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Keys technology in LTE and LTE –advanced
Ahmad Tarmizi Bin Zakaria
 SC-FDMA and fully supported the MIMO technology at the
Abstract— The goal of Long Term Evolution is to achieve
the 4G system and apply the 4G system in the 3G system and
its extended frequency range in order to achieve the aim of
3GPP target which is to get the maximum data speed, volume
and the more coverage area. In early 1990s, to enhance the
data rate needs of communication, many schemes was propsed.
One of them is the spatial multiplexing. This spatial
multiplexing gained importance for its bandwidth conversation
and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing also included to
deploying the multiple antennas at the both transmitter and also
receiver called as MIMO to increase the data rate by the
number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas.
In the other hand its also hopefully can reduce the delay of
bussiness process, the operational cost of the system as well as
maintain the stable evolution of 4G in the future. This paper
also will introduce the keys of technology in LTE system and
LTE advanced.
Terms – 4G, 3G, 3GPP, OFDM, MIMO, Spatial Multiplexing,
LTE, TDD, FDD.
I. INTRODUCTION OF LTE
LTE is actually the short form of Long Time Evolution.
Long Time Evolution (LTE) is the latest standard in the mobile
network technology tree. This technology tree realized the
GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA network
technologies. LTE is one of the project of the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) , Operating Under a name
trademarked by one association within partnership, the
Europian Telecommunication Standards Institute. The LTE
specification provides downlink peak rates of at least 100
Mbit/s, an uplink of at least 50 Mbit/s and RAN round-trip
times of less than 10 ms. LTE supports both frequency division
duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD). Part of
the LTE standards is the System Architecture Evolution, a flat
IP-based network architecture designed to replace the GPRS
Core Network and ensure support for, and mobiliuty between,
some legacy or non-3GPP systems, for example GPRS and
WiMax respectively.
Based on the HSUPA and HSDPA present, the main
objective of LTE wich is to achieve air interference and
improvement of wireless performance and also the wireless
network structure. It is to enhance the transmiting rate of the
subscriber to be maximum. The LTE also decrease the the
delay and operational cost. LTE is the keys of the technology
that deploy the technology of uplink OFDMA and downlink
20MHz bandwith and make it can reach about 100Mbps for
downlink and 50Mbps for uplink. And also deploy the High
Order Modulation technology.
There are many keys of technolofy in LTE. We going to
discuss on 3 of them which is OFDM technology, Multi-
antenna technology and High Order Modulation.
II. KEYS OF TECHNOLOGY OF LTE AND LTE ADVANCED
A. Keys Of Technology In LTE
i) OFDM Technology
OFDM is known as Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing is a frequency division multiplexing scheme
utilized as a digtal multi-carriers are used to carry data . the
data is divied into several parallel data streams or channels, one
of each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a
conventional modulation scheme at a low symbol rate,
maintaining total data rates similar to conventional singgle
carrier modulation scheme in the same bandwidth.
OFDM has develope become a popular scheme for
wideband digital communication, wether wireless or copper
wires. It has been used in many application such as digital
television and audio broadcasting, wireless networking and
also broadband internet access.
The basis of wireless communication technology is the
transmission technology and multiple access technology. The
3GPP members discussiong the scheme of multiple access
thechnology and they divided into two groups. Most of
companise believe that OFDM/FDMA technology may acquire
much higher spectral efficiency, compared with the CDMA
technology. And a few of them believe that the performance of
OFDM system is the same as the CDMA system. But taking
backward compatibility into consideration and CDMA should
be adopted. There are two choice in using multiple access
network. Most of companies misgivings about the peak-to-
average power ratio of uplink emission of OFDM instead they
suggest to adopt single carrier technology of low PAPR (
Peak-To-Average-Power-Ratio). Other companies also suggest
to adopt the OFDM technology in uplink, and utilize
enhancement technology to solve the PAPR problem. After a
long discussion between 3GPP members , they finally choose
the scheme which is most of them suggested. Lte use OFDMA
as downlink multiple access plan as shown as below:
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multiplexing.

