Biopolymers

R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and N. Tucker

(Warwick Manufacturing Group)

ISBN 1-85957-379-7
 RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS
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Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han affiliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and
ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714
from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection
moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the
variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time
observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated
that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing Abstract
very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time
during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments
indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the
heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase
separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could
not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.
The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied
with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897

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Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough. Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright,
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Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications,
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Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant. Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.
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R. Spratling, British Telecom. AG.
Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry, Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources,
R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries. J.M. Methven, UMIST.
Report 44 Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics,
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Report 13 Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics, Report 45 Composites - Tooling and Component Processing,
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Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for
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Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging,
R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd. Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein,
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Report 20 Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.
Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge,
Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry,
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H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.
Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building
Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey,
Research Establishment.
Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.
Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt,
Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd. Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.
Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for Food Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing,
Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division. E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for
Industriforskning, Norway.
Volume 3 Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications,
J. Maxwell, Consultant.
Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.
Technology Associates.
Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra
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Technology Ltd.
Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.
Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications,
Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans,
A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.
Consultant.
Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley,
Applications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd. Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton,
Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy. Volume 6
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National NDT Centre, Harwell. Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.
Dow Corning Ltd.
Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of
Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.
D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and
3M Belgium SA. Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.
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Petrochemicals Inc. and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer
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Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.
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and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research
and Development Center.
Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s
University of Belfast.
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Econology Ltd.
Volume 7
Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown,
P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science
and Technology, University of Bradford.
Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.
Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead
Consulting Ltd.
Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials,
R.C.P. Cubbon.
Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves,
Goodyear Technical Center.
Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications,
J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.
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and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems,
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Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
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Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.
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J.A. Brydson.
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Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute,
National Research Council Canada.
Report 83 Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic
Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra
Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.
Report 84 Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing,
P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.
Volume 8
Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université
Pierre et Marie Curie.
Report 86 High Performance Engineering Plastics,
D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.
Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites,
C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technology
and Medicine.
Report 95 Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten &
Masch Manufacturing Co.
Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman,
St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.
Volume 9
Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory
and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire
Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore &
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Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes,
Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.
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de Chimie, Mulhouse.
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Company.
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Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.
Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram
Technology Ltd.
Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development,
B.G. Crowther.
Report 106 Properties and Applications of Elastomeric
Polysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.
Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis,
The Open University.
Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes,
M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Volume 10
Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide,
J.A. Lindsay.
Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers,
R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet,
Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis,
The Open University.
Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications,
J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.
Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula,
University of Texas at Austin.

Report 87 Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene,
Technology Ltd. V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications, Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky,
A.S. Wilson. University of Hamburg.
Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders,
Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and
Y. Wang, Tunghai University.
Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart
Chemical Company. Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing,
R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward Mackenzie
Report 90 Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood. Consulting.
Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton, Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and
University of Surrey. Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.
Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles, Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and
A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke. J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey,
Technologies Inc. Shipley Ronal.
Volume 11 Report 147 Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown
Report 148 Plastics Waste – Feedstock Recycling, Chemical
Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, Recycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO
I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.
Report 149 Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra
Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and Technology Ltd.
Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.
Report 150 Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham,
Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Materials Research Centre, University of Bath
Council Canada.
Report 151 Rigid Plastics Packaging - Materials, Processes and
Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe, Applications, F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research &
University of Exeter. Development

Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR,
H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.
Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd,
University of Nottingham.
Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and
F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.
Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau,
Lucent Technologies.
Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,
D.C. Wright.
Report 152 Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers,
A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University of
Kassel
Report 153 Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross,
University of Durham
Report 154 Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M.
Halliwell, BRE
Report 155 Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou and
Daniel Dufour, Bayer AG
Report 156 Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact of
Polymeric Products, T.J. O’Neill, Polymeron
Consultancy Network

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack,

D.C. Wright. Volume 14
Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation,
D.C. Wright. Report 157 Developments in Colorants for Plastics,
Ian N. Christensen
Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, Report 158 Geosynthetics, D.I. Cook
Clariant Huningue SA.

Volume 12
Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection
Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.
Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers,
J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.
Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.
Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.
Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH.
Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear,
Khon Kaen University.
Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and
Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance,
M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre.
Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N.
Rothon, Rothon Consultants and Manchester
Metropolitan University.
Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh,
Huntsman Polyurethanes.
Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, D.M. Brewis
and I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science &
Technology, Loughborough University.
Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV.

Volume 13
Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship and
J.C. Love, The University of Warwick.
Report 146 In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love and
V. Goodship, The University of Warwick
 Biopolymers

R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and N. Tucker

(Warwick Manufacturing Group)

ISBN 1-85957-379-7
 Biopolymers

Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Biopolymers .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Biodisintegratables or Biodeteriorating Polymers ......................................................................... 3
1.3 Biodegradability .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Environmental Impact .................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Market Size ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Synthesis of Biopolymers ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Cellulose ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Starch .............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3 Hemicellulose ................................................................................................................................. 9
2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) ....................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Tannins .......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.6 Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) .................................................................................................11
2.6.1 The Structure of CNSL ......................................................................................................11
2.6.2 Polymer Synthesis of CNSL .............................................................................................11
2.7 Rosins ............................................................................................................................................ 12
2.8 Lignin ............................................................................................................................................ 13
2.9 Polylactic Acids and Polylactides ................................................................................................. 14
2.10 Other ............................................................................................................................................. 14
3. Commercially Available Biopolymers .................................................................................................. 15
4. Uses of Biopolymers............................................................................................................................... 15
4.1 General Uses ................................................................................................................................. 15
4.2 Uses of Specific Polymer Types ................................................................................................... 18
5. Manufacturing Technologies for Biopolymers.................................................................................... 19
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 19
5.2 Manufacturing Methods ................................................................................................................ 19
5.3 Additives ....................................................................................................................................... 19
5.3.1 Plasticisers ........................................................................................................................ 20
5.3.2 Lubricants ......................................................................................................................... 20
5.3.3 Colourants ......................................................................................................................... 20
5.3.4 Flame Retardants .............................................................................................................. 20
5.3.5 Blowing (Foaming) Agents .............................................................................................. 20
5.3.6 Crosslinkers ...................................................................................................................... 21
5.3.7 Fillers ................................................................................................................................ 21
6. Fillers and Reinforcement for Biopolymers ........................................................................................ 21
7. The Markets and Economics for Biopolymers ................................................................................... 22
8. Compostability Certification ................................................................................................................ 23

1
 Biopolymers

9. The Chemistry and Biology of Polymer Degradation ........................................................................ 24

10. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 24
Additional References ................................................................................................................................... 25
Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... 26
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 27
Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 129

Company Index............................................................................................................................................ 143

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2
 Biopolymers
1 Introduction
This review is a survey of the latest stage in the
emergence of a type of polymer with perceived low
environmental impact. These polymers are called with
varying degrees of accuracy, biopolymers, bioplastics,
environmentally degradable polymers (EDP) or
natural polymers. Biopolymers are polymers that are
either biological (but non-fossil) in origin, or
susceptible to digestion by microorganisms or
chemical breakdown in the environment (e.g.,
hydrolysis), or ideally, both. Such materials address
the criticism that plastics, whilst undoubtedly useful,
are made from irreplaceable fossil raw materials, and
though durable, are difficult to dispose of at the end
of useful life in any acceptable way.
Biopolymers cover a wide range of materials: from
crustacean-produced chitosan and plant-derived
xanthan gum to starch based ‘packaging peanuts’
(a.1). The definition also includes proteins such as
casein and gelatin, which are produced worldwide on
a large scale (>100,000 tonnes) (a.2).
In some cases material may be of a biological origin
and not readily biodegradable, usually thermosets
(e.g., cashew nut shell liquid based resins, tannin,
vegetable oil-based polyurethane), or of a synthetic
origin and biodegradable such as polyvinyl alcohol
(PVOH).
Following the traditional divide of the polymer
industry, the review does not cover natural rubbers
and latex, or polymer blends in any depth.
In summary, the review covers polymers that are
biodegradable or based on non-fossil origin
‘biofeedstocks’ (223).
1.1 Biopolymers
Biopolymers may be naturally occurring materials:
most materials formed in nature during the life cycles
of green plants, animals, bacteria and fungi are
polymers or polymer matrix composites. For example,
all proteins are specific copolymers with regular
arrangements of different types of α-amino acids. This
natural synthesis is an extremely complex process
involving many different types of enzymes (a.3) and
is not as yet practical as a complete production route
for commodity polymers.
Biopolymers include the polysaccharides such as
cellulose, starch, the carbohydrate polymers produced
by bacteria and fungi (a.3) and animal protein-based
biopolymers such as wool, silk, gelatin and collagen:
biopolymers, especially the fibrous ones, have been
used by mankind from the earliest days of civilisation.
More recently, synthetic biopolymers have been
developed, mainly in response to perceived
uncertainty in the continuing supply of fossil raw
materials from the 1970s oil crisis onwards and more
recently, the requirement for an environmentally
responsible end-of-life disposal route that does not
involve burning or burying. Hence, the polymer
industry started to look for alternative sources of raw
materials and decided upon biological routes for
polymer manufacture in the belief that this would
insulate them from the shock of possible future raw
material supply crises. It should be noted that in some
cases this involved renewing acquaintance with older
biological origin source materials rather than
groundbreaking research – milk based casein resin
has been used as an adhesive or pigment carrier for
centuries. As an example of a novel material, Imperial
Chemical Industries (ICI) initiated a programme, later
taken up by Monsanto, that resulted in the production
of a thermoplastic biodegradable polymer called
‘Biopol’ (475) made by culturing microorganisms on
sugar (sucrose).
1.2 Biodisintegratables or Biodeteriorating
Polymers
The first generation of polymers designed to have a
low environmental impact are biodisintegratables or
biodeteriorating polymers. An example of such a
material is 6% starch blended in with polyethylene
(a.4): upon exposure to composting conditions, the
starch is eaten away by microorganisms and the article
disintegrates, but the 94% PE remains. Yoon and co-
workers (444) prepared photodegrative admixtures of
PE and starch to make PEs that disintegrate after a
certain amount of exposure to UV light. It should
however be noted that according to 1998 figures from
Frost and Sullivan, these older materials have
achieved significant market penetration and comprise
74% in raw materials terms of the European
biodegradable market. However, these materials do
not address the fundamental problems of end-of-life
disposal, and use of non-renewable raw materials. It
is therefore expected that, under pressure from the
various tranches of end-of-life legislation, the market
share of these materials will decline.
3
 Biopolymers
1.3 Biodegradability
The terminology specific to biopolymers and end-of-
life disposal offered by various European and
American standards authorities is reviewed by Riggle
(347), who chooses the definition of biodegradability
favoured by the Society of the Plastics Industry’s
Degradable Polymers Council that for articles to claim
to be biodegradable and compostable they should
satisfy ASTM tests showing ‘conversion to carbon
dioxide at 60% for a single polymer and 90% for other
materials in 180 days or less, and leave no more than
10% of the original weight on a 3/8 inch screen after
12 weeks (84 days).’
The morphology and chemistry of polymers and
biopolymers and the effect on biodegradation are
discussed at length by Albertsson and Karlsson (441)
who list the following as polymer types with enhanced
environmental degradation:
• Directly biodegradable polymers
• Autooxidisable polymers which then biodegrade
• Water-soluble polymers
• New forms of natural polymers
• Photodegradable polymers
It is the first four members of this list that are most
significant in terms of this review.
1.4 Environmental Impact
It is arguable that since the popular introduction of
polymers, the technical struggle has been to ensure
sufficient environmental stability and durability of
plastic articles. The industry achieved a satisfactory
level of environmental stability, just in time for it to be
blamed for it, because the high stability polymers were
difficult to dispose of. Kitch (177) notes that landfills
will be closed in Korea by 2005, New Zealand by 2010,
and Germany by 2030. Further, energy recovery or
incineration is unpopular with the public because of
the perception of the combusting polymers as being a
major source of dioxin pollution, and equally unpopular
with site operators because of the consequent high
running costs of waste stream separation and high
capital costs of new or upgraded ‘clean’ incineration
plants (51). Biopolymers have the potential to avoid
both end-of-life disposal problems and future problems
associated with scarcity of fossil origin raw materials.
4
The low environmental impact of biopolymers can be
observed at the end and beginning of the product life
cycle. In the ideal case, a biopolymer should be made
from biomass (non-fossil origin) materials. At the end-
of-life the biopolymer should be biodisintegratable and
biodegradable, or in other words capable of being
consumed by microorganisms, and returned to the soil
to start the process all over again. Thus during the
course of its life, a biopolymer article will sequester
atmospheric CO2 from plant or animal raw materials,
and at the end of product life, it will be composted, to
provide the raw materials for the next generation of
materials. The advantages of natural origin materials
over conventional polymers can include the following:
• Non-fossil origin of raw materials
• Sequestering of atmospheric CO2
• Service life is equivalent to fossil origin polymers
– the conditions required for biodegradation are
very specific
• No requirement for an extensive and costly
recovery and separation infrastructure for
recycling.
1.5 Market Size
Biopolymers are as yet only available in relatively small
quantities compared to traditional commodity
polymers. Oliver (a.5) quotes figures supplied to the
European Commission for the Renewable Raw
Materials Work Group of the European Climate Change
Programme giving the current total European market
for all polymers as 33,000,000 tonnes per annum, and
the current use of renewable origin polymers as 25,000
tonnes. The report suggests that by 2010 the volume
of renewable origin polymers will have risen to 500,000
tonnes per annum or about 1.5% of the current market.
The effect of this low production volume is that
biopolymers tend to be more expensive than the non-
renewable equivalents, and biopolymers may even
require greater specific energy inputs to manufacture
them than the fossil equivalents (a.6).
2 Synthesis of Biopolymers
There are two kinds of polymer synthesis processes
namely those occurring naturally and the man-made
polymers, examples of both of which will be discussed
 Biopolymers

Figure 1
Classification of naturally occurring biopolymers

in this section. A natural polymer is a macromolecule in A wide range of microorganisms produce

a living organism that is formed by linking together
several smaller molecules as occurs in protein formation
from amino acids or DNA synthesis from nucleotides.
The synthesis of the natural polymers involves enzyme-
catalysed, chain growth polymerisation reactions of
activated monomers, which are typically formed within
cells by a complex metabolic process. Naturally
occurring biopolymers include the carbohydrates,
proteins, and oils and fats (lipids). Also included in the
group of biopolymers are chemically derived
carbohydrates, and bacteria and fungi derived
biodegradable polyesters such as polylactic acid (PLA).
The range of materials is shown in Figure 1.
The animal polysaccharides include the connecting
tissue hyaluronate, the chondroitin sulfates, dermatan
sulfate and keratan sulfate.
polysaccharides.
Fossil-origin materials will not be discussed in this section.
2.1 Cellulose
Cellulose is a skeletal polysaccharide ubiquitous in the
plant kingdom and one of the commonest naturally
occurring crystalline polymers. It is usually in a fibrous
form, and functions as the reinforcement for the
amorphous lignin and hemicelluloses resulting in a
composite woody structure. The primary structure of
cellulose is essentially a regular unbranched linear
sequence of 1→4 linked β-D-glucose, shown in
Figure 2. Neighbouring chains may form hydrogen
bonds leading to the formation of microfibrils.

Figure 2
Schematic diagram of cellulose (DP is the degree of polymerisation)

5
 Biopolymers
Cellulose is the most abundant and renewable
biopolymer comprising about 40% of all organic
matter (a.8).
Examples of cellulose products obtained in the form
of fibres are cotton, kapok and akund. It also occurs in
bast and leaf form such as hemp, flax, jute fibre bundles
and sisal and henequen fibre bundles respectively.
Wood is another source of cellulose fibres. Cellulose
is sometimes degraded (depolymerised) to produce
regenerated cellulose. The process entails soaking
cellulose in a sodium hydroxide solution followed by
a reaction with carbon disulfide to give sodium xanthate
(Figure 3). Sodium cellulose xanthate is then passed
into an aqueous coagulating bath containing sulfuric
acid and sodium and zinc sulfates, although other salts
such as bicarbonates are also being used (a.9). Carbon
disulfide is lost, producing regenerated cellulose with
a degree of polymerisation chain length of around 600.
Products obtained from this process are in the form of
viscose rayon fibres or cellophane film.
The development of thermoplastics based on
cellulose and its derivatives dates back to the 19th
Century when work by Braconnot and Schönbein in
the preparation of cellulose nitrate was followed by
the introduction of camphor as a plasticiser, giving
thermoplastic cellulose nitrate. This early cellulose-
based polymer, which could only be produced by
moulding into film, was followed by injection
mouldable cellulose acetate (421).
Figure 3
Conversion of cellulose to regenerated cellulose (viscose) using caustic soda
6
The manufacture of cellulose acetate involves the
depolymerisation of the cellulose molecule followed
by acetylation, which was first attempted by
Schutzenberger in 1865. However, the reaction was
found to be unstable and later attempts used acetic
acid and acetic anhydride producing triacetate,
commonly used for cigarette filters. In the early 1900s
a diacetate polymer was produced in which two
hydroxyl groups were acetylated per ring leaving one
hydroxyl group for hydrogen bonding. By controlling
the replacement of hydroxyl groups by acetyl groups,
at least 74%, and not more than 92%, of the hydroxyl
groups are acetylated. The availability of one hydroxyl
group might be of great benefit for the development
of composite materials using polar resin matrices such
as epoxies and phenolics. The diacetate is made in a
two-step process in which acetylation with acetic
anhydride containing a sulfuric acid catalyst gives the
triacetate, followed by controlled partial hydrolysis
with dilute aqueous sulfuric acid yielding the diacetate
(Figure 4).
The development of cellulose diacetate was exploited
for the manufacture of doped ‘canvas’ covered
aeroplanes used since the beginning of aviation. This
is because cellulose diacetate dissolves in acetone and
this characteristic leads to its use to strengthen canvas,
whereby acetone is sprayed onto the canvas wings and
by allowing the solvent to evaporate a strong composite
structure is formed. Cellulose diacetate became the
major thermoplastic moulding material in the early part
 Biopolymers

Figure 4
Conversion of cellulose to regenerated cellulose (triacetate and diacetate) using acetic anhydride in sulfuric
acid medium

of the twentieth century and is still used for plastic
combs and toothbrushes. It is also used for apparel and
photocopying transparent papers (where they exhibit
high thermal resistance). The benefit of cellulose is that
it is inherently biodegradable, environmentally friendly
and continuously renewable.
2.2 Starch
Starch is a particular form of carbohydrate and is a
biopolymer of anhydroglucose units linked by α→4
linkages. It is one of the most abundant, naturally
occurring biodegradable polymers made up mainly of
two polysaccharides namely amylose (molecular
weight of up to 2,000,000) and amylopectin (100-
400,000,000). Amylose is a linear 1→4 linked α-D-
glucan (Figure 5) that occurs in the crystalline form in
starch granules and amylopectin is an α-1,6-branched
α-1,4 glucan polymer (Figure 6).
CH2OH CH2OH
O O
H H
OH H OH H copolymerisation (398, a.11, a.12). Its water resistance
O O O can be improved by mixing it with certain synthetic
H OH H OH
Figure 5
Linear α-1,4-glucan – amylose
(200 to 2000 anhydroglucose units)
The amylose and amylopectin molecules are in an
ordered arrangement within the starch granule and this
gives crystallinity to the granule. Starch granules
exhibit hydrophilic properties and strong
intermolecular association via hydrogen bonding due
to the hydroxyl groups on the granule surface. This
strong hydrogen bonding association and
crystallisation leads to poor thermal processing, since
the melting temperature is higher than the thermal
decomposition temperature and degradation sets in
before thermal melting. The hydrophilicity and
thermal sensitivity renders the starch molecule
unsuitable for thermoplastic applications. Starch can
be used alone or compounded with synthetic polymers
in amounts exceeding 50%.
It is believed that starch is not a true thermoplastic
polymer but in the presence of plasticisers such as
water, glycerin and at higher temperatures (90-180 °C)
and under shear it readily melts and flows (458, 462).
‘Thermoplastic’ starch has two main disadvantages
when compared to most plastics currently in use. It is
water-soluble and therefore exhibits poor
environmental stability, has poor mechanical properties
and processability (a.10). To improve some of these
properties various physical and chemical modifications
of the starch molecule have been considered including
blending, chemical derivation and graft
polymers and adding crosslinking agents such as
calcium and zirconium salts and lignin (365, a.13).
Some of the early work in this regard involved graft
copolymerisation synthesis such as starch-g-
polymethylacrylate and starch-g-polystyrene. The

7
 Biopolymers

H OH H CH2OH

HO H O

O
CH2OH CH2 CH2OH
O O O
H H H
OH H OH H OH H
O O O O

H OH H OH H OH

Figure 6
Branched polymer – amylopectin (α-1,4-glucan with 1,6-glucosidic linked branches containing 20-30
anhydroglucose units)

process entails generating free radicals on starch and
reacting these free radicals with the respective vinyl
monomers. The starch-based copolymers obtained
could be injection moulded or extruded into films with
properties similar to low density polyethylene (17).
However, these copolymers with vinyl polymer
branches also have limited biodegradability due to
the presence of these non-degradable branch units.
Carvalho and co-workers (191), report that the first
starch-based plastic in the market was starch blended
polyethylene. This was only bio-disintegrable and
not completely biodegradable within a limited time
frame. Data showed that only the surface starch
biodegraded leaving behind recalcitrant
polyethylene. In the granular state it was used as
filler for polyolefins and as a component in synthetic
polymer blends.
Most of the starch-based copolymers were made with
the view that they could be composted. Companies
such as Novamont, Novon International, and
National Starch and Chemical market a range of
commercial bioplastics based upon de-structured
thermoplastic starch. This starch is used as a
replacement for expanded polystyrene pellets in
packaging materials.
The modification of starch hydroxyl groups by
esterification to form starch esters of the appropriate
degree of substitution of 1.5-3, imparts
thermoplasticity and water resistance (a.14).
Unmodified starch shows no thermal transition except
the onset of thermal degradation at around 260 °C.
Starch acetate of degree of substitution 1.5 shows a
sharp glass transition temperature at 155 °C and starch
propionate of the same degree of substitution would
exhibit a glass transition of 128 °C (194). Plasticisers
such as glycerol triacetate and diethyl succinate are
completely miscible with starch esters (Figure 7) and
can be used to improve processing. The water
resistance of starch esters is greatly improved
compared to the unmodified starch. Starch ester resin
reinforced with plant fibres has been found to possess
mechanical properties comparable to general purpose
polystyrene (a.15).
CH2OR
O
H
OR H
O O
H OR
Figure 7
Starch triester
(R represents –COOCH3 and –CO(CH2)nCH3, n=2-18)

8
 Biopolymers
CH2OR CH2OR
O O
H H
OR H OR H OR
O O
H OR H OR
Figure 8
Random copolymer of mono-, di- and tri-substituted starch ester
A random copolymer of mono, di and tri-substituted
starch ester is shown in Figure 8.
Biodegradable plastics based on starch esters (Figure
8), and blends of starch with aliphatic polyesters are
commercially available (449). Appropriately
formulated starch esters, with plasticisers and other
additives, provide resin compositions which can be
used to make injection-moulded products and for direct
lamination onto substrates such as Kraft paper. Starch
acetates up to a degree of substitution of around 2.5
undergo complete and rapid biodegradation. For
instance, about 70% of the carbon present in the starch
triacetates can be converted to carbon dioxide at 58 °C
in 45 days (449).
2.3 Hemicellulose
Hemicellulose is the second most abundant
polysaccharide after cellulose comprising one-fourth
to one-third of most plant materials (a.16), and in the
past twenty years hemicelluloses have been used as
feedstock for the production of sugars. Hemicelluloses
are mostly heteropolysaccharides classified according
to the sugar residues present, namely xylans, mannans,
arabinans and galactans, and they are either linear or
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
Figure 9
β-D-Xylopyranose (xylose)
CH2OR CH2OR
O O
H H
H OR H
O O O
H OR H OR
branched polymers. The β-1→4-D-xylan is the most
abundant hemicellulose (Figure 9) built from β-1→4-
linked D-xylopyranosyl residue, which forms the linear
backbone of the polymer.
The hemicelluloses are not present in the cell wall as
distinct bundles as is the case for α-cellulose (pure
cellulose), but instead appear as individual molecules.
Hemicelluloses are more closely associated with lignin
than is cellulose, and exist in an amorphous state. The
amorphous state of the hemicelluloses is evidently due
to the presence of many side groups, which prevent
the close association between molecules required for
the formation of crystalline regions.
Hydrophobic polymers have been synthesised using
hemicelluloses through etherification or esterification
of hydroxyl groups (a.17, a.18). Fredon and co-workers
(a.16) extracted hemicelluloses from maize bran via
the route of synthesised ring opening followed by
laurylamine linkages with cyanoborohydride, both
steps were carried out in water to produce a polymer.
The polymer was extruded into a film that showed
hydrophobic characteristics.
This monomer, hemicellulose extracted via ring
opening, is readily purified under vacuum distillation.
Ring opening polymerisation of dimer is accomplished
under heat, again without the need for a solvent. By
controlling the purity of the dimer it is possible to
produce a wide range of molecular weights of polymer.
2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
To date, two types of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
polymers (38) have been developed, namely
polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxyvalerate
(PHV). These are based on fermented sugars (sucrose,
glucose and lactose) with different starch feedstocks
as starting materials.
9
 Biopolymers
PHB was discovered as a constituent of bacterial cells
in 1926 by Lemoigne, and it is biodegradable,
thermoplastic and elastomeric (476). Jesudason and co-
workers (463), and Hocking and co-workers (a.12),
prepared PHB polymers by polymerisation of racemic
β-butyrolactone in the presence of AlMe3/water catalyst
and separated them into isotactic, atactic and
syndiotactic fractions.
The three fractions showed varying biodegradation
characteristics (318, a.19). The development of PHB
was meant as a substitute for polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) polymers.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates are polyoxo-esters produced
intracellularly by a wide variety of bacteria for the
purpose of carbon and energy storage when they are
placed in an environment with limited nutrients, and are
thus of biological origin (a.20, a.21). Biodegradable
copolymers derived from hydroxybutyrate (HB) and
hydroxyvalerate (HV) have been prepared that exhibit
thermoplastic characteristics suitable for medical
applications (a.19, a.22, a.23). PHA sourced PHB is
reported to exhibit properties similar to those of
polypropylene and its properties can be modified by
blending or inclusion of other monomers (472, a.23).
Other studies have indicated the possibility of producing
PHA from palm oil (a.24).
Polyhydroxyalkanoate from Pseudomonas oleovorans has
been crosslinked to form a biodegradable rubber (457).
2.5 Tannins
Tannins are defined as any group of polyphenolic
plant products that can be used to tan animal skins to
produce leather (a.25). There are two major classes
of tannin that have been recognised; hydrolysable and
condensed (a.26). Hydrolysable tannins consist of a
carbohydrate core, often glucose esterified with gallic
acid or ellagic acid. Condensed tannins are polymers
of flavan-3-ols. However, other tannins have been
identified which do not fit into these two classes
(a.27). Tannins can be condensed into adhesives and
used as lubricants for drilling in oil wells (57), thus
providing industry with a source of renewable natural
products in place of chemicals that are derived from
fossil fuel (a.28). It is the condensed tannins, which
will be discussed in this section.
Condensed tannins are crosslinked using formaldehyde
forming thermosetting polyflavonoid-formaldehyde
resins that have found applications as phenolic exterior
10
adhesives for wood. Industrial polyflavonoid tannin
extracts are mostly composed of flavan-3-ol repeating
units, and are smaller fractions of polysaccharides and
simple sugars. Polyflavonoids in such tannin extracts
have phloroglucinol or resorcinol A-rings and catechol
or pyrogallol B-rings as shown in Figure 10.
(OH)
5' OH
6'
4'
8 1 B
HO O
7 2 1' 3' OH
2'
A 3
6
5 OH
4
(OH)
Figure 10
The basic structure of condensed tannins consisting
of flavanol units
The types of commercial tannin extracts are the black
wattle or mimosa tannin (Acacia mearnsii), which is a
bark extract, quebracho tannin (Schinopsis balansae,
variety chequeno), which is a wood extract, pine tannin
(Pinus radiata), which is a bark extract, pecan tannin
(Carya illinoensis), which is nut pith extract and
gambier tannin (Acacia catechu and Uncaria gambir),
which is a leaf and shoot extract (460).
All these five tannin extracts are suitable for the
preparation of tannin-formaldehyde polycondensates,
although some differences among them exist. The five
tannins can be divided into two classes:
(a) mimosa and quebracho and
(b) pecan nut, pine, and gambier tannins.
The latter class has a much higher reactivity towards
formaldehyde due to the phloroglucinol nature of the
A-ring of the predominant type of the flavonoid repeat
unit (460).
The repeating units are linked to each other in the
configurations C4-C6 or C4-C8, the former
predominating in tannins mostly composed of
fisetinidin (resorcinol A-ring; catechol B-ring)
repeating units. The C4-C8 interflavonoid linkage
 Biopolymers
predominates in tannins composed of catechin
(phloroglucinol A-ring; catechinol B-ring) and
gallocatechinin (phloroglucinol A-ring; pyrogallol B-
ring) repeating units. When the polymeric tannins are
composed of fisetinidin-rebinetidin units the polymers
are called profisetinidin-prorobinetidin; when they are
composed of catechin-gallocatechin the polymers are
called procyanidin-prodelphinidin.
The free C6 and C8 sites on the A-ring are the sites
that are reacted with formaldehyde to form adhesives.
Some participation in the reaction with formaldehyde
by the B-ring can occur when such a ring is
pyrogallolic in nature. Although the reaction of the
formaldehyde with the tannin extract occurs at
reactive sites on the phenolic nuclei of the tannins,
polysaccharides and simple sugars can also create
conditions that influence the mechanism and route
taken by the extract/formaldehyde reaction.
2.6 Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)
The shell of the cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale
L.) contains an alkylphenolic oil named cashew nut
shell liquid (CNSL) amounting to nearly 25% of the
total weight of the nut (a.29) This oil is composed
of anacardic acid (3-n-pentadecylsalicylic acid), and
lesser amounts of cardanol (3-n-pentadecylphenol),
cardol (5-n-pentadecylresorcinol), methylcardol (2-
methyl-5-n-pentadecylresorcinol) and a small
amount of polymeric material. The long aliphatic
side-chains of CNSL are saturated, mono-olefinic
(8), di-olefinic (8, 11), and tri-olefinic (8, 11, 14)
with an average value of two double bonds per
molecule. The world production of cashew nuts is
nearly 500,000 tons per year, with Brazil being the
largest producer. Other countries, which produce
CNSL are India and Tanzania with the potential of
producing 8,000 tonnes per annum. CNSL is a dark-
brown and partially polymerised by-product,
Table 1 Composition of phenol components (%) in natural and technical CNSL by gas liquid
chromatography (GLC) (a.30, a.31))
Components Natural CNSL (%)
Anacardic acid 77.02
Cardanol 2.37
Cardol 16.77
2 - Methyl cardol 2.83
especially when derived from the most diffused
roasted mechanical processing of the cashew nuts.
CNSL may represent both a dangerous source of
pollutant, and a low-cost, widely available and
renewable raw material for obtaining pure cardanol
useful in fine chemical processes. Thermal treatment
of cashew nuts and CNSL induces the partial
decarboxylation of anacardic acid, which is
completed by subsequent purifying distillation. The
result is a 90% industrial grade cardanol oil, which
is amber-yellow, with a smaller percentage of cardol
and methylcardol.
2.6.1 The Structure of CNSL
CNSL extracted by a cold-solvent process is called
natural CNSL and hot-oil and/or roasting processed
CNSL is called technical CNSL (Table 1).
Although natural CNSL has more anacardic acid than
cardanol it is decarboxylated to produce anacardol
which when hydrogenated yields cardanol (Figure 11),
the chief constituent of technical CNSL.
2.6.2 Polymer Synthesis of CNSL
Heating of phenol to temperatures of between 160-
300 °C in the presence of a catalyst is known to enhance
three-dimensional crosslinking of the polymer network,
resulting in a hard, infusible and insoluble
thermosetting polymer. All the constituents of CNSL
are typically phenol compounds. Due to the presence
of the hydroxyl (-OH) group, the carboxyl (-COOH)
group, and variable aliphatic unsaturation in the side
chain, CNSL is able to take part in several chemical
reactions. The long chains in CNSL impart flexibility
due to internal plasticising, resulting in the formation
of soft resins at elevated temperatures, unlike phenol-
formaldehyde resins, which are hard (a.29). The
Technical CNSL (%)
-
82.15
13.71
4.10
11
 Biopolymers
OH OH
COOH
–CO2
C15H27
Anacardic acid Anacardol
Figure 11
Decarboxylation and hydrogenation of natural CNSL
determination of the reaction mechanism of CNSL is
complicated by the presence of its four constituents,
all of which have different chemical structures
including varying amounts of polymeric materials.
2.7 Rosins
The natural separation and gradual conversion of some
of the hydrophilic components of sap and related plant
fluids from the cambium layer of a tree into increasingly
hydrophobic solids is the generic process of forming
diverse gums, resins, and waxes. The oleoresin
intermediate in this process is typified in pine gum. Pine
gum contains about 80% rosin and 20% turpentine. In
1932 the world production of rosin was around 900,000
tons with the United States of America producing about
half of the world’s production. Present production figures
were unavailable at the time of writing.
Rosin or colophony is a clear yellow to dark amber
thermoplastic resinous solid derived from naturally
occurring constituents found in the ducts and cells of
dead and living pine trees. It is extracted by three
different procedures, each of which yield a commercial
form of rosin related by name to the nature of the raw
material processed, namely:
(a) gum rosin, obtained by diluting the oleoresin, from
the living pine tree, with turpentine, filtering, and
steam distilling away the spirits of turpentine,
(b) wood rosin, obtained from solvent extracts of aged
pine stump wood by evaporation of solvent and the
terpene fraction, and subsequent refining steps and
(c) tall oil rosin obtained by de-pitching and fractional
distillation of crude tall oil which is a by-product
of the softwood pulp industry.
12
OH
2H2
C15H27 C15H31-nm
Cardanol
Rosin is a friable solid at room temperature, insoluble
in water but soluble in many organic solvents
including alcohols, ethers and esters, aliphatic,
aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Rosin is an
amorphous material and therefore does not have a true
melting point but when heated gradually softens to a
liquid state.
Rosin is a complex mixture of mutually soluble,
naturally occurring high molecular weight organic
acids and related neutral materials. The acid
constituents are monocarboxylic acids of alkylated
hydrophenanthrene nuclei (a.32). The nonacidic minor
constituents, or neutrals, of rosin are a mixture of high-
molecular weight esters, alcohols, aldehydes, and
hydrocarbons, which vary in nature, and the majority
of them have structures related to the resin acids. They
may vary in amount according to the source of the
rosin and the extent to which it is refined. Pale grades
of wood and gum rosin are composed of about 90%
resin acids and 10% neutral materials. Commercial
tall oil rosin differs in composition from gum and
wood rosin in that it contains 2-5% fatty acid of
C 18-C 26 chain length, and somewhat less neutral
material. The overall chemical reactivity of all three
types of rosin is that of a monocarboxylic acid. The
predominant resin acid in pale refined unmodified
rosin is abietic acid, which has the empirical formula
C20H30O2. Figure 12 shows the chemical structure of
abietic acid.
The reactions of rosin (abietic acid) involve its
carboxyl group and double bonds singularly or
together resulting in polymers, and as additives or
modifiers for natural and synthetic polymers.
Esterification of the carboxyl groups with short chain
monohydric alcohols and with various alcohols yields
thermoplastic resin esters having a wide range of
softening points and compatibilities. Enos (a.32), has
described the commercial preparations and reactions
 Biopolymers

CH3 By mass, lignin is about one third of the cell wall in

wood (a.33). It results from the random free-radical
polymerisation of three substituted cinnamyl
CH3 alcohols: p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl
CH3 H (Figure 13). The proportions of these building
blocks differ according to source.

