Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Differentiation is the most crucial topic in calculus. In order to solve most of

differentiation questions, it is important to know the basic concept such as chain rule, product
rule and quotient rule. Let us review the fundamental concept before we can really go into the
application of differentiation.

The chain rule can be formulated as below:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= × 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

The product rule can be formulated as below:

Let 𝑢(𝑥) and 𝑣(𝑥) be the function of variable x and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣 +𝑢 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ′ = 𝑣𝑢′ + 𝑢𝑣 ′ .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The quotient rule can be formulated as below:

𝑢
Let 𝑢(𝑥) and 𝑣(𝑥) be the function of variable x and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = then
𝑣

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ′
𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣′
= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2 𝑣2

Example 1 Find the differentiation of 𝑦 = √3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9.

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Solution Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9 and 𝑦 = (𝑢)2

From the chain rule,

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1 −1
= 6𝑥 − 4 & = 𝑢 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 1 1
= × = ( 𝑢−2 ) × (6𝑥 − 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= [ (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9)−2 ] (6𝑥 − 4).
𝑑𝑥 2

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3 𝑑𝑦
Example 2 Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 . Find 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution:

𝑑𝑦
Example 3 Given 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥 + 1). Find 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution:

𝑑𝑦
Example 4 Given 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 5 + cos 𝑥). Find 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution:

𝑑𝑦
Example 5 Given 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 𝑒 −5𝑥 . Find 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution: Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −5𝑥 .

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 6𝑥 & = −5𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣 +𝑢 = 𝑒 −5𝑥 ∙ 6𝑥 + (−5𝑒 −5𝑥 ) ∙ 2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥𝑒 −5𝑥 − 10𝑥 3 𝑒 −5𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Example 6 Given 𝑦 = . Find 𝑑𝑥 .
ln 𝑥

Solution: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = ln 𝑥.

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
= 2𝑥 − 1 & =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑥 (2𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑥
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2 (ln 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥 − 1) ln 𝑥 − (𝑥 − 1)
= .
𝑑𝑥 (ln 𝑥)2

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2
1 3 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2 ) { = 𝟑 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 ) }
𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙

2 𝑦 = tan(3𝑥 2 + 4) 𝒅𝒚
{ = 𝟔𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)}
𝒅𝒙

3 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 5𝑥 𝒅𝒚
{ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟓𝒙 + 𝟓𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝒙𝟑 }
𝒅𝒙

4 𝑦 = ln(2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 −3 ) 𝒅𝒚 (−𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙−𝟒 )

{ = }
𝒅𝒙 (𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝒙−𝟑 )

5 2√𝑥 𝟏
+ 𝒙
𝑦= 𝒅𝒚 √𝒙 √
1−𝑥 { = }
𝒅𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐

1.2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

The implicit differentiation is the procedure of differentiate any implicit function, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
with respect to desired independent variable of 𝑥 while treating the other dependent variables as
unspecific function of 𝑥. The functions below are some of the example of implicit function.

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 3, sin 𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 = ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 .

Let consider simple function in order to understand implicit differentiation.

Example 7 Differentiate these function with respect to x.

a) 𝑢 = 𝑦 5
b) 𝑤 = 𝑒 3𝑡
c) 𝑓 = cos 2𝜃

Solution:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
a) = 5𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑡
b) = 3𝑒 3𝑡 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝜃
c) = −2 sin 2𝜃 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Example 8 Differentiate these function with respect to x.

a) 𝑓(𝑡, 𝜃) = 𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝜃.

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b) 𝑤(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑢3 𝑣 4 .
ln 𝑦
c) 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 −1.

Solution:
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜃
a) = (2𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑥) sin 3𝜃 + (3 cos 3𝜃 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑒 2𝑡 = (2𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝜃) 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝜃) 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥

2 1 2 1
𝑑𝑤 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
b) = (3 𝑢−3 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑣 4 + (4𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥) 𝑢3 = (3 𝑢−3 𝑣 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑢3 𝑣 3 ) 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑧 (𝑥 2 −1) −2𝑥 ln 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 ln 𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑥
c) = (𝑥 −1)2
2
= 𝑦(𝑥 2 −1) 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 −1)2 .
𝑑𝑥

Example 9 Differentiate implicitly 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 3.

𝑑 2 𝑑
(𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) = (3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 ) + 2 (𝑥𝑦) − (𝑦 2 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) − 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥 − 2𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
= =−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)

𝑑𝑦
Example 10 Find 𝑑𝑥 if sin 𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2.