LTE dowlink multiple access.

MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless

communications because it offers significant increases in data
throughput and link range without aditional bandwith or
transmit power. It achieves this by higherspectral efficiency and
link reliability or diversity. Because of these properties, MIMO
is an important part of modern wireless communication
standards such as IEEE 802.11n, 4G, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX
and HSPA+.
The primary principle of pre-coding MIMO is based on
codebook. The pre-coding MIMO is used to weight vectors of
transmission sign of antennas. To achieve the aim that to
having the better received signals is by changing the
LTE uplink multiple access.
propagation characteristic of channel after weighing. PMI
(Precoding Matrix Indicator) has obtained the code vectors of
We use DFT-SOFDM because it is possesses the
pre-codingand returned by the base station and RI ( Rank
performance of single carrier, compared with the OFDM ,
Indicator). Both mobile base station and eNB contain a set
therefore its PAPR of transmitted signla is low which using the
composed by some Precoding Matrix, so as the mobile station
same demand of upink power amplifier and its helpful to
and eNB can identify the codewords of a set by PMI.
enhance the efficiency of uplink power amplifier and reduce
The processing of pre-coding is as following figure:
power cosumption.
The main advantage of the OFDM technology over the
single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with several
channelconditions without complex equalization filters.
Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be
viewed as using many slowly-modulated narrowband signals
rather than one rapidly-modulated wideband signal.

ii) Multi-Antenna Technology

In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output also known as

MIMO is the use of multi antennas at both the transmitter and
receiver to improve communication performance. MIMO as
the means of improving system transmission rate, receives wide
attention from all representatives. LTE defines the basic
configuration of MMO antenna number as downlink 2X2 and
uplink 1X2, and also the configuration of high-order antenna
4X4 considered. LTE is about to improve the data rate and
system capacity of district edge by using cell-interference-
supression technology. LTE MIMO schemes of dowlink is
Implementation process of pre-coding based on codebook.
divided into two parts which is transmit diversity and spatial
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Firstly, the eNB sends a common pilot and UE estimate

matrix H using the downlink common pilot. After that, the UE
ergods every codeword of the codebook so as to find out the
codeword that help the capacity of channel H to maximum and
send information of PMI and its homlogous RI, CQI ( Channle
Quality Indication) back to the eNB and eNB conducts
downlink scheduling of information returned by each UE, an
send downlink control command to notify the UE downlink of
transmission format. And then eNB sends data packet and
downlink common pilot. Finally UE receives, demodulates and
also decodes the data packet according to PMI, RI, MCS
( Modulation and Coding Scheme) include in control signaling.

iii) High Order Modulation Capacity Enhancement

The main problem in LTE downlink that need to be solve is A single eNB serve one or more multi-hop channel it its cell
the transmit rate of high peak. In order to get the 100Mbit/s of which form of three structure with eNB as the center of the
system downlink peak aimed, LTE system adds High Order tree. The number of relays in a multi-hop chain is n-1 and n is
Modulation of 64QAM, based on former QPSK and 16QAM the number of hop. Usually the number of n is limited to two
of 3G. The primary problem Uplink direction of LTE pays for LTE advanced because of the complexity of MCM become
attention to is to control peak-to-average-power ratio, to more complex as a more number of hop.
reduce terminal cost and power, and at present, mainly
consider adopting two schemes of displacement BPSK and
frequency filtering so as to decrease the peak-to-average-
power rate of uplink SC-FDMA.
About channel coding, LTE system adopt the Turbo
coding, The Turbo coding adopts the structure of parallel
concatenation and combine the convolutional and random
interleaving device together smartly to fulfill the thought of
random coding, at the same time, decoding algorithm. Every
components decoder has three different soft inputs which is
information bit, check information and prior information. Apart
from continuing to adopt mature Turbo channel coding. LTE
also consider to bring in advanced low-density parity-check
codes (LDPC).
B. LTE Advanced
i) Multi-Hop Relay Architecture

Multi-hop relay architecture is one of the LTE advanced.