Lignin polymerises by a free-radical process to

H example is shown in Figure 14.
CH3 COOH
Figure 12
Chemical structure of abietic acid
of rosin and modified esters. Other commercial
reactions of rosin involving double bonds are those
with dibasic acids and anhydrides such as fumaric acid
and maleic anhydride. Using polymerised rosin and
dimerised rosin as a substitute for part of the
conventional fatty acids, has produced epoxy resin
esters from epoxy resins. These epoxy esters are used
for automotive and industrial metal primers.
2.8 Lignin
Lignin is an amorphous three-dimensional aromatic
polymer composed of oxyphenylpropane units (473).
produce a random three-dimensional network, an
Several groups in the lignin form monomers and will
react further. Some will simply extend the polymer
chain while others will crosslink. The monomer,
which is marked A (Figure 14), has three of its
functional groups linked to other monomers, so it is
starting a branch or crosslink. The large lignin
molecules fill three dimensions and are heavily
crosslinked.
Sometimes lignin is isolated as a brown powder, but
more often it is a gummy mixture of lignins with a
wide range of molecular weights. Lignin resists
attack by most microorganisms, and anaerobic
processes tend not to attack the aromatic rings.
Aerobic breakdown of lignin is slow and may take
several years. Lignin, along with hemicellulose, is a
cementing material conferring flexibility to the
cellulose fibres present in plants. Unlike
carbohydrates, lignin is water repellent and has a
glass transition temperature of between 140-177 °C
(a.33, a.34).

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

CH CH CH

CH CH CH

OCH3 H3CO OCH3

OH OH OH

p-coumaryl alcohol coniferyl alcohol sinapyl alcohol

Figure 13
The three cinnamyl alcohols in lignin

13
 Biopolymers

CH2OH

C O

HCOH
HC O

CH
CH2OH CH3O
CH
C O

HCOH

CH2 O
CH3O
OH
A C O
O
HCOH
O
HCOH

C O

O CH2OH
H

Figure 14
Lignin polymer

2.9 Polylactic Acids and Polylactides
Polylactic acids and/or polylactides are the most studied
man-made biopolymers due to their use in
biodegradable medical materials. Polylactide exhibits
three kinds of lactide monomer (Figure 15). Repeating
units with different configurations have been used to
produce stereo-copolymers where the physical and
mechanical properties and the rate of degradation are
easily adjusted.
The most efficient way of preparing polylactides is ring
opening polymerisation (ROP) by coordination
initiators. This method usually allows a controlled
synthesis leading to a narrow molecular weight
distribution. Polymerisation of the different stereoforms
results in materials with different properties. The
polymers derived from the pure L-lactic acid or D,D-
lactide monomers are semi-crystalline, relatively hard
materials with melting temperatures around 184 °C and
glass transition temperatures of about 55 °C. The L,L-
lactide and D,D-lactide are normally termed L-lactide
and D-lactide, respectively.
Polymerisation of the rac-(D,L)-lactide and meso-
lactide results in an amorphous material with glass
transition similar to that of its semi-crystalline
counterpart. Polylactides are highly sensitive to heat,
especially temperatures higher than 190 °C. Heating
these materials above this temperature results in a
noticeable decrease in the average molecular weight.
2.10 Other
Polyurethanes have been synthesised from polyols
derived from naturally occurring vegetable oils (99,
300, 459), such as soybean (13) and castor (122).
Protein based biopolymers have been developed by a
number of researchers (16, 118, 382). For example,
soybean protein has been blended with starch (321).
For functions such as drug release under specific
conditions, recombinant DNA techniques are
permitting extensive control over protein synthesis
using natural enzymes (207).

14
 Biopolymers

O O Examples of starch materials are products such as Eco-

O O
O O
O O
Foam (422), Avebe Paragon, and Mater-Bi. Many of
these materials can be directly substituted for existing
plastics and can thus be used in a number of processing
routes such as film blowing and injection moulding.
There exist a wide variety of bioolymers, and Table 2
shows a selection of those that are available at the time
of writing of this report.

(a) (b) Many of the routes to the synthesis of polymers such

as PHA, PHB, PLA and starch from biological origin
feedstocks are well described in the body of knowledge
O and some of these were discussed in Section 2 of this
O review, although many companies that are
commercially exploiting these new resins are using
O
O proprietary processes.
*
O
n Cellulose has been used for over a century in the
production of polymeric materials (360). Examples of
O these include celluloid and cellophane, rayon, viscose
and cellulose thinners for paint, in addition to the
(c) (d) regenerated cellulose that is used in the pharmaceutical
industry in tablets and acts as a binding agent and
Figure 15 enhances compactability (168, 465).
The structure of different stereoforms of the lactide
monomer and the resulting repeating unit, the chiral
centre marked with *, (a) L-lactic acid, (b) D,D-
lactide, (c) meso-lactide and (d) ring opening
polymerised lactide monomer
4 Uses of Biopolymers

4.1 General Uses

Algae produce alginate (a.7), which is a polyuronide
copolymer containing two building units namely β-D-
mannuronic acid and α-L-guluronic acid, both of which
are glycosidically linked 1→4 and block copolymers.
Algal plastics have been made including foams (453).
Alginate is also extracted from seaweed.
The majority of commercially available biopolymers
can be processed using existing equipment, and have
physical and mechanical properties similar to existing
polymers. Thus, this new generation of plastics could
be used in existing applications, although the higher
cost of biopolymers precludes their use in some
applications.

There exist a number of end-use applications for

3 Commercially Available
Biopolymers
Thermoplastic biopolymers can be split into two
categories (a.2); starch-based polymers and
polyesters such as PHA, PHB and PLA; cellulose
acetate is also classified as a polyester (54, a.35).
Cargill Dow Natureworks is an example of a
polyester thermoplastic (196). Cargill Dow
announced that it will have a 140,000 tonne per
annum manufacturing facility dedicated to the
production of this polylactic acid (PLA) based
polymer on-stream in 2002 (223).
biodegradable polymers, but by far and away the most
popular is in the manufacture of compost bags. Figure
16 provides an overview of the European markets for
biodegradable plastics.
From Figure 16 it can be seen that the majority of
current uses for biodegradable plastics are for items
that have a short life, and are generally discarded after
one use. It is within such sectors that biopolymers
currently have the greatest advantage. For example, if
biodegradable plastics are used in the manufacture of
compost bags then the compost need not be removed
from the bag prior to composting, making the
composting operation more efficient. Table 3 shows

15
 Biopolymers

Table 2

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Wood & wood derivatives

Polycaprolactone (PCL)

Polylactide (PLA)
Biodegradable

Thermoplastic

Medical grade
Wheat gluten
Thermoset

Polyvinyls
Bio-origin

Others
Starch
Company Trade Names
Absorbable Polymer Technologies, Inc. ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Absorbable
Avebe ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Paragon
BASF ✓ ✓ ✓ Ecoflex
Biomer ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ PHB, PLLA
BIOTEC GmbH ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ BIOPLAST
Birmingham Polymers, Inc. ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Lactel
Boehringer Ingelheim ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Resomer
Borregaard LignoTech ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ LignoPol
Cargill Dow ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ NatureWorks
Clariant ✓ ✓ ✓ Mowiol and Mowital
Daicel ✓ ✓ ✓ Celgreen
DuPont ✓ ✓ ✓ Biomax
Earth-Shell ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Eastman Chemical ✓ ✓ ✓ Eastar Bio
EcoMould.nl ✓ ✓ ✓ Megi and Mepro
Groen Granulaat ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Ecoplast
Hayashibara Biochemical Labs ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Pullulan
IDROPLAST ✓ ✓ ✓ Hydrolene
IFA ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Fasal
Kuraray ✓ ✓ ✓ Poval
Mazin ✓ ✓ ✓ Mazin
Metabolix ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Biopol and Cleanburn
Midwest Grain Products ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Polytriticum 200, 2000
Napac ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Napac
National Starch ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ECO-foam
Natural Plastics Ltd. ✓ ✓ ✓ Cardapol
Nippon Gohsei ✓ ✓ ✓ Gohsenol
Novamont ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Mater-Bi
Planet Polymer Technologies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Aquadro, Enviroplastic-Z
Purac ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Purasorb
PVAXX ✓ ✓ ✓
Ricino Unido Agro Industrial Lda ✓ ✓ ✓ Naturethanes
Rodenburg Biopolymers ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Solanyl
Shimadzu Corporation ✓ ✓ ✓ Lacty
Shokubai ✓ ✓ ✓ Lunare SE
Showa Highpolymer ✓ ✓ ✓ Bionolle
Solplax ✓ ✓ ✓
Solvay Caprolactones ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Capa
StarchTech ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ReNEW
Supol ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Supol
Tecnaro ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ARBOFORM
Treeplast ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Unitika Ltd. ✓ ✓ ✓ Unitika Poval
Vegemat ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

16
 Biopolymers

Figure 16
The uses of biodegradable plastics within Europe (222)

some proposed uses of biopolymers, including the
driving forces behind the use in these specific markets.
From Table 3 it can be determined that markets for
biopolymers are typified by a number of factors. One
of these factors is for products with a short life, such
as the compost sacks mentioned previously or articles
such as food packaging and mulching film. Another
factor is whether the biodegradability of a product
enhances its functionality, and one application where

Table 3 A selection of uses for established biopolymers (a.35)

Industry Sector Driver
Catering • Reuse is not always possible or economical due to
e.g., plates, bowls, beakers, trays, cups and cutlery. contamination from contact with food or beverages
Convenience Goods • Short-life cycles; one use
e.g., organic-waste sacks, nappies, cotton buds and • Recycling difficult due to contamination
disposable gloves
Fibres/Textiles • Breathability
e.g., technical textiles such as fleeces • Tactility
• Superior performance to existing textiles
Horticulture and Agriculture • Composting advisable
e.g., plant pots, sacks, seed/fertiliser tape, mulching • Recycling very difficult due to contamination
film and yarn • Compostability leads to reduction in labour costs
Medical • Safe absorption and degradation in the body
e.g., implants to aid bone repair, drug delivery, sutures • Short lifetime, disposable
and medical gloves
Packaging • Contamination in food packaging and a multitude of
e.g., ‘packing peanuts’, clear film, food trays, material types and grades hampers effective and
blisterpacks, sacks and bags. economical recycling
• Short-life cycles; typically one use
Toys/Sports • Environmental safety/education
e.g., bricks, blocks and golf tees
Other • Specific advantages arising from application
e.g., functional supports and writing implements Compostability leads to lower manual and waste
management costs
• Promotional benefits of green technology

17
 Biopolymers
this is beneficial is plant pots. If the plant does not
need to be removed from the pot prior to being placed
into the ground then labour savings can be achieved
(376). A further use for biopolymers is for medical use,
and applications include use as bioabsorbable sutures
and for use in drug delivery systems, where slow
degradation allows slow metering of the drug into the
patient's blood stream (105). The medical industry is
an area where the higher unit value and specialised
nature of the products allows biopolymers to compete
effectively with other materials (a.3).
4.2 Uses of Specific Polymer Types
Cellulose derived materials, as discussed in Sections
2 and 3, are available in a number of forms; cellophane
(clear film), celluloid (mouldable resin), regenerated
cellulose (powder) and viscose and rayon (textile
fibres). As such, cellulose derivatives cover a wide
range of applications, from the regenerated cellulose
used in pharmaceutical applications, to the cellophane
used for packaging, and on to the viscose and rayon
fibres used in the manufacture of textiles.
New research has shown that lignin can be combined
with cellulose to produce a mouldable material with
similar properties to wood (277). Lignin-based
polymers have been used for mould making and in
polyol production for the manufacture of polyurethane
(425). Lignin-based thermosets, adhesive and
elastomer systems have all been developed (313, 474).
Lignin has been tested as a stabiliser against attack
from microorganisms in other biodegradable polymer
systems (133).
Hemicellulose has been used in applications such as
adhesives (452), medical gels (253), and polymer
reinforcement (109).
Starch-based polymers have been used in many areas
including water-based adhesives and hot-melt
adhesives, injection moulding materials, packaging,
film, foam, tyres, painting and horticulture (78, 124,
216, 219, 454). Novamont’s Mater-Bi material has
been used in a wide variety of applications such as
composting bags, fast food tableware, soluble foams
for industrial packaging, film wrapping, laminated
paper, food containers, mulch film, nursery pots, plant
labels, disposable nappies, cotton swabs; as fillers for
tyres and chewable items for pets (125).
Polyhydroxyalkanoates are found in medical
applications such as in composites with
18
hydroxyapatite (235), they also have potential in food
packaging applications (60). Metabolix claims to have
found a new cost-effective means of producing these
materials (37).
Tannin has been employed in adhesive formulations
(275, 450) and binders (192).
Cashew nut shell liquid-formaldehyde resins have
been developed (156). Cashew nut shell liquid has
been used in coating applications (243, 471).
Phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid has been
added to natural rubber to improve flame retardancy
(343). Thermoplastic PU has been prepared from
cardanol (389). Cashew nut shell liquid has been used
in composites with natural fibres for possible
construction applications (468).
Rosins have been examined for application in coatings
(272, 467), adhesives (339), and acrylic rosin
derivatives have been tested in photo-resists (91).
Colophony has the disadvantage of being a health
hazard as it is a well-known sensitiser (455).
Cargill Dow is producing polylactic acid in the US
(128, 229), packaging and textiles are among the
possible applications (25, 94, 226, 469). Polylactic
acid and polylactide polymers have been examined
for use in medical applications (213, 254, 434, 448,
464), and are being developed for CD player casings
(64). Lacea from Mitsui Chemicals is in use in
disposable telephone cards, windows for envelopes
and packaging applications (423).
Chitosan has potential for biomedical applications
(101, 149).
Many naturally occurring materials have found use as
adhesives, with starch representing around 80% of this
group. Casein, rosin and collagen also feature (40).
Alginate extracted from seaweed has found use in
microcapsules for drug delivery and in tissue scaffolds
in medical applications (308).
The use of biopolymers in specific applications is, as
is the case with other materials, governed by price.
The lower priced biopolymers, which are generally
the starch derivatives and some polylactides are used
in packaging applications and in the production of
compost bags. The higher priced biodegradable and
bioabsorbable polymers such as PHB are used in
medical applications as the cost cannot be
economically justified in other market sectors.
 Biopolymers
5 Manufacturing Technologies for
Biopolymers
5.1 Introduction
In this section, we shall discuss issues regarding the
processes used to manufacture articles from
biopolymeric materials. Specialised techniques such
as the Shimada press, used to produce lignin bound
wood fibre fuel briquettes, are technically biopolymer
processing techniques, but along with fundamental raw
material production processes such as fibre spinning,
are beyond the bounds of this review.
The methods of manufacture for biopolymers are all
established polymer manufacturing techniques, but the
control and application of these methods must be varied
to cope with certain factors associated with exploiting
the advantages of biopolymers. For a biomass origin
polymer to be used to full advantage, it must be
biodegradable at the end of its useful life. This means
that enough of its molecular structure must resemble a
biological structure to enable microorganisms to digest
it. The conditions under which biological structures can
survive are fairly limited in terms of temperature
(degradation can start with ‘cooking’ – denaturing of
the tertiary structure of proteins at about 45 °C), and at
the temperatures reached during polymer processing
some care must be taken not to entirely destroy the
primary molecular structures. However some
manufacturing processes exploit what might be
regarded as degradation of biopolymers, for example
the manufacture of packing ‘peanuts’ from starch,
where moist amylose starch is melted within an
extruder and, as the pressure in the extrudate drops as
it leaves the die, the water within the starch flashes
into steam and expands the melt into a low density foam
– this method was patented in the USA by the National
Starch & Chemical Investment Corporation in 1991,
and can also be observed in the popping of popcorn,
and the expansion of poppadoms and prawn crackers.
5.2 Manufacturing Methods
The manufacturing routes all show certain fundamental
similarities, with the major differences depending on
whether a thermoset or thermoplastic biopolymer is to
be processed.
Thermoplastic materials must be melted, and then
formed into the shape of the finished article. The melt
is then allowed to freeze, and the manufacture of the
article is complete. This process can be repeated, but
not indefinitely, since even though the raw material is
only melted (that is, no irreversible chemical reaction
takes place), damage can still be done to the molecular
structure of the polymer melt. Subjecting the melt to
high shear conditions (for example, by pumping it or
stirring it violently), can cause the molecular chains to
break. The result of this is an unquantified decline in
the mechanical properties of the solid polymer, as well
as an unquantified change in the nature of the flow
properties (rheology) of the polymer melt.
This change in flow properties is likely to lead to
difficulties in controlling the manufacturing process,
unless steps are taken to monitor the change in
material properties and to control the amount of
recycled material added to the manufacturing process.
It should be noted therefore that due to the temperature
sensitive nature of biopolymers there will be a strict
limitation on the practical amount of in process
recycling. For example, Novamont quote a maximum
scrap recycling rate of between 10 and 20% for Y101U
grade Mater-Bi.
The conditions in intermittent operation processes such
as injection moulding are least damaging to polymer
melts, and most problematic in continuous processes
such as extrusion, particularly in processes where the
extrudate is stretched, such as film blowing. The limiting
factors for processing conditions for biopolymers are
the same as for fossil origin materials: degradation at
the upper limits of temperature and shear, and lack of
homogeneity at the lower limits. However, these limits
are somewhat more tightly drawn at the upper limits for
biopolymers. The results of exceeding these upper limits
are degradation of the polymer, resulting in moulding
defects such as weld lines, discolouration or a strong
odour in the final product.
The route for manufacturing thermoset articles is
slightly different, thermoset components should not
react to form polymers until they have been formed
into their final shape. As a consequence of this,
unreacted thermosets still consist of short chain
molecules and therefore are much less viscous than
thermoplastic polymer melts. This phenomenon opens
up a number of interesting production routes. It now
becomes possible to inject (low viscosity) liquid
thermosets through reinforcing materials to produce
long-fibre composite articles (e.g., vehicle panels).
5.3 Additives
When processing a fossil origin polymer melt, the
operator has the advantages of having access to a wide
19
 Biopolymers
range of processing aids and property improvers. These
additives are usually added in small quantities, and with
the exception of the biocides, are unlikely to have any
effect on the gross biodegradation of the polymer.
However, the selection of additives for biodegradable
polymer systems should be undertaken with care to
avoid compromising the biodegradability certification
of the finished article, such as the DIN CERTCO
standards. Oliver (a.5) quotes the size of the plant origin
polymer additives market as being worth £65,000,000
worldwide, and amounting to 40,000 tonnes.
5.3.1 Plasticisers
Plasticisers increase the flexibility of the polymer
product and also decrease the viscosity of the polymer
melt, a role also played by lubricants. In terms of
biological origin materials, epoxidised soyabean oil is
used as a plasticiser and heat stabiliser in PVC
production. Epoxidised linseed oil and tall oil are also
used as PVC plasticisers. It may be that these materials
will also find application in biopolymers. Recent work
by Brooks and Willoughby at Rapra Technology and
Tucker and Dawson at Warwick University, describes
the use of liquid CO 2 (sometimes described as
supercritical CO2) injected into the melt. This requires
the addition of a mixing stage to the end of the extruder
or moulder barrel, but significant reductions in melt
viscosity and melt temperature are reported. It should
however be noted that the plasticising effect is transient.
The CO2 diffuses out of the solid product over a period
of hours after solidification, and the product does not
show any increase in flexibility.
5.3.2 Lubricants
Internal lubricants perform a similar role to that of
plasticisers, external lubricants include materials that
function as mould release agents. The obvious
sustainable origin mould release agents are waxes such
as bees’ wax, carnauba wax and rape seed oil (marketed
by Leahy Limited as BioForm). These materials are
effective mould release agents but care must be taken
to avoid overdosing the mould surface. This will have
the consequence of producing greasy bloom on the
surface of the moulding. DIN CERTCO (a.36) lists the
following processing auxiliaries as certified
compostable up to levels of 10%:
• benzoic acid/sodium benzoate
• erucic acid amide
• glycerol monostearate
20
• glycerol monooleate
• natural waxes
• paraffins, paraffin waxes (natural)
• polyethylene glycol (up to molecular weight 2000)
• stearates
Whilst the following can be included at levels of up to
49% (a.36):
• glycerol
• sorbite
• citric acid ester
• glycerol acetates
• xylite
5.3.3 Colourants
Some colourants may be objected to due to inherent
toxicity, but environmentally acceptable substitutes of
either mineral or vegetable origin are increasingly
available. DIN CERTCO (a.36), lists the following
mineral colourants as certified compostable up to levels
of 49%:
• carbon black
• iron oxide
• graphite
• titanium dioxide
5.3.4 Flame Retardants
The chemicals used to reduce the flammability of
polymers are commonly chlorinated and brominated
compounds (sometimes with antimony based
synergists) used as flame quenchers, and phosphorous
compounds to improve char strength. These are
regarded as undesirable due to perceptions of their
toxicity. Alumina trihydrate (Al2O3.5H2O) releases its
water of hydration when subjected to heat, and hence
limits the propagation of combustion. However it is
added in large amounts to the polymer (50-60%), and
may, at the upper limits of addition, compromise the
biodegradability of the article.
5.3.5 Blowing (Foaming) Agents
Liquid CO2 admixture can be used as a foaming agent
for injection moulding and extrusion. For PU
biopolymer systems, water can be used as a foaming
agent exactly as in fossil formulations.
 Biopolymers

5.3.6 Crosslinkers material to be used to produce a large volume of

At the moment, crosslinkers are usually the same
formulations as those used in fossil origin thermoset
formulations. Thus articles made from bio-origin
thermosets are not always 100% biological origin.
However, some crosslinking agents such as the
formaldehyde used in cashew nut origin phenolics are
biological in origin, being made from wood alcohol.
mouldable resin. This suggests that fillers are
combined with the polymer merely to take up space,
but they can be used to impart improved properties to
the resin, this reduces article costs by improving
material properties; allowing less material to be used.
Fillers that are currently available in the market place,
such as calcium carbonate, silica and clay, whilst
originating from the earth, are not sustainable in
origin, nor biodegradable in nature.

5.3.7 Fillers The use of natural fibre filler for plastics (15) can be
traced back to 1907 when Baekeland utilised wood
Fillers are the most commonly used additives. Fine flour as a filler in thermosetting phenolic resin, to
mineral powder fillers are added as nucleating agents create a material that to this day is known as
in small (~1%) quantities to limit the size of crystalline ‘Bakelite’. Research has also been undertaken to
structures. This is of limited application with investigate as to whether natural fibres would make
biopolymers as the complexity of the molecules in most suitable structural reinforcement instead of simply
biopolymers limits the degree of crystalline structure being used to cheapen a product. A case in point are
formation. DIN CERTCO (a.36), lists the following
the series of tests that were performed by Aero
fillers as certified compostable up to levels of 49%:
Research Limited during the Second World War which
focussed upon testing the suitability of using Gordon
• aluminium silicates
Aerolite (a phenolic resin) and flax fibres to
• ammonium carbonate
manufacture Spitfire fuselages. The outcome of this
• calcium carbonate
series of experiments was that the composite produced
• calcium chloride
could have been substituted for aluminium.
• dolomite
• gypsum
The field of wood-filled thermoplastic compounds can
• mica
be classed as relatively mature as there are a number
• kaolin
of wood-filled products that are currently available
• chalk
on the market. Examples are Coexil, which is wood
• sodium carbonate
flour filled polypropylene (a.37); Trex (446) and
• natural silicates
Advance Environmental Recycling Technologies
• silicon dioxide; quartz
(AERT) (345), which are 50:50 (% by weight) wood
• talc
flour filled polymers (a.38). The matrix polymers used
• wollastonite
for these materials are polypropylene, high-density
• vegetable fibres
polyethylene and low-density polyethylene
• wood flour/wood fibres
respectively. Schut (301), states that industry
• vegetable fibres
estimates for the year 1999 pegged the production of
• cork
• bark wood-plastic compounds at almost 300 million
• starch pounds (~134,000 tonnes).
• rye flour and other flours
• starch acetate (up to a substitution level of 1) Work has been published that investigates the use of
other natural fibres (excluding wood) for use as a filler
and/or reinforcing material in plastics. Examples of
such work are; sugar cane bagasse filled thermoset
polyester (320), short-fibre jute reinforced
6 Fillers and Reinforcement for polypropylene (437), straw reinforced polypropylene
Biopolymers (461), kenaf reinforced polypropylene (445) and flax
reinforced polypropylene (332). It can be seen that
Fillers in plastics are, as the name suggests, there exist a variety of options open to biopolymer
compounded with the polymer to fill out the plastic, manufacturers and processors who wish to reduce
thus allowing less (of the more expensive) polymeric article costs.

