 kW, and Phase C 80 kW, respectively,
reference signal. The phase A is 0°, while the angle of for distribution feeder length of 05–5 km. The magnitude of
phase B and C are shifted by 120° and 240° as shown phase voltages during this event is not equal in the three
in (14)–(17), respectively. phases. The simulations were performed without DVR and
with DVR in the distribution system.
The 50-Hz ac output sinusoidal voltage from the inverter is
injected to the step up series voltage boosting transformer
matched in series with the three-phase electrical secondary A. Voltage Profile for an Uncompensated and a Compensated
distribution network. Distribution Line
The MATLAB/Simulink model of the secondary distribution The first case presented four samples of voltage profile
network for control circuit is shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 4 shows waveforms out of eleven studied for this investigation; the
the proposed block model of DVR. results of the balanced three-phase load of the radial network
110 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 41, NO. 2, SPRING 2018
TABLE I
S YSTEM AND DVR PARAMETERS FOR BALANCED
AND U NBALANCED D ISTRIBUTION L INES
Fig. 5. Per-unit load voltage profile at 0.5 km for (a) uncompensated balanced
distribution line and (b) compensated balanced distribution line.
TABLE II
P ER -U NIT M EASUREMENT OF V OLTAGE P ROFILE FOR
U NCOMPENSATED BALANCED D ISTRIBUTION L INE
TABLE III
P ER -U NIT M EASUREMENT OF V OLTAGE P ROFILE FOR
Fig. 7. Per-unit load voltage profile of 2.5 km for (a) uncompensated balanced C OMPENSATED BALANCED D ISTRIBUTION L INE
distribution line and (b) compensated balanced distribution line.
and a simulation of the unbalanced secondary distribution Fig. 9. Curve of voltage profile for uncompensated balanced distribution
radial network line in the absence of DVR and in the present of line.
DVR. Figs. 11(a)–14(a) show load voltage profile waveforms
when DVR is absent in the network model; it was observed
that at distribution feeder length of 0.5 km at a load of 150 kW voltage value, and the measured values are 0.97 p.u for
on A, 110 kW on B, and 80 kW on C, respectively. The phase A, 0.96 p.u for phase B, and 0.95 p.u for phase C; hence,
voltage profile reaching the distribution feeder end is within the voltages on the three phases are of acceptable quality for
the standard permissible voltage range of ±5% of the nominal end users, also the percentage voltage unbalanced is 1.7%,
112 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 41, NO. 2, SPRING 2018
Fig. 10. Curve of voltage profile for compensated balanced distribution line.
Fig. 11. Per-unit load voltage profile at 0.5 km for (a) uncompensated
unbalanced distribution line and (b) compensated unbalanced distribution line.
TABLE V
P ER -U NIT M EASUREMENT OF V OLTAGE P ROFILE FOR
C OMPENSATED U NBALANCED D ISTRIBUTION L INE
TABLE IV
P ER -U NIT M EASUREMENT OF V OLTAGE P ROFILE FOR
U NCOMPENSATED U NBALANCED D ISTRIBUTION L INE
of 0.95 and 1.05 p.u, − 5%, and less than 2%, respectively.
Based on this investigation, to achieve efficient, reliable, and
cost-effective techniques for improving the voltage profile,
decreasing voltage variation, and reducing voltage unbalance,
the new DVR model is recommended to enhance the optimal
performance of secondary distribution network.
The proposed DVR system offers voltage profile improve-
ment, unbalanced voltage correction, phase angle shift and
frequency shift correction, the absence of phase voltage
imbalances, and complete voltage regulation. A cost-effective
DVR will perform effectively better than other custom power
devices found in the literature if the appropriate injection trans-
former is chosen and precise direct current storage capacity is
Fig. 17. Curve of combined per-unit load voltage profile for compensated selected for the power circuit part of the DVR system. In a
and uncompensated balanced distribution lines.
similar way, this technique can be generically extended further
to other electric power distribution networks and feeder load
setups.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Eskom Power Plant
Engineering Institute, and the University of KwaZulu-Natal,
Durban, South Africa, for their support for this research work.
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vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 603–613, 2017. In 2007, he joined the University of Cape Town, and
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Power Energy Syst., vol. 66, pp. 78–85, Mar. 2015. in 1984 and 1987, respectively, the Ph.D. degree
in electrical engineering from the University of
Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, in 1998,
and the Postgraduate Diploma degree in business
Patrick Taiwo Ogunboyo (M’11) received the management from the University of KwaZulu-Natal
HND degree in electrical and electronic engi- (UKZN), Durban, South Africa, in 2004.
neering from The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, He was an Associate Professor of electrical engi-
Nigeria, in 2001, and the PGD and M.Eng. degrees neering and a Research Coordinator with the Univer-
in electrical engineering from the Federal Uni- sity of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia, from 2012 to 2014. He was the Director
versity of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria, in of the Eskom Centre of Excellence in HVDC Engineering, UKZN, from
2010 and 2014, respectively. He is currently pur- 2014 to 2016. He is currently a Full Professor of electrical engineering with
suing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering the Durban University of Technology, Durban. His current research interests
with the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, include the grid integration of renewable energy using smart technologies and
South Africa. innovation for smart cities.
He is currently a Doctoral Researcher with the Dr. Davidson received the Associate Certificate in sustainable energy
University of KwaZulu-Natal. His current research interests include power management from the British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby,
distribution systems, renewable energy, and optimization. BC, Canada, in 2011.