Multi-Hop communication is in the MANET branch in the
network. MANET also known as the Mobile Ad-hoc
NETworks. Since the multi-hop relay architecture is the LTE-
advanced and evolve from the LTE, thus the multi-hop relay
architecture is composed by one or more relays between the
LTE-Advanced Multi-hop Network Architecture.
eNB and UE that involed as shown as figure below.
The relaying strategies of the multi-hop network contains
of two which is amplify-and-forward relaying strategy and
decode-and-forward strategy. Amplify-and-forward relay is
also kwown as wireless repeater layer or Layer 1 (L1). In LTE
the this layer compromise the PHY layer. The repeater receives
a signal and amplifies it and reshapes the signal then retransmit
the signal to the destination. The transceiver at both side of L!
Relay can operate either on the inband or on outband.
The decode-and forward relay strategy is involves the
decoding of the signal at the relay node. The following by the
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re-encoded signal is forwarded to the destination. The IV) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

advantage of the decode-and-forward relaying is that noise and
interference are not propagated to the destination. I would like to thank you to Mr Chow Chee Onn for
provide this topic to me. This topic is very usefull for my
ii) Downlink Multiple Access general knowledge to know about the lates generation of
telecommunication which is now available for users. This topic
In the LTE-advanced downlink system, OFDMA is also also have a related to my subjeck KEET 4203 : Satellite And
used since it is continuosly extended to a wider transmision Cellular Communication..
bandwidth up to 100MHz while maintaining the same
subscriber spacing. A single fast FFT reception/transmission is
applicable to an LTE-Advanced UE when continous spectrum
allocation is employed.
V) REFERENCE
iii) Uplink Multiple Access
[1] Wuweiming, Lijunyi, Guyonghao. “Research of Key
Technologies in TD-LTE System”.
In the uplink, parallel N-times DFT-spread OFDM was [2] Anthony Lo, and Ignas Niemegeers. “ Multi-hop Relay
adopted, where N denotes the number of CCs transmitted Architectures for 3GPP LTE-Advanced”.
within the same subframe duration from a UE to extend the [3] Mamoru Sawahashi, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, Hidekazu
transmission bandwidth of the physical uplink shared channel Taoka, Motohiro Tanno, Takehiro Nakamura.
(PUSCH) beyond 20MHz. This was result of giving priority to “Broadband Radio Access : LTE and LTE-
the cost requirements by using the Rel 8. LTE specification. Advanced”.
[4] Amitava Ghosh, Rapeepat Ratasuk, Bishwarup
Mondal, Nitin Mangalvedhe, Tim Thomas. “ LTE-
Advanced : Next-Generation Wireless Broadband
III) CONCLUSSION Technology”.
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolut
ion
As the conclussion , this paper has summarized about the [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-
keys of technology in LTE and LTE advanced. There are so division_multiplexing
many keys of technology in LTE and we have disscuss only [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO
three of them which is OFDM technology, Multi-antennas [8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced.
technology or called as Multi-Input and Multi-Output( MIMO)
and the High Order Modulation. OFDM system is the system
which is using the digital multi carrier to carry the data to
having the greater transfer data speed. MIMO system or multi-
antennas technology is the system where we use multiple
antennas at the both transmitter and transceiver to get better
high speed of data transmision as aimed by the 3GPP members.
And the High Order Modulation technology is the system
where we used to solve the proble of the transmit rate of high
peak in order to get 100Mbit/s of downlink system.
This paper also summarized about the LTE-advanced
which is uses of LTE system in Multi-hop Relay Architecture,
Downlink Multiple Acess and Uplink Multiple Access.