21
 Biopolymers
In much of the work the reasons cited for the use of
natural fibres as a filler/reinforcement is that they are:
• biodegradable, renewable and environmentally
friendly,
• low in cost,
• abundant,
• possess good specific properties.
The matrix materials used in much of this previous
work was from non-renewable sources such as
polypropylene. This may have been due to the non-
availability of biopolymers at the times of their
research.
Bledzki, Reihmane and Gassan (331), performed a
literature review into the use of thermoplastics
reinforced with wood fillers, this uncovered 26 pieces
of work. The conclusions to this work were that the
major problems associated with the use of wood fillers
are high levels of moisture absorption and the fact that
untreated wood fibres are inherently difficult to couple
to the polymer matrix. The latter factor equates to
composites that have low tensile strength.
Schut (301), states that wood does not adhere well to
certain polymers as it is polar. The cohesion of
molecules within a material is related to the polarity of
a material, and is related to dipole forces that are present
in some materials. If the molecule has no polarity, then
the dipole forces are not present and there will be no
covalent bonding between molecules (276). If these
bonds are not present between the fibre and the
polymeric matrix the resulting composite will have
poor strength and stiffness as the load will not be shared
between the multiple components of the composite.
It may be necessary to modify the plastic to develop
strong covalent bonds with the polar fibres. The
coupling of the fibre to the matrix can be achieved
through the use of a compatibiliser such as maleic
anhydride, dicumyl peroxide or chlorosulfonated
polyethylene (470).
The cost of semi-processed jute fibres that would be
suitable for processing into injection moulded
composites was estimated to be $500 per tonne in
February 2000 (a.37). This equates to a figure of
approximately £350 per tonne, which is significantly
cheaper than the biopolymers currently available in the
marketplace. Incorporating this type of material into a
composite with a biopolymeric matrix would allow a
reduction in article cost to be obtained.
22
7 The Markets and Economics for
Biopolymers
In 1999, within the UK marketplace, thermoplastic
polymers accounted for over 2,950,000 tonnes of the
total market for polymers of 4,002,000 tonnes (a.39).
The approximate production capacity for thermoplastic
biopolymers in 2001 is between 30,000 and 40,000
tonnes, but it is estimated that the total world
manufacturing capacity for biopolymers in the year
2002 will increase to approximately 350,000 tonnes.
Even though the production capacity for biopolymers
will increase rapidly over the next few years, they will
still represent a very small proportion of the market in
both UK and world terms (77, 80, 115, 124).
The largest issue with biopolymers in the current market
is the cost. Stephen Cox, the marketing director of PLA
polymer producer Chronopol, said that, ‘the largest
problem with PLA polymers at the moment is the price’.
The material cost in 1998 was between £6.20-9.30/kg
for PLA, and he estimated that the production volumes
attainable at the new Chronopol and CargillDow plants
could lower costs to £2.30–3.10/kg (a.1).
The cost of PLA based polymers will drop in time with
the commissioning of new, larger plants where larger
economies of scale can be achieved, but the cost will
never approach that of conventional polymers such as
polyethylene. The higher cost of PLA based polymers
can be attributed to the processing route being more
complex than that of starch-based polymers in addition
to the large capital investment that is required to
construct a PLA manufacturing facility. The
CargillDow NatureWorks plant that was constructed
in Blair, Nebraska is estimated to have cost in the region
of $300 million, and will produce 140,000 tonnes of
PLA based biopolymers per year.
As a comparison with the cost of polylactides, the cost
of Novamont Mater-Bi stated in the literature is
between £0.79 to £2.51 per kg, depending upon grade
(223). The price of injection mouldable Mater-Bi, grade
Y101U, was €3.5/kg (£2.30) as of the end of November
2002. The cost of Biomer B226, a polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) thermoplastic was reported in September 2002
to be €17-20/kg (£11.15-13.12), whilst the cost of
Solvay CAPA 680 polycapralactone (PCL) at the same
time was stated to be €13-15/kg (£8.53-9.84).
These prices are still in excess of current market prices
for plastics such as film grade LDPE and injection
moulding grade PP at approximately £0.58/kg for both
types of plastic (45). Therefore it is likely that
 Biopolymers
biopolymers will not compete directly with standard
fossil-origin polymers unless biodegradability is an
essential characteristic of the material, as the costs of
biopolymers are currently too high.
It must be noted that due to market pressures, ACX
Technologies Incorporated (owned by the multinational
brewer Coors) decided to close the Chronopol
(polylactide) division in early 1999. This action was
taken at roughly the same time and for the same reasons
as Monsanto who decided to cease their interest in
Biopol due to the large costs and negligible profitability
of scaling up production to meet market demands.
8 Compostability Certification
The International Biodegradable Polymers Association
and Working Groups (IBAW) is attempting to increase
the use and proliferation of biopolymeric materials. It
also seeks to define the compostability criteria for
biopolymers (www.ibaw.org). One of the first outputs
from the IBAW organisation is a certification scheme
for products made of compostable materials (75, 262).
Products marked with the IBAW ‘compostable’ logo
have been proven to be compostable in line with the
regulations detailed in the IBAW certification scheme,
DIN CERTCO (a.36). It must be noted that the
certification of an item as compostable under the IBAW
Figure 17
Certification process for products made of compostable materials (a.36)
guidelines means that the product, not the material it
is manufactured from, is certified under the scheme.
Thus, any variants of products (e.g., different sizes of
packaging) need to be certified. Figure 17 shows the
certification process required to gain agreement for use
of the IBAW ‘compostable’ logo.
Part of the scheme depicted in Figure 17 is the testing
of the product, which must be performed at a DIN
CERTCO approved test agency. It must also be noted
that the use of the IBAW logo is not free.
Testing of the compostability of a product is governed
by a number of standards.
• DIN V 54900: Testing of the Compostability of
Plastics.
• DIN EN 13432: Packaging – requirements for
packaging recoverable through composting and
biodegradation – Test scheme and evaluation
criteria for the final acceptance of packaging.
• ASTM D 6400: Standard Specification for
Compostable Plastics.
• ASTM D 6002-96: Standard Guide for Assessing
the Compostability of Environmentally Degradable
Plastics.
Within this section, the ASTM standard will be
discussed as it is likely to be the most frequently used
23
 Biopolymers
Figure 18
Flowchart for qualification of a biodegradable plastic to ASTM D 6002
standard for determining compostability. DIN V 54900
is, at the time of writing, still in the preliminary stage
and therefore not fully validated.
The ASTM D 6400 standard references the tests
detailed in ASTM D 6002 as those that need to be
performed in order to determine compostability. A
schematic for qualification of biodegradability to
ASTM D 6002 is shown in Figure 18.
9 The Chemistry and Biology of
Polymer Degradation
Biodegradable polymers are receiving increased
attention for their use in a wide variety of applications.
The most notable naturally occurring biodegradable
polymers are the polysaccharides and polypeptides
followed by the modified triglycerides. These polymers
undergo either hydrolytic or enzymatic degradation or a
combination of the two in a conducive environment in
the presence of moisture and at ambient temperatures.
The enzymatic method is most important for
polysaccharides and natural polyesters such as
polyhydroxylalkanoates, whereas many synthetic
aliphatic polyesters used in medical applications degrade
mainly by pure hydrolysis (18, 106, 240, 418, 456, 466).
There are several factors which influence the rate of
degradation, including the type of chemical bond in
the polymer backbone, hydrophilicity, molecular
weight, crystallinity, copolymer composition and the
presence of low molecular weight compounds. Other
concerns are related to the loss of mechanical integrity
of the polymers during degradation, which can be
undesirable, and the toxicity of biodegradation products
may poison the microbes responsible for
biodegradation, causing cessation of biodegradation.
Many biodegradable polymers contain some kind of
24
hydrolysable bonds. Polymers containing anhydride or
ortho-ester bonds are the most reactive ones with the
fastest rates of degradation. Ester bonds degrade
somewhat more slowly and carbonates are almost
totally resistant to hydrolysis.
Poly (L-lactide) is biocompatible and when implanted
in the body it will, in the course of time, undergo
hydrolytic scission to lactic acid, which is a natural
intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. The in vitro
degradation of poly-L-lactide (PLLA) is generally
rather slow compared to the degradation of poly (D,L-
lactic acid) (PDLLA). The higher degradability is
probably due to the greater water absorption in the
amorphous domains.
Biological degradation is mostly associated with
enzyme catalysis which entails the lowering of the
activation energy, thus inducing an increase in the
reaction rates in an environment otherwise
unfavourable for chemical reactions. Enzymes are
proteins having a polypeptide chain with a complex
three-dimensional structure (a.3). Enzyme activity can
be optimised by the presence of inorganic or organic
materials and changes in the morphology of the enzyme
and the pH. Different enzymes exhibit different
performance characteristics; some enzymes change the
substrate through a free radical mechanism, whilst
others follow different chemical routes such as
biological oxidation and hydrolysis.
Additives can be used to enhance degradation (221,
444, 451).
10 Conclusions
The current biopolymers available on the market do
not have any advantages over conventional plastics
bar biodegradability. They are more expensive and
 Biopolymers
whilst the mechanical properties of some
biopolymers are good (e.g., NatureWorks), the cost
for such performance is currently too high. The
opening of new manufacturing facilities will go some
way to redressing the cost equation as some
economies of scale will occur (37), although
biopolymers in the near future will only form a
fraction of the total thermoplastics market. In the
long-term and as the market expands we should also
expect to see increased competition between
companies, a result of further development work
being undertaken, possibly as a result of government
initiatives, reducing the financial strain of
developing new materials. The incorporation of
fillers goes some way to equalising the cost premium
that currently applies to biopolymers. As the oil
reserves diminish producers of polymeric materials
will turn to alternative feedstock sources making
biopolymers economically viable.
By the application of legislative instruments such as
the EU End-of-Life Vehicle Directive and the Landfill
of Waste Directive, the whole life cycle costs of
polymers become more influential and biopolymers
will become more competitive. Figure 16 shows the
uses of biopolymers in the current market. It is worth
noting that the majority of applications are for items
that are used once and then disposed of such as
packaging, and it is in these markets where
biopolymers will find their greatest opportunities.
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from laboratory to the marketplace-A case
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Sessa and J.L. Willet, AOCS Press,
Champaign, Illinois, 2002.
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L. Saulnier, J.F. Thibault, J. Rosier and Petit,
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wheat starch and polylactic acid (PLA),
Biomaterial Processing Engineering,
Department of Grain Science and Industry,
Kansas State University, 2001.
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J. Stubbe, Biochemistry, 2000, 39, 3927.
a.20 A. Steinbüchel, Biomaterials, Novel Materials
and Biological Sources, Ed., D. Bryrom,
Macmillan Publishers Ltd., Basingstoke, 1991.
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and J. Stubbe, Biochemistry, 1999, 38, 826.
25
 Biopolymers

a.22 S. Slater, T.A. Mitsky, K.L. Houmiel, M. Hao,
S.E. Reiser, N.B. Taylor, M. Tran, H.E.
Valentin, D.J. Rodroguez, D.A. Stone, S.R.
Padgette, G. Kishore and K.J. Gruys, Natural
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a.35 H. Kab, Kunststoffe Plast Europe, 2002, 92,
14

a.23 L.G. Griffith, Acta Materialia, 2000, 48, 263. a.36 DIN CERTCO, Certification scheme: Products
made of compostable materials, 3rd revision,
a.24 J.L. Joseph, Construction and transfer of DIN CERTCO, Berlin, 2001.
polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) expression
cassettes into palm via Agrobacterium a.37 G.C. Ellison and R. McNaught, The Use of
tumefaciens mediated transformation, Plant Natural Fibres in Non-Woven Structures for
Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Applications as Automotive Component
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Science and Technology, Universiti NF0309, MAFF, London, 2000.
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Secondary plant products, Antinutritional and
a.39 Mintel International, The UK Plastics Industry,
beneficial actions in animal feeding,
MBD Limited, 2000.
Nottingham University Press, Nottingham,
1999.
a.26 I. Mueller-Harvey and A.B. McAllen in
Advances in Plant Cell Biochemistry and Abbreviations and Acronyms
Biotechnology, Volume 1, Ed., I.M. Morrison,
JAI Press Ltd, London, 1992, 151. ACTIN Alternative Crops Technology
Interaction Network
a.27 I. Mueller-Harvey in Secondary plant products,
antinutritional and beneficial actions in animal AERT Advance Environmental Recycling
feeding, Eds., J.C. Caygill and I. Muller- Technologies
Harvey, Nottingham University Press, CNSL cashew nut shell liquid
Nottingham, 1999, 17.
HB hydroxybutyrate
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and Significance of Condensed Tannins, New
York, Plenum Press, 1989. IBAW International Biodegradable Polymers
Association and Working Groups
a.29 J.H.P. Tyman, Chemical Society Review, 1979, ICI Imperial Chemical Industries
8, 499.
PCL polycaprolactone
a.30 A.R.R. Menon, C.K.S. Pillai, J.D. Sudha and PDLLA poly(D,L-lactic acid)
A.G. Mathew, Journal of Scientific and
Industrial Research, 1985, 44, 324. PE polyethylene
PHA polyhydroxyalkanoates
a.31 P.H. Gedam and P.S. Sampathkumaran,
Progress in Organic Coatings, 1986, 14, 115. PHB polyhydroxybutyrate
PHV polyhydroxyvalerate
a.32 H.I. Enos, G.C. Harris and G.W. Hedrick in
Kirk-Other Encyclopedia of Chemical PLA poly(lactic acid)
Technology, Volume 17, 2nd Edition, A. PLLA poly-L-lactide
Standen, Ed., Interscience New York, 1968.
PP polypropylene
a.33 J. Bodig and B.A. Jayne, Material organisation, PU polyurethane
in Mechanics of Wood Composites, Van
PVC polyvinyl chloride
Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., New York,
1982. PVOH polyvinyl alcohol
RIM reaction injection moulding
a.34 C. Birkinshaw in New and advanced materials,
Emerging Technology Series, Volume 3, ROP ring opening polymerisation

