(10-4-3) NPTEL - Gas Liquefaction and Refrigeration Systems

10
1
Earlier Lecture
 ∂T 
• For a real gas, J – T coefficient   depends on
 ∂p  h
TINV.
• The isentropic expansion of a gas always results in

cooling irrespective of its initial state.
• J – T expansion is normally used where phase

changes are required, while an isentropic
expansion is used for single phase fluids.
 ∂T 
• The isentropic expansion coefficient is  
 ∂p s
2
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Earlier Lecture
• The gases like Air, N2, show J – T cooling when
expanded at room temperature while He, H2, Neon
are required to be precooled to result in J – T cooling.
• In a thermodynamic ideal system, all the gas that is

compressed gets liquefied.
• Using the ideal thermodynamic cycle, one can

calculate the ideal work requirement for liquefaction
of unit mass of a given gas.
• This Ideal Work requirement depends on the initial

condition of the gas (p and T).
3
Outline of the Lecture
Topic : Gas Liquefaction and Refrigeration
Systems (contd)
• Parameters of Gas Liquefaction systems
• Linde – Hampson system

• Liquid yield
• Work requirement
• Optimization of liquid yield
4
Introduction

m • As seen earlier, the schematic of
1 2 an Ideal system and its T – s
diagram are as shown.
• The processes of compression

f and expansion are from 12 and
f 2f respectively.

m
• The initial condition 1 of the gas

determines the position of point f.
The point 2 determines the final
state of the gas after the
compression process.
5
Introduction

m • Lets us take an example of N2 and
1 2 the initial condition at point 1 be
ambient (1 bar (0.9869 atm), 300
K).
f • The required pressure at point 2

f to follow an Ideal cycle is more

m than 70000 bar (690846.3 atm).
• Such high pressures are

impractical and hence there is a
need to modify the system to
lower the maximum pressures.
6
Introduction
• As stated earlier, devices like
heat exchangers, J – T valve,
turbo expanders can be used to
modify the systems.
• The heat exchangers are used to

We conserve cold and J – T devices
are used to achieve lower
temperatures.
Low
Pr.
High • The following slides explain
Pr.
various cycles that are used for
gas liquefaction.
7
Gas Liquefaction Parameters
• In the refrigeration systems, the Carnot COP is
often used as a benchmark to compare the
performances.
• On the similar lines, there is a need to compare

different liquefaction systems.
• In liquefaction systems, an ideal cycle is used as a

benchmark to compare the performances.
• Different ratios and functions are defined to give a

qualitative and quantitative information of different
liquefaction systems.
8
Gas Liquefaction Parameters
f
m
QR Performance Parameters

m
Work/unit mass of gas compressed Wc
1 2 −
m 1
Wc
Work/unit mass of gas liquefied −
Wc
( m − m ) m f
f
Compressor isothermal efficiency ηc ,iso

Compressor mechanical efficiency ηc ,mech
Figure of Merit (FOM) Wi ,c
W
f
g Fraction of total gas liquefied y = m f / m 1
f
m
9
Fundamentals
Sign Convention
• The work done by the system is taken as positive.
• The heat transferred to the system is taken as

positive.
Pressure Measurement
• Bar or Pascal is the S.I. unit. The conversion table
is as follows. Pressure
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 bar = 105 Pa
1 atm = 1.01325 bar
10
Linde – Hampson System
Makeup gas • The salient features of this system
f
m
QR are as follows.

m
1 2
Wc • Linde – Hampson cycle consists of
compressor, heat exchanger and a
( m − m )f
J – T expansion device.
• Only a part of the gas that is

3 compressed, gets liquefied.
g 4 • Being an open cycle, the mass

f
f
deficit occurring is replenished by
m
a Makeup Gas connection.
11
Makeup gas • All the processes are assumed to
f
m
QR be ideal in nature and there are

m
1 2 no irreversible pressure drops in
the system.
Wc
( m − m )f • Compression process is
isothermal while the J – T
expansion is isenthalpic.
3
• The system incorporates a Two-
g 4
Fluid heat exchanger which is
f assumed to be 100% effective.
f
m
12
Makeup gas • The heat exchange process is an
f
m
QR isobaric process and it is used to

m
1 2 conserve cold in the system.
Wc
• That is, the stream of gas (23)
( m − m )f is cooled by the stream of gas
(g1).
3 • The J – T expansion device is

used for phase change of gas
g 4
stream to liquid stream by
f lowering the temperature.
f
m
13
Makeup gas
f QR
T=const
m

m
1 2 2 1
Wc
( m − m )f
3 3
h=const
g 4 f g
f 4
f
m
s
14
Makeup gas • Consider a control volume for this
f
m
QR system as shown in the figure.