Solution:

𝑑 𝑑
(sin 𝑥𝑦) = (3𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) cos 𝑥𝑦 = 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 =3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Example 11 Given 𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 = ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 . Find .
𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑑 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑
(𝑒 ) = (ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 1
2 (𝑦 + 𝑥 )𝑒 = − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 = − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦
= .
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥𝑦

1 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 = 100 𝒅𝒚 −𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚
{ = 𝟐 }
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐

2 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 3𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝒅𝒚 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙
{ = }
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚

3 ln(3𝑥𝑦) = sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 𝟏

𝒅𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒙
{ = }
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
𝒚
2 +𝑦 2
4 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 =5 𝒅𝒚 (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
{ =− }
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝒚

5 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝒅𝒚 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏
=9 { = }
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟔𝒚

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

1.3 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

1.3.1 First Order Partial Differential Equation

In calculus, partial derivative of function with several variables is its derivatives with
respect to one of those variables where others variables is held as a constant. Partial derivative
is used in approximation error, vector calculus and differential geometry.

The partial derivative of a function f with respect to the variable x is variously denoted by

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑥 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Let say, we have a function, with two variables, x and y;

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 .

Then, we do partial derivative on 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) , that is differentiate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) with respect to x while
variable y must be the constant.

Then we can obtain,

𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕 2
= 𝑓𝑥 = (𝑥 ) + (2𝑥𝑦) + (𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑦(1) + 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦.
𝜕𝑥
If we differentiate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) with respect to y, then variable x must be the constant, hence will get

𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑓𝑦 = (𝑥 ) + (2𝑥𝑦) + (𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓
= 𝑓𝑦 = 0 + 2𝑥(1) + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦.

Example 12 Find 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑧 if given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 ln 𝑧 − 𝑥 3 𝑧 2 .

𝑦
Solution: Then 𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑒 𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑒 𝑧 2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + ln 𝑧 and 𝑓𝑧 = 𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑥 3 .

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1.3.2 Higher Order and Mixed Partial Differential Equation

Let consider a function of two variables, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), the first order of partial derivatives can
be done with respect to 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦. Then, for second order partial derivatives, we can have 4
possible cases, that is,

𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓
(𝑓𝑥 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = ( )= 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓
(𝑓𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = ( )=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓
(𝑓𝑦 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = ( )=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓
(𝑓𝑦 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = ( )= 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Example 13 Find 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦𝑥 if given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑒 2𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦.

Solution:

𝑓𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑓𝑦 = −2𝑒 2𝑦 + 2𝑥

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −4𝑒 2𝑦

𝜕
(𝑓𝑥 )𝑦 = (6𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 2,
𝜕𝑦

𝜕
(𝑓𝑦 )𝑥 = (−2𝑒 2𝑦 + 2𝑥) = 2.
𝜕𝑥

Example 14 Find 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦𝑥 if given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 sin 𝑦.

Solution:

Example 15 Find 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦𝑥 if given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 8𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 −2 .

Solution:

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Partial derivatives also can be done implicit way when you have implicit function as example
below.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Example 16 Find the value of and at the point (4, −5).
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 1

Solution:

𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓(4, −5)
= 2(4) + 3(−5) = −7.
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 3𝑥 + 1
𝜕𝑦

𝜕(4, −5)
= 3(4) + 1 = 13.
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧
Example 17 Determine if the equation is
𝜕𝑥

𝑦𝑧 − ln 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦.

Solution: The function is define z as dependent variable and 𝑥, 𝑦 are the independent
variables.

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝑦𝑧) − (ln 𝑧) = (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝜕
𝑦 − = (𝑥) + (𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑧
(𝑦 − ) =1
𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 1
= .
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 − 1
𝑧

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𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
Find , , , , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

1. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑦 + 2) {𝒇𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙 & 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏}

{𝒇𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒, 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒇𝒚𝒙 = 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙}

2. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 (2𝑥+3𝑦+1) {𝒇𝒙 = 𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚+𝟏 & 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟑𝒆𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚+𝟏 }

{𝒇𝒙𝒙 = 𝟒𝒆𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚+𝟏 & 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = 𝟗𝒆𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚+𝟏 }
{𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝒇𝒚𝒙 = 𝟔𝒆𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚+𝟏 }

3. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝟏 𝟏
{𝒇𝒙 = & 𝒇𝒚 = }
𝒙+𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
−𝟏 −𝟏
{𝒇𝒙𝒙 = & 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = }
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐
−𝟏
{𝒇𝒚𝒙 = 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = }
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐

4. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin(𝑥 − 3𝑦) {𝒇𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚) & 𝒇𝒚 = −𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚)}

{𝒇𝒙𝒙 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚) & 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = 𝟗 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚)}
{𝒇𝒚𝒙 = 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = −𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚)}

5. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑦 𝒆𝒙𝒚
{𝒇𝒙 = 𝒚𝒆𝒙𝒚 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 & 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 + }
𝒚
𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝟐 𝒙𝒚
𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚 𝒙 𝒙𝒚
{𝒇𝒙𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒆 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 & 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒆 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 + + 𝒆 }
𝒚 𝒚
𝒙𝒚 𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒙𝒚
{𝒇𝒚𝒙 = 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝒆 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 + 𝒙 𝒆 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 + 𝒆 }

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

1.3.3 Applications of Differentiation.

Total differential is the derivative of a function with several variables and involved the partial
differentiation of each variables, example, let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) and 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) and 𝑧(𝑡);

𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑧
= ∙ + ∙ + ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡

Example 18 Find the total differential of 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
Solution: The total differential, 𝑑𝑤 = ∙ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑦.
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
= 2𝑥 − 3𝑦, = −3𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑤 = (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (−3𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦.

1.3.3.1 Optimization ( Maximum/Minimum problems )

Example 19 Determine the smallest perimeter possible for a rectangle whose area is 16 𝑐𝑚2.

Solution: Area of rectangle, 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 = 16.

16
𝑦= .
𝑥
Then, perimeter of the rectangle, 𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦.
16
Substitute 𝑦 = into perimeter;
𝑥

32
𝑃 = 2𝑥 + = 2𝑥 + 32𝑥 −1 (𝑖)
𝑥
Differentiate Equation (i),

𝑑𝑃
= 2 − 32𝑥 −2 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
Find the critical point, 𝑑𝑥 = 0;

2 − 32𝑥 −2 = 0

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

32
=2
𝑥2
𝑥 2 = 16

𝑥 = ±4

Differentiate once again Equation (ii) to determine whether the critical value is the maximum or
the minimum one,

𝑑2 𝑃
= 64𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑥 2
If 𝑥 = −4,

𝑑2𝑃 64
= = −1
𝑑𝑥 2 (−4)3

If 𝑥 = 4,

𝑑2𝑃 64
= =1
𝑑𝑥 2 (4)3
𝑑2 𝑃
Since > 0 then we choose 𝑥 = 4 as the minimum critical point.
𝑑𝑥 2

Find the y-dimension of the rectangle when 𝑥 = 4,

16
𝑦= = 4.
4
Therefore, the smallest possible perimeter is

𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2(4) + 2(4) = 16𝑐𝑚.

Example 20 As a designer, you are asked to design a 1 𝑙 can shaped like a right circular
cylinder. Determine the dimensions will use the least material.

Solution: Volume of a can, 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 1 𝑙 = 1000 𝑐𝑚3 .

Surface area of a can, 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ.

From the volume, we obtain,

1000
ℎ=
𝜋𝑟 2

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

500
Then, substitute ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 into the surface area, we get

1000
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 ( )
𝜋𝑟 2
2000
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + ( ) = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2000𝑟 −1
𝑟
Differentiate the surface area function,

𝑑𝐴
= 4𝜋𝑟 − 2000𝑟 −2
𝑑𝑟
Find the critical point of r variable,

𝑑𝐴
= 4𝜋𝑟 − 2000𝑟 −2 = 0
𝑑𝑟
2000
4𝜋𝑟 =
𝑟2
2000
𝑟3 =
4𝜋

3 2000
𝑟= √ ≈ 5.42.
4𝜋

To determine which is the minimum or maximum critical point, differentiate once again;

𝑑2 𝐴
= 4𝜋 + 4000𝑟 −3
𝑑𝑟 2

3 2000
If 𝑟 = √ = 5.42, then
4𝜋

𝑑2𝐴 2000
2
= 4𝜋 + , (+𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
𝑑𝑟 (5.42)3