26
 References and Abstracts
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database
Item 1
Plastiques & Elastomeres Magazine
54, No.2, March 2002, p.16-8
French
NATURAL FIBRES, THE STATE OF PLAY
Riedel U
DLR
Reinforcements and thermosetting, thermoplastic and
biopolymer matrices used in natural fibre-reinforced
plastics are examined, and details are given of an epoxy
resin formulation developed by Preform Biocomposites
on the basis of renewable resources. The flexural
properties of natural fibre-reinforced biopolymers are
compared with those of glass fibre-reinforced composites.
PREFORM BIOCOMPOSITES
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.878028
Item 2
Journal of Macromolecular Science C
C42, No.4, 2002, p.441-79
AGRO-MATERIALS: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC
REVIEW
Rouilly A; Rigal L
TOULOUSE,ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE
DES INGENIEURES EN ARTS CHIMIQUES ET
TECHNOLOGIQUES
A detailed review is presented of the literature on agro-
materials, covering plastic properties of biopolymers
(plasticisation, starch, proteins, other biopolymers), fillers
(vegetable fibres, agricultural waste or co-products,
mineral fillers), and biodegradability and durability
(formulation, chemical modification, thermal treatment).
222 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.877909
Item 3
Polymer International
Vol. 51, No.10, Oct.2002, p.845-51
IMPROVEMENT OF THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF POLY(D,L-LACTIDE) BY
ORIENTATION
Grijpma D W; Altpeter H; Bevis M J; Feijin J
Twente,University; Brunel University
Generation of oriented, amorphous poly(D,L-lactide) was
achieved by drawing injection moulded specimens at
temperature below the glass transition temperature of the
polymer and by a non-conventional injection moulding
process in which the melt is cooled under oscillating shear
conditions (SCORIM). Effective molecular orientation
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
was obtained in both instances, permitting the preparation
of degradable devices with greatly improved tensile
properties and impact behaviour in comparison with non-
oriented material. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.877852
Item 4
Chemical Week
164, No.47, 4th Dec.2002, p.44
NOVEL BIOTECH ROUTE TO
POLYTHIOESTERS
Wood A
Researchers from the University of Muenster and McGill
University say that they have developed a biotech route to
polythioesters, a novel class of biodegradable polymers.
They have improved properties compared to polyoxoesters,
an analogous family of biotech-derived polymers originally
known as Biopol, which are used mainly in medical
applications. The polythioesters have potential for use in
similar high-value applications, say the scientists. The
researchers engineered the Escherichia bacterium to convert
mercaptoalkanoic acids into their respective polythioesters.
The polymers resist degradation at higher temperatures
tyres than polyoxoesters. Brief details are given.
MCGILL UNIVERSITY; MUENSTER,UNIVERSITY
CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.877604
Item 5
Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition
13, No.11, 2002, p.1221-40
IN VITRO STUDY OF DRUG-LOADED
BIORESORBABLE FILMS AND SUPPORT
STRUCTURES
Zilberman M; Eberhart R C; Schwade N D
Tel Aviv,University; Texas,University
Bioresorbable polylactic acid films containing
dexamethasone were prepared by solution processing. The
in vitro studies focussed on the mechanical properties with
respect to morphology and degradation and erosion
processes. Novel expandable anatomic support devices
developed from these films were studied. 21 refs.
ISRAEL; USA
Accession no.877005
Item 6
Polymer Testing
22, No.2, 2003, p.209-15
IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF MISCANTHUS/
NOVAMONT MATER-BI BIOCOMPOSITES
27
 References and Abstracts
Johnson R M; Tucker N; Barnes S
Warwick,University
Biodegradable composite test plaques consisting of
Miscanthus (rhizomatous perennial grass) fibres in a
Novamont Mater-Bi matrix (made from raw materials of
natural origin) were produced and tested in the laboratory.
Plaques which consisted of 100% Mater-Bi were also
produced and tested to provide information on the effect
of addition of Miscanthus fibres on the impact
performance of the biodegradable polymer. A design of
experiments methodology was used to provide data on
the effect of processing parameters and material
formulation on the impact performance of the
biocomposite. The factors that were varied during the
course of the experiment were injection moulding
machine screw speed and barrel temp., fibre volume and
particle size. In comparison with pure Mater-Bi, the
Miscanthus-filled polymer exhibited up to 30% higher
impact loads. The factors that affected the performance
were found to be the temp. of the barrel and the rotational
speed of the screw. 28 refs.
NOVAMONT
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.876871
Item 7
Journal of Applied Medical Polymers
6, No.2, Autumn 2002, p.64-7
BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICIZERS FOR
POLYLACTIC ACID
McCarthy S; Song X
Massachusetts,University
The effect of polypropylene glycol and epoxy
functionalised polypropylene glycol, as biodegradable
plasticisers, on the mechanical properties and thermal
properties of polylactic acid before and after physical
ageing was investigated by tensile testing and differential
scanning calorimetry. It was found that the addition of
the plasticisers improved the overall toughness of the
polylactic acid and that increasing amounts of epoxy
functionalised polypropylene glycol resulted in a linear
decrease in Tg, crystallinity temperature and melting
temperature of the polylactic acid. No evidence of a
reaction between polylactic acid and the epoxy
functionalised polypropylene glycol was provided. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.876682
Item 8
ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE Annual
Technical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9th
May 2002.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 440, Session T41-
Composites. Other Reinforcements in Composites I,
pp.5, CD-ROM, 012
28
NEW FUNCTIONAL BIOPOLYMER NATURAL
FIBER COMPOSITES FROM AGRICULTURAL
RESOURCES
Lanzillotta C; Pipino A; Lips D
Fiat Research Center; Zurich,Eidgenossische
Technische Hochschule
(SPE)
Using poly(lactic acid) or a starch derivative as the matrix
and flax as the fibre reinforcement, biodegradable
composites were prepared and evaluated for the
production of automotive components. The materials were
successfully injection moulded, but fibre input to the
compounding extruder presented problems. The Young’s
modulus of the PLA-based composites exhibited a linear
increase with fibre content, but no improvement in tensile
strength was observed. This was attributed to poor fibre-
matrix adhesion. Fibre additions enhanced both the tensile
strength and the Young’s modulus of the starch-based
composite. Car interior panels were injection moulded
and fan blades compression moulded. 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.876530
Item 9
Future Materials
Jan.-Feb.2003, p.18-9
BIO-ROUTE
Novamont recently launched Mater-Foam, an expanded
sheet of Mater-Bi, the company’s bioplastic obtained from
renewable raw materials from agricultural sources. The
new Mater-Foam corrugated, closed-cell foam material
is said to have excellent shock-resistance and can protect
objects of any shape and size. Amprica SpA is a new
strategic partner for Cargill Dow and the companies are
working together to offer thermoformed packaging to the
bakery and convenience food markets made from
NatureWorks PLA. The US Biodegradable Products
Institute recently granted its Compostable Logo to
Eastman Chemical’s Eastar Bio GP and Ultra copolyester.
Eastar Bio copolyester is designed to fully biodegrade to
biomass, water and carbon dioxide in a commercial
composting environment in 180 days.
NOVAMONT SPA; AMPRICA SPA; EASTMAN
CHEMICAL CO.; CARGILL DOW
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.876365
Item 10
Plastics Technology
48, No.12, Dec.2002, p.35
DISPOSABLE PACKAGING GOES NATURAL
Leaversuch R
EarthShell Corp. in the USA has developed a compostable
“natural” composite (a mixture of limestone, potato starch
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
and recycled paper, that incorporates a biodegradable
polymer as a moisture barrier-film or additive) which is
likely to have a broad impact on disposable packaging
markets. Full details are provided.
EARTHSHELL CORP.; SWEETHEART CUP CO.;
HUHTAMAKI OYJ; GREEN PACKAGING SDN
BHD; GREEN EARTH PACKAGING INC.; DUPONT
PACKAGING & INDUSTRIAL POLYMERS;
DETROIT TOOL & ENGINEERING CO.
EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; MALAYSIA; SCANDINAVIA;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.875876
Item 11
High Performance Plastics
Dec.2002, p.11/2
BREAKTHROUGH IN BIO-DERIVED
POLYESTER
DuPont and Genencor International (a US biotechnology
company) have undertaken joint research which has
resulted in a 500-fold increase in the efficiency of the
fermentation process used to produce DuPont’s corn-
derived polyester, “Sorona”. This article has the details.
DUPONT; GENENCOR INTERNATIONAL INC.;
TATE & LYLE; TORAY; TEIJIN; FAR EASTERN
TEXTILE LTD.; SAEHAN INDUSTRIES
ASIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN;
SOUTH KOREA; TAIWAN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.875852
Item 12
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
287, No.10, 31st Oct.2002, p.693-7
BIODEGRADABLE LAMINATES BASED ON
GELATIN. I. PREPARATION AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Apostolov A A; Fakirov S; Evstatiev M; Hoffmann J;
Friedrich K
Sofia,University; Kaiserslautern,University
Compression-moulded gelatin/starch (1:1 w/w) blends
reinforced by linen or silk fabrics were investigated. Some
of the laminates were also crosslinked. A marked increase
in Young’s modulus, TS, EB and impact strength was
observed for all samples regardless of the nature of the
fabric or crosslinking. The deformation at break increased
much more for linen-based materials in comparison with
both neat gelatin and the blend matrix. The improvement
of the mechanical properties in these laminates was most
evident from the impact strength. 10 refs.
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;
EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.875685
Item 13
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
86, No.12, 13th Dec.2002, p3097-107
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYURETHANE
FOAMS FROM SOYBEAN OIL
Jouh J; Bhattacharya M; Turner R B
Minnesota,University; Urethane Soy Systems
The use of functionalised soy based vegetable oil polyols
as replacements, or partial replacements, for synthetic
polyols in the manufacture of polyurethane foams, using
two different isocyanates and differing amounts of water,
was investigated by fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) to follow the polymerisation
reaction, and scanning electron microscopy and small
angle X-ray scattering to examine the foam morphology.
Soybean oils were characterised using spectroscopic
methods and analytical methods to determine hydroxyl,
acid and iodine values. It was observed with both synthetic
and vegetable oil based polyols that lower water contents
gave a more uniform cell structure, and higher water
contents gave an increase in hard domain size. An increase
in the amount of synthetic polyols in the blend gave
increased reaction rates due to an increase of primary
hydroxyl groups. 18 refs.
USA
Accession no.875520
Item 14
Journal of Materials Science Letters
21, No.20, 15th Oct.2002, p.1587-9
STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3-
HYDROXYVALERATE ) (PHVP)/CLAY
NANOCOMPOSITES
Chen G X; Hao G J; Guo T Y; Song M D; Zhang B H
Tianjin,Nankai University
Polyhyroxyalkanoates, PHA, comprise a family of
biopolymers that has attracted attention recently due to
their biodegradability, biocompatibility and natural origin.
Several applications have been proposed for these
polymers in the fields of medicine, agriculture and
packaging. The most studied and easily produced member
of this family is poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), iPHB, an
isotactic, high molecular weight polymer. Produced in the
form of intracellular granules by several microorganisms,
iPHB serves as a carbon and energy storage material.
However, disadvantages have prevented its introduction
in the market as a valid alternative to the currently
widespread non-degradable oil-based thermoplastics.
Some of these drawbacks are its fragility, thermal
degradability at temperatures not far above the melting
point, and its high price. In order to improve the properties
of iPHB, several kinds of PHA copolymers have been
examined incorporating structural units such as 3-
hydroxyvalerate (PHBV). Unfortunately, PHBV also
presents the following problems: slow crystallisation rate,
relatively difficult processing, low elongation at break
and very high crystallinity. If the properties of iPHB (or
PHBV) were improved by the addition of a small quantity
of an environmentally benign material such as clay, this
29
 References and Abstracts
polymer would have structural material applications in
many fields. Clay minerals are introduced into the field
of nanocomposites in many systems due to their small
particle size and layer expanding properties, especially
in the application of reinforcement materials with
polymers. A PHBV/clay composite is prepared using
polymer intercalation from solution. 8 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.875117
Item 15
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, pp.144, 29
cm, Rapra Review Report 152, vol.13, No.8, 2002.
NALOAN
NATURAL AND WOOD FIBRE
REINFORCEMENT IN POLYMERS
Bledzki A K; Sperber V E; Faruk O
Kassel,Universitat
Edited by: Humphreys S
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Rapra.Review Report No.152
The use of natural and wood fibre reinforcements in
polymers is reviewed with respect to types, properties,
surface treatment of fibres, processing, properties of
composites, and applications. End-use applications
examined, include the automotive industry, building
industry, furniture and panels and aerospace applications.
Some statistics are included for the consumption of natural
fibres in Europe by the automotive industry 1996-2010.
485 refs.
NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.874532
Item 16
Macromolecular Bioscience
2, No.7, 18th Oct. 2002, p.319-28 (This issue is
pulished within Macromolecular Chemistry and
Physics, Vol.203, No.14, 18th Oct. 2002)
BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOMATERIALS BASED
ON ELASTOMERIC PROTEINS
Martino M; Perri T; Tamburro A M
Basilicata,University
A review is presented on the general features of elastomeric
proteins (elastin, abductin and gluten) together with the
current state-of-the-art in elastin-based biopolymers and
flagelliform silk-based biopolymers. 101 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.873674
Item 17
Polymer
Vol.43, No.22,2002, p.5935-42
PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES OF
EXTRUDED STARCH/POLYMER FOAMS
Willett J L; Shogren R L
30
US,Agricultural Research Service
Using a twin screw extruder blends of starch and various
thermoplastic resins were extruded into foams. Among
the resins were poly(vinyl alcohol), cellulose acetate
(CA), and a number of biodegradable polyesters.
Compared with the control starch, foams of corn starch
with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(hydroxyester ether)
(PHEE), or poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV)
had significantly lower densities and greater radial
expansion ratios. Blends with other polyesters and CA
had densities and expansion ratios between those of the
control starch and the other polyesters. Although PLA
domains were much smaller, most of the polymer
occupied spherical to elongated domains 1-10 microns
long. Surface polymer concentrations were larger than
the bulk and correlated with foam expansion and
resistance to fragmentation. In addition, foams were
extracted using blends of PLA or PHEE with high amylose
starch (70% amylose), wheat starch, and potato starch.
The foam density was reduced and expansion increased
significantly by addition of either resin. At constant
relative humidity, compressive strength was a function
of foam density only and not the type of resin or starch in
the blend. The water sensitivity of the foams was reduced
by addition of the resins and the time needed for complete
dissolution was increased. Blends with PLA, PHEE, or
PHBV produced foams with densities comparable to
commercial starch-based loose-fill foams. 42 refs.
USA
Accession no.873362
Item 18
High Performance Plastics
Nov.2002, p.8
COMPOSTABLE COMPOSITES
A researcher in Cornell University in the USA has
developed environmentally friendly biodegradable
composites made from soybean protein reinforced with
plant-based fibres, such as ramie fibres. Very brief details
of the invention are given in this short article.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.873032
Item 19
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
86, No.11, 9th Dec.2002, p.2907-15
TENSILE PROPERTIES, MORPHOLOGY, AND
BIODEGRADABILITY OF BLENDS OF STARCH
WITH VARIOUS THERMOPLASTICS
Hwan-Man Park; Sang-Rock Lee; Chowdhury S R;
Tae-Kyu Kang; Hak-Kil Kim; Seung-Hoon Park;
Chang-Sik Ha
Pusan,National University
The tensile properties and morphologies of blends of
starch with LDPE, poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate)
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
(APES), or an ionomer (a sodium cation-neutralised
ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer) were studied. The
tensile strength and modulus increased with increasing
starch content in starch/ionomer blends but for the other
two blends, these parameters decreased with increased
starch loading. Elongation at break values decreased for
all the blend systems with increased starch loading. Better
homogeneity was observed in starch/ionomer systems
than in the other two systems. For up to 50 % starch
content, the starch/ionomer blends appeared as a single
phase. Biodegradability studies showed that the pure
LDPE and ionomer were not biodegradable but that their
blends with starch were biodegradable at an appreciable
rate. The biodegradation rate of the starch/APES blend
was very high because both of the components were
biodegradable. 29 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.872974
Item 20
Polymer Degradation and Stability
78, No.3, 2002, p.505-10
EFFECT OF UV IRRADIATION ON ENZYMATIC
DEGRADATION OF CELLULOSE ACETATE
Ishigaki T; Sugano W; Ike M; Taniguchi H; Goto T;
Fujita M
Japan,National Institute for Environmental Studies;
Yamatake Building Systems Co.Ltd.; Osaka,University;
Daicel Chemical Industries
The effect of UV irradiation on the degradation of highly
substituted cellulose acetate by the enzymes, cellulase,
lipases and esterase, was investigated in order to elucidate
the mechanism of degradation in a natural environment
or landfill site. Surfaces of the cellulose acetate were
analysed by atomic force microscopy and the effects of
UV irradiation on the characteristics of cellulose acetate
were analysed by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray
diffraction. The results obtained indicated that the
degradation of cellulose acetate by cellulase would be
promoted by UV irradiation. 17 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.872767
Item 21
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
40, No.22, 15th Nov. 2002, p.2579-86
POLYPEPTIDE-BASED NANOCOMPOSITE:
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLY(L-
LYSINE)/NA+-MONTMORILLONITE
Krikorian V; Kurian M; Galvin M E; Nowak A P;
Deming T J; Pochan D J
Delaware,University; California,University at Santa
Barbara
Nanocomposites of cationic poly-L-lysine HBr and
sodium montmorillonite were prepared by the solution-
intercalation film casting method and their morphological
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
properties, thermal properties and mechanical properties
determined by various techniques, including X-ray
diffraction, TEM, DSC, TGA and DMA. It was found
that the montmorillonite layers intercalated with the
polypeptide chains coexisted with exfoliated layers over
a wide range of polypeptide/montmorillonite
compositions and that the storage modulus of the
polypeptide increased with increasing clay loadings. 35
refs. (March 2002 Meeting of the American Physical
Society,Div.of Polymer Physics)
USA
Accession no.872748
Item 22
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
86, No.14, 27th Dec. 2002, p.3616-24
STRUCTURE MODIFICATION AND
CROSSLINKING OF METHACRYLATED
POLYLACTIDE OLIGOMERS
Helminen A O; Korhonen H; Seppala J V
Helsinki,University of Technology
Biodegradable polylactides were synthesised by the
functionalisation of D,L-lactide-based telechelic oligomers
having different numbers of arms with methacrylic
anhydride followed by thermal crosslinking at 90C. The
influence of the molecular architecture of the oligomers
on the crosslink density and properties of the crosslinked
polymers was investigated as were the effects of a reactive
monomer (dimethacrylated butanediol) and cure
temperature on the properties of polymers. The applicability
of photoinitiation to the oligomeric systems was also
studied and the hydrolytic degradation of the crosslinked
polymers examined. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.872721
Item 23
Plastics Technology
48, No.10, Oct.2002, p.60/1
ADDITIVE MASTERBATCHES MAKE
POLYOLEFINS DEGRADE
Leaversuch R
Two US masterbatch suppliers, Willow Ridge Plastics and
ECM Biofilms, have found effective ways to make PE
and PP products degrade like paper or wood, in five years
or less, whilst remaining cost-competitive with
conventional LDPE and PP. The companies incorporate
proprietary additives into polyolefin carriers. This article
provides full details.
ECM BIOFILMS INC.; WILLOW RIDGE PLASTICS
INC.; US,BIODEGRADABLE PRODUCTS
INSTITUTE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; INDIA;
IRELAND; NEW ZEALAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.872674
31
 References and Abstracts
Item 24
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
82, No.546, Dec.2001, p.675-82
Spanish
GELATIN BASED MATERIALS AND THEIR
APPLICATION IN PHOTOGRAPHY
Abrusci C; Del Amo A; Martin-Gonzalez A; Catalina F
Filmoteca Espanola; Madrid,Universidad Complutense;
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
Consideration is given to processes used in the preparation
of gelatin from collagen and to the properties and
photographic applications of gelatin. 35 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.872607
Item 25
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
82, No.546, Dec.2001, p.622/4
Spanish
NEW ALTERNATIVE FOR THE PACKAGING
INDUSTRY
An examination is made of the properties and packaging
applications of NatureWorks PLA compostable
polylactides produced by Cargill Dow in a plant at Blair,
Nebraska. This plant, with an annual capacity of over
140,000 tonnes, began operation in November 2001.
CARGILL DOW LLC; SONY; IPER; UNITIKA;
DUNLOP SPORTS CO.LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; UK;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.872599
Item 26
Flexible
No.4, Nov.-Dec.2002, p.6-14
DEGRADING FILMS
Jeffries E
Across the EU, governmental policies to minimise waste
and increase recycling rates have intensified over the last
10 years. This pattern is set to continue, leading in the long
term to a range of packaging with perceived environmental
benefits appearing on the market. Since lightweighting and
downgauging are already well-established trends,
degradability is the main new environmental focus in
research on flexible packaging. This has already become
apparent with the introduction of corn-based polymers and
the increase in water-soluble films and other degradable
products. Edible films have been revitalised by Cargill
Dow’s corn-based polymers and research undertaken at the
University of Clemson. Research has been increasing in
polyvinyl alcohol films and there are well established
markets in the food and medical sectors.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.871735
32
Item 27
Flexible
No.4, Nov.-Dec.2002, p.3-4
SAINSBURY’S ORGANIC RANGE USES UCB
FILMS BIODEGRADABLE PACKAGING
Sainsbury’s has begun selling its organic food range
packaged in NatureFlex biodegradable film, it is briefly
reported. ASP Packaging is converting the material before
supplying it to producers of Sainsbury’s pre-packaged
organic fruit and vegetables. UCB Films’ NatureFlex
comprises an uncoated cellulose film. Food requiring
greater protection from moisture can be packaged in
NatureFlex E305, made from a biodegradable base film
with speciality barrier coatings made from nitrocellulose.
SAINSBURY J.,PLC; UCB FILMS LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.871732
Item 28
Future Materials
Nov.-Dec.2002, p.5
BIORUBBER STIMULATES RESEARCH
MIT reports that scientists from around the world have
been contacting one of its laboratories for samples of
“biorubber”, a new material with many applications
including engineered lungs, heart valves and other elastic
tissues. While biodegradable polymers are already used
in the human body, none of these polymers has the
defining property of a rubber band - the ability to stretch
and then snap back to its original shape. In addition to
being strong, biocompatible and inexpensive, biorubber
can also be easily tailored to have a variety of different
properties, such as a fast or slow degradation rate, for
different applications.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
USA
Accession no.871703
Item 29
Popular Plastics and Packaging
47, No.11, Nov.2002, p.73/7
BIODEGRADABLE AGRO-PACKAGING FROM
PROTEINS
Nayak P I
Ravenshaw College
Development of biodegradable polymers from renewable
resources to replace conventional synthetic plastic
products provides opportunities for reducing waste
through biological recycling to the biosystem. During the
last four decades, various raw materials from agricultural
resources have been used to produce renewable
biodegradable and edible packaging called agro-
packaging materials. Numerous vegetable and animal
proteins such as corn zein protein, wheat gluten protein,
soy protein, rice protein, peanuts and cottonseed proteins,
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
milk protein, collagen and gelatin, keratin and egg
albumin protein have been commonly used as raw
materials for making biodegradable agro-packaging films.
INDIA
Accession no.871698
Item 30
Plastics News(USA)
14, No.37, 11th Nov.2002, p.8
CORTEC MAKING PUSH INTO
BIODEGRADABLE FILM
Pryweller J
Cortec is planning a 5m US dollars expansion of its blown
film plant as it tries to become a major player in
biodegradable films. The company primarily is known as
a maker of vapour-phase corrosion inhibitors that can be
used with stretch film and other products. The company
started making film four years ago when it bought Spring
Lake Packaging. That led to the discovery that its
copolyester film could degrade quickly in compost. The
company continued pilot testing of what it would call Eco
Film, mixing it with natural ingredients such as polylactic
acid, starch and other blends. A 12-layer coextrusion film
line and a 40-foot line to make bubble film will be added
to the facility’s one coextrusion line. The facility will make
film with and without Cortec’s corrosion-resistant additive.
CORTEC CORP.
USA
Accession no.871584
Item 31
Polimery
47, No.7-8, 2002, p.500-8
ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE
PLASTICS: THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF
POLYMER BLENDS BASED ON WASTE
GELATIN
Fernandes E G; Kenawy E; Miertus S; Chiellini E
Pisa,University
Blends based on waste gelatin and PVAl, formulated for
agroindustrial applications, were characterised by TGA
and DSC. The results obtained were compared with those
of analogous blends based on ‘virgin’ gelatin. While the
latter blends tended to phase separate, those based on
waste gelatin were compatible as a result of the presence
of glycerol in waste gelatin and its inherent degradation
as a result of prior thermal and mechanical treatment. 32
refs. (UNIDO Workshop on Environmentally Degradable
Plastics, Lodz-Pabianice, 2001)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.871135
Item 32
Polimery
47, No.7-8, 2002, p.479-84
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES(PHAS):
SUSTAINABLE BIOPOLYESTER PRODUCTION
Braunegg G; Bona R; Schellauf F; Wallner E
Graz,Technische Universitat
Topics discussed include PHA metabolism and PHA-
producing microorganisms, carbon sources for PHA
production, PHA production kinetics and its influence on
process design, and downstream processing for PHA
isolation. 23 refs. (UNIDO Workshop on Environmentally
Degradable Plastics, Lodz-Pabianice, 2001)
AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.871132
Item 33
Journal of Polymers and the Environment
9, No.2, April 2001, p.63-84
A LITERATURE REVIEW OF POLY(LACTIC
ACID)
Garlotta D
US,National Center for Agricultural Utilization
Research
A review is presented on the synthesis, physicochemical
properties, chemistry and mechanical properties of
polylactic acid from the 1950s to 1990s. Aspects covered
include tensile properties, crystallisation, processing,
rheological properties, UV vis and FTIR spectra and
starch-polylactic acid composites. 134 refs.
USA
Accession no.871061
Item 34
Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine
13, No.10, Oct.2002, p.903-9
SELF-REINFORCEMENT AND HYDROLYTIC
DEGRADATION OF AMORPHOUS LACTIC
ACID BASED POLY(ESTER-AMIDE), AND OF
ITS COMPOSITE WITH SOL-GEL DERIVED
FIBERS
Haltia A M; Lahteenkorva K; Tormala P; Helminen A;
Tuominen J; Seppala J; Veittola S; Ahvenlammi J
Tampere,University of Technology; Helsinki,University
of Technology
The self-reinforcement and hydrolytic degradation of an
amorphous polyester-amide(PEA) based on lactic acid were
studied and compared with those of poly-L-lactide(PLLA).
The PEA rods studied were self-reinforced by solid-state
die drawing, resulting in double shear strength. The
hydrolytic degradation of PEA was studied during exposure
to phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.4 and at 37C for 18
weeks. The degradation and mechanical properties of PEA
were also followed in a self-reinforced(SR) composite
structure consisting of PEA and sol-gel derived silica fibres
(8 wt %). The hydrolytic degradation of the SR-PEA-rods
with and without the sol-gel silica fibres was significantly
faster than that of SR-PLLA-rods. The weight-average
molec.wt.(Mw) of PEA decreased by 90% from the initial
33
 References and Abstracts
Mw during the first six weeks in hydrolysis, while the Mw
of the PLLA decreased by 10%. 42 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.870722
Item 35
Packaging Review South Africa
28, No.7, July 2002, p.16-17
BIOPHAN - POWERED BY NATURE
Since 1997, Trespaphan has been working on a project to
develop a film made of renewable and biodegradable
materials. The main aim was to identify raw materials
suitable for both polymerisation and the biaxial stretching
process. After ascertaining that the polylactic acid (PLA)
is stretchable on the stenter frame, Trespaphan succeeded
in stretching PLA produced by Cargill-Dow-Polymer on a
small-scale pilot plant. Multilayer Biophan films are
suitable for a range of applications. Not only are they
physiologically harmless and non-toxic to humans and
animals, they can be tailored to give both sealing
performance and controlled slip, the latter making for non-
stick processing on packaging machines. They have
received food contact approval from relevant authorities.
Aspects covered include the environmental friendliness of
Biophan, project development and the prospective market.
TRESPAPHAN SA
SOUTH AFRICA
Accession no.869684
Item 36
Packaging Review South Africa
28, No.7, July 2002, p.13
WHAT ARE EASTAR BIO COPOLYESTERS?
Eastman’s Eastar Bio thermoplastic materials are a family
of resins engineered to have no negative effects on the
environment. Products created from these resins are tough
and resilient while being impermeable to liquids but, unlike
the majority of plastic materials, are fully biodegradable
under the right conditions. These resins have conventional
diacids and glycol as starting blocks. These materials
combine to create a translucent, semi-crystalline polymer
with a melting point of 108 deg.C, high elongation and a
tensile strength similar to LDPE. Dart impact is high and
more than adequate for typical PE with low modulus.
Moisture transmission rate is high (opposite to LDPE).
Oxygen permeability is approximately one third lower than
that of LDPE. Eastar Bio Copolymers are compatible with
other biodegradable natural polymers and can be blended
with such materials (starch and cellulose). This
characteristic also makes it possible to coextrude Eastar
Bio Copolyester with other biodegradable resins such as
those based on starch. The superior adhesion characteristics
of the material means that it is frequently unnecessary to
use a tie layer for coextrusion with other degradable
polymers. These resins also accept pigments. Eastar Bio
34
Copolyester has been tested and found to have no adverse
effect on the environment either during or after degradation.
Conversion is simple and PE conversion plant is well suited
to processing these resins. Films from these materials are
translucent with a soft and flexible feel. Heat sealing is
easy on conventional heat sealing equipment. This abstract
includes all the information contained in the original article.
EASTMAN CHEMICAL
USA
Accession no.869682
Item 37
High Performance Plastics
Oct.2002, p.9
CHEAPER BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS
This is a small item which reports that Metabolix Inc., a
US biotechnology company, says its recent scale-up tests
of a fermentation process for making biodegradable
polyesters based on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
demonstrate that the polymers can be made cost-
competitively with many petrochemical resins. Brief
details are presented here.
METABOLIX INC.; ICI; MONSANTO; US,DEPT.OF
ENERGY
USA
Accession no.869561
Item 38
Plastics Technology
48, No.9, Sept.2002, p.66/79
BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS
Leversuch R
The USA is now catching up with Europe and Asia in
exploring the exciting potential of biodegradable
polyesters in flexible and rigid packaging applications.
This long article takes a thorough look at the synthetic
biodegradable resins available today. Section headings
include: who sells what, blending beckons, thermoformed
trays, and bacterially-grown polyesters.
EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.; BASF CORP.;
NOVAMONT SPA; CARGILL DOW LLC; SK
CHEMICALS CO.LTD.; SHOWA DENKO; DUPONT
PACKAGING & INDUSTRIAL POLYMERS;
MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL; SONY CORP.;
BAYER AG; DAINIPPON INK & CHEMICAL;
UNION CARBIDE; DOW PERFORMANCE
CHEMICALS; SOLVAY INTEROX INC.;
MICHIGAN,STATE UNIVERSITY; BIOPLASTICS
POLYMERS & COMPOSITES; CORTEC CORP.;
EARTHSHELL CORP.; APACK AG; METABOLIX
INC.; PROCTER & GAMBLE CO.
ASIA; CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; JAPAN;
KOREA; NORTH AMERICA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE;
WORLD
Accession no.869540
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 39
Popular Plastics and Packaging
47, No.10, Oct.2002, p.83-4
STARCH BASED BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS
Tiwari M; Verma S S
Sant Longowal,Institute of Engineering & Technology
The environmental impact of plastic wastes has raised
global concern. Most of the available plastic disposal
methods cause secondary pollution effects. One option is
to produce plastics with controlled lifetimes or built-in
environmental degradability. Starch based biodegradable
plastics come under the latter category. Starch is a
renewable degradable carbohydrate biopolymer that can
be purified from its various sources by environmentally
sound processes. Thermoplastic starch formation is based
on three basic approaches: starch is blended with synthetic
polymers or with other biodegradable polymers;
thermoplastic polymer chains are grafted onto starch or
starch is chemically modified; or starch behaves as a
solitary thermoplastic material.
INDIA
Accession no.869301
Item 40
Adhesives Age
45, No.10, Oct.2002, p.12
OVERVIEW OF THE FIELD OF NATURAL
ADHESIVES
Smith R W
ChemQuest Group Inc.
Natural resources for adhesive raw materials are many
and plentiful. The most important natural raw materials
for adhesives include animal collagen, plant, casein,
silicate, bitumen, terpenes, rosins and natural rubber.
Starch has dominated this group for most of the last
century, representing well over 80% of total consumption.
Naturally occurring adhesive raw materials currently
account for about 30% of total non-volatile adhesive
consumption. Perhaps the most exciting new trend in
natural products research has been the development of
new synthetic materials using these natural resources as
starting points.
USA
Accession no.869247
Item 41
Polymer Preprints. Volume 41, Number 1. Proceedings
of a conference held San Franscisco, Ca., March 2000..
Washington D.C., ACS,Div. of Polymer Chemistry,
2000, p.386-7, 28cm, 012
USE OF LOW-VALENT METALS IN
POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
Deming T J
California,University at Santa Barbara
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Catalytic systems involving low-valent transition metal
complexes were shown to allow the facile synthesis of
block copolypeptides with good control over polymer
structure. The significance of the morphology was that
many complex amino acid biopolymers of defined
sequence and a composition could be prepared. These
artificial biomaterials had potential applications in tissue
engineering, drug delivery and biomimetic composite
formation. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.869189
Item 42
Polymer Preprints. Volume 41, Number 1. Proceedings
of a conference held San Francisco, Ca., March 2000..
Washington D.C., ACS,Div. of Polymer Chemistry,
2000, p.244-5, 28 cm, 012
ULTRASONIC DEPOLYMERIZATION OF
HYALURONATE
Miyazaki T; Yomota C; Okada S
Japan,National Institute of Health Sciences
The ultrasonic depolymerisation of hyaluronic acid(HA),
a linear anionic polysaccharide obtained from
Streptococcus equi, was studied. The influence of
temperature, HA concentration, coexisting cations and
ionic strength on the entanglement strength of HA
molecules was investigated. It was shown that, by
regulation of the sonication intensity, HA with desired
lower molec.wt. could be prepared from the original high
molec.wt. one by ultrasonic depolymerisation. 7 refs.
ACS,DIV.OF POLYMER CHEMISTRY
JAPAN
Accession no.869099
Item 43
Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics
203,No.10-11,29th July 2002, p.1526-31
BIODEGRADATION OF POLY(VINYL
ALCOHOL) IN SOIL ENVIRONMENT:
INFLUENCE OF NATURAL ORGANIC FILLERS
AND STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS
Corti A; Cinelli P; D’Antone S; Kenawy E -R; Solaro R
Pisa,University
Biodegradation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films in
blends with natural polymers such as gelatin and
lignocellulose by-products, and with polyvinyl acetate,
was studied under simulated soil burial conditions by
determination of evolved carbon dioxide. The influence
of residual acetyl groups in the PVA was also examined
and appeared to have a positive influence on
biodegradation. The effect of each blend component on
the biodegradation was considered and it was determined
that biodegradation of PVA and PVA blends under soil
burial conditions is quite limited. The PVA appears to
depress biodegradability of the other components of the
blend compared to that of the pure component, although
35
 References and Abstracts
an increase in hydrophobic character of the blend
component appears beneficial. 27 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.868920
Item 44
European Plastics News
29, No.9, Oct.2002, p.35-6
NATURAL BORN COLOURS
Reade L
Polylactic acid is produced commercially by Cargill Dow
and is the newest in a range of biodegradable polymers.
Now, thanks to work done by Euromaster, an Italian
masterbatch company, it has been combined with
chlorophyll, riboflavin and other naturally coloured
chemicals to produce a range of “all natural” masterbatches.
EcoMaster, as the natural masterbatch has been dubbed,
uses PLA resin as a base and incorporates a range of natural
colours. Even though the product is more expensive, Cargill
Dow believes that producers of packaging for organic
foods, for example, will be prepared to pay the higher price.
Euromaster has so far run one customer trial, an extrusion
application for a mass-produced product.
CARGILL DOW; EUROMASTER
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.868159
Item 45
European Plastics News
29, No.9, Oct.2002, p.10
PRICES EDGE LOWER IN LATE SUMMER
European polymer prices drifted downwards in September
due to growing competition and low demand. Producers
are still hopeful for price increases in October. Material
availability has improved significantly as producers have
rebuilt inventories during the slack summer season.
LLDPE and PP prices have eased back by Euro10-20/
tonne. PS prices have also softened a little, but PVC
producers managed small price increases in September.
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.868144
Item 46
Polymer
43, No.20, 2002, p.5587-93
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
THERMORESPONSIVE N-
ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE/METHACRYLATED
PULLULAN HYDROGELS
Masci G; Bontempo D; Crescenzi V
Rome,Universita La Sapienza
Thermoresponsive hydrogels were prepared by free
radical copolymerisation of N-isopropylacrylamide
36
(NIPAAM) with methacrylated pullulan (used as the
crosslinker). Different hydrogels were obtained by
varying the monomer to crosslinker ratio. Significant
thermosensitivity was observed only when the molar
amount of NIPAAM incorporated into the network was
at least eight times greater than that of the methacrylate
groups on the pullulan. The hydrogel with a higher amount
of NIPAAM deswelled more than 80% after a T-jump
from 25 to 48C. The lower critical solution temperature
of the thermosensitive hydrogels decreased with
increasing NIPAAM content. The mechanical properties
of the hydrogels were significantly improved by
increasing the relative amount of NIPAAM and by
increasing the temperature. 35 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.868077
Item 47
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
86, No.1, 3rd Oct.2002, p.186-94
POLY(L-LACTIDE). IX. HYDROLYSIS IN ACID
MEDIA
Tsuji H; Nakahara K
Toyohashi,University of Technology
The hydrolysis of amorphous and crystalline poly(L-
lactide) (PLLA) films was studied at pH 2.0 in
hydrochloric acid or DL-lactic acid solutions at 37C for
up to 300 days. The results were compared with those for
PLLA films hydrolysed at pH 7.4 (phosphate buffered
solution) and pH 12 (sodium hydroxide solution). The
hydrolysis of the PLLA films in acid media occurred
homogeneously along the film cross section, mainly by a
bulk erosion mechanism. The durability of the PLLA films
in acid media was very similar to that in the neutral
medium but higher than that in the alkaline medium. The
hydrolysis rate constants for the initially amorphous PLLA
films in the two acid solutions were very similar to that
at pH 7.4 in the phosphate buffered solution. The similar
hydrolysis rate constants and the negligible weight loss
after hydrolysis for 300 days showed that the hydronium
ions and lactic acid oligomers and monomers had
negligible catalytic effects on the hydrolysis of PLLA
films. Increasing the initial crystallinity of the film
increased the hydrolysis rate in hydrochloric acid solution
but not in DL-lactic acid solution. DSC results showed
that the crystallisation of PLLA chains occurred during
hydrolysis, irrespective of the hydrolysis acid medium
and the initial crystallinity. 31 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.868048
Item 48
Chemistry of Materials
14, No.8, Aug.2002, p.3232-44
SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF
CARBOHYDRATE-CONTAINING POLYMERS
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Wang Q; Dordick J S; Linhardt R J
Iowa,University; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Polysaccharides and glycoproteins participate in a number
of biochemical reactions and cell-cell recognition
processes in vivo. Synthetic carbohydrate-based polymers
are being increasingly explored as biodegradable,
biocompatible and biorenewable materials for use as water
absorbents, chromatographic supports and medical
devices. Moreover, synthetic polymers bearing sugar
residues can also offer a good surface for cell attachment
and, thus, might be applied to cell recognisation events
in antimicrobial/viral and tissue engineering. Various
synthetic approaches for the preparation of sugar-
containing polymers are presented. 119 refs.
USA
Accession no.868009
Item 49
Surface Coatings International Part B
85, No.B3, Sept. 2002, p.203-8
CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE ACETATE
BUTYRATE IN WATER-BASED AUTOMOTIVE
PAINTS
Posey-Dowty J D; Seo K S; Walker K R; Wilson A K
Eastman Chemical (UK) Ltd.
The performance of carboxymethylcellulose acetate
butyrate in metallic automotive basecoats is evaluated and
compared with that of cellulose acetate butyrate in solvent
systems. It is shown that by adding carboxymethyl-
cellulose acetate butyrate together with other rheological
modifiers, it is possible to control the viscous/elastic
moduli of the coating without adversely affecting other
properties and that carboxymethylcellulose acetate
butyrate builds exponentially upon drying, resulting in
enhanced flow and levelling without sagging. 2 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.867882
Item 50
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
40, No.19, 1st.Oct. 2002, p.2324-32
PROCESSING, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES,
AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF CEREAL
PROTEIN/POLY(HYDROXYL ESTER ETHER)
BLENDS
Wang C; Carriere C J; Willett J L
US,Dept.of Agriculture
A biodegradable poly(hydroxy ester ether) was blended
with a soybean protein isolate and hydrolysed wheat
glutens, extruded and injection moulded into tensile bars.
The physical properties of the resulting materials were
investigated by means of DSC, fracture measurements,
scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces and
rheological and solubility measurements. The blends
were found to exhibit acceptable mechanical properties,
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
which in some instances were comparable to commercial
thermoplastics, such as polystyrene, and moderate
degrees of adhesion between the two different phases.
15 refs.
USA
Accession no.867870
Item 51
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, pp.122, 29
cm. Rapra Review Report 148, vol. 13, No.4, 2002
PLASTICS WASTE - FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING,
CHEMICAL RECYCLING AND INCINERATION
Tukker A
TNO
Edited by: Humphreys S
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
This report discusses the options for feedstock recycling
of plastics waste, including aspects of the environmental
and economic pros and cons relating to feedstock
recycling in comparison with incineration or mechanical
recycling of municipal solid waste, based on a number of
life cycle assessments. Particular reference is made to the
experience of the TNO-CML Centre of Chain
Analysis.485 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.867304
Item 52
Journal of Macromolecular Science C
C42, No.3, 2002, p.307-54
CHITIN AND CHITOSAN FOR VERSATILE
APPLICATIONS
Dutta P K; Ravikumar M N V; Dutta J
Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College; Shri
G.S.,Institute of Technology & Science; Indore,Devi
Ahilya University
A review is presented of the literature published from 1926
to 2000 on the properties, processing and applications of
chitin and chitosan, polymers which are obtained from
prawn/crab shells. Various derivatives of chitin and
chitosan are described and industrial and biomedical
applications are considered. 280 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.865862
Item 53
Journal of Materials Science Letters
21, No.15, 1st Aug.2002, p.1203-6
EFFECTS OF CRYSTALLIZATION AND
LOADING-RATE ON THE MODE I FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS OF BIODEGRADABLE
POLY(LACTIC ACID)
Todo M; Shinohara N; Arakawa K
Kyushu,University
37
 References and Abstracts
Polylactic acid (Lacty 9030) samples were moulded under
four different sets of conditions and their microstructures
were characterised using a polarising microscope. The
mode I critical stress intensity factor was measured at a
low and a high loading rate (1 mm/min and 1 m/s). The
effects of moulding temperature and loading rate on the
mode I critical stress intensity factor were then assessed
based upon the experimental results. The fracture
micromechanism was also studied by polarising and
scanning microscopies. 6 refs.
SHIMADZU
JAPAN
Accession no.865850
Item 54
High Performance Plastics
Aug.2002, p.3
BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTER HAS MEDICAL
USES
US-based Procter & Gamble, in conjunction with Kaneka
Corp. of Japan, has developed a biodegradable
thermoplastic polyester, the properties of which compare
with high-grade polyolefins. Brief details are given here
in this small item of the new “Nodax” resin.
PROCTER & GAMBLE; KANEKA CORP.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.865795
Item 55
Plastics News(USA)
14, No.27, 2nd Sept.2002, p.1/38
U.S. FINAL FRONTIER FOR BIODEGRADABLE
RESINS
Pryweller J
A few major resin companies are banking that US consumers
will buy into the environmental logic behind biodegradable
products, as parts of Europe and Asia already have. US
acceptance could set the biodegradable plastic industry, now
a miniscule portion of the resin market, into overdrive.
DuPont has developed a line of biodegradable, modified-
PETP resins for films, called Biomax. Applications include
stationery, coatings for disposable paper cups and sandwich
wrap. Cargill Dow believes that its product can be made
less expensively that those offered by large resin producers
such as DuPont. Cargill Dow opened a world-scale
production facility last November in Blair, Neb., to produce
polylactide, the raw material for NatureWorks corn-based
resins. Recently, the second stage of that plant opened to
make polylactic acid, the liquid used to form pellets.
CARGILL DOW LLC; DUPONT CO.
USA
Accession no.865358
Item 56
Polymer Degradation and Stability
78, No.1, 2002, p.119-27
38
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND ENZYMATIC
HYDROLYSIS OF POLY(L-LACTIDE)-CACO3
COMPOSITES
Fukuda N; Tsuji H; Ohnishi Y
Aichi,Prefectural Government; Toyohashi,University of
Technology
The preparation of amorphous poly(L-lactide) composite
films containing calcium carbonate, as inorganic filler,
by solvent casting using methylene chloride, as solvent,
followed by quenching from the melt, is described. The
effects of volume fraction, surface treatment and particle
size of the calcium carbonate on the physical properties
and enzymatic hydrolysis behaviour in the presence of
proteinase K of the composite films are discussed. It is
shown that the addition of small amounts of calcium
carbonate particles makes the composite films susceptible
to enzymatic hydrolysis. 36 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.865314
Item 57
Houston, TX, 1998, pp.18, 13/9/02
MUD GUIDE FOR DRILLING FLUID
ADDITIVES
Drilling Specialties Co.
A guide is presented of products for mud drilling fluid
additives from Drilling Specialties Company. One page
summaries are given of Drilling Specialties Company mud
products which include the following: Soltex, sodium
asphalt sulphonate mud conditioners; Desco deflocculant,
a proprietary tannin-based product for rheology control
in water-base muds; Drill-Thin multi-purpose mud
conditioners for rheology control based on modified
tannin; Drispac polyanionic cellulose polymers for use
in water loss control and viscosity in water-base muds;
Flowzan biopolymers for rheology modification; Driscal
polymeric additives for high temperature/high salinity
environments; liquid hydroxyethyl cellulosic polymer
suspended in ultra-clean mineral oil for use as a general
viscosifier; Drill-Out proprietary dry powder used to
increase low shear rate rheologies in fresh water Bentonite
slurries; Driscose high purity carboxymethyl cellulose for
improving and stabilising rheology; DSCo defoamer;
DynaRed cellulosic fibre material for seepage loss and
lost circulation; and Diaseal M lost circulation material.
USA
Accession no.865068
Item 58
Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 1. Spring 2001.
Papers presented at the ACS Meeting held San Diego,
Ca., 1st-5th April 2001.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2001, p.273-4, 28 cm, 012
COMBINATORIAL CHARACTERISATION OF
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Meredith J C; Tona A; Elgendy H; Karim A; Amis E
US,National Inst.of Standards & Technology
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Biodegradable polymers offer promise in tissue
engineering, drug delivery and degradable packaging.
However, characterisation of biodegradable polymers for
these applications is complex since many compositional
and processing variables interact to produce desired
mechanical, surface chemistry and topography, and cell
interaction properties. A need exists for more efficient
methods to characterise complex biodegradable polymer
mixtures, composites and cell-polymer systems.
Combinatorial methodologies, originally developed for
pharmaceuticals, offer efficient measurement of chemical
and physical properties over large regimes of variable
space. The primary limitation to characterising polymers
with combinatorial methods has been a shortage of
techniques for preparing libraries with systematically
varied composition, thickness and temperature. Recently,
several new techniques have been developed for preparing
polymer libraries containing continuous gradients in
composition, thickness and annealing temperature. These
high-throughput methods allow optimisation of
microstructure, chemistry and cell interactions of tissue
engineering biodegradable polymers, at an efficiency not
attainable with conventional sample preparation and
analytical methods. Combinatorial methods are presented
for assaying cell adhesion and proliferation as a function
of composition, microstructure and topography of
polymeric substrates. UMR-106 cells are found to
preferentially adhere and express AIP, a phenotype
indicator for osteoblasts, within the LCST two-phase
regime of a PDLA/PCL blend. This behaviour is
tentatively assigned to cell sensitivity to topography and
chemical differences between PDLA and PCL. The
combinatorial library techniques presented allow rapid,
efficient and accurate exploration of the effects of polymer
composition, microstructure and topography on cell
adhesion and proliferation. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.864830
Item 59
Journal of Polymers and the Environment
9, No.1, Jan.2001, p.1-10
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND FIBER
MORPHOLOGY OF POLYLACTIC ACID
OBTAINED FROM CONTINUOUS TWO-STEP
MELT SPINNING
Cicero J A; Dorgan J R
Colorado,School of Mines
Fibres of polylactic acid produced by a two-step melt-
spinning method were studied. A range of processing
conditions was examined. Thermal, mechanical and
morphological properties were determined. 24 refs.
USA
Accession no.864032
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 60
Food Additives and Contaminants
Vol.19, Suppl., 2002, p.172-7
PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF
BIOBASED PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR
THE FOOD INDUSTRY
Weber C J; Haugaard V; Festersen R; Bertelsen G
Copenhagen,Royal Veterinary & Agricultural
University
Potential food packaging materials based on renewable
resources are discussed with reference to polymers
directly extracted/removed from biomass, e.g.
polysaccharides and proteins, to polymers produced by
classical chemical synthesis using renewable bio-based
monomers, e.g. polylactic acid, and to polymers prepared
using microorganisms or genetically modified bacteria,
e.g. polyhydroxyalkanoates. Applications in the
packaging of fruit and vegetables, cheese, chilled or frozen
products and non-carbonated beverages and in disposable
tableware are discussed. 12 refs. (2nd International
Symposium on ‘Food Packaging: Ensuring the Safety and
Quality of Foods, Vienna, Austria, Nov.2000)
DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.863616
Item 61
Journal of Macromolecular Science A
A39, No.7, 2002, p.643-56
LIGNIN IN PHENOLIC CLOSED CELL FOAMS:
THERMAL STABILITY AND APPARENT
DENSITY
De Carvalho G; Frollini E
Sao Paulo,University
Lignin extracted from sugar cane bagasse was used as a
partial substitute for phenol in phenolic closed cell foams.
The thermal stability of phenolic and lignophenolic foams
was studied in air and nitrogen atmospheres using DSC
and thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal stability
results showed that it was possible to replace part of the
phenol by lignin in closed cell foams. The apparent density
of phenolic foam was 120 kg/cu.m, whereas that obtained
for lignophenolic foam (450 kg/cu.m) placed the latter in
the structural foam class. Therefore, replacing part of the
phenol with lignin in closed cell foams was very
advantageous in this respect. 20 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.862899
Item 62
ENDS Report
No.330, July 2002, p.36
TESCO FOLLOWS SAINSBURY’S WITH
BIODEGRADABLE PACKAGING
One year after Sainsbury’s introduced biodegradable
packaging for its organic range of fresh produce, rival
39
 References and Abstracts
Tesco has followed suit and may extend its use to all
fresh produce if it proves successful. The market could
grow significantly if the cost of composting in-store
food waste falls below that of landfill. Biodegradable
packaging and refuse sacks have the advantage of being
compostable along with organic household waste or
food waste. Tesco’s biodegradable packaging is made
from GM-free corn and polylactic acids by Sharp
Interpack. Sainsbury’s product is made from potato
starch and cellulose fibres and is supplied by Apack
and Potatopack.
TESCO STORES LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.862635
Item 63
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
10, No.2, 2002, p.74-6
APPLICATION OF SELECTED USABILITY
FORMS OF CHITOSAN FOR DRESSINGS
Kucharska M; Niekraszewicz A; Struszczyk H
Lodz,Institute of Chemical Fibres
The preparation of wound dressing sponges from
microcrystalline chitosan and determination of their
physicomechanical properties are described. The
elasticity, breaking strength, sorption and porosity of the
sponges are discussed together with the effect of radiation
sterilisation on sponge properties and the therapeutic value
of these sponges for wound dressings. 7 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.862277
Item 64
Chemical Week
164, No.29, 24th July 2002, p.26
PERSONAL STEREOS: COMING SOON IN
GREEN
Wood A
Mitsubishi Plastics and Sony Corp. are reported to have
jointly developed a grade of biodegradable polylactic
acid to replace ABS in the casing of Sony’s Walkman
personal stereo. This will be one of the first non-
packaging applications of polylactic acid and one of the
few applications of a biodegradable polymer in
electronic equipment. The new grade is compounded
with talc and biodegradable aliphatic polyesters. Brief
details are given of further potential for polylactic acid
in non-packaging applications.
MITSUBISHI PLASTICS; SONY CORP.
JAPAN
Accession no.861658
Item 65
ACS POLYMERIC MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING. SPRING MEETING 2001.
40
VOLUME 84. Proceedings of a conference in San
Diego, Ca., 26th-30th August 2001.
Washington, D.C., 2001, p.430, 012
POLYLACTIDE BLOCK COPOLYMERS:
SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS
Hillmyer M A
Minnesota,University
Polylactide block copolymers that contain segments
derived from anionic polymerisation of dienes such as
butadiene and isoprene were prepared. This was also
extended to the synthesis of hydrogenated polydiene-
polylactide and polystyrene-polylactide block
copolymers. The microphase separation of polybutadiene-
polylactide block copolymers was investigated using
small-angle X-ray scattering. It was determined that these
materials self-assemble into expected ordered
morphologies based on their molecular weight, interaction
parameter, and polylactide volume fractions. Such hybrid
macromolecules can be used as blend compatibilisers,
toughening agents, nanostructure templates, pressure
sensitive adhesives, and thermoplastic elastomers. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.861630
Item 66
Polymer Degradation and Stability
77, No.1, 2002, p.17-24
PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
STARCH/POLYCAPROLACTONE PRODUCTS
Matzinos P; Tserki V; Kontoyiannis A; Panayioutou C
Thessaloniki,Aristotle University
The properties of polycaprolactone/plasticised starch
blends varying in starch content and processed by
extrusion, injection moulding and film blowing methods
were studied. A finer starch phase dispersion was achieved
by injection moulding than in films, and this probably
resulted from the development of higher shear rates at
injection moulding. Starch incorporation in
polycaprolactone resulted in decreased strength and
elongation at yield and at break, whereas the modulus
increased. At high starch content, particle coalescence was
associated with a further mechanical property decrease.
The melting temperature of polycaprolactone was slightly
depressed by the addition of starch. 28 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.861539
Item 67
Journal of Materials Science Letters
21, No.10, 15th May 2002, p.779-81
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF
GELATIN/MONTMORILLONITE
NANOCOMPOSITE
Zheng J P; Li P; Yao K D
Tianjin,University
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

