Feeding dairy

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Practical guidelines
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Feeding dairy
cattle better
Practical guidelines
Introduction Contents

Dairy farmers are responsible for many different aspects. 1 Feeding cattle means feeding people 7
They must operate their farms profitably, ensure the well-
being and health of their dairy cattle, and operate in a sustain- 2 Higher requirements for feed 11
able way. BASF provides an extensive package of products 2.1 Lifetime yield and productive lifetime 13
and solutions for these varied requirements. This brochure 2.2 Cows in the transition phase 13
demonstrates the wide range of feed additives that ensure 2.3 Milk yield 14
that dairy cattle are fed in a needs-based and adapted man- 2.4 Feed consumption and feed quality 14
ner. It also presents products for feed preservation and pro-
vides examples of cowshed flooring. The information and 3 Challenges in milk production 15
practical notes can help dairy farmers, herd managers and 3.1 Fat metabolism 17
feed experts to improve the efficiency of milk production. 3.2 Blood glucose 17
3.3 Metabolism in the liver 18
3.4 Ketosis 18
3.5 Inflammation and oxidative stress 20
3.6 Mastitis 20
3.7 Rumen acidosis 20
3.8 Fertility 21

4 An overview of possible solutions 23

4.1 Propylene glycol: 25
Ketosis prevention and stabilization of metabolism
4.2 Conjugated linoleic acids: 28
The transition phase with greater ease
4.3 Beta carotene: 32
Only fertile cows produce milk for a long time
4.4 Vitamins A and E: 34
Essential components of nutrition
4.5 Glycinates: 38
Small nutrients with a big impact
4.6 Organic acids: 42
Forage optimization for top feed quality
4.7 NovasilTM: 45
Minimize the risks posed by molds
4.8 Silage films: 47
Protection for nutritionally rich feed
4.9 Cow mats: 49
Wellbeing is essential
4.10 Ucrete: 50
Non-slip hygienic flooring

5 Approaches to solving problems on dairy farms 53

6 Sources of supply for the dairy cattle product portfolio 57

1 Feeding cattle means
feeding people
8 Feeding cattle means feeding people 9

1 Feeding cattle means

feeding people

The world’s population is constantly growing, and so are glob-

al food needs. The increasing purchasing power of people in
many countries is leading to an increase in the demand for
food of animal origin. This causes major challenges for ag-
riculture and its upstream and downstream sectors, as the
resources required for livestock farming, such as soil, water
and fossil fuels, are limited. Furthermore, food production has
to compete with a growing demand for non-food goods such
as bioenergy.

“Dairy farming contributes to a sustainable

and resource-saving food production.”

Strict requirements for environmental protection and global cli-

mate change are also impeding and limiting the expansion of
livestock farming in many regions of the world. Livestock pro-
duction will remain sustainable if it can succeed in increasing
production efficiency. The ideal approach is to produce more
milk, meat, fish and eggs by using fewer resources. Not only
does this cover the growing demand for food of animal origin
at affordable prices, it is also more profitable and sustainable.
Farming ruminant animals like dairy cows is an import-
ant aspect of diverse and sustainable farming that is geared
towards market and consumer requirements. Many areas can
only be used effectively thanks to cattle rearing: ruminant ani-
mals can transform animal feed that is rich in crude fiber such
as grasses in the permanent pasture areas or the numerous
by-products of the food industry (e.g. sugar beet pulp) into
high-quality food.

Feed uses up resources

In milk production, feed represents around 60 % of the pro-
duction costs. With regard to consumption of resources, feed
is also the decisive factor. The efficiency of milk production
can therefore primarily be controlled through the feed costs per
kg of milk produced. Other factors that influence the resource
and feed costs per kg are the productive lifetimes of the cows
and the replacement rate. After all, each dairy cow in the herd
must first be reared and fed for two years before calving and
producing milk.
10 Feeding cattle means feeding people

If cows produce milk for longer and have as many lactations

as possible, fewer cows will need to be replaced. This reduces 2 Higher requirements
the feed costs per kg of milk produced and also improves the
efficiency and sustainability of milk production overall. for feed

Fig. 1: The more often a cow calves, the more efficient and
sustainable the milk production.

The production capacity of dairy cattle has increased impres-

sively in the last 50 years. The flip side, however, is that this
has been linked to a significant fall in the fertility, reproductive
performance and productive lifetimes of the cattle. In many
countries, cattle cease production after just a few lactations.
The main reasons for cattle being retired from production are,
alongside lameness and mastitis, often fertility problems. In
this context, the transition phase (the three weeks before and
after calving) is particularly critical. This is because, at the on-
set of milk production, it is particularly difficult to provide the
dairy cattle with nutrients in a way that focuses on require-
ments and output. However, low fertility is just one of a number
of challenges in dairy farming.
12 Higher requirements for feed 13

2 Higher requirements
for feed

Feeding dairy cattle properly has never been easy. Due to the
high output potential of today’s cattle, however, it seems hard-
er than ever. For modern animal nutrition, optimal cattle feed in
the relevant performance phase is the key to success.

2.1 Lifetime yield and productive lifetime

The highest possible lactation output is an absolute priority
when breeding dairy cattle today. Selecting high-yield cows
has not taken into account metabolic load. This focuses com-
pletely on milk production and other physical functions are
secondary to this. With increases in output, susceptibility to
metabolic disorders has thus also increased. As a result, it is
now more difficult to get cows in calf, which is why many high-
yield cows are culled prematurely due to a lack of fertility.

“The cattle’s susceptibility to illness has also

increased with the higher milk yield.”

The productive lifetimes of the cows have thus been continu-

ously shortened: high-yield cows complete three lactations on
average, and most cows leave production under the age of six
years. However, it is important to extend productive lifetimes,
as this leads to lower replacement requirements. If the replace-
ment rate is low, the cows can be selected more precisely for
further breeding, and breeding progress can be increased. An
improvement in length of life is also a frequent demand of rep-
resentatives from animal welfare and animal ethics. A longer
productive lifetime also means that the rearing phase becomes
an increasingly small proportion of the productive phase of the
dairy cow. The result is lower resource and feed costs per kg
of milk produced and more efficient and sustainable milk pro-
duction.

2.2 Cows in the transition phase

The transition from the late dry period to the start of lactation
involves significant changes in the dairy cow’s metabolism.
Energy requirements increase almost fourfold within just a few
days. Energy consumption through feed is often not sufficient
to cover these requirements. Cows thus enter a state of neg-
ative energy balance, which can last for up to 100 days. This
causes the cows to mobilize body tissue, particularly fatty tis-
sue, but also muscle. These processes lead to an increase in
14 Higher requirements for feed

non-esterified free fatty acids in the blood and a drop in blood

glucose levels. The liver cannot mobilize these free fatty acids 3 Challenges in
sufficiently, resulting in an accumulation of fat in the liver and
an increase in ketone bodies in the blood. milk production
“The extreme metabolic changes during the transition
phase can endanger the health of the cows.”

Many cows are unable to overcome these extreme metabolic

changes without damage. The consequences are typically
metabolic disorders, which can often trigger a whole range of
illnesses, such as ketosis, milk fever, mastitis, lameness, fatty
liver disease, retained placenta, metritis, and displaced abo-
masum. Adjusted feeding helps to prevent these illnesses.