Therefore, we choose 𝑟 = 5.42,

1000
ℎ= = 10.84 𝑐𝑚.
𝜋(5.42)2

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

1 Find the smallest perimeter possible for a rectangle which area is 16 𝑐𝑚2. Determine
the dimension. {𝟏𝟔 𝒄𝒎; 𝒙 = 𝟒, 𝒚 = 𝟒}

2 An open-top is to be made by cutting small congruent squares from the corners of a

12 𝑐𝑚 by 12 𝑐𝑚 sheet of tin and bending up the sides. How large should the squares
cut from the corners be to make the box hold as much as possible?
{𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒄𝒎𝟑 ; 𝟐 𝒄𝒎}

3 A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the other
three sides by a single-strand electric fence. With 800 𝑚 of wire at your disposal, what is
the largest area you can enclose and what are its dimensions?
{𝟖𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟐 ; 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒎 ; 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎}

4 You are designing a rectangular poster to contain 50 𝑐𝑚2 of printing with a 4𝑐𝑚 margin
at the top and bottom and a 2 𝑐𝑚 margin at each side. Determine the overall
dimensions will minimize the amount of paper used. {𝟗 𝒄𝒎 × 𝟏𝟖 𝒄𝒎}

5 Your iron works has contracted to design and build a 500 𝑓𝑡 3 , square-based, open-top,
rectangular steel holding tank for a paper company. The tank is to be made by welding
thin stainless steel plates together along their edges. As the production engineer, your
job is to find dimensions for the base and height that will make the tank weigh as little
as possible. What dimensions do you tell the shop to use?
{𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 & 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 5𝒇𝒕}

1.3.3.2 Rates of change

Generally we can obtain the rates of change of many problems by using the total
differential equation where if given that 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) then the rates of change is

𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑧
= + + .
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡

Example 21 The height of a right circular cone is increasing at 3 𝑚𝑚/𝑠 and its radius is
decreasing at 2 𝑚𝑚/𝑠. Determine the rate at which the volume is changing , correct to 3
significant figures, when the height is 3.2 𝑐𝑚 and the radius is 1.5 𝑐𝑚.

Solution:
1
Volume of a right circular cone, 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ. (𝑖)

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

From the total differential, the rate of change in volume is

𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑟 𝜕𝑉 𝑑ℎ
= + . (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑑𝑡 𝜕ℎ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
Given that the height is increasing, = + 3𝑚𝑚⁄𝑠 = +0.3 𝑐𝑚⁄𝑠.
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟
Also, the radius is decreasing, 𝑑𝑡 = −2 𝑚𝑚⁄𝑠 = − 0.2 𝑐𝑚⁄𝑠.

From Equation (i), use partial derivative;

𝜕𝑉 2 𝜕𝑉 1 2
= 𝜋𝑟ℎ & = 𝜋𝑟 .
𝜕𝑟 3 𝜕ℎ 3
Then substitute into Equation (ii),

𝑑𝑉 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
= (−0.2) + 𝜋𝑟 2 (0.3)
𝑑𝑡 3
When 𝑟 = 1.5 & ℎ = 3.2 ;

𝑑𝑉 −0.4
= 𝜋(1.5)(3.2) + 3𝜋(1.5)2 = −1.304 𝑐𝑚3 ⁄𝑠.
𝑑𝑡 3
Therefore, the rate of change of volume is decreasing at 1.304 𝑐𝑚3 ⁄𝑠.

1
Example 22 The area 𝐴 of a triangle is given by 𝐴 = 2 𝑎𝑐 sin 𝐵, where 𝐵 is the angle
between sides a and c. If a is increasing at 0.4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠, c is decreasing at 0.8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠
and 𝐵 is increasing at 0.2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠, find the rate of change of the area of the triangle,
𝜋
correct to 3 significant figures, when a is 3 units, c is 4 units and B is 6 𝑟𝑎𝑑.

