Report Assignment Enginerring and Architectural Heritage 2018-1

1 Friday ,March 23rd

STRUCTURAL DESIGN IN THE WORK OF GAUDI

Santiago Huerta

Department of Structural Design, Escuela Ticnica Superior de Arquitecrura, Universidad Politecnica de

Madrid,
Avida Juan de Herrera 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Email: shuerta@aq.upm.es

ABSTRACT
The work of Gaudi embraces all the facets of architectural design. The present paper studies the analysis
and design of masonry arches, vaults and buildings. It is well known that Gaudi used hanging models
and graphical methods as design tools. These methods can be traced back to the end of the 17th Century.
In addition, it was not original the use of equilibrated, catenarian forms. What was completely original
was the idea of basing all the structural design in considerations of equilibrium. Gaudi also employed
unusual geometrical forms for some of his vaults and ruled surfaces, showing a deep structural insight.
Finally, he designed three-forms of equilibrium for the supports of the vaults in the Sagrada Familia. In
the present paper Gaudi's equilibrium methods are studied with some detail, stressing their validity
within the frame of Limit Analysis.

Keywords: Structural design; Gaudi; Masonry arches; Vaults; Catenarian forms; Equilibrium
methods; Limit analysis

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. General information

These documents must follow the style and format instructions given in this document, which can be
used as a template. The extended abstracts will be published in a book and the full papers will be
published digitally.

1.2. Length of the documents

The maximum length of the reports must be 3 pages. This includes figures, tables, acknowledgements,
references, abbreviations list, etc.

1.3. Language
The text must be written in English, including the labels and legends in the figures (though in some
particular cases the translation may be provided in the respective caption).

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2. FORMATTING INSTRUCTIONS

2.1. Paper size and margins

The paper size is A4 (21,0cm × 29,7cm) and the typing area has 25mm margins to all the page borders
(top, bottom, left and right). The typing area is, therefore, 160mm wide.

2.2. Fonts, spacing, and styles

The paper should be written with the Times New Roman typeface. This includes section titles, text
captions of figurer and tables, equations, citations and reference list.

2.2.1. Paper title

The paper title font is Times New Roman, with a bold character style and a size of 18 pt. This paragraph
is left aligned and with single line spacing and with all letters capitalized. The spacing before the title
(to the top of the typing area) is 36 pt.

2.2.2. Authors
The font for the authors’ names (first name and last name) is Times New Roman, with a cursive character
style and a size of 11 pt. This paragraph is left aligned and with single line spacing. The spacing between
the title and the authors’ names is 24 pt. The names should be separated by comas, and following each
author’s name a superscripted number should flag a footnote where the author’s affiliation and contact
information will be placed.

2.2.3. Affiliation and contact information

The authors’ names, affiliation (Titles, Affiliation, E-mail address) must be placed, by this order, in a
footnote in the first page. The font for this footnote is Times New Roman, with a regular character style
and a size of 10 pt. This footnote is left aligned and with single line spacing.

2.2.4. Abstract
The abstract font is Times New Roman, with a regular character style and a size of 11 pt. Abstract
paragraphs are justified (left and right) and with single line spacing. The spacing between the authors’
names and the abstract is 48 pt.

2.2.5. Keywords
The keywords font is Times New Roman, with a cursive character style and a size of 11 pt. Keywords
paragraph is justified (left and right) and with single line spacing. The spacing between the abstract and
the keywords is 24 pt. The spacing between the keywords and the title of first level section of the paper
is 36 pt.

2.2.6. Section titles

The font of the titles of first level sections is Times New Roman, with a bold character style and a 12 pt
size. The title paragraph is left aligned, with all the letters capitalized and with single line spacing. These
titles are preceded by Arabic numbers (1., 2., 3., …) followed by 0.75 cm tabulation. Leave one blank
lines (24 pt) before the first level titles and 6 pt after.
The font of the titles of second level sections is Times New Roman, with a bold character style and a
11 pt size. The title paragraph is left aligned, with only the first letter capitalized and with single line
spacing. These titles are preceded by Arabic numbers (1.1., 1.2., 1.3., …) followed by 1 cm tabulation.
Use single line spacing. Leave one blank line (12 pt) before the second level titles, except when they are
placed after a first level title, in which case the spacing is only 6 pt.
The font of the titles of third level sections is Times New Roman, with an italic character style and a
size of 11 pt. The title paragraph is left aligned, with only the first letter capitalized and with single line