m
1 2
Wc • It encloses the heat exchanger, J
– T device and the liquid
( m − m )f container.
• The 1st Law of Thermodynamics is

3 applied to analyse the system.
f
g 4 • The changes in the velocities and
f
m datum levels are assumed to be
negligible.
15
Makeup gas • The quantities entering and
f
m
QR leaving this control volume are as

m
1 2 given below.
Wc IN OUT
m @ 2 (m – mf ) @ 1
( m − m )f
mf @ f
• Using 1st Law , we get
3 Ein = Eout
g 4
mh ( m − m f ) h1 + m f h f
 2=
f
f
m
16
Makeup gas • Rearranging the terms, we have
f
m
QR

m
m f  h1 − h2 
1 2 = 
Wc m  h1 − h f 
• The fraction of gas liquefied or
( m − m )f
liquid yield is defined as
m f  h1 − h2 
= y=  
3 m  h1 − h f 
• y depends on the initial
g
conditions and the compression
4
f
f
m pressure.
17
 h1 − h2 
y=
 h − h 
 1 f 
• The values of h1 and hf are governed by the

initial conditions, which are often ambient.
• In order to maximize y, the value of h2 should

be as small as possible.
• To have a minimum h2, the change in enthalpy

for a given change in pressure should be zero at
temperature T1.
18
• Mathematically,  ∂h 
  =0
 ∂p T1 =T2
• Using calculus, for variables enthalpy (h),
pressure (p) and temperature (T), we have seen
earlier that
 ∂h   ∂p   ∂T 
      = −1
 ∂p T  ∂T h  ∂h  p
• Substituting the J – T coefficient and the Cp for
the second and third terms respectively, we have
µ JT C p = 0
19
µ JT C p = 0
• Cp is a positive quantity and hence cannot be
zero.
• Therefore, µ JT = 0
• It implies that, in order to maximize y, the state

2 should lie on the inversion curve for a
particular gas at the temperature of compression
process.
20
• Consider three constant
enthalpy lines on the T – P
chart as shown in the figure.
T1 • Here, h1> hi > h2.

1 2
• From the figure, it is clear
that (h1 - h2) is maximum,
when the point 2 lies on the
inversion curve, so that the
y is maximum.
Pressure
21
Makeup gas • The work requirement for a Linde
f
m
QR – Hampson system can be

m
1 2 derived by considering a control
volume enclosing the compressor.
Wc
( m − m )f • The quantities entering and

leaving this control volume are as
given below.
IN OUT
3
m@1 m@2
g 4 -Wc -QR
f
f
m
22
Makeup gas • Using 1st Law for the following
f
m
QR table, we get

m
1 2 IN OUT
Wc m@1 m@2
-Wc -QR
( m − m )
Ein = Eout
f
 1 − Wc = mh
mh  2 − QR
3
• Rearranging the terms, we have
g 4
QR − Wc= m ( h2 − h1 )
f
f
m
23
Makeup gas QR − Wc= m ( h2 − h1 )
f QR
• The expression for QR can be
m

m
1 2 obtained by using 2nd Law for an
Wc isothermal compression. It is
given by,
( m − m )
=  1 ( s2 − s1 )
f
QR mT
• Combining the above equations,

3
the work required for a unit mass
of gas compressed is
g 4 Wc
f
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
f
m m
24
Makeup gas Wc
f QR − = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
m

m m
1 2 • The liquid yield y is given by
Wc
m f  h1 − h2 
=
y =  
( m − m )f
m  h1 − h f 
• Combining the above equations

3 the work required for a unit mass
of gas liquefied is
Wc
g 4 Wc − m Wc
f − = =−
f
m m f y ym
25
Tutorial – 1
• Determine the liquid yield, the work per unit
mass compressed and work for unit mass
liquefied for a Linde – Hampson cycle with air as
working fluid. The system is operated between
1.013 bar (1 atm) and 202.6 bar (200 atm) at
300 K. 200 1
2 T=const
300 1
• Step 1
• The T – s diagram for
a Linde – Hampson 3 h=const
Cycle is as shown.
f g
4
s
26
Tutorial – 1
200 1
• Step 2 T=const
2 1
• The state properties at
300
different points are as