Polymer/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites have
attracted great interest as their physical and chemical
properties are dramatically different from conventional
microcomposites. Beside nylon/clay hybrid, more and
more organic-inorganic nanocomposites based on
different polymer matrices, such as PS, epoxy resins,
polyimide and polycarbonate, are prepared. All matrices
reported are neutral synthetic polymers, while intercalated
nanocomposite dealing with natural amphoteric
polyelectrolyte has not until now been reported. Gelatin,
a typical amphoteric polyelectrolyte, is a denatured
derivative of structural protein collagen. It has been widely
used in food, pharmaceutical and photographic areas. The
application of gelatin in tissue engineering is attractive
because it is non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable.
However, poor mechanical properties (especially in wet
state) limit its applications as structural biomaterial. Many
attempts are made to improve their mechanical properties,
such as vapour crosslinking, orientation and gelatin-based
composites. However, non-toxic MMT with good
biocompatibility has been used in cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals. Making use of intercalation preparing
gelatin/MMT nanocomposite could well result in a
nanocomposite with improved mechanical properties,
desirable biocompatibility and provide potential
promising prospects for biomedical applications. It is
demonstrated that gelatin/MMT nanocomposite can be
directly prepared with MMT and gelatin aqueous, and
intercalated or exfoliated structures can be achieved.
Mechanical and thermal properties of gelatin are improved
significantly due to intercalation with MMT. 12 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.860963
Item 68
Polymer Preprints. Volume 43, Number 1. Spring 2002.
Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Orlando, Fl.,
7th-11th April 2002.
Washington D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2002, p.336-7, 28 cm, 012
DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE RESOURCE
BASED BIOPLASTIC: EFFECT OF ECO-
FRIENDLY CITRATE PLASTICISER ON THE
PERFORMANCE OF CELLULOSIC PLASTIC
Mohanty A K; Drzal L T; Wibowo A; Misra M
Michigan,State University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Cellulose esters are considered as potentially useful
biodegradable polymers produced through esterification
of cellulose. The main drawback of cellulosic plastic is
that its melt processing temperature exceeds ts
decomposition temperature. Thus cellulose acetates
should be plasticised for thermoplastic applications.
Phthalate plasticisers used in commercial cellulose ester
plastics pose an environmental concern, and perhaps a
health threat. Through plasticisation of cellulose acetate
by eco-friendly citrate plasticiser, plasticised cellulose
acetate is processable at the melting point of cellulose
acetate (233 deg.C). The extruded sample shows least %
elongation at break (EB) value, thus is stiffer and shows
least impact strength whereas the only compression
moulded samples exhibit highest % EB, thus are tougher
and exhibit highest impact strength. Cellulose is under
constant development with eco-friendly plasticisers to
make it a suitable matrix polymer for reinforcement with
bio-fibre in designing sustainable green composite
materials. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.860856
Item 69
Polimery
47, No.5, 2002, p.316-25
CHITIN AND CHITOSAN. I. PROPERTIES AND
PRODUCTION
Struszczyk M M
Tricomed SA
An introduction to chitin and chitosan chemistry is
presented. Properties of chitin and chitosan, the methods
of their preparation (by means of enzymatic and chemical
treatment) are described. 115 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.860850
Item 70
Popular Plastics and Packaging
47, No.7, July 2002, p.58-60
POLYMERS FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES - I
Shukla S K; Maithani A; Agarwal D; Srivastava D
Harcourt Butler Technological Institute
The methods of preparation, characteristics and
applications of cashew nutshell liquid as a source for the
preparation of polymers are described, with emphasis on
phosphorus- and bromine- modified cashew nutshell
resins. Applications considered include coatings and
biodegradable liquid crystalline polymers from cashew
nutshell liquid. 13 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.860673
Item 71
Polymer Preprints. Volume 43, Number 1. Spring 2002.
Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Orlando, Fl.,
7th-11th April 2002.
Washington D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2002, p.615-6, 28 cm, 012
NOVEL POLYESTER HYDROXY ETHER
TERPOLYMERS FROM LACTIDE AND
BISPHENOL-A DERIVATIVES
Abayasinghe N K; Smith D W
Clemson,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited 41

