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• Classification
• Allophonic rules
Definition
Vowels are sounds in which
there is no obstruction to the
flow of air as it passes from
the larynx to the lips.
• English Phonetics and phonology/ A
practical course (Peter Roach, 2000)
• Diphthongs (8 vowels)
MONOTHONGS
• Definition
• Classification
• Description
DEFINITION OF MONOTHONGS
i u
e
æ
CLASSIFICATION
2. The height of the tongue
i u
High
e Middle
æ Low
CLASSIFICATION
3. The degree of the lip-rounding
Close
i u
Half-close
e
Half-open
æ
Open
CLASSIFICATION
4. The length of the sound
æ Low
Open
Front Central Back
Close
•heed •shoe
High
•hid •put
Half-close
•the
•head •saw Middle
•bird
Half-open
Open •hard
DESCRIPTION OF MONOTHONGS
• Articulatory description
• Common spellings
/i/
ARTICULATORY DESCRIPTION
• Front of tongue raised below
• Tongue tense
upper molars
/i/
• COMMON SPELLINGS
Spellings Examples
Spellings Examples
sheet
shit
/e/
ARTICULATORY DESCRIPTION
• Front tongue raised between
close-mid and open-mid position
• Lips loosely spread, slightly wider
bed
apart
• Tongue more tense than /i/
• Tongue rims lightly contact
upper molars
/e/
• COMMON SPELLINGS
SPELLINGS EXAMPLES
Spellings Examples
bed
bad
//
ARTICULATORY DESCRIPTION
• Jaws separated
Spellings Examples
heart
//
ARTICULATORY DESCRIPTION
• Jaws separated
upper molars
//
• COMMON SPELLINGS
Spellings Examples
cap
cup
/ /
ARTICULATORY DESCRIPTION
• Lips medium-rounded
Spellings Examples
ar, or war, horse, born
ore before, more, score
our court, four
oar, oor floor, board, roar
au, augh cause, daughter, fault
a all, salt, water
aw awesome, saw, yawn
ou bought, ought
• Exceptions: broad, {sure, pure, cure [/j/]}
//
ARTICULATORY DESCRIPTION
Spellings Examples
pot
port
/u/
ARTICULATORY DESCRIPTION
Spellings Examples
Spellings Examples
• Exceptions: worsted
Compare // & /u/
pull
pool
/
/
• COMMON SPELLINGS
Spellings Examples
er, err perfect, err, serve
ur, urr church, turn, purr
ir, yr sir, girl, myrrh
wor word, work, worse
ear earth, heard
our journey, courtesy, scourge
• Exceptions: colonel ['k:nl]
//
ARTICULATORY DESCRIPTION
• Definition
• Classification
• Description
DEFINITION OF DIPHTHONGS
• Sounds that consist of a movement or glide from
one vowel to another.The first part of a diphthong
is always longer and stronger than the second
part, as the sound glides into the second part of
the diphthongs the loudness of the sound
decreases. The length of a diphthong is equivalent
to that of a long monothong.
• Example: /e/, //
CLASSIFICATION OF DIPHTHONGS
Diphthongs
Centring Closing
like //
open
//
• COMMON SPELLINGS
Spellings Examples
er, ere material, hero, here
ear, eer dear, fear, career
ia material, brilliant, familiar
ea idea, area,
eu, eo, eou museum, theological, creosote
ie fierce, spaniel
io, iou period, opinion, previous
iu medium,stadium, union
• Exceptions: weird [wid]
/e/
ARTICULATORY DESCRIPTION
chair
open, like //
Spellings Examples
Spellings Examples
• Lips spread
/e/
• COMMON SPELLINGS
Spellings Examples
A Ape, late, make
Ai Waist, rail, aim
Ay Day, may, say
Ei, ey Veil, weigh, they
Ea Great, break, steak
loosely spread
/ai/
• COMMON SPELLINGS
Spellings Examples
Spellings Examples
Spellings Examples
o Old, so, go
oe Toe, doe, hoe
ow Know, blow, pillow
oa Oak, road, soap
ou Soul, though, shoulder
Spellings Examples
• Definition
Sounds that consist of a movement or glide
from one vowel to another and then to a
third. There are 5 triphthongs composed of
the 5 closing diphthongs and / / added at
the end.
TRIPHTHONGS
• + =
fire, liar, society
• e + = e
player, greyer, layer
• + =
loyal, enjoyable
• + =
slower, lower
• + =
power, hour, flower
Allophonic rules for English
vowels
4. [+front] / [+vowels]
Retracted before
syllable final /l/
• Example:
helped he l p t
banks b k s
bonds b n d z
twelfth twe l f
Table 5: Final three-consonant clusters
fifths f - f s
next ne - k s t
lapsed l - p s t
FINAL CONSONANT CLUSTER
twelfth twe l f s
prompts pr
pr m p t s
Table 7: Final four-consonant clusters
sixths s - k s s
texts te - k s t s
Note:
• Syllabic Consonants
RHYME
extra
• e.kstr
e.kstr
• ek.str
ek.str
• eks.tr
eks.tr
• ekst.r
ekst.r
• ekstr.
ekstr.
ti t&
/, struggle /str
str
l/
l
WEAK SYLLABLE
Weak syllable can only have 4 types of peak:
• The vowel /
/ (schwa)
• A close front unrounded vowel in the general area
of i and (symbolised i)
• A close back rounded vowel in the general area of
'/ (symbolised u)
/u:/ and /'
• Syllabic consonants
/ vowel (schwa)
The /
In quality:
‘a’ attend
tend/ r
kt
/
character /k
‘ar’ a ts/
a
particular /p
tikjul
/ march /ma
‘or’ forget /f
et o idz
mortgage /mo
Common Spellings
Weak form Strong form
‘er’ perhaps p
hps/ merge m++ d
• Common spellings:
-nfluenz
Syllabic Consonants
• Definition:
n/
• Phonetic symbols: /n / /ll/ /m
/ m/ /rr/
/ll/
Common spellings
• Words ending with one or more consonant letters
followed by ‘le’
with alveolar consonant preceding
cattle /ktl/, wrestle /resl/
with non-alveolar consonant preceding
couple /kpl/, struggle /str l/
• Words ending with one or more consonant letters
followed by ‘al’ or ‘el’
panel /'pnl/, petal /petl/, parcel /p sl
Note
Syllabic Non-syllabic
happen /hpm /
thicken /k/
/r/
Very common in most American accents
particular particular
p
tkj
l
prtk
lr/