2.3 Milk yield

Lactation begins immediately before calving and, for heifers,
reaches a maximum on approximately the 75th day of lacta-
tion, while cows achieve their highest milk yield approx. 40
days after calving. The lactation curve is characterized by a
strong increase at the start, a sustained peak yield and a slow
decline in the curve until the end of lactation. With each calf,
the rise in the curve becomes sharper, the maximum becomes
slightly higher, and the decline steeper. The basic prerequisites
for high milk yield at the start of lactation are, in addition to
healthy udders, a properly functioning liver and healthy hooves
as the basis for a steady foundation. Healthy udders can ren-
der invading pathogens harmless without an inflammatory
response. Every mammary gland infection impacts negatively
on the cow’s milk yield. Hygiene and housing conditions are,
of course, also important for udder health. Only if all of these
factors apply, will milk yield increase quickly after calving to a
sustained high level.

2.4 Feed consumption and feed quality

A negative energy balance in the transition phase is essentially
unavoidable. The crucial factors for the health of the cow are
how significant this negative energy balance is and how long it
lasts. Dairy farmers should therefore do everything they can to
ensure the highest possible energy intake. This is determined
by the energy concentration of the ration and the feed intake of
the cow. The better the quality of the basic feed, the greater the
feed intake and thus the energy intake. Cows absorb less from
silage or hay of insufficient quality. Instead, they receive more
concentrated feed, whereby it is no longer a ration suitable for
ruminant animals.
16 Challenges in milk production 17

3 Challenges in
milk production

The metabolism of dairy cows is very different from that of other

types of livestock. Getting feed right for high-yield cows is often
a balancing act. This practical guide thus presents some meta-
bolic processes and their relevance in more detail and explains
how they arise.

3.1 Fat metabolism

During the negative energy balance at the start of lactation,
dairy cows mobilize large amounts of body fat. This can be
seen in weight loss, deterioration in body condition and an in-
crease in milk fat content. However, cows have large amounts
of abdominal fat, the loss of which is not obvious when look-
ing at body condition. Breeding progress toward milk yield has
meant that more modern breeds of cows mobilize more body
tissue compared to older breeds.
The loss of body tissue after calving also affects important
hoof tissue. Between the horn and bone, a tissue made up of
fat acts as a kind of “shock absorber”. This cushioning tissue
in the hoof is, in fact, also broken down. If sufficient cushion-
ing is lacking, a painful inflammation can occur, which results
in various degrees of lameness. Although diet-related reasons
for hoof damage are difficult to spot, they are relatively easy to
treat. An adequate supply of amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids,
minerals and trace elements play an important role here.

3.2 Blood glucose

Dairy cows’ rations are characterized by large amounts of
carbohydrates, medium amounts of protein and, compared to
non-ruminant animals, very little fat. In the rumen, these nutri-
ents are predominantly broken down and converted. Almost all
the glucose released from the carbohydrates is broken down
into the short-chain fatty acids acetic, propionic and butyric
acids and absorbed directly from the rumen by the blood. The
glucose required in the metabolic processes must be formed
again in the liver as part of gluconeogenesis from propionic
acids. Glucose is irreplaceable in a host of processes, for ex-
ample for the synthesis of lactose and milk fat in the udder
tissue. In connection with inflammation, it is also extremely
important in mobilizing oxidized substances and as an energy
source for leukocytes.
18 Challenges in milk production
When milk yield increases, glucose requirements therefore in-
crease. Insufficient formation of glucose presents a bottleneck
to maintaining energy metabolism. Glucose is therefore the
main focus during this time.
“Insufficient formation of glucose presents a
bottleneck to maintaining the energy metabolism
of dairy cows.”
Under normal conditions, blood glucose levels are regulated
very evenly by hormones. However, particularly in the first
few weeks after calving, very low blood glucose levels can be
observed. Studies on various dairy cattle breeds have shown
that breeding for high yields means that cows in the transition
phase are becoming less and less able to keep their blood glu-
cose levels consistent. Among other things, this is also due to
the lack of muscle mass of modern dairy cattle breeds. Glu-
cose is stored in muscle as glycogen, which can be mobilized
to supply glucose straight after calving. Scientific studies show
a connection between the fertility of the animals and the blood
glucose level: cows with a higher blood glucose level in the first
few weeks will get into calf again sooner.
3.3 Metabolism in the liver
Normally, the fat mobilized during the negative energy balance
is broken down completely in the liver and converted into en-
ergy. If too much fat is dispersed in the liver, this can result in
an overload and steatosis of the liver. The fat content in the
liver can typically increase by up to 25 % after calving. Usually,
the fat content declines again as soon as the cow attains a
balanced energy balance.
Overfat cows are often affected by a high mobilization of
fat (Fig. 2). Feeding from the end of lactation and in the dry
period is therefore very important. Studies show that overfat
cows have a lower feed intake, which can lead to increased
body fat mobilization and an increased liver fat content. In
these circumstances, less energy is formed from the fat, but
increases oxidative stress.
Challenges in milk production 19
3.4 Ketosis
Ketosis is a typical metabolic disorder, which can be observed
in particular in cows with high yields. Up to 60 % of a herd can
be affected, resulting in significant economic losses. Ketosis is
not only accompanied by an impaired milk yield. It often occurs
in newly lactating cows, together with other health problems
such as displaced abomasum, mastitis, metritis and lameness.
There are also negative consequences for the fertility of the
cows, such as an extension of the service period. Overall, it
then becomes more likely that the cows will have to be culled
prematurely.
Clinical cases of ketosis are characterized by a severe loss
of condition, reduced feed intake and a reduced milk yield, and
are usually easily recognized by farmers or vets. In contrast,
subclinical cases are harder to diagnose, and often remain un-
recognized.
Fig. 2: More overfat cows are more frequently affected by high
fat mobilization.
Ketosis occurs when the cows mobilize large amounts of body
fat in the period around calving. If the liver is then unable to
process this amount of free fatty acids due to a lack of ox-
aloacetate, ketone bodies such as acetone, acetoacetate and
beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) are formed. Oxaloacetate is a key
link in the energy metabolism of cows, and is required not only
in order to mobilize the fats completely, but also to form glu-
cose. If the cow has an energy shortage, fat mobilization and
neoglucogenesis compete for the scarce supply of oxaloace-
tate. An intravenous injection of glucose is therefore a fast and
very effective therapy in recognized cases of ketosis.
Ketosis can by diagnosed by determining the BHB levels
in the blood, urea and in the milk, for example. Cows are said
to be ketotic when more than 1,200 µmol BHB/L is measured
in the blood.
20 Challenges in milk production
3.5 Inflammation and oxidative stress
In order to mobilize body tissue quickly in times of acute short-
age, cows switch to inflammation mode. Studies suggest that
this applies to high-yield cows in particular. This is likely to be
a result of breeding for high yields in the first 100 days. As well
as mobilizing body tissue as an efficient source of milk fat, for
example, inflammation mode also produces substances that
the body needs in order to fight infections. These substanc-
es oxidize or destroy infectious agents, but can also cause
damage to adjacent tissue. Protecting this tissue using anti-
oxidants is therefore very important. As part of inflammation,
protein synthesis in the liver is switched. Instead of produc-
ing proteins for synthesizing milk and tissue, infection-fighting
proteins are produced. It is possible to identify them in cows’
blood in the transition phase, even though there is no obvious
inflammation.
3.6 Mastitis
Mastitis, which frequently occurs after calving, is an inflam-
mation of the udder. The strained metabolic situation means
that leukocytes cannot fight off inflammation sufficiently, for
example through a lack of glucose. This can lead to inflam-
matory responses that also attack the surrounding tissue with
oxidizing substances. If, at the same time, the tissue has an in-
sufficient supply of protective antioxidants and trace elements,
mastitis is accelerated. A drop in the pH value in the rumen
due to unadjusted concentrated feed, for example, can also
affect udder health.
“If the tissue has an insufficient supply of protective
antioxidants and trace elements, mastitis is accelerated.”
3.7 Rumen acidosis
A high proportion of concentrated feed is often added to the
cattle’s ration in an attempt to minimize the energy deficit at
the start of lactation. However, this concentrate replaces for-
age, which has a physical consistency more favorable for rumi-
nants. In addition, the villi in the rumen are often inadequately
prepared to absorb large amounts of volatile fatty acids from
the rumen into the blood when carbohydrates are mobilized.
Furthermore, if the cow eats selectively and the fiber constitu-
ents in the total mixed ration are separated out, this can lead
to less structurally efficient fiber than calculated being con-
sumed. Lactic acid producing bacteria then increase, causing
the pH value in the rumen to decrease significantly.
Challenges in milk production 21
Acidification of the rumen or rumen acidosis is said to occur
when the pH value in the rumen is below 5.8 for at least five
hours a day or the daily average is below 6.1. The feed intake
and, thus, the rumen fill, chewing activity, salivation and milk fat
content decrease. As a result, scouring, lameness, mastitis and
other inflammatory processes can occur. The milk yield usually
also falls and the somatic cell count in the milk increases. To
prevent this, it is important to ensure that the ration is suitable
for ruminants, even when the energy concentration is high.
Fig. 3: In addition to self-preservation, reproduction is an
existential principle of all organisms.
“High-quality forage and a balanced ration can
improve the fertility of dairy cattle.”
3.8 Fertility
Reproduction in dairy cattle is a complicated interplay between
all the metabolic processes. In addition to self-preservation,
reproduction is an existential principle of all organisms (Fig. 3).
Animals devote all their energy to protecting their own lives and
those of their progeny. In dairy cattle, the balance between the
two has shifted as a result of targeted selection. Milk produc-
tion is regarded as a sub-area of reproduction and the preser-
vation of progeny. Increased milk production has sometimes
been achieved at the expense of the self-preservation of dairy
cattle. The cattle practically make it a lower priority to sustain
their own health in attempting to cover the high milk require-
ments of the supposed calf.
22 Challenges in milk production 23