given below.
3 h=const
• The properties are taken
from NIST. f
4
g
s
1 2 f
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013
T (K) 300 300 78.8
h (J/g) 28.47 -8.37 -406
s (J/gK) 0.10 -1.5 -3.9
27
Tutorial – 1
200 1
• Liquid yield T=const
2 1
300
 h1 − h2 
y= 
h −h
 1 f 
1 2 f 3 h=const
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013
T (K) 300 300 78.8 f
4
g
h (J/g) 28.47 -8.37 -406 s

s (J/gK) 0.10 -1.5 -3.9
 h1 − h2   28.47 + 8.37   36.84 

y=
h −h  =   =  434.47  = 0.085
 1 f   28.47 + 406   
28
Tutorial – 1
200 1
• Work/unit mass of gas T=const
2
compressed 300 1
Wc
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
m
1 2 f 3 h=const
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013
T (K) 300 300 78.8 f
4
g
h (J/g) 28.47 -8.37 -406 s

s (J/gK) 0.10 -1.5 -3.9
Wc
−= 300 ( 0.1 + 1.5 ) − ( 28.47 + 8.37 ) = 443.16 J / g
m
29
Tutorial – 1
200 1
• Work/unit mass of gas T=const
2
liquefied 300 1
Wc y = 0.085
− =
443.16
m 3 h=const
f g
4
s
Wc Wc 443.16
− =
− = = 5213.64 J / g
m f ym 0.085
30
Tutorial – 2
• Determine the liquid yield for a Linde – Hampson
cycle with Nitrogen as working fluid for the
following operating conditions. Comment on the
results.
Point 1 Point 2 T=const
I 300 K, 300 K,
2 1
1 bar 50 bar
II 200 K, 200 K,
1 bar 50 bar
III 300 K, 300 K, 3 h=const
1 bar 100 bar f g
IV 200 K, 200 K, 4
1 bar 100 bar s
31
Tutorial – 2
Step : 1
2 T=const
1
• Assuming the heat
exchange process to
100% effective, the T
– s diagram for a Linde 3 h=const
– Hampson Cycle is as
shown. f
4
g
s
• In this tutorial , we
assume that 1 atm = 1
bar.
32
Tutorial – 2
Point 1 Point 2 50 1
I 300 K, 300 K, 2 T=const
300 1
1 bar 50 bar
1 2 f
p (bar) 1 50 1
T (K) 300 300 77.0 3 h=const
h (J/g) 464 454 35
f g
s (J/gK) 4.35 3.25 0.42 4
s
 h1 − h2   464 − 454   10 
yI = 
h −h  =   =  429  = 0.023
 1 f   464 − 35   
33
Tutorial – 2
II 200 K, 200 K, 2 T=const
200 1
1 bar 50 bar
1 2 f
p (bar) 1 50 1
T (K) 200 200 77.0 3 h=const
h (J/g) 357 332 35
f g
s (J/gK) 4.0 2.8 0.42 4
s
 h1 − h2   357 − 332  =  25 
yII =   =    325  = 0.076
h −h  357 − 35   
 1 f 
34
Tutorial – 2
III 300 K, 300 K, 2 T=const
300 1
1 bar 100 bar
1 2 f
p (bar) 1 100 1
T (K) 300 300 77.0 3 h=const
h (J/g) 464 445 35
f g
s (J/gK) 4.35 3.1 0.42 4
s
 h1 − h2   464 − 445  =  19 
yIII =   =     = 0.044
h −h  464 − 35   429 
 1 f 
35
Tutorial – 2
IV 200 K, 200 K, 2 T=const
200 1
1 bar 100 bar
1 2 f
p (bar) 1 100 1
T (K) 200 200 77.0 3 h=const
h (J/g) 357 312 35
f g
s (J/gK) 4.0 2.5 0.42 4
s
 h1 − h2   357 − 312  =  45 
yIV =   =     = 0.14
h −h  357 − 35   322 
 1 f 
36
Tutorial – 2
Point 1 Point 2 y
I 300 K, 300 K, 0.023
1 bar 50 bar
II 200 K, 200 K, 0.076
1 bar 50 bar
III 300 K, 300 K, 0.044
1 bar 100 bar
IV 200 K, 200 K, 0.14
1 bar 100 bar
• As the compression pressure increases, the liquid
yield y increases at a given compression
temperature.
37
Tutorial – 2
Point 1 Point 2 y
I 300 K, 300 K, 0.023
1 bar 50 bar
II 200 K, 200 K, 0.076
1 bar 50 bar
III 300 K, 300 K, 0.044
1 bar 100 bar
IV 200 K, 200 K, 0.14
1 bar 100 bar
• As the compression temperature decreases, the
liquid yield y increases at a given compression
pressure.
38
Liquid Yield : Nitrogen
0.3
Nitrogen
• Plotting the values for
the following
conditions, we have
0.25
0.2
y Point 2 y
0.15 I 300 K, 50 bar 0.023
0.1
II 200 K, 50 bar 0.076
0.05
III 300 K, 100 bar 0.044
0
IV 200 K, 100 bar 0.14