 References and Abstracts
Ring-opening polymerisation of lactide is a major area
of research for the production of renewable resource
biodegradable materials. Many approaches have been
pursued to obtain polymers with desired properties
including copolymerisation and the preparation of
substituted polylactides. The strategy employed is to
improve the characteristics of lactide-based polymers by
introducing fluorocarbon and aromatic moieties to obtain
polyesters with enhanced hydrolytic and thermal
performance. Lactide is polymerised with 4,4'-
hexafluoroisopropylidenediphenol (6F-Bis-A) and
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) catalysed by
phosphonium catalysts or crown ether complexes. There
seems to have been no previous report of using
phosphonium-based catalysts for homo or
copolymerisation of lactides. The structures of the
copolymers are confirmed by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR
experiments. The terpolymer appears to contain equal
monomer units. The phosphonium catalysts and crown
ether complex used are found to be the most efficient.
Molecular weights of the copolymers are up to 46000
(Mn). Glass transition temperatures (58-80 deg.C by DSC)
and thermal onset temperatures (400 deg.C) by TGA are
significantly increased upon copolymerisation. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.860443
Item 72
GPEC 2002: Plastics Impact on the Environment.
Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, MI, 13th-
14th Feb. 2002.
Brookfield, CT, SPE, Paper 53, p.423-9, CD-ROM, 012
ENVIRONMENTAL PLASTICS. SUCCESSFUL
APPROACHES TO SOLID WASTE SOLUTIONS
Baumann M
G.H.Associates
(SPE,Environmental Div.)
Examples are given of collaborative efforts amongst
companies to bring solutions to solid waste management.
It is argued that if a systems approach is taken for all
plastic solid waste issues, there will be economically
viable applications for each of the methods of solid waste
management. Innovative solutions to solid waste
management are reviewed which are said to demonstrate
a ‘solution’ approach. These include PETP recycling,
thermoset PU recycling in automotive applications,
biodegradable polymers, and biodegradables in
packaging. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.859631
Item 73
GPEC 2002: Plastics Impact on the Environment.
Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, MI, 13th-
14th Feb. 2002.
Brookfield, CT, SPE, Paper 48, p.399-414, CD-ROM, 012
42
RATIONALE AND DESIGN FOR
BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS
Narayan R
Michigan,State University
(SPE,Environmental Div.)
Traditionally, polymer materials have been designed to
resist degradation, and today’s challenge is to design
polymers that have the necessary functionality during use,
but which destruct under the stimulus of an environmental
trigger after use. Developments are described with
polylactic acid, starch polymers, and reactive blends of
polycaprolactone and starch, and starch foams. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.859629
Item 74
GPEC 2002: Plastics Impact on the Environment.
Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, MI, 13th-
14th Feb. 2002.
Brookfield, CT, SPE, Paper 47, p.393-98, CD-ROM,
012
SOY PROTEIN-BASED BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS
Mungara P; Chang T; Zhu J; Jane J-l
Iowa State University
(SPE,Environmental Div.)
The potential for soybean as a biodegradable plastic is
discussed with reference to the US where it is an abundant
renewable resource. Soybean protein has a potential for
producing environmentally friendly biodegradable plastics
that could sustain short-term applications such as
packaging, sports items, disposable utensils, mulch films
and thermal insulators. The research reported concentrates
on the development of protocols for the processing of soy
protein-based plastics using conventional methods such as
extrusion, compression and injection moulding, and in
addition, methods are described for the decreasing of
moisture sensitivity and increasing stability and shelf life.
Results are discussed of studies relating to the production
of soy protein plastics including blends of soy protein and
biodegradable synthetic plastics such as polyesters. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.859628
Item 75
GPEC 2002: Plastics Impact on the Environment.
Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, MI, 13th-
14th Feb. 2002.
Brookfield, CT, SPE, Paper 44, p.363-8, CD-ROM, 012
WHAT IS NEW WITH BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS
Mojo S
US,Biodegradable Products Institute
(SPE,Environmental Div.)
Biodegradable plastics are discussed with reference to
current standards relating to the process of biodegradation.
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
The development of current standards by the American
Society of Testing and Materials grew out of a 8 year study
conducted by the Institute for Standards Research. Also
considered is the importance of certification programs, and
what is happening with these efforts in the US, Europe and
Japan. Three recent programs are described where
biodegradable plastics play a critical role in diverting
organic materials from landfills and incinerators.
USA
Accession no.859625
Item 76
Macplas International
May 2002, p.65/6
MAIZE TYRES
Goodyear and Novamont have collaborated in developing a
new type of tyre, the “GT3”, which includes maize amongst
its component materials. “BioTred” technology has been
used to partly replace the silica and carbon black used until
now, with a filler called “Mater-Bi” - a biodegradable
polymer that is produced by Novamont from maize starch -
which has many advantages. Details are given here.
GOODYEAR; NOVAMONT
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; ITALY; LUXEMBOURG; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.859050
Item 77
Macplas International
May 2002, p.27-8
NICHE MARKETS FOR BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS
Manufacturers of completely biodegradable polymers are
continuing to develop and test-market new products where
they make functional, economic, and environmental sense.
This article provides examples of applications where
biodegradable polymers are currently making an impact.
Section headings include: medical sutures, pins, and
dental implants; disappearing hospital laundry bags;
textiles for industrial and institutional use; hygiene
products; agricultural products; food service applications;
and building market momentum.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING &
MATERIALS; MCDONALD’S;
CANADA,ENVIRONMENT & PLASTICS
INDUSTRY COUNCIL; CANADIAN PLASTICS
INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
AUSTRIA; CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; ITALY;
JAPAN; NORTH AMERICA; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.859043
Item 78
Plastics Technology
48, No.5, May 2002, p.15
NEW PACKAGING FOAM IS STARCH-BASED
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
US company KTM Industries has developed a new starch-
based environmentally-friendly packaging foam known
as “Green Cell”. It is a biodegradable cushioning, intended
to replace HDPE foam inside corrugated boxes. Brief
details are presented in this small item.
KTM INDUSTRIES; NATIONAL STARCH &
CHEMICAL; DOW CHEMICAL CO.; WENGER
MANUFACTURING CO.; SOCIETY OF PLASTICS
ENGINEERS
USA
Accession no.858963
Item 79
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
84, No.14, 28th June 2002, p.2597-604
SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF SUCROSE-
CONTAINING POLYMERIC HYDROGELS FOR
ORAL DRUG DELIVERY
Shantha K L; Harding D R K
Massey,University
Biodegradable, biocompatible, pH-responsive copolymeric
hydrogels based on sucrose acrylate, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
and acrylic acid were synthesised by free radical
polymerisation. AIBN was the free radical initiator and
methylene bisacrylamide was used as the crosslinking agent
for hydrogel preparation. Homopolymeric vinyl
pyrrolidone hydrogels were prepared by the same
technique. Equilibrium swelling studies carried out in
enzyme-free simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (SGF
and SIF) showed the pH-responsive nature of the hydrogels.
The hydrogels swelled more in SIF than in SGF. A model
drug, propranolol hydrochloride, was entrapped in the
hydrogels. In-vitro release of the drug was found to be faster
in enzyme-free SIF than in enzyme-free SGF. About 93
and 99% or the entrapped drug was released over 24 h in
SGF and SIF respectively. 16 refs.
NEW ZEALAND
Accession no.857069
Item 80
Macplas International
Feb.2002, p.28/9
NATURAL POLYMERS
The latest trends in natural polymer demand in the USA
are presented in a new study from the Freedonia Group,
which this concise article highlights briefly. The report
forecasts that demand will increase 6.4 percent per year,
to 2.9 billion US dollars in 2005, with best growth
expected from starch and fermentation products.
FREEDONIA GROUP
USA
Accession no.855897
Item 81
Advances in Textiles Technology
March 2002, p.2
43
 References and Abstracts
FIBRES - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
RECOGNIZES POLYLACTIDE FIBRE AS
GENERIC TERM
In the USA, Cargill Dow has gained a generic
classification for its plant-sugar-based polylactide fibre,
from the Federal Trade Commission, in about half the
usual time it takes to win such an approval. The company
will start to sell the fibre next year, under the trade-name
“NatureWorks”. Details of the development are provided.
CARGILL DOW LLC; US,FEDERAL TRADE
COMMISSION
EUROPE-GENERAL; JAPAN; USA
Accession no.855877
Item 82
Polymer Engineering and Science
42, No.5, May 2002, p.1032-45
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF STARCH
BASED BIOACTIVE COMPOSITE
BIOMATERIALS MOLDED WITH PREFERRED
ORIENTATION
Sousa R A; Mano J F; Reis R L; Cunha A M; Bevis M J
Minho,Universidade; Brunel University
Composites of blends of starch with ethylene-vinyl
alcohol copolymer filled with 10, 30 and 50 wt % of
hydroxyapatite were produced by twin-screw extrusion
compounding. These composites were moulded into
tensile test bars using conventional injection moulding
and shear-controlled orientation in injection
moulding(SCORIM). The mechanical behaviour of the
composites was determined under both quasi-static and
dynamic conditions. The influence of compounding and
SCORIM on the structure development of the starch-
based blend matrix was studied and the basic structure/
property relationships were established for these
composites. 25 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PORTUGAL;
UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.854770
Item 83
Popular Plastics and Packaging
47, No.4, April 2002, p.79-81
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS - 1
Shukla S K; Prasad S; Srivastava D
H.B.Technological Institute
The preparation, structure and properties of oriented zein
resin biodegradable packaging films are described and
applications indicated. These polymers are made from
zein, a natural protein extracted from corn. The
applications include films and trays for packaging frozen
food, modified atmosphere packaging and edible sheets
for protecting hay bales stored indoors. 9 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.853497
44
Item 84
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.180, 2002, p.133-40
RECYCLING OF A STARCH-BASED
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER
La Mantia F P; Scaffaro R; Bastioli C
Palermo,University; Novamont
A starch-based polymeric system from Novamont,
ZIO1U, mainly composed of starch and polycaprolactone,
was reprocessed several times in an extruder to investigate
the recyclability of this biodegradable polymer. The
thermomechanical degradation in a mixer was studied
previously. The degradation was mostly due to the thermal
stress but the presence of the mechanical stress strongly
increased the degradation rate. During melt processing,
two concurrent processes took place, the first being the
degradation, i.e. the breaking and shortening of polymeric
chains, mainly occurring in the polycaprolactone phase,
the second being the formation of some crosslinked
structure in the starch phase. The rheological and
mechanical properties, measured on samples subjected
to repetitive extrusion operations carried out in a single-
screw extruder, clearly indicated that, in the adopted
processing conditions, no significant modifications were
detected. Only after five extrusions was some decrease
in these properties observed. 14 refs. (EUROMAT 2001,
Polymer Processing and Structure Relationships
Symposium, Rimini, Italy, June 2001)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.853297
Item 85
International Journal of Polymeric Materials
51, No.3, 2002, p.275-89
MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF CHITOSAN AND WHEY BLENDED WITH
POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE)
Olabarrieta I; Jansson A; Gedde U W; Hedenqvist M S
Sweden,Royal Institute of Technology
The results are reported of an investigation into the
properties of blends of 0 to 15 wt.% of poly-epsilon-
caprolactone with chitosan and a whey protein isolate for
packaging applications. These blends were produced by
solution mixing and then solvent cast to produce films.
Properties investigated were transparency, printability,
stress-strain properties, heat seal strength, flexural
stiffness, folding endurance and blend morphology, as
determined by scanning electron microscopy. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.852818
Item 86
Polymer Degradation and Stability
76, No.1, 2002, p.155-9
GLUCOSE EFFECT ON THE
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTICS BY
COMPOST FROM FOOD GARBAGE
Jang J-C; Shin P-K; Yoon J-S; Lee I-M; Lee H-S; Kim
M-N
Sangmyung,University; Korea,Institute of Science &
Technology; Inha,University
The development of the microbial population in food
compost was studied as a function of time, and the
influence of glucose additions on the biodegradation
occurring in the compost was investigated. Powdered
samples of biodegradable plastics including poly(epsilon-
caprolactone), poly(L-lactide), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-
valerate) and poly(vinyl alcohol) were added to the
compost and their biodegradation monitored. The addition
of 5 wt% glucose increased the number of microorganisms
by 10-100 times. The biodegradable plastic additions also
increased the number of microorganisms, but the increase
was not dependent upon the biodegradability of the
plastics. 18 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.852674
Item 87
Polymer Degradation and Stability
76, No.1, 2002, p.53-9
THERMAL DEGRADATION OF POLY((R)-3-
HYDROXYBUTYRATE), POLY(EPSILON-
CAPROLACTONE) AND POLY((S)-LACTIDE)
Aoyagi Y; Yamashita K; Doi Y
Japan,Institute of Physical & Chemical Research;
Akebono Brake R&D Center Ltd.; Tokyo,Institute of
Technology
The thermal degradation of poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate)
(PHB), poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly((S)-
lactide) (PLA) was studied using isothermal and kinetic
thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis-gas
chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The polymers
exhibited significantly different time-dependent profiles
of weight loss and number-average degree of
polymerisation in the isothermal studies, attributed to the
different degradation mechanisms. It is proposed that PHB
degraded by random chain scission, PCL by unzipping
depolymerisation from the hydroxyl ends of the polymer
chains, whilst PLA exhibited complex degradation
behaviour, attributed to the occurrence of simultaneous
reactions. 31 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.852663
Item 88
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
84, No.4, 25th April 2002, p.778-84
INVESTIGATION ON PREPARATION AND
PROTEIN RELEASE OF BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMER MICROSPHERES AS DRUG-
DELIVERY SYSTEM
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Shaobing Zhou; Xianmo Deng; Minglong Yuan;
Xiaohong Li
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Human serum albumin (HSA) was encapsulated into
biodegradable polymer microspheres. A new microsphere
drug delivery system consisting of calcium alginate
complex microcores surrounded by a poly-DL-lactide-
poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymer coat was prepared
by a solvent extraction method based on the formation of
multiple water/oil/water emulsion, based on solvent
extraction methods. The microspheres were characterised
in terms of their morphology, size distribution, loading
efficiency and in-vitro protein release. The novel delivery
system showed some advantages over conventional
systems in improving the protein loading efficiency,
achieving a more stable in-vitro release profile and
preserving the structural integrity of HSA during the
encapsulation and release procedure. 24 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.852150
Item 89
International Journal of Polymeric Materials
50, No.2, 2001, p.207-14
ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE BLENDS
OF LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE)
AND PARTIALLY CARBOXYMETHYLATED
STARCH (PCMS)
Patel N K; Pandya P D; Sinha V K
Gujarat,Science College
The sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated starch
with degree of substitution 0.21 and 0.58 was synthesised
by etherification of starch. These starch ethers and LDPE
were mixed with and without PVAc in various proportions
using a Brabender mixer. FTIR confirmed the
etherification reaction of starch and blending. Positive
changes in the mechanical properties and of
environmental degradation as a function of blending were
observed. Addition of 5 wt % PVAc improved the blend
quality. Samples were exposed to direct sunlight for one
month and environmental degradation was measured in
terms of changes in TS and percent elongation. 8 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.851631
Item 90
Polymer Science Series A
43, No.12, Dec.2001, p.1256-60
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER COMPOSITES
BASED ON POLYURETHANE AND
MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE
Ryabov S V; Kercha Yu Yu; Kotel’nikova N E; Gaiduk
R L; Shtompel V I; Kosenko L A; Yakovenko A G;
Kobrina L V
Ukraine,National Academy of Sciences; Russian
Academy of Sciences
45
 References and Abstracts
Composites of polyurethane (PU) with microcrystalline
cellulose (MCC) loadings of between 5 and 40 weight
percent were prepared by adding the MCC to the PU
reaction mixture. The method of formation and surface
structure of the composites, and effects of ageing in acid,
neutral and alkaline media (as an indication of
biodegradation), were examined using infrared
spectroscopy and the bulk structure of the blends by X-
ray diffraction. Glass transition and heat capacity at glass
transition were examined using differential scanning
calorimetry. Maximum compatibility of PU and MCC was
achieved at MCC levels up to 20 weight percent. Above
this microphase separation was observed. 13 refs.
RUSSIA; UKRAINE
Accession no.851085
Item 91
European Polymer Journal
38, No.2, Feb.2002, p.387-92
SYNTHESIS OF ACRYLIC ROSIN DERIVATIVES
AND APPLICATION AS NEGATIVE
PHOTORESIST
Lee J S; Hong S I
Seoul,National University
Maleopimaric acid anhydride, obtained from gum rosin,
was used to synthesise monofunctional acrylic rosin
derivatives by esterification with various acrylates,
including 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), 3-
hydroxypropyl acrylate and 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate. The
prepared monomers were subjected to radical
copolymerisation with methyl methacrylate. A
trifunctional acrylate was synthesised by esterification of
rosin-derived fumaropimaric acid with HEA. Both
monomers and polymers exhibited good solubility and
low absorbance in the UV region. Negative photoresists
of high contrast and with a minimum line with of 2.2
micrometre were prepared by-photocuring using the
trifunctional acrylate and copolymers, or by
photocrosslinking of the copolymers. 10 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.850862
Item 92
Journal of Macromolecular Science B
B41, No.1, 2002, p.85-98
BIODEGRADATION OF HIGH-STRENGTH AND
HIGH-MODULUS PE-STARCH COMPOSITE
FILMS BURIED IN SEVERAL KINDS OF SOILS
Nakashima T; Ito H; Matsuo M
Kinki,University; Japan,Heian Jogakuin College;
Nara,Women’s University
The biodegradation of composite films of UHMWPE and
starch particles, prepared by gelation-crystallisation from
dilute solutions of PE in which starch particles were
dispersed, was investigated. Various PE-starch composites
were studied and drawing was conducted up to 80 times
46
in a hot oven at 135C under nitrogen. Biodegradation was
examined by burying the blend materials for 16 months
in three types of soil, i.e. paddy soil, farmyard manure
and red clay. The weight loss was found to be highest for
specimens buried in the paddy soil and lowest for that in
the red clay, while changes in the TS and Young’s modulus
after degradation were most marked in the specimen
buried in the red clay. The morphology of the specimens
was observed by SEM. The results obtained indicated that
the dispersed starch particles induced biodegradation of
PE within the blend films in the red clay. 31 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.850320
Item 93
West Conshohocken, Pa., 1995, pp.3. NALOAN
ASTM F 1635-. TEST METHOD FOR IN VITRO
DEGRADATION TESTING OF POLY (L-LACTIC
ACID) RESIN AND FABRICATED FORM FOR
SURGICAL IMPLANTS
American Society for Testing & Materials
ASTM F 1635-
Version 1995(R2000). Photocopies and loans of this
document are not available from Rapra.
USA
Accession no.850013
Item 94
Plastics Technology
48, No.3, March 2002, p.50/5
RENEWABLE PLA POLYMER GETS “GREEN
LIGHT” FOR PACKAGING USES
Leaversuch R
The only commercially available polymer made from a
renewable plant feedstock is polylactide (PLA). Yet, it is
explained here, film, sheet, and bottle processors do not
just consider the environmental benefits of choosing PLA
- equally appealing are its unique properties, which
include outstanding clarity and gloss, twist and dead-fold
retention, and taste and odour barrier performance. This
detailed article provides full information.
CARGILL DOW LLC; MITSUI CHEMICAL;
SHIMADZU CHEMICAL; MITSUBISHI PLASTICS;
DUNLOP JAPAN; HOECHST TRESPAPHAN
GMBH; TEICH FLEXIBLES LTD.; DMT
AMERICAS; PLASTIC TECHNOLOGIES INC.
AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; ITALY; JAPAN; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.848865
Item 95
Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
34, No.1, Jan. 2002, p.49-63
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF LOW
MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYLACTIC ACID
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Proikakis C S; Tarantili P A; Andreopoulos A G
Athens,National Technical University
The polycondensation of (D,L)-lactic acid in the absence
of catalysts was investigated using, as starting materials,
90% lactic acid alone or together with xylene, which acted
as solvent for azeotropic distillation. The polymerisation
products were characterised by viscosimetry, melting
point determinations, FTIR spectroscopy and differential
scanning calorimetry. It was found that using xylene as
azeotropic solvent did not give products with the
appropriate molec.wt. for biomedical applications but
performing polymerisation at temperatures, such as 220C,
under the inert atmosphere of nitrogen provided
amorphous polymers having molec.wts. acceptable for
biomedical applications. 30 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.848767
Item 96
Polymer Degradation and Stability
75, No.3, 2002, p.431-7
PREPARATION AND DEGRADATION OF L-
LACTIDE AND EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE
HOMO AND COPOLYMER FILMS
Yavuz H; Babac C; Tuzlakoglu K; Piskin E
Hacettepe,University
Homo- and copolymers of L-lactide(LLA) and epsilon-
caprolactone(CL) were prepared by ring-opening
polymerisation using stannous octoate as catalyst. The
number- and weight-average molec.wts. and
polydispersity indices were in the range 30,000 to 35,000,
52,000 to 56,000 and 1.53 to 1.86, respectively. All the
polymers were shown by DSC to be semicrystalline. The
LLA/CL ratio in the final copolymer was 60/40. Polymeric
films were prepared by solvent casting, using chloroform
as the solvent and drying in air. Degradation of these films
was investigated in aqueous media with or without the
presence of a microorganism (Pseudomonas putida) for
60 days. The degradation was followed by measuring the
changes in molec.wts. and MWD and also changes in
mechanical properties. Molec.wts. decreased with time,
but there was no significant change in the MWDs. There
were marked changes in the mechanical behaviour of the
films, which became much less flexible, even brittle, and
mechanically weaker in 60 days. The changes were more
marked in the case of copolymer film. Almost no effect
of microorganisms on either molec.wts. or mechanical
properties were observed. 24 refs.
TURKEY
Accession no.848527
Item 97
Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 2. Fall 2001.
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 26th-
30th August 2002.
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2001, p.71-2
ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY ‘GREEN’
BIODEGRADABLE COMPOSITES FROM
NATURAL FIBRE AND CELLULOSIC PLASTIC
Hokens D; Mohanty A K; Misra M; Drzal L T
Michigan,State University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Cellulose esters are considered as potentially useful
biodegradable polymers of the future. Creating
biodegradable products from waste materials is one way
to make products environmentally friendly. Another is to
make products from sustainable resources. Cellulosic
plastics, like cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate
and cellulose acetate butyrate are thermoplastic materials,
produced through esterification of cellulose. The
production of cellulose esters from recycled paper and
sugar cane has also been demonstrated. Very recently, use
of cellulosic plastics for various new applications has
attracted the attention of the chemical industry. The major
limitations of present biodegradable polymers are their
high cost. By incorporating inexpensive natural fibres into
biopolymeric matrices, novel value-added biocomposites
can be made. Initial experimental results, including the
performance of biocomposites fabricated from a natural
fibre and cellulose, are presented. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.847976
Item 98
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
Vol.286, No.12, 28th Dec.2001, p.761-8
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS, 9
TECHNOLOGICALLY RELEVANT ASPECTS OF
KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF RING-OPENING
POLYMERIZATION OF L,L-DILACTIDE
Rafler G; Lang J; Jobmann M; Bechthold I
Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Ang.Polymerforschung
Poly(L-lactide) is useful as a biodegradable polymeric
material for use in e.g. packaging, disposables and
hygienic products. Poly(L-lactide) is manufactured by a
cascade process comprising the fermentation of glucose
substrate, oligomerisation of L-lactic acid, cyclisation
depolymerisation to L,L-dilactide and ring-opening
polymerisation of the cyclic diester. It was found that the
ring opening polymerisation of L,L-dilactide was
influenced by various micro- and macrokinetic factors.
Monomer conversion and molecular weight of the
polyester are determined by chemically active process
parameters, like kind and concentration of catalyst and
initiator, and the reaction temperature or presence of
cocatalysts. The highest polymerisation rate was seen
using tin octoate, but the use of this catalyst leads to fast
degradation of the polymer. 26 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.846583
47
 References and Abstracts
Item 99
Polyurethanes Expo 2001. Creating Opportunity
through Innovation. Proceedings of a conference held
Columbus, Oh., 30th. Sept. - 3rd. Oct. 2001..
Arlington, Va., Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry,
2001, Paper 79, p.597-604
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF
POLYURETHANES BASED MODEL
TRIGLYCERIDES
Petrovic Z S; Zlatanic A
Pittsburg,State University
(American Plastics Council; Alliance for the
Polyurethanes Industry)
Three polyols based on model vegetable oils were
obtained by ring opening reaction of the oxiranes in the
epoxidised oils, for use as viable alternatives to
petrochemical based polyols. Due to inconsistencies in
their structures which may affect properties, an
examination was undertaken to examine the effect of
structure on properties using oils with three (triolein), and
six (trilinolein) double bonds, as well as linseed oil, which
contains more than six double bonds. Corresponding
polyurethane networks were prepared from methoxylated
epoxidised oils and MDI. The highest conversion rates
of functional groups and lowest viscosity are reported for
the triolein based polyol. Tgs of polyurethanes increased
with crosslink densities, and increasing crosslinking
density caused an increase in modulus and tensile strength
and decrease in elongation at break. Thermal stability of
all three samples was comparable. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.846334
Item 100
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry
Edition
40,No.4,15th February 2002,p.451-8
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
MONOMERS AND POLYMERS FOR
ADHESIVES FROM METHYL OLEATE
Bunker S P; Wool R P
Delaware,University,Center for Composite Materials
A monomer was synthesised from a fatty acid methyl ester
capable of forming high molecular weight polymers. The
monounsaturation in the starting material, methyl oleate,
was first epoxidised using a peroxy acid. This intermediate
material was further modified using acrylic acid. The
acrylated molecule is able to participate in free radical
polymerisation reactions to form high molecular weight
polymers. The rate of polymerisation was low because of
the long aliphatic structure of the monomer. It is
hypothesised that the polymerisation reaction occurred
in the interface between the particle and water, thereby
slowing down the reaction. After 18 hours of reaction, a
monomer conversion of approx. 91% was achieved. A
maximum weight-average molecular weight of approx.
10,000,000 g/mol was achieved after 14 hours of reaction.
48
At early reaction times linear polymers were formed.
However, as the reaction time increased, the amount of
branching that occurred on the polymer molecule
increased, as indicated by gel permeation chromatography
and light scattering. This has been attributed to chain
transfer to polymer via hydrogen abstraction from tertiary
backbone C-H bond. The resulting polymer may be of
considerable interest for pressure-sensitive adhesive
applications. 27 refs.
USA
Accession no.846178
Item 101
Medical Device Technology
13, No.1, Jan./Feb.2002, p.8/12
ENABLING TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES
OF CHITIN
Williams D
Liverpool,University Royal Hospital
It is explained that chitin is a natural biopolymer and,
along with its derivative chitosan, has been represented
as a biomaterial with considerable potential in many
medical applications, such as wound-healing, drug-
delivery, tissue engineering, and blood-contact devices.
This detailed article examines the basis for this claim,
and fully describes the nature and properties of these
materials. 1 ref.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.845702
Item 102
Chemical and Engineering News
80, No.8, 25th Feb.2002, p.23-4
BUTTING HEADS IN POLYASPARTIC ACID
Reisch M S
Both Donlar Biosyntrex, with sales last year of 2.3m US
dollars, and Bayer, with sales near 26bn US dollars, have
high hopes for the chemical polyaspartic acid. PAA is a
dispersing agent. It dissolves limescale in drainage pipes
and inhibits corrosion, it is an anti-redeposition agent in
detergents and is used in fertilisers to keep the nutrients
close to plant roots. The competition is polyacrylates
which, when used in industrial water treatment or
detergents, have to be removed from the waste water and
disposed of as sludge. PAA is biodegradable. Both
companies began work on PAA in the early 1990s. Bayer
estimates the global size of the polyacrylates market at
about 2 billion lb/year and claims that all current uses for
polyacrylates could be replaced with PAA. That includes
the use of polyacrylates as an absorbent in disposable
nappies, where PAA would be a biodegradable
replacement.
BAYER CORP.; DONLAR BIOSYNTREX CORP.
USA
Accession no.845385
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 103
Polymer Bulletin
47, No.5, Jan. 2002, p.429-35
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF
HYDROPHOBICALLY MODIFIED ALGINATE
Kang H-A; Shin M S; Yang J-W
Korea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
The synthesis of biodegradable polymeric surfactants
derived from alginates and their characterisation by
various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, dynamic
light scattering, surface tension measurements and
biodegradability testing are reported. These surfactants
are shown to provide colloidally stable self-aggregates
and to be biodegraded when in contact with the
microorganism, Aspergillus niger. 14 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.845205
Item 104
Vinyltec 2001. Pushing Profitability. Conference
proceedings.
Iselin, N.J., 11th-12th Sept.2001, p.163-76
FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF WOOD AS A
COMPONENT OF THERMOPLASTIC
COMPOSITES
Stokke D D; Gardner D J
Iowa State University; Maine,University
(SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Palisades Section)
Wood is a good cellular biopolymer. To effectively utilise
wood-based particles and fibres as fillers or reinforcements
in thermoplastic composites, a fundamental understanding
of the structural and chemical characteristics of wood is
required. An overview of these topics is presented. Its basic
characteristics of anatomy and structure combine to impart
variations in permeability, bulk chemistry and surface
chemistry. Characterisation of particle size and shape, as
well as surface tension characteristics as indicators of
wettability, become important when trying to understand
how these biopolymeric materials behave when introduced
into synthetic polymer systems. Some recent work on the
use of contact angle analysis and inverse phase gas
chromatography as means to characterise these interesting,
variable and useful wood materials is described. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.845043
Item 105
Advances in Polymer Science
Vol.157, 2002, p.67-112
DEGRADABLE POLYMER MICROSPHERES
FOR CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY
Edlund U; ALbertsson A-C
Sweden,Royal Institute of Technology
A review is presented of the use of degradable polymers
for use in controlled drug delivery. Emphasis is given to
the preparation, applications, biocompatibility, and
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
stability of microspheres from hydrolytically degradable
polymers. 320 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.844632
Item 106
Advances in Polymer Science
Vol.157, 2002, p.41-65
CONTROLLED RING-OPENING
POLYMERIZATION. POLYMERS WITH
DESIGNED MACROMOLECULAR
ARCHITECTURE
Stridsberg K M; Ryner M; Albertsson A-C
Sweden,Royal Institute of Technology
A review is presented of the ring-opening polymerisation
of lactones and lactides with different types of initiators
and catalysts as well as their use in the synthesis of
macromolecules with advanced architecture. Latest
developments within the coordination-insertion
mechanism are examined. Mechanisms and typical kinetic
features are described. 139 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.844631
Item 107
European Chemical News
76, No.1993, 18th-24th Feb.2002, p.24
BIO-BREAKTHROUGH
Baker J
There are two main biotechnology routes to crop-derived
polymers. Cargill Dow and DuPont are using modified
bacteria to convert sugars found in plants to polymer
intermediates, prior to polymerisation. An alternative
approach is being developed by Metabolix, which bio-
engineers the crops to make the polymers. The Cargill
Dow technology produces a polymer based on polylactic
acid. DuPont’s effort is directed towards bio-production
of 1,3-propanediol, which can be polymerised with PTA
to make polyester-type products. Metabolix is looking to
produce a range of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers.
CARGILL DOW LLC; DUPONT CO.; METABOLIX
INC.
USA
Accession no.844229
Item 108
Modern Plastics International
32, No.1, Jan.2002, p.11
WILL CONSUMERS EMBRACE
BIOPOLYMERS?
Rosenzweig M
Cargill Dow has started a full scale plant to produce up to
140,000 t/y of its NatureWorks polylactic acid polymers.
49
 References and Abstracts
Novamont recently more than doubled capacity for its starch-
based Mater-Bi polyester copolymer to 20,000 t/y. Last year,
NatureWorks debuted on a small scale packaging and candy
twistwrap films in Japan and thermoformed food containers
in Europe. Mater-Bi trash and shopping bags have been out
for a couple of years in Europe. The key attraction of
biopolymers, and the driver for their current use, is their
inherent biodegradability. Packaging is a key potential
market. A test funded by Germany’s Federal Ministry of
Agriculture aims to assess how the 200,000 people of Kassel,
Germany, value biopolymers-based packaging and if they
are willing and able to sort them out for composting.
WORLD
Accession no.844206
Item 109
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
8th Feb.2002, p.11
BIOSCIENCE FIRM JOINS STRAW RESEARCH
Cambridge Biopolymers has signed up to a research
project at the University of Wales investigating methods
for production of chemical feedstocks from wheat straw.
The project, which has been running for 18 months, has
already developed environmentally benign technologies
capable of sequentially extracting four key products from
waste straw: wax, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose.
Cellulose can be converted directly to cellulose polymer
film and hemicellulose could find applications as a
viscosity modifier or polymer reinforcement.
CAMBRIDGE BIOPOLYMERS;
WALES,UNIVERSITY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.844164
Item 110
Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
17, No.3, 2001, p.186-204
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS, THEIR
PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Fomin V A; Guzeev V V
Polimerov FGUP NII
Analysis of research in the development of biodegradable
plastics indicates that some progress has been made in
this area. With the increasing consumption of polymers
for containers and packaging, and other disposable
everyday articles, the problem of plastics waste and its
threat to the environment will continue to grow. In this
connection, the anticipated tightening of legal
requirements to restrict the use of non-biodegradable
plastics as containers and packaging will be an even
greater incentive for developing a wide range of
biodegradable thermoplastics with the required properties
and at a reasonable price. In Europe, the involvement of
government agencies along with large chemical
manufacturers to tackle the problem of biodegradable
50
plastics is proving successful for solving this complex
problem. In addition to an expansion of research in the
area of known biodegradable plastics, there will probably
be new approaches to the problem of endowing large
tonnage synthetic polymers with bio- and photo-
degradability. Unfortunately, problems of development
and practical application of biodegradable polymers are
receiving insufficient attention in the Russian Federation.
200 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.843923
Item 111
Polymer Degradation and Stability
75, No.2, 2002, p.357-65
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF
BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS 2.
POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE), POLY((R)-
3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE), AND POLY(L-
LACTIDE) FILMS IN NATURAL DYNAMIC
SEAWATER
Tsuji H; Suzuyoshi K
Toyohashi,University of Technology
The biodegradation of films of aliphatic polyesters in
natural dynamic seawater was investigated using
polarising optical microscopy, gravimetry, gel permeation
chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry and
tensile testing. The degradation of poly(epsilon-
caprolactone) (PCL), poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate)(R-
PHB), and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) was accelerated by
mechanical destruction in the natural seawater system.
The mechanical effect had a greater effect on R-PHB and
PLLA films with relatively high Tg than for the PCL films
with lower Tg. R-PHB films were (bio)degraded mostly
at the centres of and between spherulites. 15 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.842735
Item 112
Polymer Degradation and Stability
75, No.2, 2002, p.347-55
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF
BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS 1.
POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE), POLY((R)-
3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE), AND POLY(L-
LACTIDE) FILMS IN CONTROLLED STATIC
SEAWATER
Tsuji H; Suzuyoshi K
Toyohashi,University of Technology
The biodegradation of films of aliphatic polyesters in
static seawater at 25 degC was investigated using
polarising optical microscopy, gravimetry, gel permeation
chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry and
tensile testing. The biodegradability was found to decrease
in the order poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), poly((R)-
3-hydroxybutyrate)(R-PHB), poly(L-lactide) (PLLA).
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
PCL and R-PHB films degraded unevenly where the
marine microbes attached: pores and cracks formed during
biodegradation. PLA did not degrade, even after 10 weeks
in the controlled seawater. 32 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.842734
Item 113
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
81, No.7, 15th Aug.2001, p.1567-71
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE-
MODIFIED POLYPHENOL IMPREGNATE
Sekaran G; Thamizharasi S; Ramasami T
India,Central Leather Research Institute
Tannin (a polyphenol compound) was recovered from
tannery waste water and was impregnated in phenol-
formaldehyde (PF) resin. The modified polyphenol was
held physically in the impregnate. The impregnated PF
resin matrix was resistant to mineral acids, strong alkalis
and organic solvents. The adhesive properties of PF and
PF-modified polyphenol impregnate (PFT) were studied
on leather. The leather which was bonded with PFT
showed a 27% greater peel strength than that of PF and
the lap shear strength was 40% greater than that of the
sample bonded with PF. The results showed that PFT had
a potential application in the paint industry as an
anticorrosive paint. 8 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.842692
Item 114
Polymer
43, No.3, 2002, p.757-65
ADSORPTION OF INDOMETHACIN ONTO
CHEMICALLY MODIFIED CHITOSAN BEADS
Fwu-Long Mi; Shin-Shing Shyu; Chin-Ta Chen; Juin-
Yih Lai
Taiwan,Chinese Naval Academy; Taiwan,National
Central University; Chung Yuan University
Macroporous chitosan beads used for the immobilisation
of indomethacin, an anti-inflammatory drug, were
prepared using a wet phase inversion technique. The
casting solution was aqueous tripolyphosphate (TPP).
Both the liquid-liquid and solid-liquid phase separation
processes were responsible for the formation of the beads.
The porous structure of the chitosan beads was varied by
changing the chitosan concentration, the TPP
concentration and the pH. After phase inversion,
quaternary ammonium, aliphatic and aromatic acyl groups
were introduced into the porous chitosan beads.
Indomethacin was effectively adsorbed onto the porous
chitosan beads and the efficiency of the adsorption
depended on the functional groups on the beads. 41 refs.
TAIWAN
Accession no.842625
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 115
Macplas International
Sept.2001, p.60
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS - STUDY
FROM BCC
This short article provides brief economic information
on the market for biodegradable polymers in North
America. Figures are taken from a recently-published
report by Business Communications Co. The article also
mentions the debate within the industry about exactly
which materials should be considered biodegradable, as
no universal standards are in place.
BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS CO.
NORTH AMERICA
Accession no.842455
Item 116
Macplas International
Sept.2001, p.57/9
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS - DEPART
A new biodegradable polymer from Environmental
Polymers is the subject of this article. “Depart” is a
pelletised PVA polymer with unique properties in that it
has user-controllable solubility, being totally insoluble
up to 35 degrees Celcius, but in hotter and hotter water
it becomes increasingly soluble, to leave a harmless
solution of PVA and glycerol. This solution can then
biodegrade to carbon dioxide and water. Full information
is presented of the properties of “Depart”, and details
are given of potential applications, such as hospital
laundry bags which can be loaded full into washing
machines and will dissolve during washing without harm
to the fabrics.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLYMERS
SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.842453
Item 117
Eureka
22, No.1, Jan.2002, p.24-5
GROWING A GREEN APPROACH TO
MATERIALS
Shelley T
It is explained that biotechnology is the key to new, low-
cost methods of making advanced materials from plants.
This detailed article reports on the latest environmentally-
friendly developments, and includes a look at a new fibre
extraction process, the history of hemp, hemp fabrications,
and wheat straw as a source of natural fibres.
MASTER ROPEMAKERS; BIOFIBRES;
NAPIER,UNIVERSITY; CREANDO FIBRETECH;
SWEDEN,NATIONAL SCHOOL OF PAPER
MAKING; SAARBRUCKEN,INSTITUT FUER
NEUE MATERIALIEN; UK,GOVERNMENT; PIRA
INTERNATIONAL; MG MARGA DESIGN; NASA
51
 References and Abstracts
AFRICA; CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.841051
Item 118
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
83, No.3, 18th Jan.2002, p.457-83
BIOSYNTHETIC PROCESSES FOR LINEAR
POLYMERS
Asrar J; Hill J C
Monsanto Co.; TechScope LLC
Biosynthetic processes for production of linear proteins,
polysaccharides, and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are
reviewed, and processes for conversion of linear
biopolymers into useful products are described. The
materials covered are milk casein, corn zein, soybean,
and groundnut proteins, and the polysaccharides covered
are: plant cellulose and gellans, seaweed carrageenans,
algins, furcellaran, and laminarans, amyloses and pectins,
fungal pullulan, chitins, chitosans, heparin hyaluronic
acid, chrondroitins, dermatan sulphate, keratan, and
glycan sulphate. The history, biosynthesis, morphology,
composition and molecular structure, physical and
mechanical properties, thermal properties, rheology,
crystallisation behaviour and biodegradation of PHA in
different microbial environments are reviewed. Methods
and additives for improving the processability of PHA
and potential uses of PHA are also reviewed. 204 refs.
USA
Accession no.840745
Item 119
Biopolymers. Packaging - A New Generation.
Conference Proceedings.
Birmingham, UK, 29th-30th March 2001, Paper 8
‘PROS & CONS’ OF BIO-BASED MATERIALS
Yeo B
Green Light Products
(ACTIN)
The advantages and disadvantages of biopolymers in
packaging are presented, with emphasis on loosefill
products and post-manufacture handling.
USA
Accession no.839875
Item 120
Biopolymers. Packaging - A New Generation.
Conference Proceedings.
Birmingham, UK, 29th-30th March 2001, Paper 6
NATUREWORKS - A NEW GENERATION OF
BIOPOLYMERS
Vink E
Cargill Dow Polymers LLC
(ACTIN)
52
Details are given of Cargill Dow’s NatureWorks polylactic
acid, reported to be a new generation of biopolymers. The
product’s target markets and applications include
packaging (rigid thermoformed food and beverage
containers, high value films, extrusion coated paper and
board, injection stretch blow moulded bottles and extruded
and moulded foams), fibres (mono- and multifilament,
bulk continuous filament, staple fibres and spun yarns)
and chemical intermediates from lactide.
USA
Accession no.839873
Item 121
Biopolymers. Packaging - A New Generation.
Conference Proceedings.
Birmingham, UK, 29th-30th March 2001, Paper 5
POLYSACCHARIDES: NEW PACKAGING
MATERIALS FOR A BIO-BASED FUTURE
BenBrahim A
York,University
(ACTIN)
In this new bio-based era, plants are increasingly providing
solutions in the quest for world sustainability. Obtaining
useful non-food products from ‘surplus’ crops is not a new
initiative, but one upon which more emphasis has recently
and justifiably been placed. The world’s over-consumption
of fossil-fuels has been challenged, and concerns not only
the petrochemical-derived fractions which are put aside to
run automotive-centred lifestyles. This effectively non-
renewable resource is also responsible for the production
of another great 20th century favourite - plastic. Plastics
packaging is essential. Various properties make plastic the
ideal material in which to package food and other
consumables. It can be tough, supple, provide a water-proof
environment, low in weight and also economically viable.
One of its few disadvantages is that after its useful lifetime,
it is difficult to dispose of because it is essentially non-
degradable. With all of the waste-stream options there are
disadvantages and often global environmental issues
attached. The use of polysaccharides for packaging
applications is described. 17 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.839872
Item 122
Biopolymers. Packaging - A New Generation.
Conference Proceedings.
Birmingham, UK, 29th-30th March 2001, Paper 4
NEW IDEAS FOR POLYURETHANE-BASED
POLYMERS
Clark A
Warwick,University
(ACTIN)
The high environmental burden caused by the use of non-
renewable petrochemical based feedstocks for the chemical
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
and polymer industries has led to the search for vegetable
oil-based alternatives. Despite this, only castor oil (a non-
UK indigenous crop) has gained importance as a feedstock
in the PU industry. PUs are used globally on a scale of
around seven million tpa, and this is rising at a rate of about
one million tpa. The main aim is thus to widen industrial
demand for agricultural oilseed-derived products from UK
sources, primarily by demonstrating that oils such as
rapeseed and euphorbia can be used as chemical feedstocks
to make PUs and replace existing petrochemicals and castor
oil. However oils such as rapeseed and euphorbia do not
contain the necessary chemical functionality (hydroxyl
groups) required to be useful as PU feedstocks, so it is
necessary to introduce such functionality by low-cost
chemical manipulation. It is shown that it is possible to
prepare a range of feedstocks containing both epoxide and
hydroxyl groups on a 25-litre scale from both rapeseed
and euphorbia oils. It is shown that by careful control of
the reaction it is possible to control the level of functionality
introduced into the feedstock. In this way, it is demonstrated
that it is possible to prepare a range of PU products with
differing properties, such as rigid packaging foams, flexible
elastomers and rigid PU. In addition it is shown that the
new feedstocks can be used to replace castor oil in a variety
of PU formulations. The epoxidised and hydroxylated
monomer feedstocks are characterised by 1H and 13C
NMR, IR and MALDI-TOF-MS. Analysis indicates that
epoxidation using peroxyphosphotungstate and hydrogen
peroxide in water furnishes high levels of epoxides
resembling epoxidised soybean oil.
Accession no.839871
Item 123
Biopolymers. Packaging - A New Generation.
Conference Proceedings.
Birmingham, UK, 29th-30th March 2001, Paper 2
NEW COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
FIELD OF STARCH-BASED PLASTICS
Raynaud L
National Starch & Chemical co.
(ACTIN)
New commercial developments achieved by National
Starch & Chemical in the area of starch-based
biopolymers are outlined. Aspects covered include
biodegradability and compostability, natural polymer
science, applications and commercial products, and future
natural polymer developments.
USA
Accession no.839869
Item 124
Biopolymers. Packaging - A New Generation.
Conference Proceedings.
Birmingham, UK, 29th-30th March 2001, Paper
BIOPOLYMERS: THE WORLD MARKET
POTENTIAL
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Bastioli C; Marini L
Novamont SpA
(ACTIN)
The science of sustainability, also known as industrial
ecology, represents a new framework for understanding
the impact of industrial systems on the environment and
resource use, and to identify and implement strategies to
minimise these impacts. Climate change is the most
intensively discussed global sustainability issue in
industrial countries over the last ten years, and measures
to slow down the continuous and impressive growth of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are under
consideration. In 1996, the Intergovernmental Climate
Change Panel admitted an anthropogenic contribution to
the global warming potential trend. Aspects covered
include materials from renewable resources and industrial
applications of biopolymers. The results of life cycle
analysis studies performed on starch-based materials in
comparison with traditional plastics in specific market
segments such as film, foams and tyres demonstrate the
potential of these materials, in terms of contribution to
the reduction of emissions with greenhouse effect, due to
the capability of starch to recycle atmospheric CO2. Such
a contribution can become very effective, when starch-
based products are used in applications where their unique
performances and peculiar structure are suited, as in the
case of biofillers for tyres. 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.839868
Item 125
Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conference
proceedings.
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1872
ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT OF MATER-BI STARCH-BASED
MATERIALS IN SPECIFIC INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS
Bastioli C; Marini L
Novamont SpA
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Mater-Bi starch-based materials produced by Novamont
are materials able to significantly reduce the environmental
impact in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse
effect in specific applications, to perform as traditional
plastics when in use, and to completely biodegrade within
a composting cycle through the action of living organisms
when engineered to be biodegradable. Today Mater-Bi
products are used in specific applications where
biodegradability is required, such as composting (bags and
sacks), fast food tableware (cups, cutlery, plates, straws
etc.), packaging (soluble foams for industrial packaging,
film wrapping, laminated paper, food containers),
agriculture (mulch film, nursery pots, plant labels), hygiene
(diaper back sheet, cotton swabs); and in applications driven
by the improved technical performances versus traditional
53
 References and Abstracts
materials, as in the case of biofillers for tyres or chewable
items for pets. Case studies for the assessment of the
environmental impact of applications of Mater-Bi products
currently available in the market are reviewed. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.839761
Item 126
Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conference
proceedings.
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1856
CONTROLLING THE POLYMER
MICROSTRUCTURE OF BIODEGRADABLE
POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHAS)
Kelley A S; Srienc F
Minnesota,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a class of
biodegradable polyesters produced by many bacterial
species. The polymer is synthesised when growth is limited
by lack of a nutrient but carbon is available in excess.
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), the most prevalent PHA, has
high crystallinity which leads to brittle failure. Copolymers
of PHB incorporating polyhydroxyvalerate (PHB) are
proved to increase the toughness of the polymer. Blends of
PHB with other biodegradable materials such as starch or
polycaprolactone have also led to some improvements
while maintaining biodegradability. Phase separated blends
present yet another way to improve the physical properties
of brittle PHB. It has been shown that blends of PHB and
polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) will phase
separate with as little as 8% HV differences between the
two polymers. Synthesising polymer granules within
bacteria in a ‘living’ polymerisation gives a unique
opportunity to control the microstructure of the polymer.
By controlling the substrate available to the bacteria,
different polymer types can be synthesised within the same
granule, or even within the same polymer chain. The
synthesis of ‘layered’ granules in Pseudomonas oleovorans
has been demonstrated with diauxic use of substrates. It
has also been shown that ‘layered’ granules can be
synthesised by Ralstunia eutropha, consisting of a core of
PHBV and a shell of PHB. In order to benefit from
controlled PHA microstructures, a system is developed in
R. eutropha to produce two different polymers that will
phase separate. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.839753
Item 127
Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conference
proceedings.
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1855
IN VIVO AND IN VITRO METABOLIC
ENGINEERING OF PHA BIOSYNTHESIS
PATHWAYS
54
Steinbuchel A
Munster,Westfalische Wilhelms University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) (poly(3HB)) and other
structurally related aliphatic polyesters from bacteria
belonging to the class of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHA),
form biodegradable thermoplastic and elastomers currently
in use or being considered for use in industry, medicine,
pharmacy and agriculture. More than 100 different
hydroxyalkanoic acids have already been identified as
constituents of these polyesters. They are currently
produced by microbial fermentations. In the future,
production will also be possible using agriculture transgenic
plants. Recently, in vitro biosynthesis methods for various
PHAs have been established. One is the recently established
in vitro biosynthesis of poly(3HB) from 3-hydroxybutyryl-
CoA (3HBCoA) employing purified PHA synthase from
Chromatium vinosum (PhaECcv). Based on this study, a
three-step in vitro poly(3HB) biosynthesis system allowing
the synthesis of poly(3HB) from 3-hydroxybutyrate and
the recycling of CoA was established employing purified
propionyl-CoA transferase from Clostridium propionicum
and a commercially available acetyl-CoA synthetase from
yeast in addition. Since this reaction was driven by ATP,
and because only catalytic quantities of CoA were used,
poly(3HB) could be produced on a semi-preparative scale.
It is also possible to synthesise in vitro poly(3-
hydroxydecanoic acid) with other enzymes. Purified PHA
synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa plus a
commercially available acyl-CoA synthetase is employed.
8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.839752
Item 128
European Plastics News
29, No.1, Jan.2002, p.21
BIODEGRADABLES TAKE OFF
Warmington A
Europe is set to be the most promising region for
biodegradable plastics in the coming years, it is claimed.
Consumption in the key target market of food packaging
appears to be taking off, but the use of genetically
modified organisms in raw material crops remains a huge
stumbling block. In 2000, European consumption of
biodegradable plastics amounted to 10,000 tonnes, 40
percent of the world total. Cargill Dow has just brought
onstream its 140,000 t/y polylactic acid plant in the US.
Novamont has begun supplying Mater-Bi nets for fruit to
Tesco in the UK and biodegradable bags to Swiss and
German supermarkets. In the US, ECM Biofilms says that
its masterbatch additive technology is already proven to
degrade all kinds of conventional PE and PP to CO2 and
water, at loadings of 1 percent or less.
WORLD
Accession no.839222
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 129
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.175, Aug.2001, p.55-66
POLYLACTIDES: PROPERTIES AND
PROSPECTS OF AN ENVIRONMENTALLY
BENIGN PLASTIC FROM RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
Dorgan J R; Lehermeier H J; Palade L I; Cicero J
Colorado,School of Mines
Comparison of the mechanical properties of polylactic
acid (PLA) with those of other commodity plastics
showed that PLA has a close resemblance to polystyrene.
It is shown that blending of linear and branched chain
architectures provides a convenient method for controlling
the elasticity and viscosity of PLA composites without
affecting the mechanical or permeation properties. The
melt rheology of high L-lactide content linear PLA shows
two unique features: the melt can be drawn to high Hencky
strains without breaking and shows considerable strain
hardening, so that PLA can be easily processed into fibre
form. Because of the favourable combination of
rheological, mechanical, and environmental properties,
the prospects for widespread PLA commercialisation are
very good. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.838505
Item 130
International Polymer Science and Technology
28, No.11, 2001, p.T/76-84
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS, THEIR
PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Fomin V A; Guzev V V
FGUP ‘NII Polimerov
A review is presented of the development of biodegradable
plastics, with reference to their value in packaging
applications to overcome the problems of waste
management. The review charts progress in the
development of biodegradable polymers based on
hydroxycarboxylic acids, biodegradable plastics based on
natural polymers, and research into methods of imparting
the property of biodegradability to existing multi-tonnage
industrial polymers such as PE, PP, PVC, PETP, and
polystyrene. 200 refs. (Article translated from
Plasticheskie Massy, No.2, 2001, pp.42)
RUSSIA
Accession no.838071
Item 131
European Plastics News
28, No.10, Nov.2001, p.6
BIODEGRADABLES HAS A NEW LEADER
The European biodegradable plastics market has a new
leader in Rodenburg Biopolymers, a subsidiary of the
Dutch food by-product processing giant, Rodenburg. Its
Solanyl products will be the first biodegradables able to
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
compete with standard plastics on price. The company
has just added 40,000 t/y of capacity at its plant in
Oosterhout, Netherlands. The 7,000 t/y pilot plant is
continuing as a test and small-scale production unit.
Solanyl is based on starch from the peelings left over from
converting potatoes into french fries. Meanwhile, BASF
is reported to be planning a new 25-30,000 t/y plant for
its Ecoflex biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyester,
probably at the Schwarzheide site in eastern Germany.
RODENBURG BIOPOLYMERS; BASF AG
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.837920
Item 132
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
7th Dec.2001, p.1
GM FEAR HITS CARGILL DOW
Hague C
Cargill Dow is missing out on lucrative food packaging
contracts because it cannot guarantee retailers that the
feedstock for its biodegradable polylactide acid polymer
is GM-free. Sainsbury’s has told Cargill Dow it would
like to use the firm’s NatureWorks product, but is
prohibited by a self-imposed ban on genetically modified
products. Marks & Spencer has also made a pledge not to
use materials sourced from GM products.
CARGILL DOW LLC
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.837829
Item 133
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
91, No.11, Nov. 2001, p.40-2
LIGNIN - TAILOR-MADE
Nitz H; Semke H; Muelhaupt R; Abaecherli A
Freiburg,University; Albert-Ludwigs,University; Granit
SA; Granit Recherche Developpement SA
The synthesis of lignin having property profiles tailored
to plastics compounding utilising a new process (Granite)
developed by Granit SA, is described and the suitability
of this lignin as a non-toxic biostabiliser to prevent attack
from microorganisms and extend the service life of
biodegradable polymers, such as polyamide 11, is
demonstrated. Typical applications of this lignin are
indicated. (Kunststoffe, 91, No.11, 2001, p.98-101)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.837222
Item 134
Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conference
proceedings.
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1552-3
SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL BRANCHED
55
 References and Abstracts
POLYLACTIDES AND THEIR DEGRADATION
Tasaka F; Miyazaki H; Ohya Y; Ouchi T
Kansai,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
The aliphatic polyester is one of the most widely utilised
class of degradable polymers in the field of biomedical
materials. Among them, polylactide, PLA, is a
biodegradable and bioabsorbable polymer used clinically
in wound closure, tissue repair and regeneration, and/or
drug delivery. PLA is biodegradable, good biocompatibility,
high mechanical strength, and excellent shaping and
moulding properties. However, PLA suffers from difficulty
in controlled degradation based on its high crystallinity
and the induction of material defects based on lability of
melt viscosity. Possible promising approaches to overcome
these problems are the introduction of hydrophilic units to
control the biodegradability and branched structure to
stabilise the melt viscosity and/or to decrease the
crystallinity in PLA. Many approaches, e.g. syntheses of
block copolymer of PLA with polyethylene glycol and
terpolymer of PLA with polyhydroxyl compounds, were
attempted to control the degradation rate by varying
crystallinity. The synthesis of graft copolymers composed
of PLA and polysaccharides such as pullulan and amylose
through the trimethylsilyl protection method has been
reported. The biodegradability of polymers obtained could
be controlled by introduction of hydrophilic units and/or
branched structure into PLA. Therefore, PLA with both
hydrophilic units and branched structure can expect to be
utilised as novel degradable materials. 5 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.836597
Item 135
Macromolecules
34, No.20, 25th Sept.2001, p.6889-94
ENZYMATIC POLYMERIZATION AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW POLY(3-
HYDROXYALKANOATE)S BY A BACTERIAL
POLYMERASE
Kamachi M; Ahimin Zhang; Goodwin S; Lenz R W
Massachusetts,University
3-Hydroxy-3-cyclopropylpropionate and 3-hydroxy-4-
chlorobutyrate were synthesised and their coenzyme A
thioester derivatives were polymerised in-vitro in aqueous
solution using the newly purified recombinant
poly(hydroxyalkanoate) synthase derived from
Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii. The propagation rates
of the two monomers with the enzyme were 1.2 and 6.7
mol of monomer reacted per mole of enzyme catalyst per
second of reaction time for 3-hydroxy-3-
cyclopropylpropionate and 3-hydroxy-4-chlorobutyrate
respectively and the number-average molecular weights
of the poly(3-hydroxy-3-cyclopropylpropionate) and
poly(3-hydroxy-4-chlorobutyrate) produced were 371,000
and 189,000 respectively. The polymers were crystalline
and their crystallinity and NMR spectra indicated that both
56
contained only one chiral centre (100% isotactic), even
though both monomers were racemic mixtures. 46 refs.
USA
Accession no.836436
Item 136
Journal of Macromolecular Science B
40, No.3-4, 2001, p.529-38
THERMAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF WOOD
FLOUR/STARCH CELLULOSE ACETATE
COMPOUNDS
Liu Z Q; Cunha A M; Yi X S; Bernardo C A
Minho,Universidade; China,National Key Laboratory
of Advanced Composites
TGA, DSC and dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA) were
carried out to study the interfacial interaction between wood
flour and starch/cellulose acetate(SCA) blend. It was found
that the main components in the compounds, i.e. starch,
cellulose and cellulose acetate, started to decompose at
about 330C, a characteristic temp. for breaking glycoside-
linked glucose units. Complexation of lignin in wood flour
with amylose in SCA occurred during compounding, which
gave rise to new crystallites that had a m.p. of around 160C.
Hydrogen bonding was thought to play a key role in the
crystallisation. With increasing wood flour content, both
the Tg and the softening temp. increased as a result of the
restricted molecular chain mobility imposed by rigid
cellulose filaments. In addition, the DMA data showed that
amylose could occur as linkages in the crystallites. All these
observations indicated that the interfacial adhesion between
SCA and wood flour was relatively strong, even in the
absence of a coupling agent. 20 refs. (Europhysics
Conference on Structure Development during Polymer
Processing: Physical Aspects, Sept.2000, Minho, Portugal)
CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
PORTUGAL; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.836384
Item 137
Leatherhead, 2001, 11 papers, 31cm, 012
BIOPOLYMERS.PACKAGING - A NEW
GENERATION. PROCEEDINGS OF A
CONFERENCE HELD BIRMINGHAM, UK,
29TH-30TH MARCH 2001
(UK,Alternative Crops Technology Interaction
Network)
Eleven papers are published here following this two day
conference on bio-polymer packaging. The aim of the
conference was to discuss the potential of plants as
providers of bio-based materials for the packaging
industry. Topics covered include commericial
developments of starch-based plastics, polyurethane-
based polymers, polysaccharides and recycling.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.836086
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 138
Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition
12, No.8, 2001, p.875-92
STRUCTURED DRUG-LOADED
BIORESORBABLE FILMS FOR SUPPORT
STRUCTURES
Zilberman M; Schwade N D; Meidell R S; Eberhart R C
Texas,University
Details are given of the development of bioresorbable
polylactic acid films containing dexamethasone through
solution processing. The effect of processing parameters
on the film morphology and the resulting mechanical
properties was studied. The basic mechanical properties
of stents prepared from this polylactic acid were
examined. 21 refs.
USA
Accession no.835556
Item 139
Composite Interfaces
8, No.5, 2001, p.313-43
SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF NATURAL
FIBRES AND PERFORMANCE OF THE
RESULTING BIOCOMPOSITES: AN OVERVIEW
Mohanty A K; Misra M; Drzal L T
Michigan,State University
A review of biocomposite highlighting recent studies and
developments, in natural fibres, biopolymers and various
surface modifications of natural fibres to improve fibre
matrix adhesion is presented. One of the most important
factors determining the final performance of the
composite materials is the quality of the fibre matrix
interface. A sufficient degree of adhesion between the
surface of hydrophilic ligno-cellulosic natural fibres and
the polymer matrix resin is usually desired to optimum
performance of the biocomposite. Dewaxing, alkali
treatment, isocyanate treatment, peroxide treatment, vinyl
grafting, bleaching, acetylation and treatment with
coupling agents are useful ways to improve fibre-matrix
adhesion in natural fibre composites. Two major areas of
biocomposites are discussed. One is the most predominant
biocomposite currently being commercialised for semi-
structural use in the durable goods industries, i.e. natural
fibre PP composites. The second type is the biocomposites
from natural fibres and biodegradable plastics. Two major
classes of biogradable plastics are available, one being
derived from renewable resources and the second type
being synthesised in the laboratory from petrochemical
sources, which can also be used as matrix materials to
make value-added biocomposites. 101 refs.
USA
Accession no.835049
Item 140
Chemical Marketing Reporter
260, No.16, 29th Oct.2001, p.14
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
DOW COLLABORATES ON CASTOR OIL-
BASED PLASTICS AND CHEMICALS
de Guzman D
As part of a plan for increasing bioproducts and bioenergy
projects, the Department of Energy has awarded Dow
Chemical a 5m US dollars grant to develop plastics and
chemicals from renewable plant oils such as castor oil.
Dow, with Castor Oil Inc. and the US Department of
Agriculture’s Western Regional Research Center (WRRC)
in Albany, will work together on improving properties of
plant oils as a substitute for petrochemicals-based raw
materials. Although castor oil has a lucrative market as
an industrial oil, US production of the castor crop has
been limited because of the toxicity of castor seeds.
WRRC has recently been developing the first genetically
engineered castor plants in the world in order to produce
castor plants that are free of ricin, the toxin found on castor
beans and allergens.
DOW CHEMICAL CO.; CASTOR OIL INC.;
US,DEPT.OF AGRICULTURE
USA
Accession no.834634
Item 141
Materials World
9, No.6, June 2001, p.10-2
FILM STARS - NEW POLYMERS TAKE THE
WRAP FROM GELATIN
Gelatin is used as the coating or encapsulating agent for
thousands of different products worldwide, including
drugs, cosmetics, oils, powders, paints and even
confectionery. However, it has its problems, not least of
which being it is derived from rendered animal bones and
tissues. A synthetic polymer film system, called XGel,
has been developed by Bioprogress Technology that can
not only replace gelatin in its applications, but also offers
enhanced material properties and novel uses. XGel is a
family of about 30 different formulations, all based on
polyvinyl alcohol and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose.
These polymers are processed into films, which are then
coated with patented coatings. Each side of the film can
be given a different property, such as making it moisture-
proof on one side only. Applications include flushable
feminine hygiene products and ostomy bags, bath beads,
dietary supplement capsules, waste bags for portable field
toilets and paintballs.
BIOPROGRESS TECHNOLOGY LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.834600
Item 142
Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics
202, No.11, 4th Aug.2001, p.2281-6
GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION OF METHYL
METHACRYLATE ONTO A BACTERIAL
57
 References and Abstracts
POLYESTER CONTAINING UNSATURATED
SIDE CHAINS
Ilter S; Hazer B; Borcakli M; Atici O
Tubitak Marmara Research Center;
Zonguldak,Karaelmas University; Istanbul,Technical
University
Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) containing
unsaturated side chains were obtained by feeding
Pseudomonas oleovorans with soybean fatty acids. The
unsaturated PHA copolymers were found to contain 10
mol% unsaturated side chains together with saturated
hexanoate, octanoate and decanoate units. Methyl
methacrylate was thermally grafted onto PHA and the
resulting graft copolymer was separated by fractional
precipitation. The PHA content of the graft copolymers
was 5-50 mol%. 27 refs.
TURKEY
Accession no.833271
Item 143
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
82, No.4, 24th Oct. 2001, p.847-53
STUDIES ON THE COMPOSITES OF
CELLULOSE TRIACETATE (PREPARED FROM
SUGAR CANE PULP) AND GELATIN
Rajini R; Venkateswarlu U; Rose C; Sastry T P
India,Central Leather Research Institute
Cellulose was prepared from sugar cane pulp (bagasse)
and was converted into cellulose triacetate (CTA) via an
acetylation reaction. CTA-gelatin composite films were
prepared and their mechanical properties, water
absorption, chemical structure and surface morphology
were studied. 17 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.833229
Item 144
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
82, No.8, 21st Nov.2001, p.2027-36
WATER-SOLUBLE ESTERS OF BIOSYNTHETIC
POLY(GAMMA-GLUTAMIC ACID)
Perez-Camero G; Vazquez B; Munoz-Guerra S
Barcelona,Universidad Politecnica de Catalunya;
Madrid,Instituto de Ciencia y Tec.de Polim.
Water-soluble esters of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) were
prepared by the transesterification of poly(alpha-methyl-
gamma-glutamate) with mono-, di- and triethylene
glycols, with one hydroxyl end group blocked as methyl
ether. Only the monoglycol was crystalline, melting at
160 C. The glass transition temperatures increased from
10 to 60 C with increasing oxyethylene side chain length.
All the polyesters were stable to temperatures up to
approximately 250 C. Moisture absorption, surface
wettability, and hydrolytic degradation were studied as a
function of time. Sensitivity to water increased with
increasing glycol chain lengths, with the behaviour at
58
short contact times being dependent upon conformational
factors. 19 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.832422
Item 145
Polymer Degradation and Stability
73, No.3, 2001, p.549-55
COMPOSITE FILMS BASED ON WASTE
GELATIN: THERMAL-MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES AND BIODEGRADATION
TESTING
Chiellini E; Cinelli P; Corti A; Kenawy E R
Pisa,University; Tanta,University
A study, was carried out on the thermomechanical
properties and biodegradability of films prepared from
waste gelatin (WG) and WG blended with polyvinyl
alcohol (PVAL) and lignocellulose fillers or crosslinked
by glutaraldehyde. Characterisation utilised differential
scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal
analysis, water sensitivity and respirometric tests (carbon
dioxide evolution) from simulated soil burial tests. It was
shown that WG films had high biodegradability that could
be modified by either crosslinking or by blending with
PVAL. Crosslinking also improved the water resistance
of the film and increased its softening point. Suitability
for use in agricultural film was suggested, as the materials
have high soil degradability and therefore could be used
in self-fertilising mulches. 32 refs.
EGYPT; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.831840
Item 146
European Plastics News
28, No.5, May 2001, p.49-50
GREEN PROGRESS
Warmington A
Suppliers of biodegradable plastics continue to report
progress in 2001. Novamont believes that the market will
grow from 24,000 tonnes in 1999 to 120,000 in 2003,
mainly in packaging, compost bags, hygiene goods,
disposable food service ware and agriculture. Novamont
is doubling its capacity for Mater-Bi starch-based
materials to 20,000 t/y this summer. Cargill Dow will
bring on 140,000 tonnes of polylactic acid capacity in
the US in late 2001. National Starch claims perceived
consumer preference is the main reason why renewable
materials, like starch and PLA, are expected to remain
dominant in the biodegradable plastics market. Polyvinyl
alcohol is a material of growing interest in the
biodegradable sector because of its solubility in water,
which makes it ideal for applications like single-use
packaging in certain applications and laundry bags.
WORLD
Accession no.831400
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