Therefore, if a cow withstands the transition but is in a weak

state, hormone regulation mechanisms in the metabolism pre- 4 An overview of
vent it from getting into calf again. Maximum milk yield takes
priority here first, which is why the time until the first cycle is possible solutions
delayed. This leads to the cow not showing signs of heat and
to weak corpus luteum. Plasma concentrations of progester-
one that are too low can also trigger spontaneous abortions.
These symptoms can be treated by a vet. However, it is much
more important to eliminate the causes of such fertility prob-
lems. Farmers can achieve this by improving the quality of the
forage and ensuring a balanced feed ration. Successful and
early pregnancy and shorter calving intervals are possible
when a dairy cow receives better feed.
24 An overview of possible solutions 25

4 An overview of
possible solutions

4.1 Propylene glycol:

Ketosis prevention and stabilization of metabolism

High-yield cows coming up to calving often require quickly

available energy. Propylene glycol can be used to increase the
energy density in the feed.
In the last two weeks before calving and at the start of
lactation, administering propylene glycol has proved to be par-
ticularly effective. Due to its particular effect with regard to pre-
venting ketosis and stabilizing metabolism, propylene glycol is
widely used.

“Due to its particular effect with regard to preventing

ketosis and stabilizing metabolism, propylene glycol
is widely used.”

In early lactation the use of propylene glycol lowers the con-

centration of ketone bodies in the blood, milk and urine. This
special effect of the propylene glycol can be explained through
its direct conversion to oxaloacetate, and the resulting rapid
elimination of the frequently occurring lack of oxaloacetate.
Oxaloacetate is crucial in the energy metabolism of cows. It is
used to completely break down the mobilized body fat and can
also be used to form glucose in the liver. Propylene glycol thus
supports the metabolism in the liver very effectively by form-
ing fewer ketone bodies, reducing the risk of ketosis. Other
after-effects such as milk fever, placenta problems, displaced
abomasum and mastitis occur less frequently as a result. The
use of propylene glycol also leads to a higher concentration of
glucose in the blood. Numerous studies have therefore shown
increased milk production (Fig. 4 a), accompanied by lower
concentrations of BHB in the blood (Fig. 4 b).

Overall, the effect of propylene glycol is different from that of

glycerol. Specifically in dairy cows that are used to glycerol,
using glycerol leads to a higher concentration of butyric acids
in the rumen, which is likely to increase the risk of ketosis.
26 An overview of possible solutions An overview of possible solutions 27

milk (kg/d) 280g/d propylene glycol

(0 – 50 DIM) Recommendation for use
Energy requirements are particularly high
52 control
51.0b in early lactation. Here, at least 150 g of
50 propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol USP) should be ad-
ministered per animal per day. If the propylene glycol is
48
being used specifically to prevent ketosis in the period
46 45.8b near to calving, 150 g should be fed for 14 days before
calving and 250 g should be fed for seven days after-
44
43.1a ward per animal per day.
42 41.9a To stabilize the metabolisms of high-yield cows,
the DLG (Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft –
40
German Agricultural Society) recommends significantly
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
longer use after calving. According to the DLG, 250 g
week of lactation source: Engelhard 2001
of propylene glycol should be used per animal per day
in the first 60 to 100 days of lactation. With regard to
Fig. 4 a: Effects of feeding propylene glycol on milk yield the dosage form, the DLG recommends mixing it into
the total mixed ration or, alternatively, into the milk-yield
improving feed. If the propylene glycol is to be mixed
into the total mixed ration evenly, it is advisable to fill
the feed mixer to the 10 % level before adding the pro-
pylene glycol. Propylene glycol is often used in mixes in
BHB in blood (µmol/L) 280g/d propylene glycol
(0 – 50 DIM) liquid feeding stations.
1400
control
1200

1000

800

600

400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
week of lactation source: Engelhard 2001