100 150 200 250 300 350
T2 K
39
Liquid Yield : Nitrogen
0.3
Nitrogen
• Summarizing, we have
0.25
• As the compression
0.2 pressure increases, the
y liquid yield y increases
0.15
at a given compression
temperature.
0.1
0.05 • As the compression

0
temperature decreases,
100 150 200 250 300 350 the liquid yield y
T2 K increases at a given
compression pressure.
40
Assignment
1. Consider a Linde – Hampson cycle with Nitrogen
as working fluid. The system is operated between
1.013 bar (1 atm) and 101.3 bar (100 atm) at
300 K. Determine
1. Liquid yield
2. Work per unit mass compressed
3. Work for unit mass liquefied.
2. Calculate the above parameters if the same cycle

is operated with air as working fluid.
41
Assignment
3. Determine the liquid yield for a Linde –
Hampson cycle with Nitrogen as working fluid for
the following operating conditions. Comment on
the results.
Point 1 Point 2
I 250 K, 250 K,
1 bar 50 bar
II 300 K, 300 K,
1 bar 200 bar
Verify your answers from the yield versus

temperature chart for Nitrogen.
42
Summary
• The Ideal cycle demands very high pressure
which is impractical and hence modified cycles
are proposed to lower the maximum pressure.
• An ideal cycle is used as a benchmark to compare

the performances of different liquefaction
systems.
• In a Linde – Hampson system, only a part of the

gas that is compressed, gets liquefied.
43
Summary
• A heat exchanger is used in a Linde – Hampson
system to conserve cold in the system. This
process is an isobaric process and is assumed to
be 100% effective.
• In order to maximize y for a Linde – Hampson

system, the state 2 should lie on the inversion
curve at the temperature of compression process.
• The work required for a unit mass of gas

compressed for a Linde – Hampson system is
Wc
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
m
44
Summary
• For a Linde – Hampson system following hold
true.
• As the compression pressure increases, the

liquid yield y increases at a given compression
temperature.
• As the compression temperature decreases,

the liquid yield y increases at a given
compression pressure.
45
Thank You!
46

(10-4-3) NPTEL - Gas Liquefaction and Refrigeration Systems

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

(10-4-3) NPTEL - Gas Liquefaction and Refrigeration Systems

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

10

• The isentropic expansion of a gas always results in

• J – T expansion is normally used where phase

• In a thermodynamic ideal system, all the gas that is

• Using the ideal thermodynamic cycle, one can

• This Ideal Work requirement depends on the initial

• Parameters of Gas Liquefaction systems

• Linde – Hampson system

• The processes of compression

• The initial condition 1 of the gas

f • The required pressure at point 2

• Such high pressures are

• The heat exchangers are used to

• On the similar lines, there is a need to compare

• In liquefaction systems, an ideal cycle is used as a

• Different ratios and functions are defined to give a

Compressor isothermal efficiency ηc ,iso

• The heat transferred to the system is taken as

• Only a part of the gas that is

g 4 • Being an open cycle, the mass

3 • The J – T expansion device is

• The 1st Law of Thermodynamics is

• The values of h1 and hf are governed by the

• In order to maximize y, the value of h2 should

• To have a minimum h2, the change in enthalpy

• It implies that, in order to maximize y, the state

T1 • Here, h1> hi > h2.

( m − m )f • The quantities entering and

• Combining the above equations,

• Combining the above equations

different points are as

h (J/g) 28.47 -8.37 -406 s

 h1 − h2   28.47 + 8.37   36.84 

h (J/g) 28.47 -8.37 -406 s

IV 200 K, 100 bar 0.14

0.05 • As the compression

2. Calculate the above parameters if the same cycle

Verify your answers from the yield versus

• An ideal cycle is used as a benchmark to compare

• In a Linde – Hampson system, only a part of the

• In order to maximize y for a Linde – Hampson

• The work required for a unit mass of gas

• As the compression pressure increases, the

• As the compression temperature decreases,

S-ar putea să vă placă și