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spacing. These titles are preceded by Arabic numbers (1.1.1., 1.1.2., 1.1.3., …) followed by 1.25 cm
tabulation. Leave one blank line (12 pt) before the third level titles and 3 pt after

2.2.7. Plain text

The plain text font is Times New Roman, with a regular character style and a size of 11 pt. Paragraphs
are justified (left and right), with no indentation and with single line spacing. The vertical spacing
between paragraphs is 6 pt.

2.3. Equations and mathematical expressions

Should be written using the formula editor included in MS Word, left aligned in lines and numbered
with consecutive Arabic numerals in round brackets aligned with the right margin. The symbols of
variables in formulas and in the text should be written in italics, while vectors and matrices should be
written in straight bold letters. Formulas should be separated with 1 empty line from the other text. All
the symbols in a formula should be defined in the following way.
𝐾2 +𝐾4
𝐾𝑥 = (1)
2

where: K2 = shear strength along fibers, K4 = tensile strength perpendicularly to fibers.

2.4. Figures, diagrams and photographs

Figures, diagrams, photographs should be pasted into the text. Descriptions being an integral part of
illustrations should be set in italics using a font not larger than that of the main text of the paper.
Descriptions in figures, and figure captions should be in English. Numbers (consecutive Arabic
numerals) proceeded by the word “Figure” (Bold), and captions should be placed under figures,
diagrams and photographs and centered. It is recommended that figures and diagrams are drawn using
computer technology.

Figure 1 Diagram
The font in figure captions is Times New Roman with a size of 10 pt; the caption text is centered. The
expression “Figure X” is printed with a bold character style, but the rest of the caption is printed with a
regular character style.

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2.5. Tables
Tables are centered in the typing area, with a numbered caption above. There must be one blank line
(12 pt) above the caption and one blank line (12 pt) below the table. The cell margins are 0.1 cm on all
sides (top, bottom, left and right).
The font for the text inside the table is Times New Roman size 10 pt. Borders must be used to separate
the title row/column from the other table contents, and a bold character style may be used in the table
headers, to improve readability.
Table 1 Results of the modal identification
Frequency Damping
Mode Shapes
[Hz] [%]
Mode 1 2.0 1.0
Mode 2 7.5 2.0
Mode 3 14.5 3.0
Mode 4 16.6 4.0
Average – 5.0

3. CONCLUSIONS
These formatting instructions must be followed by the authors.
Full papers should be sent by PAIDEIA in *.pdf (pdf file) before the specified deadline (see details of
the assignment in PAIDEIA).
The name of the file should be composed by “Report” followed by the identification number of the
Group and by the last name of the three authors (e.g. Paper-G1-Name1-Name2-Name3.pdf).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The “Acknowledgments” section is placed before the “References” section. The title of this section
“Acknowledgments” is formatted as a first level section title, but unnumbered.

REFERENCES
The references should be ordered according to the order in which they are cited in the text, and preceded
by consecutive numbers. When citing in the text, the numbers of references should be put in square
brackets, e.g.[1]. When citing formula numbers in the text, they should be put in round brackets, e.g.
(Figure 1), (Table 2).The format of a reference depends on whether it was published in proceedings [1],
a journal [2] or a book [3], or as a chapter in a book [4]. The numbers given here in square brackets refer
to exemplary descriptions provided below.

[1] Borzemski S. (1990) An algorithm for a certain reliability problem. In: Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on
Systems Engineering Las Vegas, University of Nevada, 242-250
[2] Kowalski A., Dziewulak B. (2006) A method for reinforcement of steel beams. Journal of
Structures 36(2): 115-127
[3] Nowacki W. (1970) Theory of elasticity. Warszawa, PWN
[4] Brown G., Singer B. (2001) Timber structures. In Smith F. (ed) Contemporary civil engineering.
Fox Publ., New York

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Report Assignment Enginerring and Architectural Heritage 2018-1
1 Friday ,March 23rd