Fig. 4 b: Effects of feeding propylene glycol on the

concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate
28 An overview of possible solutions
4.2 Conjugated linoleic acids:
The transition phase with greater ease
From an evolutionary perspective, cattle are grazing animals
that live on grasses and herbs. They therefore primarily absorb
fat in the form of the unsaturated fatty acids linolenic acids
and linoleic acids. Conjugated linoleic acids are produced from
these fatty acids in the rumen. This is why milk from grass-fed
cows usually contains more conjugated linoleic acids than milk
from cows that have no access to pastures or green fodder.
The term conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) includes a number
of isomers. One of these, trans-10, cis-12 CLA, can be found
in particularly high concentrations in milk from grass-fed cows
in spring. It is in this period that the ruminant animals would
have originally calved. Today’s dairy cows may calve through-
out the year and, in addition, often have no access to pastures.
It therefore seems appropriate, especially at the beginning of
lactation, to support dairy cows with CLA-enriched feed. The
positive effects of this measure have been proven by numer-
ous studies.
At the start of lactation, the milk yield increases sharply.
The associated production of lactose, protein and fat signifi-
cantly increases the need for blood glucose. However, due to
the usual energy deficit at the start of lactation, the first 70 to
90 days of lactation may be characterized by low blood glucose
levels. It is then useful to lower the glucose requirement in the
metabolism for milk fat synthesis.
“Lutrell® stabilizes the metabolic situation of the
dairy cow and helps to make milk production
more economically sustainable.”
Lutrell®, which is rumen-protected CLA, has exactly this ef-
fect and makes the start of lactation easier for the dairy cow
(Fig. 5). It reduces the milk fat content during the supplement-
ing phase in a dose-dependent manner and leads to lower
blood glucose utilization per kilogram of milk. This reduces
the workload for the metabolism at the start of lactation and
the dairy cow gets through the negative energy balance phase
significantly better. Lutrell® is fundamentally different from es-
tablished measures that aim to optimize the dairy cow’s energy
supply by increasing the energy intake. Scientific studies prove
that a targeted reduction in milk fat through Lutrell® leads to
higher blood glucose levels in the first weeks of lactation. The
cow also mobilizes less body fat.
An overview of possible solutions 29
Lower body fat mobilization reduces the load on the dairy
cow’s liver, as it does not have to process as many free fatty
acids. As a result, the liver also stores less fat. This not only re-
duces the risk of fatty liver disease, it also lowers susceptibility
to secondary illnesses such as milk fever, retained placenta or
mastitis. The dairy cow responds with a higher milk yield. A fur-
ther consequence of the increased glucose level in the blood
is that important hormones that are responsible for fertility can
also be affected. For example, progesterone is broken down
more slowly, which ultimately causes the animals to start their
cycles earlier and creates better conditions for embryos. As a
result, dairy cows can get into calf much earlier.
To sum up, Lutrell® can help to use the cow’s energy re-
serves more efficiently by temporarily reducing the milk fat in a
controlled manner, thus stabilizing the metabolic situation. Sub-
sequently, the dairy cow’s productive lifetime and lifetime yield
improve, which also makes milk production more economically
sustainable (Fig. 6).
Online, you can find the Lutrell® calcula-
tor, which calculates and demonstrates
the anticipated effects on animal yields
and economic efficiency based on the
operating situation
Recommendation for use
Lutrell® is supplied as a feed supplement
under the name Lutrell® Combi for direct use
on farms. For use in compound feed, it is supplied as
the feed additive Lutrell® Pure.
Use of Lutrell® Combi, with a dosage of 125 g per
cow per day, starts on the 21st day before calving and
continues until the 80th day of lactation. A shorter pe-
riod of use until the 30th day after calving is possible,
but with a double dose to ensure effectiveness. Lutrell®
Combi can be used in various ways, depending on the
feeding method. When the cows are divided into yield
groups, it can be mixed straight into the total mixed
ration. Transponder feeding, on the other hand, enables
feeding at automatic milking systems or concentrated
feed stations in the cowshed.
30 An overview of possible solutions An overview of possible solutions 31

Increase
CLA in the
milk yield

milk (kg/d) Lutrell®

60 initial state
dosage time
50
milk fat
40

30

20

10 glucose
0
calving
level
-34 -6 22 50 78 106 134 162 190 218 246 274 302 330
days in milk

Fig. 5 a: Effects of Lutrell® in feed on milk yield in kg/d Fig. 6: Effects of administering CLA on key parameters of the dairy cow

fat (%) fat (kg/d)

6 2.5

5 2.0
4
1.5
3
1.0
2

1 0.5
calving calving
0 0.0
-34 -6 22 50 78 106 134 162 190 218 246 274 302 330 -34 -6 22 50 78 106 134 162 190 218 246 274 302 330
days in milk days in milk

Fig. 5 b: Effects of Lutrell® in feed on milk fat in % Fig. 5 c: Effects of Lutrell® in feed on milk fat in kg/d
32 An overview of possible solutions An overview of possible solutions 33

4.3 Beta carotene:

Only fertile cows produce milk for a long time

plasma (µg/100ml)
Beta-carotene is an important precursor for synthesizing Vi-
tamin A. What is crucial for dairy cattle, however, is its inde- 700
pendent effect on fertility. Lack of beta-carotene – despite an
600
adequate supply of Vitamin A – can lead to fertility problems
in cows. Supply of beta-carotene depends on the feeding 500
type and typically is subject to significant fluctuations over the
400
course of the year. Green fodder provides the most beta-car-
otene for dairy cows. Letting cows out to pasture provides 300
an excellent supply, for example. In addition to fresh grass,
200
high-quality grass silage also provides adequate amounts of
beta-carotene. In contrast, deficiencies occur more frequently 100
when corn silage or spent grains make up a significant part of
0
the forage. However, as well as the composition of the ration
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
or the type of forage, the silage preparation process and stor-
month source: Marsh, H. & Swingle, K. (1960)
age period are also decisive. With a longer storage period, the
content in the preserved feed decreases significantly. This can
cause problems with regard to supplying the dairy cow with Fig. 7: Course of beta-carotene concentration in the blood
beta-carotene, especially in the winter months. plasma in dairy cattle with access to pasture

“Lack of beta carotene – despite an adequate supply of

Vitamin A – can lead to fertility problems in cows.”
Recommendation for use
The effect of beta-carotene on the dairy cow’s fertility has The easy way to prevent deficiencies in the
been known for several years. This is a key criterion for eco- body is to supplement with beta-carotene.
nomic efficiency in dairy farming, as only in-calf cows will later The requirements of dairy cows depend on their feed
produce milk. Deficiencies manifest themselves in a range of status, the content in the forage and the milk yield. The
symptoms. If supply is adequate, the reproductive organs and, recommended amounts for supplementary feeds with
in this case, primarily the corpora lutea show a high concen- beta-carotene are 200 to 600 mg per animal per day
tration of beta-carotene. If there is an insufficient supply, ovu- (Tab. 1). Optimal supply of beta-carotene can be en-
lation will be delayed. Furthermore, the visible heat symptoms sured in the form of Lucarotin® 10 % Feed in a biologi-
in cows are unclear and sometimes the cow does not show cally highly effective form in the compound feed.
signs of heat at all. Synthesis of the progesterone is reduced,
increasing the risk of a spontaneous abortion. Overall, a lower
insemination success rate is observed and the calving interval
Tab. 1: Beta-carotene supplement per animal per day
increases. By contrast, when beta-carotene supply was ade-
quate, fewer cases of retained placenta and ovarian cysts were Maintenance requirement 100 mg
observed, and embryonic mortality was lower.
Per kg milk 20 mg
The status of beta-carotene in dairy cows is easy to diag-
nose. One way is to examine the color of the colostrum after Dry period 400 mg
calving. A color shift from white to pale orange-red indicates
an adequate supply. The color of the blood plasma can also
indicate roughly how high the concentration of beta-carotene
is. Cows with levels of at least 300 µg/100 ml in the blood are
considered to have a good supply (Fig. 7).
34 An overview of possible solutions An overview of possible solutions 35