Solution:

Given the area of a triangle,

1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑐 sin 𝐵. (𝑖)
2
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑐 𝑑𝐵
Also, = + 0.4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠⁄𝑠 , 𝑑𝑡 = −0.8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡⁄𝑠 & = +0.2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡⁄𝑠.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

From the formula of area, we obtain the total differential

𝑑𝐴 𝜕𝐴 𝑑𝑎 𝜕𝐴 𝑑𝑐 𝜕𝐴 𝑑𝐵
= + + (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑎 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑐 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝐵 𝑑𝑡
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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

Use the partial derivative,

𝜕𝐴 1 𝜕𝐴 1 𝜕𝐴 1
= 𝑐 sin 𝐵, = 𝑎 sin 𝐵, = 𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵.
𝜕𝑎 2 𝜕𝑐 2 𝜕𝐵 2
Substitute into Equation (ii),

𝑑𝐴 1 1 1
= 𝑐 sin 𝐵 (0.4) + 𝑎 sin 𝐵 (−0.8) + 𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵 (0.2)
𝑑𝑡 2 2 2
𝜋
When 𝑎 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑐 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 & 𝐵 = 6 ,

𝑑𝐴 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= (4) sin ( ) (0.4) + (3) sin ( ) (−0.8) + (3)(4) cos ( ) (0.2) = 0.839 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2 ⁄𝑠.
𝑑𝑡 2 6 2 6 2 6

1.3.3.3 Small Increment and Approximation

The approximation or small increment (small changes) of any model or function, let say
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) can be obtained by

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝛿𝑓 ≈ 𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑦 + 𝛿𝑧.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Example 23 Pressure p and volume V of a gas are connected by the equation

𝑝𝑉 1.4 = 𝑘. (𝑖)

Determine the approximate percentage error in k when the pressure is increased by 4% and the
volume is decreased by 1.5%.

Solution:

From the total differential, we can obtain the approximate percentage error equation,

𝜕𝑘 𝜕𝑘
𝛿𝑘 ≈ 𝛿𝑝 + 𝛿𝑉. (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑉

Use partial derivative on Equation (i),

𝜕𝑘 𝜕𝑘
= 𝑉 1.4 & = 1.4𝑝𝑉 0.4
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑉

There is 4% of pressure increased, then the changes in pressure is 𝛿𝑝 = +4%𝑝 = 0.04𝑝.

There is also 1.5% of volume decreased, then changes in volume is 𝛿𝑉 = −1.5%𝑉 = −0.015𝑉.

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

Substitute in Equation (ii),

𝛿𝑘 ≈ 𝑉 1.4 (0.04𝑝) + 1.4𝑝𝑉 0−4 (−0.015𝑉)

≈ 𝑝𝑉 1.4 [0.04 + 1.4(−0.015)]

≈ 0.019𝑝𝑉 1.4 ≈ 0.019𝑘.

Thus, the approximate error in k is increased by 1.9%.

Example 24 Modulus of rigidity

𝑅4𝜃
𝐺= = 𝑅 4 𝜃𝐿−1 (𝑖)
𝐿
where 𝑅 is the radius, 𝜃 is the angle of twist and 𝐿 is the length. Determine the approximate
percentage error in 𝐺 when 𝑅 is increased by 2%, 𝜃 is reduced by 5% and 𝐿 is increased by
4%.

Solution:

From the total differential, we can obtain the approximate percentage error equation,

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐺
𝛿𝐺 ≈ 𝛿𝑅 + 𝛿𝜃 + 𝛿𝐿 . (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝐿
From Equation (i), use partial derivative to get

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐺
= 4𝑅 3 𝜃𝐿−1 , = 𝑅 4 𝐿−1 & = −𝑅 4 𝜃𝐿−2 .
𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝐿
There is 2% of radius increased, then the changes in radius is 𝛿𝑅 = +2%𝑅 = 0.02𝑅.

There is 5% of the angle decreased, then the changes in angle is 𝛿𝜃 = −5%𝜃 = −0.05𝜃.

There is 4% of the length increased, then the changes in the length is 𝛿𝐿 = +4%𝐿 = 0.04𝐿.

Substitute into Equation (ii),

𝛿𝐺 ≈ 4𝑅 3 𝜃𝐿−1 (0.02𝑅) + 𝑅 4 𝐿−1 (−0.05𝜃) + (−𝑅 4 𝜃𝐿−2 )(0.04𝐿)

𝛿𝐺 ≈ 0.08𝑅 4 𝜃𝐿−1 − 0.05𝑅 4 𝜃𝐿−1 − 0.04𝑅 4 𝜃𝐿−1

𝛿𝐺 ≈ −0.01𝑅 4 𝜃𝐿−1 ≈ −0.01𝐺

Thus, the approximate error in G is decreased by 1%.

16