4.4 Vitamins A and E:

Essential components of nutrition

Vitamins are organic compounds that are vital for main-
taining the health and output of farm animals. The requirement
for each individual vitamin depends on the type of animal and
its output, and also on the composition of feed. Ruminants are
usually able to synthesize sufficient amounts of B vitamins and
vitamin K with the help of the microflora of the rumen. This is
not the same for vitamins A and E, which need to be absorbed
via the feed.
An inadequate supply of vitamins often results in func-
tional and developmental problems. While in farming practice,
genuine vitamin deficiencies in farm animals occur very rarely,
suboptimal vitamin supplies are more common. Although they
do not lead to clinical deficiency symptoms, they can still in-
hibit performance. Together with lower resistance to infections
and stress, the fertility of the animals can also be negatively
affected.
Vitamin A deficiency manifests itself in characteristic changes,
e.g. dry, hardened, peeling and discolored skin. The damaged
mucous membranes no longer protect against the penetration
of germs. Respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases are facili-
tated in growing animals, in particular (e.g. unspecific scour-
ing in calves). In female animals, reproductive disorders occur
due to damage to the lining of the uterus. Symptoms include
a delay in and failure to show signs of heat, aborted calves,
malformations, stillbirths, retained placenta, reduced viability
of newborn animals. Vitamin A also influences the synthesis
of important hormones in the ovaries and the adrenal cortex.
Vitamin A is vital for the growth of young animals. It af-
fects the processes of protein synthesis, cell division and bone
growth. Insufficient weight gain, poor protein and amino acid
utilization and skeletal growth disorders are the practical effects
of a vitamin A deficiency in growing animals.

“Vitamin deficiencies can inhibit performance

Recommendation for use
and cause developmental problems.” Provision of vitamin A is based on the age
and performance of the animal (Tab. 2). It is
Vitamin A based on biological activity and is specified in interna-
Vitamin A is found only in feeds of animal origin (e.g. colostrum, tional units (IU). Lutavit® A is supplemented via the con-
fishmeal and fish oil). Vegetable feedstuffs do not contain vita- centrated and mineral feed, which is usually enriched
min A, but its intermediates, carotenes. The most important with vitamins.
provitamin A is beta-carotene, which essentially consists of two
vitamin A molecules.
Conversion to vitamin A takes place in the intestinal wall,
Tab. 2: Recommended vitamin A dosage for cattle
the liver and the mammary gland, whereby a division into two
vitamin A molecules does not take place, but rather, breakdown
Recommended
starts at the end of the molecule. The main storage organ for Farm animal
vitamin A dosage
vitamin A is the liver. It contains 75–90 % of the body’s reserves.
20,000 – 25,000 IU/kg
In the case of optimal supply, 500 IU of vitamin A per g of fresh Suckling calves
of milk substitute
matter has been shown to be present in the dairy cow’s liver,
80,000 – 140,000 IU
for example. In addition to the liver, certain amounts are also Dairy cows (in lactation)
per animal per day
stored in the kidneys, adrenal glands, lungs and the retina of the
eye. Vitamin A plays an important role in forming and protect- 70,000 IU
Dairy cows (dry period)
per animal per day
ing mucous membranes. This function relates not only to the
external skin, but in particular to the mucous membranes of the 30,000 – 50,000 IU
Breeding cows
per animal per day
respiratory tract, the digestive tract and the urogenital organs.
A sufficiently high supply of vitamin A results in increased resis- 40,000 – 70,000 IU
Fattening bulls
tance to infectious diseases, as it keeps the skin and mucous per animal per day
membranes healthy and is thus an effective barrier against bac- 25,000 – 50,000 IU
Breeding cattle
teria, viruses and parasites. per animal per day
36 An overview of possible solutions An overview of possible solutions 37

Vitamin E
Vitamin E plays numerous roles in the body. As an important
antioxidant, it is able to absorb free oxygen radicals and pro-
tect the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cell membranes and
animal tissues against oxidation. The importance of vitamin E
for fertility has been known for a very long time. However, it
also supports the efficiency of the animal’s immune system
in fighting infectious agents and reduces sensitivity to stress.
The dairy cow stores vitamin E in fatty tissue, but also in the
liver, skeletal muscles and in the blood. Vitamin E deficiencies
occur most frequently in cattle in the winter, when the vitamin
E content of the feed is lower as a result of storage. An insuffi-
cient supply of vitamin E can lead to disruptions in the growth
of the heart and skeletal muscles. Furthermore, a decrease in
the concentration of vitamin E in the blood is observed in the
period around birth.
Dairy cattle farmers can promote the cows’ reproductive ac-
tivity in various ways by supplementing with vitamin E. For
example, it was possible to prevent a drop in the vitamin E
concentration in the blood around the time of calving by feed-
ing at least 1,000 IU of vitamin E in the dry period. This resulted
in a lower incidence of retained placenta in dairy cattle. A faster
return to heat after calving and a shorter time until the first
insemination have been also been reported. Higher vitamin E
supplements from up to three weeks before calving were even
found to increase the amount of colostrum by 22 %. Finally,
providing the cow with a good supply of vitamin E also increas-
es the vitamin E content of the milk, which thus increases the
supply for humans.

“A higher dosage of vitamin E in feed has been found to

improve the udder health and fertility of dairy cows.”
Vitamin E is synthesized exclusively by plants, and plant oils
have the highest concentrations. Feed such as grass, clover,
alfalfa, grass meal and non-ground seeds are particularly rich
in vitamin E. In contrast, oilseed cake contains little vitamin E.
Humidity and storage time have a negative impact on vitamin
E stability and content. This primarily affects green fodder pre-
serves and cereals. Ensiling and drying can lead to losses of
20–80 % of the original quantity. Farm animal
Recommendation for use
To cover the physiological requirements,
the following supplements with Lutavit® E
are recommended in cattle feed (Tab. 3).
Possible special effects can be achieved through
higher vitamin E dosages.
Tab. 3: Recommended vitamin E dosage for cattle
Recommended
vitamin E dosage

80 – 120 IU/kg
Additional effects of an increased vitamin E supply Suckling calves
of milk substitute
Supplementing with vitamin E above the usual recommanda-
500 – 1,000 IU
tions has shown a range of positive effects on animal health. Dairy cows (in lactation)
per animal per day
Increased doses of vitamin E can, for example, improve immu-
nity and protection against infections. In dairy cows, the aim 500 IU
Dairy cows (dry period)
per animal per day
is to increase membrane protection, which can benefit udder
health and thus improve the cell count of the milk. For exam- 100 – 150 IU
Breeding cows
per animal per day
ple, the occurrence of mastitis in the U.S. was reduced by up
to 80 % when dairy cows were given 1,000 or 4,000 instead of 200 – 300 IU
Fattening bulls
100 IU of vitamin E per animal per day. First-calf heifers appear per animal per day
to respond more strongly than cows that have given birth to 75 – 100 IU
Breeding cattle
multiple calves. per animal per day
38 An overview of possible solutions An overview of possible solutions 39

4.5 Glycinate:
Small nutrients with a big impact

Despite making up a small proportion of the ration, these

trace elements are a vital part of animal nutrition (Fig. 8).
Insufficient supply can lead to major health and perfor-
mance-related impairments. By definition, all minerals that
exist in in the animal’s body below 50 mg/kg live weight are
trace elements. They have a major influence on factors such
as feed intake, yield capacity, udder health, fertility, hoof
health and immune status.
According to current knowledge, 18 trace elements can
be classed as essential. This means that they are vital for the
body and must be ingested regularly via the feed. The forage
and concentrated feed components sufficiently cover the re-
quirements of most trace elements. It should be noted that the
content of the naturally occurring trace elements in the feed
can fluctuate significantly. In cattle feed, only manganese,
zinc, copper, iodine, cobalt and selenium need to be supple-
mented. An additional iron supplement is usually necessary
for suckling calves.

“In an organic bond with the amino acid glycine,

trace elements can be absorbed better by the animals.”
Fig. 8: In spite of the low levels found in the ration, trace
elements are essential to animal nutrition.

Interactions with other trace elements or major minerals
Trace elements form complexes relatively easily in the diges-
tive tract, and can then no longer be absorbed by cows. This
results in deficiencies, despite the fact that the feed contains a
sufficient amount of these trace elements. Among other things,
sulfur compounds or an excessively high calcium or iron intake
via the forage and drinking water can have a negative impact
on the cow’s trace element utilization.
Benefits of organically bonded trace elements
In an inorganic form of bond as oxides, sulfates or carbon-
ates, the amount of trace elements available to the animal is
limited. The animal can use just a small percentage of them,
while the majority are excreted undigested. This is different
for organically bonded trace elements: they can have better
availability to the animal, when in combination with an amino
acid or protein. These organic bond forms have very few or no
interactions with other substrates. Organically bonded trace
elements thus ensure a more reliable supply.
Glycine, the smallest amino acid, is the ideal partner for
organic trace element compounds, and allows a very high
content of trace elements in the product. Glycinates can be
absorbed particularly well from the intestine due to their small
size. More than 90 % of the trace elements are bonded firmly
to glycine and are characterized overall by particularly good
water solubility.
40 An overview of possible solutions
The following trace elements are supplied as glycinates:
copper, manganese, zinc, and iron (Fig. 9 a – d)
Fig. 9 a: Copper glycinate
important for connective tissue
and the immune system
Fig. 9 b: Manganese glycinate
relevant for connective tissue, reproduction
and oxidation protection
An overview of possible solutions 41
Recommendation for use
Copper, manganese, zinc and iron glycinate
are suitable for all premixes and compound
feed. The desired supplement with these organic
trace element compounds depends on the yield of the
animal. The basis for the dosage of trace elements in
the form of glycinates in the EU are the requirements
of the European Commission (EC No. 479/2006). The
natural trace element content of the feed used must
be also taken into account here.
Fig. 9 c: Zinc glycinate
supports reproduction, udder health,
hoof stability and the immune system
Fig. 9 d: Iron glycinate
beneficial for blood cells and
antioxidative processes
42 An overview of possible solutions An overview of possible solutions 43

4.6 Organic acids:

Forage optimization for top feed quality

High-quality forage is the most important prerequisite for a
high milk yield and efficient milk production. In the worst case,
poor forage can lead to illnesses in the animals. Furthermore,
expensive straight feeding stuffs, such as wheat, need to be
used for energy compensation.
“By using silage additives such as Amasil® NA
or Lupro-Mix® NC even difficult crops can be
successfully ensiled.”
Improving the ensiling process for
difficult ensiling conditions
Good silage has a low pH value and a low butyric acid content
of below 0.3 % of the dry matter, if possible. When harvesting
time is optimal and, in the case of grass silage, wilting is suc-
cessful, the lactic acid bacteria naturally present in the silage
crop is usually sufficient for reliable fermentation. However, if
the weather conditions only permit inadequate wilting, and the
dry matter content of the plants is below 30 %, fermentation
Unlike a wet silage crop, a silage crop that is too dry is difficult
to pack in the silo, and too much oxygen remains in the silo.
This oxygen promotes the growth of yeasts and molds at the
start of fermentation. Nutrients are used up and fungal toxins
may also form in the silage.
If the silo is reopened after ensiling is complete, oxygen
reaches the cut surface, among other things, and allows yeasts
and fungi to grow again, resulting in nutrient losses and spoil-
age. With high-energy silage, in particular, the growth of yeasts
and fungi leads to reheating and a significant decline in the
animals’ feed intake. The products Lupro-Grain®, Lupro-Mix®
NC and Amasil NA® help farmers with ensiling (Tab. 5) and
contribute to ensuring high-quality forage.
Tab. 5: Improvement in the anaerobic stability of corn silage
with a dry matter content of 30.7 % with Lupro-Mix® NC
(ensiling period: 90 days)
Kontrolle Lupo-Mix® NC
Parameter
(unbehandelt) (4L/t)

problems due to clostridia are very likely. However, by using si- pH value 3.8 3.8
lage additives such as Amasil® NA or Lupro-Mix® NC even this Silage stable (in days) 0.8 7.0
difficult crop can be successfully ensiled. These products can
Reheating losses 7% 0%
also be used to produce good silage for other types of feed
that are difficult to ensile and have a high protein content and THAYSEN, LK Schleswig-Holstein (1996)
low sugar content, such as alfalfa. Tab. 4 displays the results
of an ensiling trial with alfalfa.

Tab. 4: Ensiling trial with an alfalfa and grass mix with a dry
matter content of 27.7 % using Lupro-Mix® NC
(ensiling period: 105 days)

Control Lupo-Mix® NC
Parameter
(untreated) (4L/t)

Dry matter (g/kg) 257 271

pH value 5.7 4.1

Lactic acid (g/kg) 6 37

Butyric acid (g/kg) 20 0

Nh2-N / Tot. N (%) 21 10

Fermentation gas
8.9 2.1
losses (%)

DLG points 4 98

WYSS, Posièux (1996)

Fig. 10: Organic acids can also be used when baling the hay
44 An overview of possible solutions
Recommendation for use
a) Ensiling green fodder
The dosage of the organic acid products
Lupro-Grain®, Lupro-Mix® NC and Amasil NA® when
preparing silage depends on the dry matter content of
the crop and is 3 to 5 L per metric ton of crop. The
lower this dry matter content, the higher the quantity
of organic acid that should be dosed. The following
overview (Tab. 6) shows the recommended quantities
of the various products.
Tab. 6: Dosages in L/t, dependent on dry
matter content
dosage
product
L/t crop
Amasil® NA 3 (3 – 4.5)*
Lupro-Mix® NC 3 – 4*
Lupro-Grain® 4 – 5*
b) Total mixed ration stabilization
On hot days, in particular, even freshly mixed total mixed
ration tends to heat up. Here, too, nutrients can be lost
in the feed and feed intakes for the animals reduced.
This temperature increase can be prevented by mixing
in products that contain propionic acids, such as Lu-
pro-Grain® or Lupro-Mix® NC. The dosage recommen-
dation for these products is 3.5 L per metric ton, but can
vary depending on the quality of the silage mixed in, the
ambient temperature and the time until feeding.
c) Producing moist hay
Hay can only be stored reliably when residual moisture
is below 15 %. If unfavorable weather conditions pre-
vent sufficient drying, or the aim is to bale hay with a
higher moisture content, adding Lupro-Grain® reliably
protects hay with a moisture level of up to 25 % against
mold and spoilage (Fig. 10).
Please note: When used on farms, the use of buff-
ered partially neutralized organic acids is recom-
mended. These products are classed as irritating for
human skin, but not corrosive. However, even with non-corro-
sive products, you must wear safety gloves and protective
goggles!
An overview of possible solutions 45
4.7 NovasilTM:
Minimize the risks posed by molds
Fungal toxins, also known as mycotoxins, are harmful to ani-
mals and humans alike. Of the known mycotoxins, for dairy cat-
tle, aflatoxin B1 is particularly relevant, as it passes to the milk
in its modified form aflatoxin M1. Both aflatoxins are extremely
carcinogenic. In the European Union, there are therefore maxi-
mum limits for these aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 levels must not ex-
ceed 5 ppb (equivalent to 0.000005 g per kg) in feed. For milk,
there is a maximum limit of 0.05 ppb of aflatoxin M1.
“The aflatoxin binder NovasilTM Plus in
feed can greatly reduce the absorption
of mycotoxins by the animal.”
Aflatoxin B1 is formed in particular, when storing feed has re-
sulted in mold. Warm and humid storage conditions can be-
come a breeding ground for mycotoxins. With grain maize, for
example, the danger is particular high if the residual moisture
of the grains is greater than 14 %. Mold is not always visible
to the naked eye.
NovasilTM Plus – the effective aflatoxin binder
If there is a suspicion that feed has been contaminated with
aflatoxins, an aflatoxin binder such as Novasil™ Plus can
greatly reduce the absorption of aflatoxin B1. Novasil™ Plus is
an indigestible calcium bentonite clay that has excellent bind-
ing properties. It binds aflatoxins to itself firmly in the diges-
tive tract and thus reduces the absorption of aflatoxins in the
animal’s bloodstream. The mycotoxins thus cannot enter the
animal’s metabolism and aflatoxin M1 therefore also cannot
form. Compared to other types of aflatoxin binders, the bind-
ing activity of Novasil™ Plus is very reliable and independent
of the pH value in the digestive tract. It does not bind valuable
nutrients, thus preserving the nutritional value of feed (Fig. 6).
Studies with aflatoxin-contaminated feed on dairy cows and
dairy goats show that Novasil™ Plus reduces levels of afla-
toxin M1 in milk by 45 % on average. Novasil™ Plus is one
of the few products that is authorized as an aflatoxin binder
in the EU.
46 An overview of possible solutions An overview of possible solutions 47

4.8 Silage films:

Protection for nutritionally rich feed

safe
The aim of all silage preparation is to produce a nutritionally
rich forage for cowshed feeding. As silage often makes up a
proven by large proportion of a dairy cow’s feed ration, it is important to
very pure
many studies preserve the forage as well as possible and to achieve a high
feed quality in the silage. To ensure good lactic acid fermen-
unaffected tation in the feed, it must be compressed properly and then
by pH
hermetically sealed. Only then can the anaerobic fermenta-
tion without oxygen take place as required. The presence of
no loss of any atmospheric oxygen will result in fermentation problems,
heat-stable
activity converts nutrients (e.g. sugar) to carbon dioxide, reduces the
nutritional value of the feed and bears the risk of breeding un-
NovasilTM wanted fermentation microorganisms, such as fungi and aero-
Plus bic bacteria. Undesirable acetic and butyric acids only form in
highly the silo due to residual or ingressing oxygen. Plastic films are
binds usually used for hermetical sealing, as the exclusion of oxygen
specific
Aflatoxins
binding is the prerequisite for optimal quality.
very strong
binding Films with better properties
efficacy Most plastic packaging is currently produced from polyeth-
also binds ylene. This material is relatively cheap and has a good steam
consistend
some barrier. However, the polyethylene that is also used for silage
quality
fumonisins films (bunker silos or bale silage) provides a poor barrier to ox-
does not ygen. This means that today’s silage films allow relatively large
trap valuable quantities of oxygen to penetrate the film, which can lead to
nutrients nutrient losses and a lower silage quality

“With silage films, plastics are combined with one

Fig. 11: Novasil™ Plus binds aflatoxins and improves many another in order to tailor properties such as the
properties of feed
oxygen barrier and mechanical load-bearing capacity.”

To remedy these disadvantages, various plastics are combined

Recommendation for use
Depending on the feed intake and the sus-
pected aflatoxin contamination of the feed
used, Novasil™ Plus is dosed in quantities of between
2 and 4 kg per metric ton of total feed. The easiest way
to use Novasil™ Plus is to mix it into the total mixed
ration. Higher dosages may be necessary for cows with
a feed intake of more than 20 kg of dry matter per day,
as the conversion of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin M1
is greater in high-yield cows.
with one another for the barrier films. This allows for a better
oxygen barrier as well as a higher mechanical loadbearing
capacity. The BASF polyamide Ultramid® is a plastic of this
kind which, combined with polyethylene, provides an excellent
barrier against steam and oxygen and has excellent puncture
resistance. It has a better oxygen barrier than pure polyethylene
by a factor of 100, which is why a significantly thinner film is
sufficient in order to provide better protection against oxygen.
48 An overview of possible solutions
With clamped silage, the advantages of an improved oxygen
barrier is clear. There are fewer losses and less fungal and
mold growth. Furthermore, less film is required overall, which
makes laying easier due to the lower weight, and reduces dis-
posal costs. Silage film with an underlay film can be applied in
a single work step, saving time and effort (Fig. 12).
When using a stretch film containing Ultramid®, bales can
be wrapped with fewer layers as the barrier is stronger and
puncture resistance is better. Even with four layers of a film that
is just 20µm thick, silage protection is significantly better. In this
way, more bales can be wrapped in less time, and film can be
saved. Studies have confirmed the excellent silage quality.
Fig. 12: Silage film with underlay film: Polydress® O2 Barrier
Fig. 13: Cow mattresses made of expanded thermoplastic
polyurethane improve wellbeing.
An overview of possible solutions 49
4.9 Cow mats:
Wellbeing is essential
The design of the rest area in the cowshed is a crucial factor
for the cow’s comfort and thus for the animal’s health. Cows
that feel comfortable are more likely to achieve high milk yields.
A cow should rest for at least twelve hours a day. The longer
the rest period, the higher the blood flow through the udders,
and the greater the milk yield that they will produce. Mattresses
with an optimal level of comfort when lying down extend the
necessary rest period. This improves the cow’s wellbeing and,
as a result of the increased yield, the dairy farmer also benefits.
A high-performance cow mattress should be as elastic as
possible and, at the same time, extremely durable. The prob-
lem with the systems currently in use is mainly that although
they have a long useful life, they are not well received by the
cows. They are either too hard from the start or quickly lose
their elasticity over the course of time and therefore need to
be replaced.
“Cows that feel better
have a higher milk yield.”
BASF is currently developing cow mattresses with special
properties. The starting material is expanded thermoplastic
polyurethane. The material is elastic, water-repellent and also
extremely durable. This is the first time that these properties
have been combined in a cow mattress, with the result that it is
particularly elastic with long-lasting resilience. This is demon-
strated by the successful product test carried out by the DLG.
In this test, the cow mattresses were loaded 100,000 times
with a weight of 1,000 kg. The cow mattresses passed this
test, and with virtually no deformation. Another crucial benefit
is that, in contrast to existing systems, the cow mattresses do
not absorb moisture.
Using these cow mattresses not only saves using sand,
straw or sawdust as bedding, it also reduces work time, as
they can be cleaned very simply using a high-pressure cleaner.
However, this is not the only reason for farmers to invest in the
health of their cows.
50 An overview of possible solutions An overview of possible solutions 51

4.10 Ucrete:
Non-slip hygienic flooring

The hygiene and safety regulations in food production busi-

nesses are strict and start at ground level – with flooring. This
also true of the first stage of milk production, the farm. Floors in
the cowshed and milking areas have to withstand a lot. These
areas are cleaned many times a day using high-pressure clean-
ers, sometimes at high temperatures, to remove excrement
and milk residues. In the winter, however, temperatures can
drop close to freezing point. An additional factor is the extreme
mechanical stress due to hooves and the weight of the cows.
Such high requirements for functionality, slip resistance,
hygiene and strain due to aggressive cleaning agents present
a major challenge for all floors. Only selected flooring meets
these diverse demands. Ucrete systems are a good example.
Ucrete is based on a unique polyurethane resin that makes
floors exceptionally resistant to chemicals, extreme strains and
temperature shocks.
Fig. 14: Ucrete floors in cowsheds for dairy cows
are non-slip and easy to clean
“Hygienic and robust flooring is a sound
foundation for dairy farmers and their cows.“ Ucrete floors are used in areas of the food industry that require
the highest hygiene standards. This is also a major advantage
Despite the constant contact with all kinds of soiling, the for milk-producing businesses: the polyurethane floors are
sealed surface prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi. odorless and extremely durable. However, the floors are not
This is particularly important when dealing with food (Fig. 14). just safe when it comes to food. The floors, which are often
Ucrete floors received HACCP certification (Hazard Analysis wet due to the processed raw materials and frequent cleaning
and Critical Control Points) for precisely this demanding use. have an anti-slip class that can be individually adjusted, thus
The highly standardized hygiene concept aims to ensure the preventing people and animals from skidding and stumbling.
safety of food and consumers. To ensure that the floor is completely hygienic again after
work has been done, acidic and alkaline cleaning agents and
disinfectants are regularly used for cleaning operations. The
polyurethane concrete floor can withstand this, which is why
Ucrete is a long-lasting as well as durable flooring solution for
dairy farms.
52 53

5 Approaches to
solving problems
on dairy farms
54 Approaches to solving problems on dairy farms Approaches to solving problems on dairy farms 55

Silage preparation
and forage quality
Forage is the basis for feeding dairy n Lupro-Grain®
cows and determines economic n Lupro-Mix® NC
success. Organic acids help to pre- n Amasil® NA
serve the nutrients from the field n Novasil™ Plus
with minimal losses and produce n Silage film with Ultramid®
more profitable milk.

Animal wellbeing
and animal health
Providing the cows with the required n 1,2 Propandiol USP
nutrients, performance-enhancing n Lutrell®
additives and optimal housing con- n Lutavit® A und E
ditions in the cowshed increases n Novasil™ Plus
wellbeing and contributes to the n Glycinates
health of the animals. n Ucrete industrial flooring

Milk yield and the

start of lactation
All efforts are focused on ensuring a n 1,2 Propandiol USP
high milk yield in the cows. The start n Lutrell®
of lactation often presents challeng-
es. Measures that ease the burden
on the metabolism stabilize yield
and health.

Longevity and fertility

In practice, only cows that calve n 1,2 Propandiol USP
regularly provide milk for a long n Lutrell®
time. Fertility is therefore the key n Lucarotin®
criterion for lifetime yield and a long n Lutavit® A and E
productive lifetime in dairy cows.

Sustainability of milk production

Improved living conditions for the n Lutrell®
cows, more efficient milk produc- n Lucarotin®
tion and lower environmental im- n Lutavit® A and E
pacts increase sustainability in milk n Novasil™ Plus
production.
56 57

6 Sources of supply
for the dairy cattle
product portfolio
58 Sources of supply for the dairy cattle product portfolio 59

6 Sources of supply
for the dairy cattle
product portfolio

The following BASF products are approved feed additives,

which is why dairy cattle farmers can only purchase them in
some countries as a component of mineral feed, supplementary
feed or compound feed in the animal feed trade.

n Conjugated linoleic acids (Lutrell® Pure)

n Beta carotene (Lucarotin®)
n Vitamins (Lutavit® A and E)

n Organically-bound trace elements (glycinates)

The preservatives and silage additives Lupro-Grain®,

Lupro-Mix® NC and Amasil ® NA as well as the mycotoxin
binder NovasilTM Plus can be obtained from private and
cooperative agricultural suppliers or the mineral feed
producer (an HACCP concept on your farm is a prerequisite).
Propylenglykol (1,2-Propandiol USP) can also be obtained
as straight feeding stuffs. The feed supplement Lutrell®
Combi can be purchased directly from BTC Europe GmbH.

The silage film with Ultramid® Polydress® O2 BARRIER 2IN1

is sold and distributed via RKW SE to the private and cooper-
ative agricultural suppliers.
BTC in Europe

BTC Europe is BASF’s specialized

European sales organization for
dairy cow nutrition.
Our strengths lie in the knowledge of the agricultural industry,
based on many years of experience, and our proximity to
our customers. Together with them, we develop tailor-made
solutions, making sure that they benefit from a single contact
person and onestop service. They also profit from the unique
advantages of the BASF Verbund in terms of logistics and
product availability and from the individual service provided
by our local contacts.

Our expertise – Your success

Visit us online:
www.btc-europe.com/dairy
Disclaimer

This document, or any answers or information provided herein

by BASF, does not constitute a legally binding obligation of
BASF. While the descriptions, designs, data, and information
contained herein are presented in good faith and believed to
be accurate, it is provided for your guidance only. Because
many factors may affect processing or application/use, we
recommend that you make tests to determine the suitability
of a product for your particular purpose prior to use. It does
not relieve our customers from the obligation to perform a full
inspection of the products upon delivery or any other obliga-
tion. No warranties of any kind, either express or implied, in-
cluding warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular
purpose, are made regarding products described or designs,
data, or information set forth, or that the products, designs,
data, or information may be used without infringing the intel-
lectual property rights of others. In no case shall the descrip-
tions, information, data, or designs provided be considered
a part of our terms and conditions of sale. (September 2015)

Published by:
BASF SE
Animal Nutrition
67056 Ludwigshafen
Germany

Note:
National regulations may vary and need to be
considered prior to product use.

® = Registered trademark of BASF in several countries.

™ = Trademark of BASF in several countries.