Item 147 Item 150

Plast’ 21 Macromolecular Bioscience
No.102, May 2001, p.86-7 1, No.6, 30th Aug.2001, p.219-22. This issue is
Spanish published within Macromolecular Chemistry and
ORGANIC RECYCLING Physics Vol.202, No.12, 30th Aug.2001.
COMPARISON OF IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
An examination is made of types of biodegradable
DEGRADATION OF POLY(D,L-LACTIDE)
polymers, their properties and applications and
BIOABSORBABLE INTRA-MEDULLARY
composting methods used in their recycling. Trends in PLUGS
the world market for such polymers are also reviewed. Henn G G; Birkinshaw C; Buggy M; Jones E
IDROPLAST; ICI; MONSANTO; CARGILL DOW Limerick,University; Stryker Osteonics
POLYMERS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; UK; Poly(D,L-lactide) is evaluated as a material for the
USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD fabrication of intramedullary plugs for use in total hip
Accession no.831366 arthoplasty. The plugs are manufactured by compression
moulding and subjected to in vitro (Ringer’s solution) and
in vivo (implants into dogs) degradation. In vitro tests reveal
Item 148 rapid degradation with the molecular weight halving after
Revista de Plasticos Modernos 30 days. The molecular weight of the implants in dogs is
81, No.535, Jan.2001, p.99-106 shown to have reduced to one half after 190 days, which is
Spanish due to this process being diffusion-controlled. Histological
NEW METHODOLOGIES FOR THE specimens show resorption of the plugs over a period of
PREPARATION OF TOTALLY OR PARTIALLY 24 months. 16 refs.
BIODEGRADABLE SYSTEMS EIRE
Abraham G A; Elvira C; Migliaresi C; Motta A; San
Accession no.831249
Roman J
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros;
Trento,University Item 151
Packaging Review South Africa
A review is presented of methods for the preparation of 27, No.8, Aug.2001, p.41
biodegradable polymer systems for use in biomedical PLASTICS FOR THE GREEN BIN
applications such as tissue engineering and controlled
drug release. 54 refs. It is hoped that K2001 will clear up the question of
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; whether biodegradable materials represent the way ahead
SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE or a dead end. Earlier this year, Bayer halted production
Accession no.831308 and marketing of its BAK bioplastic. The company argues
that low acceptance of BAK is primarily a result of the
recently amended version of the Bio-Waste Ordinance,
Item 149 which in marketing terms gives biologically degradable
Revista de Plasticos Modernos products based on renewable raw materials the edge over
81, No.535, Jan.2001, p.81-91 their synthetically-sourced counterparts. Eastman
Spanish Chemical reports that Wheatees, golfing tees produced
CHITOSAN: A BIODEGRADABLE AND from biodegradable grain-based polymer, are a big hit on
BIOCOMPATIBLE NATURAL international golf courses.
POLYSACCHARIDE WITH APPLICATIONS IN WORLD
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE
Accession no.829786
Peniche C; Arguelles W; Gallardo A; Elvira C; San
Roman J
La Habana,Universidad; IMRE; Instituto de Ciencia y Item 152
Tecnologia de Polimeros Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia
11, No.2, April/June 2001, p.82-8
The structure, hydrolytic stability and enzymatic Portuguese
degradation of chitosan are examined, and methods used BIODEGRADABILITY AND MECHANICAL
in its characterisation are reviewed. Uses of chitosan in PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC MIXTURES
biomedical applications, microcapsules, polyelectrolyte Rosa D S; Franco L M; Calil M R
complexes and chemical reagents of various kinds are Sao Francisco,Universidade
described. 161 refs.
CUBA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Several options have been considered to minimise the
SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE environmental impact caused by the use of conventional
Accession no.831306 polymers. An important alternative is the biodegradable
polymer, which can be degraded through the action of

© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited 59

 References and Abstracts
naturally occurring microorganisms, such as bacteria or
algae. Technological applications of biogradable polymers
usually require improvements in their mechanical
properties. Novel polymer blends are obtained for
inexpensive applications. The methodology of preparation
of new polymer blends is described. The blends contain
different quantities of starch, with poly(E-caprolactone)
PCL, poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(beta-
hydroxybutyrate-co-b-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). The
resistance to tensile strength of the blends with 50% in
mass of starch is 35% and 60% lower than for that for
pure PCL and PHBV, respectively. Upon exposure to
microorganisms in activated mud, mixtures of PCL or
PHBV with larger amounts of starch display higher rates
of degradation. 10 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.828987
Item 153
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
81, No.9, 29th August 2001, p.2260-4
PROCESSING OF GEL-SPUN POLY(BETA-
HYDROXYBUTYRATE) FIBERS
Gordeyev S A; Nekrasov Y P; Shilton S J
Strathclyde,University; Topchiev Institute of
Petrochemical Synthesis
Poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was produced by
bacterial synthesis. Oriented elastic fibres of PHB with a
tensile strength of up to 360 MPa and a Young’s modulus
of up to 5.6 GPa were produced by the spinning and
drawing of a concentrated PHB gel using a three-stage
fibre processing technique. 16 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; RUSSIA; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.828776
Item 154
Polymer Bulletin
46, No.5, June 2001, p.389-94
FREE RADICAL CROSSLINKING OF
UNSATURATED BACTERIAL POLYESTERS
OBTAINED FROM SOYBEAN OILY ACIDS
Hazer B; Demirel S I; Borcakli M; Eroglu M S;
Cakmak M; Erman B
Zonguldak,Karaelmas University; TUBITAK Marmara
Research Center; Akron,University; Sabanci,University
Soybean oily acids were converted by Pseudomonas
oleovorans to poly(3-hydroxy alkanoate) (PHA) with 10
mol% of unsaturated side chains. The main saturated part of
the polyester consisted of poly(3-hydroxy octanoate) with
lesser proportions of hexanoate and decanoate units.
Crosslinking of the PHA, to form films, was carried out via
a free radical mechanism under UV irradiation or by thermal
crosslinking at 60C. Crosslinked polyesters were produced
in high yields (81-93 wt%). The crosslinking structure was
studied and the crosslinked polyester obtained by thermal
crosslinking at 60C with benzoyl peroxide had the highest
60
crosslink density. The original PHA had a glass transition
temperature of -60C, whereas those of the crosslinked
polyesters ranged between -33 and -45C. 25 refs.
TURKEY; USA
Accession no.828744
Item 155
Chemical Marketing Reporter
260, No.8, 20th-27th Aug.2001, p.FR15/8
BIOPLASTICS AREN’T THE STRETCH THEY
ONCE SEEMED
Boswell C
Bio-based plastics from DuPont, Cargill Dow and
Metabolix are addressing the problems of sustainability
and pollution, while maintaining and even improving our
standard of living. Three emergent polyesters represent
different degrees of bio-basis. Corn-derived 1,3-
propanediol is to be a primary feedstock for DuPont’s
Sorona, which also draws on petrochemical-derived
terephthalate. Cargill Dow’s NatureWorks, a polylactide,
is being produced entirely from lactic acid derived
fermentatively from corn. In both cases, polymerisation
is ultimately accomplished chemically. Metabolix,
however, has eliminated chemical synthesis altogether by
developing organisms that not only produce monomers,
but also go a step further, producing actual plastics, in
this case polyhydroxyalkanoates.
USA
Accession no.828498
Item 156
Journal of Materials Science
36, No.15, 1st Aug. 2001, p.3693-8
CURE CHARACTERISTICS OF ALKALI
CATALYSED CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID-
FORMALDEHYDE RESIN
Mwaikambo L Y; Ansell M P
Bath,University
The DSC technique was used to study the change in Tg
of oven-cured cashew nut shell liquid-formaldehyde resin
with and without hexamethylene tetramine to monitor the
extent of cure. FTIR was used to study the neat resin and
the polymerised cashew nut shell liquid-formaldehyde
resin with and without the hardener. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.828116
Item 157
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
12, No.7, July 2001, p.407-14
STUDIES ON SYNTHESIS,
CHARACTERIZATION AND ADHESIVE
STRENGTH EVALUATION OF KFA
SUBSTITUTED RESOLE ADHESIVES
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Parija S; Mohnaty A K; Misra M; nayak S K; Tripathy S S
Ravenshaw College; Iowa State University;
Berlin,Technical University; India,Central Institute of
Plastics Engng.& Tech.
A significant amount of gum rich in lignin and tannin was
found in Kendu fruit (Diospyros cordifolia Roxb.). The
Kendu fruit adhesive(KFA) was used as a substitute for
phenol in resole formulations to achieve cost effectiveness.
Substituted resole formulations with 50 and 100% KFA
were prepared in alkaline medium through a stepwise
addition process. Unsubstituted and KFA substituted resole
adhesives were then characterised by FTIR, TGA, DSC
and X-ray diffraction analyses. The adhesive strength of
these formulations was evaluated by comparing the results
of mechanical tests with the ASTM specifications using
UTM-LR-100K LLOYD Instruments, UK. Analytical
characterisations revealed the substitutions of phenol by
KFA in the substituted resole formulations. The results of
adhesive strength tests revealed that the 50% KFA
substituted phenol-formaldehyde resin exhibited better
adhesive strength that the virgin phenol-formaldehyde and
100% KFA-formaldehyde resole formulations. 24 refs.
LLOYD INSTRUMENTS LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
INDIA; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.827588
Item 158
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 477
BLENDS OF STARCH WITH POLY(VINYL
ALCOHOL)/ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS FOR
USE IN FOAM CONTAINERS
Nobes G A R; Orts W J; Glenn G M; Gray G M; Harper M V
US,Dept.of Agriculture,Agricultural Res.Service
(SPE)
Foamed blends of starch with poly(vinyl alcohol-co-
ethylene) (PVOH) were evaluated as an alternative to
foamed polystyrene for disposable packaging applications.
Wheat starch, PVOH, deionised water and plasticiser were
mixed and conditioned prior to extrusion using a twin-screw
extruder. The prepared blends were characterised by
modulated differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray
diffraction, and measurement of tensile strength, tensile
modulus and elongation at break following ageing for time
periods ranging from several days to several months. The
optimum blend composition, based on miscibility, strength,
and ageing characteristics was 60-65% starch, 25-30%
PVOH, and 5-10% plasticiser. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.827207
Item 159
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
9, No.2, 2001, p.50-3
MANUFACTURING AND THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF LIGNIN-BASED RESINS
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Wrzesniewska-Tosik K; Tomaszewski W; Struszczyk H
Poland,Institute of Chemical Fibres
Lignin-aldehyde resins were prepared by
polycondensation of lignin with glutaric dialdehyde and
conditions for crosslinking these resins were investigated.
The properties of the resins crosslinked either by thermal
or thermochemical hardening were determined by DSC,
TGA and measurement of the soluble fraction content.
The effects of temperature and time of thermohardening
on Tg and water solubility and of different conditions of
thermohardening on heat stability of the resins are
discussed. 7 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.827120
Item 160
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 365
RANGE OF PROCESSING METHODOLOGIES
FOR DESIGNING ADEQUATE TISSUE
ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS BASED ON
NATURAL ORIGIN DEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Reis R L; Gomes M E; Godinho J S; Tchalamov D;
Cunha A M
Minho,Universidade
(SPE)
Blends of corn starch with ethylene-vinyl alcohol
copolymer, cellulose acetate, and poly(epsilon
caprolactone) were processed to obtain suitable porous
structures for tissue engineering applications. The
processes used were: extrusion and injection moulding
with blowing agents; compression moulding followed by
leaching of additions of water-soluble particles (sugar and
salt); and organic solvent casting, followed by drying and
leaching of water-soluble particulate additions. The
morphology of the prepared materials was studied by
scanning electron microscopy. The materials were
characterised by tensile and compression testing, and by
degradation studies in an isotonic saline solution. Process
optimisation yielded materials with porosities and other
properties suitable for the intended applications. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PORTUGAL;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.826581
Item 161
Glasgow, Chapman & Hall, 1994, pp.xiii,154. 24cm.
939
CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Edited by: Griffin GJL
(Epron Industries Ltd.)
Six lengthy and well-referenced review articles on various
aspects of biodegradable polymers are presented along with
a short historical introduction. The subjects of the articles
are the chemistry and biochemistry of polymer degradation;
61
 References and Abstracts
the use of starch filled polyethylene; the production,
degradation and utility of polyhydroxybutyrate and similar
hydroxycarboxylic acid polyesters; the recycling of starch-
filled polyethylene; the testing and evaluation of
biodegradability; and the manufacture and use of
thermoplastic materials based on starch as primary matrix.
CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.825919
Item 162
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 21
POLYLACTIDE, A NEW THERMOPLASTIC FOR
EXTRUSION COATING
Hartmann M; Whiteman N
Cargill Dow LLC
(SPE)
Industrial processes have been developed for the production
of relatively low-cost polylactide (PLA). L-lactic acid,
produced by the fermentation of corn starch, is subjected to
condensation polymerisation to obtain low molecular weight
prepolymer, which is then depolymerised to obtain lactide
cyclic dimers. Following purification, high molecular weight
polylactide is obtained by catalytic ring opening
polymerisation. A proprietary process is used to obtain long
chain branching, giving adequate chain entanglement and
melt elasticity to provide suitable extrusion coating
characteristics. With rheology modification, line speeds of
up to 600 m/min are possible. Adhesion may be enhanced
by the use of a biodegradable flexible copolyester as a tie
layer. The high polarity of PLA gives excellent printability.
The high grease resistance and barrier properties make PLA
suitable for food packaging applications. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.825417
Item 163
Materiale Plastice
38, No.2, 2001, p.74-82
BIODEGRADABLE COMPOSITES BASED ON
POLYETHYLENE AND STARCH
Tudorachi N; Rusu M
The synthesis and characterisation of biodegradable
composites based on LDPE, unmodified and chemically
modified starch, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer and
ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer compatibilisers and
cadmium stearate, as prooxidant, are reported. Samples
were buried in soil having a controlled composition for
18 months and placed on a solid agar medium inoculated
with bacteria and fungi. The degree of biodegradation was
evaluated by means of determination of mechanical
properties, weight loss and water absorption, TGA and
scanning electron microscopy. 14 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA
Accession no.824824
62
Item 164
Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals
Vol.353, 2000, p.59-73
BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS FROM
CELLULOSE
Yoshioka M; Shiraishi N
Kyoto,University
A review is given of the development of biodegradable
plastics from cellulose acetates and two kinds of trials
described. One of these is a plasticisation trial for cellulose
acetates that is based on a reaction with dibasic acid
anhydrides and monoepoxides during their melt
processing under practical processing conditions. This
reactive melt processing technique enabled the preparation
of biodegradable cellulosic plastics with sufficient
thermoplasticity and mouldability. The most significant
problem was the occurrence of external plasticiser
bleeding, which was prevented by effective yield of
grafting. Grafted cellulose acetates were found to have
higher biodegradabilities than unmodified cellulose
acetates. The degree of grafting and the graft efficiency
tended to increase in this trial. An extension of the
technique was the development of a plasticisation method
for cellulose acetate based on selective grafting
caprolactone and lactide. The selectively grafted products
could be prepared by ring-opening polymerisation in the
melt state. By utilising appropriate reaction conditions,
the grafting reaction proceeded rapidly to completion
(within 10-30 minutes). Transparent amorphous moulding
was achievable. The high thermoplasticity and amorphous
nature of the grafted products is partly explained by the
fact that the formed graft side-chains contain a large
amount of randomly polymerised parts. 31 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.824159
Item 165
Popular Plastics and Packaging
46, No.7, July 2001, p.57-68
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS - LATEST
DEVELOPMENTS
Nere C K; Jagtop R N
Mumbai,University
Some of the biodegradable polymers currently available
on the market are described and the mechanism of
enzyme-catalysed degradation is explained. Factors
affecting degradation and disadvantages of degradable
plastics are considered and methods of testing
biodegradable polymers are identified. Grades of
photodegradable plastics, starch/plastic composites,
biodegradable polymer blends and commercially
available biodegradable polymers are listed, methods of
synthesising polylactic acid and other biodegradable
polymers are indicated and summaries are presented of
literature and patents on biodegradable polymers. 73 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.822917
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 166
Plastiques & Elastomeres Magazine
52, No.9, Dec.2000, p.12-4
French
TOWARDS BIODEGRADABILITY
Topuz B
Developments by a number of companies in
biodegradable plastics are examined, and trends in prices
and production capacities are reviewed. Applications of
such polymers in agricultural and packaging films,
disposable tableware, fibres and golf tees are described.
CEMAGREF; AUTOBAR PACKAGING;
MONSANTO; NOVAMONT; CARGILL DOW
POLYMERS; SOLVAY SA; EASTMAN CHEMICAL
CO.; AUTOBAR FLEXIBLE FRANCE; BASF AG;
BAYER AG; WOLFF WALSRODE AG; DU PONT
DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.; NOVADOUR;
VIVADOUR; POLARCUP
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
FRANCE; GERMANY; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE;
WORLD
Accession no.821970
Item 167
Plast’ 21
No.98, Dec.2000, p.26-7
Spanish
BIODEGRADABLE THERMOPLASTICS
Composting techniques used in the biodegradation of
plastics and methods for testing biodegradability are
discussed. Developments by BASF, Bayer, Du Pont and
Eastman Chemical in biodegradable polymers are
reviewed, with particular reference to saturated polyesters,
and the properties, processing and applications of such
polymers are examined. Consideration is also given to
trends in the market for biodegradable polymers in the
USA and Western Europe.
BASF AG; BAYER AG; EASTMAN CHEMICAL
CO.; DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.; RCI
CONSULTING
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
GENERAL
Accession no.821713
Item 168
Journal of Materials Science
36, No.9, 1st May 2001, p.2107-31
REVIEW. CURRENT INTERNATIONAL
RESEARCH INTO CELLULOSIC FIBRES AND
COMPOSITES
Eichhorn S J; Baillie C A; Zafeiropoulos N;
Mwaikambo L Y; Ansell M P; Dufresne A; Entwhistle
K M; Herrera-Franco P J; Escamilla G C; Groom L;
Hughes M; Hill C; Rials T G; Wild P M
UMIST; Manchester,University;
London,University,Imperial College; Bath,University;
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Grenoble,Joseph Fourier University; Yucatan,Centro de
Investigacion Cientifica; US,Dept.of Agriculture,Forest
Service; Bangor,University; Queen’s University at
Kingston
A summary is presented of the progress of several
international research projects which are being undertaken
to examine the mechanical properties of natural cellulose
fibres and composite materials. Particular attention is paid
to the use of novel techniques, such as Raman
spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray and half-fringe
photoelastic methods, for measuring the physical and
micromechanical properties of cellulose fibres. Current
single fibre testing procedures are also reviewed with
emphasis on their end-use in papermaking. The techniques
involved in chemically modifying fibres to improve
interfacial adhesion in composites are also reviewed,
together with the use of novel fibre sources such as
bacterial and animal cellulose. 101 refs.
CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
FRANCE; MEXICO; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.820553
Item 169
Eureka
21, No.4, April 2001, p.10
CAR PARTS GO GREEN WITH ELEPHANT
GRASS
Researchers from the University of Warwick in the UK
have discovered a way of using elephant grass
(miscanthus) as a natural structural filler in biodegradable
plastics - to provide the plastics with the strength that
would allow them to be used in car parts. Details are
presented.
WARWICK MANUFACTURING GROUP;
WARWICK,UNIVERSITY; BIOMASS INDUSTRIAL
CROPS LTD.
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.818325
Item 170
Polymer Engineering and Science
41, No.5, May 2001, p.727-34
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PLASTICIZED
STARCH AND POLYESTERS: PROCESSING
AND PERFORMANCES OF INJECTED
BIODEGRADABLE SYSTEMS
Averous L; Fringant C
Reims,University; Agro Industrie Recherches et
Developments
Different formulations of wheat thermoplastic starch(TPS)
were processed with various plasticiser/starch ratios and
moisture contents. The biodegradable polyesters tested
were polycaprolactone(PCL), polyester-amide(PEA),
polybutylene succinate adipate(PBSA) and butylene
adipate-terephthalate copolymer(PBAT). TPS and
63
 References and Abstracts
polyesters were melt blended in different proportions by
extrusion and then injected to obtain dumbbell specimens.
Various properties were evaluated, such as the mechanical
properties, and the hydrophilic character was examined
using contact angle measurements. Uniaxial shrinkage was
also evaluated. The results showed that the addition of
polyester to TPS increased the dimensional post-injection
stability. Blend modulus values were close to the results of
the classical rule of mixture. EB, resilience values and SEM
observations appeared to give some indication of the
compatibility between the two polymer systems. PBAT and
PEA gave better results than PCL and PBSA. Contact angle
measurements showed that there was a marked increase in
the hydrophobic character in the blend containing 10%
polyester. The different combinations of TPS and polyesters
gave a wide range of mechanical behaviour for compostable
materials. 23 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.817906
Item 171
Italia Imballaggio
No. 5, May 2001, p.124-5
Italian; English
HEATFORMED BIOPLASTICS, OR RATHER
NATURPAKS
Biodegradable thermoformed rigid transparent packaging
trays and containers for food have been produced by
Termoplast. Called NaturPaks, the containers are made
from an innovative, plant-derived polylactide which is
compostable according to ISO, CEN ASTM, and DIN
draft regulations. They can be disposed of together with
food for compost waste collection.
TERMOPLAST
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.817516
Item 172
ENDS Report
No.315, April 2001, p.29-32
EASY CLAIMS, DIFFICULT CHOICES ON
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Despite setbacks in the 1990s, several chemicals and
packaging businesses are once again promoting
biodegradable plastics and there are signs that this time
some important end-user businesses are showing an
interest. However, while biodegradability is a plus in the
compost heap, it is not of benefit in methane-emitting
landfill sites. Life cycle analysis of Cargill Dow’s
polylactic acid shows that the product has potential to
cut overall fossil resources by 20-50% when compared
with some of the petrochemical-based polymers it is
intended to replace. Other players in the market offer
biodegradable polyesters made from petrochemicals.
64
These include BASF’s Ecoflex and Eastman Chemical’s
Eastar Bio.
WORLD
Accession no.816630
Item 173
Journal of Polymer Engineering
20, No.4, July/Aug.2000, p.287-304
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER BLENDS BASED
ON POLYETHYLENE AND NATURAL
POLYMERS. DEGRADATION IN SOIL
Tudorachi N; Cascaval C N; Rusu M
Petru Poni,Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry;
Iasi,Technical University
Blend films based on LDPE and various natural polymers,
namely, non-modified and chemically modified wood
flour, starch, lignin and dextrin, are exposed to soil over
periods of 6, 12 and 24 months. Mechanical properties,
weight loss, water absorption and thermal behaviour of
the samples exposed to soil are evaluated. Biodegradation
of the PE/natural polymer blends is influenced by the
nature of the natural polymer used, the capacity of the
samples to water absorption, as well as by the duration of
exposure in soil. Incorporation of the natural polymer in
PE is associated with a decrease in the mechanical
properties of PE, and with an increase in the susceptibility
to biodegradation in the environment. 19 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA
Accession no.816064
Item 174
Plastics Additives & Compounding
3, No.3, March 2001, p.9
BIODEGRADABLE FOOD WRAP ROTS WITH
ORGANIC WASTE
Ecoflex, a fully biodegradable polymer material from BASF
is claimed to be the first food wrap that also acts as a fertiliser.
Films and wrappings made from Ecoflex rot along with the
organic waste. The material is water and grease resistant,
making it possible for Ecoflex to be used for refuse sacks,
grocery bags and airtight films. In addition, it can be used as
an agricultural sheet to protect young plants from frost, and
when finished with, can be ploughed under and left to
decompose in the soil. It is made from adipic acid, butanediol
and terephthalic acid, and it is the length of the molecular
chains along with their branchings and interconnections that
affects the properties of the biodegradable plastic.
BASF
USA
Accession no.815454
Item 175
Macromolecular Bioscience
1, No.1, 8th Feb.2001, p.1-24 THIS ISSUE IS
PUBLISHED WITHIN MACROMOLECULAR
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Vol.202, No.2, 8th
Feb.2001
PERSPECTIVES FOR BIOTECHNOLOGICAL
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF
BIOPOLYMERS: METABOLIC ENGINEERING OF
POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE BIOSYNTHESIS
PATHWAYS AS A SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLE
Steinbuchel A
Munster,Westfalische Wilhelms University
An overview of biopolymers is given.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are complex polyesters
consisting of hydroxyalkanoic acids synthesised by
bacteria. Research developments on enzymatic processes
for the synthesis of PHAs in microorganisms are reviewed.
Successful in-vivo and in-vitro techniques for the synthesis
and biotechnical production of PHAs with medium-chain-
length 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids and short-chain-length
hydroxyalkanoic acids are described. 185 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.810771
Item 176
International Journal of Polymeric Materials
48, No.1, 2000, p.79-97
CHARACTERISATION OF A FLAME
RETARDANT PLANT POLYMER AND ITS
INFLUENCE ON THE PROPERTIES OF
RUBBER VULCANISATE
Ghosh S N; Ghosh A K; Adhikari B; Maita S
Indian Institute of Technology
A renewable polymer, collected as a gum from a local
plant (Moringa Oleifera) is characterised by various
techniques. i.e. solubility, viscosity, IR, elemental
analysis, etc. It is compounded with various elastomeric
systems such as NR, NBR and chloroprene rubber (CR)
in order to judge its compatibility in the base polymers.
200% and 300% moduli, tensile strength, elongation at
break (%) and hardness of the vulcanisates are measured.
Surface morphology of the tear tensile specimen is studied
by scanning electron microscopy. Retention mechanical
properties after leaching with boiling acetone for 48h,
with water at 30 deg.C for 48h and isothermal ageing at
100 + or -2 deg.C for 72h of the samples is also measured.
The results are compared with those of a non-polymeric
fire retardant additive, Sb2O3, in an identical condition,
as the plant polymer has shown potential fire retardant
properties. Results indicate that the plant polymer-rubber
blends show, in general, improved retention of tensile
properties before and after ageing and leaching. 13 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.810162
Item 177
BioCycle Journal of Composting & Recycling
42, No.2, Feb.2001, p.74-5
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS AND
ORGANICS RECYCLING
Kitch D
US,Grains Council
A global overview is presented on the markets, policies,
opportunities, constraints and trends, which impact on
the use of bioplastics, focussing on such countries as
Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Korea, China, India and
Thailand.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.809031
Item 178
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
79, No.14, 1st April 2001, p.2548-57
PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
LDPE/STARCH PRODUCTS
Matzinos P; Bikiaris D; Kokkou S; Panayiotou C
Thessaloniki,Aristotle University
LDPE/plasticised starch blends varying in starch content
were processed by conventional extrusion, injection
moulding and film blowing techniques. PE-g-maleic
anhydride was used as a compatibiliser. X-ray diffraction
was used to investigate starch destructurisation during
extrusion and on subsequent processing. The effect of
starch content on the blends was evaluated by mechanical
property measurement and SEM. Starch, apart from being
a biodegradable material, could also act as a reinforcing
agent. The reinforcing effect of starch was only realised
in injection-moulded materials. Processing-structure-
property relationships could explain this behaviour. The
effect that the degree of molecular orientation existing in
a polymeric matrix could have on the coupling
performance of an adhesion promoter was also examined.
21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.807481
Item 179
Journal of Polymers and the Environment
8, No.1, Jan.2000, p.33-7
REACTIVE BLENDING OF BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS: PLA AND STARCH
Chang Lim Jun
Seoul,Hong Ik University; NSF Biodegradable Polymer
Research Center
Polylactic acid(PLA) and starch were blended with a
reactive agent during the extrusion process. The effects
of the reactive blending were investigated and significant
improvements were confirmed by measurements of TS
and EB, by IR spectroscopy and by DSC. Very brittle
PLA, blended with 25 and 50% starch, with only 1%
reactive agent, was shown to result in very useful, wholly
biodegradable polymeric material with TS 1000 to 1400
N/sq cm and about 40 to 80% elongation. Aliphatic 1,6-
65
 References and Abstracts
hexane diisocyanate was a very effective agent for the
reactive blending of PLA/starch. The effect of plasticiser
on the PLA/starch was also investigated. 13 refs.
KOREA; USA
Accession no.807454
Item 180
Journal of Polymers and the Environment
8, No.1, Jan.2000, p.1-9
THERMAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
OF COMMERCIAL-GRADE POLY(LACTIC
ACID)S
Dorgan J R; Lehermeier H; Mang M
Colorado,School of Mines; Cargill Dow Polymers
The thermal and rheological properties of two
commercial-grade polylactic acids(PLAs) (from Cargill-
Dow Polymers), one linear and one branched, were
investigated. The crystallisation kinetics of the branched
polymer were thought to be faster than those of the linear
analogue. Longer relaxation times in the terminal region
for the branched material compared with the linear
material manifested itself as a higher zero shear rate
viscosity. The branched material, however, shear-thinned
more strongly, resulting in a lower value of viscosity at
high shear rates. Comparison of the linear viscoelastic
spectra of the branched material with the spectra for star
PLAs suggested that the branched structure was
characterised by a span molec.wt. of approximately
63,000 g/mol. The results conclusively demonstrated that
a wide spectrum of flow properties was available through
simple structural modification of PLA, thus allowing the
use of these degradable thermoplastics in a variety of
processing operations. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.807451
Item 181
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
79, No.12, 21st March 2001, p.2128-35
INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS
ON THE DEGRADATION OF POLY(L-LACTIDE)
DURING EXTRUSION
Taubner V; Shishoo R
Swedish Institute for Fibre & Polymer Research
The effect of processing conditions during melt extrusion
in a double screw extruder on the degradation of poly(L-
lactide) was investigated, using temps. of 210 and 240C,
and screw rotation speeds of 20 and 120 rpm. In order to
study the effect of moisture on the thermal degradation
during processing, the polymer granules were dried at
100C for 5h and then either extruded directly or
conditioned at 65% relative humidity and 20C for 24h
prior to extrusion. It was found that the temp. in the
extruder should be kept at a low level to minimise
degradation of the polymer during processing. Processing
at 240C and 20 rpm resulted in severe thermal degradation
66
and the moisture content in the polymer probably did not
contribute further to the degradation process. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.807395
Item 182
Popular Plastics and Packaging
46, No.2, Feb.2001, p.65-8
SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF PLASTIC
MATERIAL ON ENVIRONMENT: ECO-
FRIENDLY ASPECTS
Srivastava A; Kumar V; Singh P
Sant Longowal,Institute of Engineering & Technology;
Punjab,University
The advantages of plastic materials have accelerated their
growth in areas like packaging, transportation, domestic
appliances and information technology. Currently, plastic
materials have a 29% share of the flexible packaging
market. Waste management of scrap polymers and current
applications of recycled plastics are discussed. Plastics
available from botanical resources, biodegradable plastics
and starch-based polymers are examined. It is claimed that
the effects of plastic materials could be reduced to an eco-
friendly level by initiating an awareness programme among
end users and processors concerning factors such as use,
disposal, recycling and health hazards. 39 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.806963
Item 183
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 716
BIODEGRADABLE LAMINATES AND
COMPOSITES CONTAINING STARCH AND
POLY(HYDROXYESTER-ETHERS)
Shogren R L; Lawton J W; Doane W M; Willett J L
US,Dept.of Agriculture
(SPE)
Laminated sheets with an inner layer of thermoplastic
starch/water and outer layers of poly(hydroxy ester ethers)
(PHEE) were produced by extrusion, and three-layer blown
films were also prepared with poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-
valerate) outer layers and an interlayer of starch/poly(vinyl
alcohol)/glycerol/water. Foam granules of starch/PHEE
were prepared using a twin screw extruder. The PHEE
exhibited good adhesion to the starch sheets and foam,
providing cold water resistance for short time periods. The
adhesion decreased with increasing water or glycerol
content in the starch, and increased with the addition of
partially hydrolysed poly(vinyl alcohol). A predominantly
PHEE thin surface layer formed on the granules which
contained 5-20% PHEE, giving foams with a higher
expansion ratio, greater water resistance and reduced
friability compared with starch foams. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.805724
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 184
Plastics Network
No.13, 2000, p.33-4
PLA POLYMERS. INJECTION MOLDING
PROCESS GUIDE
A guide to the injection moulding of polylactide polymers
(‘Nature Works’ from Cargill Dow Polymers LLC) is
presented, covering processing temp. profile, machine
configuration, start-up and shutdown, and in-line drying.
The FDA status of the polymers for food-contact
applications is discussed and the compostability of the
polymers is mentioned.
DOW CHEMICAL PACIFIC LTD.; CARGILL DOW
POLYMERS LLC; US,FOOD & DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
CHINA
Accession no.805146
Item 185
International Polymer Processing
15, No.4, Dec.2000, p.380-5
DEVELOPMENT OF A DIRECT
POLYCONDENSATION PROCESS FOR POLY(L-
LACTIC ACID)
Fukushima T; Sumihiro Y; Koyanagi K; Hashimoto N;
Kimura Y; Sakai T
Japan Steel Works Ltd.; Kyoto,Institute of Technology
Poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA) of very high molec.wt. was
prepared using a two-step polycondensation process in
which melt-phase polycondensation was conducted with
the reflux of free lactide and accompanied by twin-screw
extrusion and solid-phase polycondensation. p-Toluene
sulphonic acid could be used as a discolouration
prevention agent in the solid-phase polycondensation
process and it was also effective for deactivation and
stabilisation of the tin(II) catalyst. PLLA with Mw
266,000 was obtained without discolouration. PLLA of
Mw 134,000 was also obtained by the non-solvent bulk
polycondensation process on a laboratory scale. 4 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.805030
Item 186
Asian Plastics News
Oct.2000, p.24
IS ASIA SET FOR BIODEGRADABLES?
Warmington A
It is explained in this detailed article that increasingly
strict environmental legislation in Japan, regarding waste
management, could kick-start the Asian biodegradable
plastics market into rapid growth. The situation is fully
explored, with discussion on Japan’s organic waste,
manufacturer responsibility, as well as developments in
Taiwan, Korea, India, Pakistan, China, Thailand,
Malaysia, and the Philippines.
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
US,GRAINS COUNCIL; SHOWA HIGHPOLYMER;
MITSUI CHEMICALS; CARGILL DOW;
JAPAN,BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS SOCIETY;
JAPAN,ORGANICS RECYCLING ASSOCIATION
ASIA; CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; GERMANY; HONG KONG; INDIA; JAPAN; KOREA;
MALAYSIA; PAKISTAN; PHILIPPINES; TAIWAN; THAILAND;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.804708
Item 187
European Medical Device Manufacturer
11, No.7, Nov./Dec.2000, p.60/5
NATURAL BIOMATERIALS BENEFIT
IMPLANTS
Lichtman B
Industry is partnering with several groups of academic
researchers, in order to explore the use of natural materials
(such as starch-based polymers, and thermoplastic
proteins from casein and soy) in implantable devices and
in human tissue engineering. This article provides an
update on recent developments.
MINHO,UNIVERSIDADE; ISOTIS NV;
WAGENINGEN,UNIVERSITY;
LIVERPOOL,UNIVERSITY; BRUNEL UNIVERSITY;
CSIC; TWENTE,UNIVERSITY;
HACETTEPE,UNIVERSITY; JAPAN,NATIONAL
INST.FOR ADVANCED INTERDISCIPLINARY
RESEARCH; SINGAPORE,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN;
NETHERLANDS; PORTUGAL; SINGAPORE; SPAIN; TURKEY;
UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.804402
Item 188
High Performance Plastics
Jan.2001, p.1/2
USE OF NATURAL RAW MATERIALS FOR
POLYMERS GAINING MOMENTUM
It is reported in this article that the push for the industrial
application of plant-based materials (such as sugar beet
and natural fibres) has recently received a significant
boost, in that the US Dept. of Energy has opened its
National Bioenergy Center. The success of Dow Gargill’s
“NatureWorks” polymer made from renewable resources
such as corn and cassava has also increased interest in
this area.
US,DEPT.OF ENERGY; CARGILL DOW LLC;
US,NATIONAL BIOENERGY CENTER
EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
Accession no.804356
Item 189
Chemical and Engineering News
79, No.4, 22nd Jan.2001, p.61-2
NATURE’S PANTRY IS OPEN FOR BUSINESS
Wilkinson S L
67
 References and Abstracts
A research team at Fukui University of Technology is
using coffee grounds and molasses as raw materials for
biodegradable PU foams and composites. The pyranose
and furanose structures in the saccharides in the molasses
give rigidity and toughness to the PU component of the
composite. Coffee grounds improve the composite’s
mechanical properties such as strength and elasticity.
Kyoto University is carrying out the conversion of
biomass resources such as wood waste or waste from the
food industry into plastics and resins. Eastman Chemical
relies on cellulose from trees and cotton plants as a
substitute for petroleum feedstocks to make polymers that
serve as key formulation materials for plastics, paints and
other products.
FUKUI,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY;
KYOTO,UNIVERSITY; EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.803610
Item 190
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.433-7
LIGNOCELLULOSIC FIBRE REINFORCED
CASEINATE PLASTICS
Fossen M; Ormel I; Van Vilsteren G E T; Jongsma T J
Wageningen,Agrotechnological Research Institute
Biodegradable natural fibre-reinforced caseinate plastics
were obtained by mixing the plastic with either flax fibres
or wood pulp fibres and the effects of the fibre and fibre
volume fraction on the mechanical properties of the
composites investigated. It was found that reinforcement
of the plastic with up to 20 wt.% of these natural fibres
gave rise to composites exhibiting a six-fold increase in
tensile modulus and a five-fold increase in tensile strength,
which were attributed to the adhesion between the
hydroxyl groups of the fibre and the hydrophilic moieties
of the plastic. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.803429
Item 191
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.292
AMBIPOLAR CARRIER TRANSPORT IN SELF-
ORGANISING TERTHIOPHENE MOLECULAR
SEMICONDUCTORS
Funahashi M; Hanna J I
Tokyo,Institute of Technology
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
In relation to the electronic carrier transport in organic
materials, very interesting properties have been reported
in discotic liquid crystals and smectic liquid crystals,
characterised by high mobility over 10-3 sq.cm/Vs
independent of electric field and temperature. On the basis
68
of studies on 2-phenylnaphthalene derivatives, new
dialkylterthiophene derivatives exhibiting self-
organisation of smectic mesophases are designed and
synthesised in order to achieve electron transport. Their
carrier transport properties are characterised by time-of-
flight technique and it is found that the new terthiophenes
exhibit very fast electron mobility in highly ordered phase.
The ambipolar carrier transport properties of the
terthiophenes are described. 10 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.802779
Item 192
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.488-92
COIR-BASED FIBREBOARD FOR MOULDED
COMPONENTS
Wiedman G A; Costa C Z; Nahuz M A R
Sao Paulo,University; Sao Paulo,Instituto de Pesquisas
Tecnologicas
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Technical feasibility for the production of fibre boards
from coconut fibre using tannin and urea-formaldehyde
binders is evaluated. The basic properties of the panels
are presented and an industrial application of the
composite is proposed in a school chair prototype. 7 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.802324
Item 193
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.206-11
PROCESSING AND CHARACTERISATION OF
PLASTICISED STARCH 1 TUNICIN WHISKERS
NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS
Angles M N; Vignon M R; Dufresne A
CERMAV-CNRS
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Starch is not truly thermoplastic as most synthetic
polymers. However, it can be melted by water addition
and made to flow at high temperatures under pressure
and shear. In order to extrude or mould starch, it should
be converted into thermoplastic starch. Addition of water
or other plasticisers enables starch to flow under milder
conditions and reduces degradation considerably. By
itself, starch is a poor choice as a replacement for any
plastic. It is mostly water soluble, difficult to process and
brittle when used without plasticiser addition. Its
mechanical properties are very sensitive to moisture
content, which is difficult to control. Previous research
has shown that some properties can be significantly
improved by blending with cellulose fillers. Improved
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
thermomechanical properties and decrease of the water
sensitivity of these systems are reported. However, the
understanding of the phenomena involved in these
improvements requires processing and characterisation
of model systems. Such a system can be obtained using
cellulose whiskers as filler. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.802278
Item 194
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.201-5
STARCH BASED BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS
& PRODUCTS
Narayan R
Michigan,State University
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Polymers have been designed in the past to resist
degradation. The challenge is to design polymers that have
the necessary functionality during use, but destruct under
the stimulus of an environmental trigger after use. The
trigger could be microbially, hydrolytically or oxidatively
susceptible linkage built into the backbone of the polymer,
or additives that catalyse breakdown of the polymer chains
in specific environments. More importantly, the
breakdown products should not be toxic or persist in the
environment, and should be completely utilised by soil
microorganisms. In order to ensure market acceptance of
biodegradable products, the ultimate biodegradability of
these materials in the appropriate waste management
infrastructures needs to be demonstrated beyond doubt.
Measurement of biodegradability, and relating it to the
appropriate disposal environment is an essential criteria
to be met by biodegradable plastics. Standards have been
developed or under development to evaluate
biodegradability under different environmental/disposal
conditions. Work carried out in the field of starch based
biodegradable plastic product technologies is summarised.
16 refs.
USA
Accession no.802277
Item 195
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
79, No.525, March 2000, p.234-5
Spanish
NEW PROCESS FOR POLYMER PRODUCTION
USING A NATURAL BASE
The development by Cargill Dow Polymers of the
NatureWorks process for polymer production from
renewable resources such as maize and other sugar or
starch containing plants is reported. An examination is
made of the applications, biodegradability and other
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
properties of PLA NatureWorks polylactic acids produced
by this process, and for the production of which the
Company is constructing a 140,000 tonnes p.a. capacity
plant at Blair, Nebraska.
CARGILL DOW POLYMERS LLC; CARGILL INC.;
DOW CHEMICAL CO.
USA
Accession no.800839
Item 196
Advanced Materials
12, No.23, 1st Dec.2000, p.1841-6
POLYLACTIC ACID TECHNOLOGY
Drumright R E; Gruber P R; Henton D E
Cargill Dow LLC
The use of polylactic acid as a viable alternative to
petrochemical-based plastics materials for many
applications is discussed. The production of polylactic
acid from renewable resources such as corn and sugar
beet is described, together with its biodegradability to give
water, carbon dioxide and humus. The physical properties
of the polymers are considered and applications in fields
such as paper coating, fibres, films and packaging are
discussed. 53 refs.
USA
Accession no.800709
Item 197
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
78, No.13, 20th Dec.2000, p.2345-57
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE AND DEGRADATION
TIME OVER THE MECHANICAL DYNAMICAL
PERFORMANCE OF STARCH-BASED
BIOMATERIALS
Mano J F; Reis R L; Cunha A M
Minho,Universidade
Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to study the
viscoelastic behaviour of a polymeric system comprising
a blend of starch and a copolymer of poly(ethylene-vinyl
alcohol). Two main relaxation processes were identified,
at 30 and 90 degree C and their kinetic behaviour
investigated. It was necessary to characterise the
dependence of the solid rheological properties upon
moisture content, in order to decide whether the
materials would be useful in a range of orthopaedic
applications. It is also important to study the evolution
of its dynamic mechanical properties as a function of
immersion time in simulated physiological solutions. At
the low temperature relaxation a plasticisation effect due
to moisture was clearly seen. The degradation was of
the blend in bovine serum solutions showed there to be
no significant decreasing of stiffness for times up to 60
days. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PORTUGAL;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.800143
69
 References and Abstracts
Item 198
Chemical Engineering
107, No.10, Sept.2000, p.31/7
ENGINEERING CHEMICALS FROM CROPS
Crabb C
It is explained that plant-derived monomers, solvents, and
adhesives reduce dependence on petroleum-based raw
materials. This article discusses the current interest in the
development of bio-based technologies, by both
governments seeking to protect the environment, and by
industry looking for safer sustainable processes at lower
investment and operation costs.
DUPONT CO.; AMES NATIONAL LABORATORY;
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY; MIDWEST
CONSORTIUM FOR SUSTAINABLE BIOBASED
PRODUCTS & BIOENERGY; TATE & LYLE CITRIC
ACID; GENENCOR INTERNATIONAL INC.;
CARGILL DOW LLC; INTERFACE INC.; BASF
CORP.; HIGH PLAINS CORP.; AUDUBON SUGAR
INSTITUTE; VERTEC BIOSOLVENTS LLC;
ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND; US,FOOD & DRUG
ADMINISTRATION; ECOVER PRODUCTS NV;
ARGO INDUSTRIE RESEARCHES &
DEVELOPMENTS; US,DEPT.OF AGRICULTURE;
OWENS CORNING; US,DEPT.OF ENERGY;
FORMICA INC.
BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; FRANCE; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL; WORLD
Accession no.799967
Item 199
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 412
DEVELOPMENT OF A REACTIVE EXTRUSION
PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
PLASTICIZED FILM GRADE POLYLACTIC
ACID
Williams R K; Koenig S R
Aspen Research Corp.
(SPE)
The screw design of a co-rotating, intermeshing twin-
screw extruder was optimised for the reactive extrusion
of film grade poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The processing was
considered as a series of nine unit operations, involving
metering and melting of the PLA, addition of plasticiser
which was pre-blended with organic peroxide initiator,
mixing, devolatilisation, and pumping to underwater
pelletisation equipment. The operations were optimised
to maximise throughput and devolatilisation, whilst
minimising gel formation and blocking. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.799927
Item 200
Polymer
41, No.9, 2000, p.3395-403
70
SINGLE-STEP REACTIVE EXTRUSION OF
POLYLACTIDE IN A COROTATING TWIN-
SCREW EXTRUDER PROMOTED BY 2-
ETHYLHEXANOIC ACID TIN(II) SALT AND
TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE
Jacobsen S; Fritz H G; Degee Ph; Dubois Ph; Jerome R
Stuttgart,Institut fur Kunststofftechnologie;
Liege,University
The batch, bulk ring-opening polymerisation of L,L-
lactide using an equimolar complex of 2-ethylhexanoic
acid tin(II) and triphenylphosphine as catalyst in glass
ampoules showed polymerisation kinetics (propagation
rate) fast enough to anticipate a continuous single-step
reactive extrusion. L,L-Lactide was fed into a closely
intermeshing corotating twin-screw extruder having a
screw diameter of 25 mm and a L/D ratio of 48. The
machine was divided into 12 sections which could be
temperature controlled. Polymerisation occurred at 185C.
The tip of the screw was equipped with a static mixer to
homogenise the material and improve distribution of
stabiliser (Ultranox 626 from GE Speciality Chem.). The
polymer was extruded through a strand die, cooled by a
constant flow of air and pelletised. The effects of
processing conditions on molecular weight, thermal
properties (Tg, crystallisation and melting) and TS were
determined. The future value of polylactide as a
biodegradable material from renewable sources is pointed
out. 14 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.799539
Item 201
Polymer
41, No.9, 2000, p.3227-34
EFFECT OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ADDITIVES ON ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION
OF POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE)
Yoshie N; Nakasato K; Fujiwara M; Kasuya K; Abe H;
Doi Y; Inoue Y
Tokyo,Institute of Technology; Japan,Institute of
Physical & Chemical Research
The additives dodecanol, lauric acid, tributyrin and
trilaurin were mixed with bacterial poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate). From Tg and cold crystallisation
temperature data it was concluded that these additives
were miscible with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and acted
as plasticisers. The enzymatic degradation of melt-
crystallised films of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/additive
mixtures was investigated in aqueous solution of poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase purified from Alcaligenes
faecalis T1. The mixtures showed degradability different
from pure poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). A fairly small amount
(1 wt%) of additive acts as an accelerator for the
enzymatic degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), while
a larger amount (9 wt%) of additive acts as a retardant.
All four additives showed similar trend. The retardation
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
effect of additives observed for the mixtures containing
9 wt% additive is ascribed to the segregation of the
additive on the film surface. The additives on the surface
prevent an attack of the enzymes on the poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate) molecules. The higher molecular
mobility in the amorphous phase and the thinner lamella
are possible factors that accelerate the degradation of
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) containing 1 wt% additives. This
result shows that the enzymatic degradability of poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate) is controllable by adding low molecular
weight additives. 32 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.799519
Item 202
Polymer
42, No.4, 2001, p.1567-79
SOYBEAN OIL-DIVINYLBENZENE
THERMOSETTING POLYMERS: SYNTHESIS,
STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIPS
Li F; Hanson M V; Larock R C
Iowa State University
Results are reported of an investigation of the synthesis-
structure-property relationships of the thermosetting
polymers prepared directly from soybean oil, LoSatSoy
oil and conjugated LoSatSoy oil by cationic
polymerisation initiated by boron trifluoride diethyl
etherate and modified initiating systems. The advantages
of these polymeric materials are their low cost, availability
from a renewable natural resource and their possible
biodegradability. The dynamic mechanical properties and
thermal stability of the polymers are discussed. 27 refs.
USA
Accession no.798935
Item 203
Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August
1999. Conference proceedings.
New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.928
POLYMERISATION OF PHENYLLACTIDE
Simmons T L; Baker G L
Michigan,State University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Polylactic acid (polylactide) is a biodegradable and
biocompatible polymer with uses ranging from sutures
and drug delivery systems to packaging materials. Current
methods for the modification of the physical properties
of polylactide have focused primarily on copolymers;
however only a limited number of monomers are available
that copolymerise with lactide. The use of substituted
lactic acids would provide access to a broader range of
lactide polymers and copolymers, expanding their range
of physical properties while maintaining the degradability
of polylactide. Phenyllactic acid has been polymerised
previously by direct condensation of the alpha-hydroxy
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
acid to yield polyphenyllactic acid in molecular weights
(Mn) as high as 3300 g/mol. These polymers are shown
to be biodegradable; however, the molecular weight is
too low to be useful in most applications, By using ring-
opening polymerisation to convert the cyclic dimer of
phenyllactic acid to the polymer, it is possible to obtain
molecular weights (M.) as high as 60,000 g/mol. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.798818
Item 204
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
11, Nos.8-12, Aug./Dec.2000, p.865-72
MOLECULAR DESIGN AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF
BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS
Sudesh K; Doi Y
Japan Science & Technology Corp.; RIKEN,Institute
A review is presented of recent developments in the
molecular design and biosynthesis of biodegradable
polyesters, particular attention being paid to studies
conducted at the RIKEN Institute. Topics covered include
constituents of polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHAs), reasons
why bacteria synthesise PHAs, mechanism of bacterial
synthesis of PHAs, PHA synthase as the key enzyme of
PHA biosynthesis, metabolic pathways that produce
hydroxyacyl coenzyme A for PHA synthase, design and
synthesis of a particular type of PHA, PHA synthesis by
using a particular type of bacteria isolated from nature,
PHA synthesis by using appropriate carbon sources, PHA
synthesis by engineering suitable metabolic pathways and
PHA synthesis by other methods. 110 refs. (5th
International Symposium on Polymers for Advanced
Technologies, Tokyo, Aug./Sept.1999)
JAPAN
Accession no.798073
Item 205
Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri
65, No.3, March 2000, p.126-9
Italian
BIOPOLYMERS FROM THE EXTRUDER
Lyschik W M; Heinrich A
Supol GmbH; Berstorff GmbH
Details are given of a reactive extrusion and esterification
process used by Supol of Germany to produce
biodegradable polymers from starch and vegetable oil
resins. The Compex Multiprocess Compounder MPC 48/
2 co-rotating twin-screw extruder (Berstorff) used in the
preparation of the polymers is also described.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.797734
Item 206
Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August
1999. Conference proceedings.
71
 References and Abstracts
New Orleans, La., August 1999, p618-9.
IDENTIFYING TOXIC DEGRADATION
PRODUCTS IN CELLULOSE ACETATE
DIALYSERS
Lucas A D; Wallis R R; Hutter J C; Kalson J A
US,Food & Drug Administration
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
In 1996, seven patients at Hospital A suffered
conjunctivitis, hearing loss, vertigo and other severe
neurological symptoms 7-24 h after haemodialysis
treatment. Potential causes of this incident, such things
as bacterial contamination, improper operation of the
water supply or toxins in the dialysate were eliminated.
12-year-old dialysis modules were identified as a common
link between these patients. Degradation of the cellulose
acetate (CA) material was postulated as the cause of this
incident. CA dialysis membranes were retrieved and tested
for degradation products. To verify the cause of this
incident a series of in vitro tests of various CA degradation
products is conducted. Based on the toxicity of the
material preparations to the cells, animal tests are
performed on selected CA degradation extracts. Rabbits
are injected IV extracts from a 13-year-old dialyser,
synthesised model compounds and compared to controls.
The blood chemistry and ophthalmological evaluation of
the rabbits indicate that oxidative stress at some point in
the storage or manufacture of CA dialysers creates
degradation products that can reproduce some of the
symptoms identified at Hospital A. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.797508
Item 207
Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August
1999. Conference proceedings.
New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.211
PROTEINS AS AMPHIPATHIC BIOPOLYMERIC
MATERIALS
Cannon G; Goodwin S; Stroud P; Martin G;
McCormick C L
Southern Mississippi,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Many naturally-occurring proteins perform their native
functions by acting as stimuli-responsive, amphipathic
biopolymer materials. It is therefore feasible that the goals
of many polymer design projects could be met by naturally-
occurring biopolymers, providing their structure can be
modified sufficiently to provide the specific chemical and
physical characteristics. Recombinant DNA technology has
developed to the point that it is reasonable to assume that
almost any sequence modification of a known functional
protein is possible and that complete design and de novo
synthesis of novel protein-based materials is feasible. The
use of such materials has a number of advantages such as
inherent biodegradability, the extremely wide variety of
molecule types and functions available, and the potential
low cost of production. To study the potential of such an
72
approach to polymer design and synthesis and to develop
routine methods for molecular discovery and modification,
the production of a biopolymer capable of associating
tightly with nonpolar molecules while being dispersed in
an aqueous solution is set as a goal. Stimuli-responsive
triggers designed into such a model molecule should allow
release of the nonpolar guest molecule upon changing some
solution parameter such as pH. An initial study focused on
de novo synthesis of a completely artificial polypeptide
and has progressed to the detailed investigation of two
naturally occurring molecules whose native functions make
them excellent candidates for recombinant modification
and production as stimuli controllable carriers of
hydrophobic molecules in aqueous environments.
Inexpensive, biodegradable molecules of this type have
tremendous potential in applications such as drug delivery,
protective encapsulation and environmental remediation.
6 refs.
USA
Accession no.797383
Item 208
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 136
TOWARDS DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR
INJECTION MOLDED BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS PRODUCTS
Kandachar P; Koster R
Delft,University
(SPE)
Tensile and impact specimens were prepared by injection
moulding from two semicrystalline biodegradable
thermoplastics: polyesteramide and polyhydroxybutyrate,
to determine the influence of moulding conditions on
mechanical properties. Increasing the melt inlet
temperature of the polyesteramide gave a more flexible
and compliant material, which was attributed to reduced
flow-induced orientation and hence a lower degree of
crystallinity. Yield stresses increased and yield strains
decreased with increasing fill pressure, except when the
plasticising back pressure was reduced. Increasing fill
pressure resulted in increased flow-induced orientation,
a higher degree of crystallinity and enhanced
crystallisation transverse to the flow direction. Reduced
plasticising back pressures required higher pressures for
mould filling, resulting in higher yield strains but lower
maximum stress and strain values. It is proposed that the
lower values may be a consequence of polymer
degradation. Increasing the cooling rate resulted in a more
ductile material, attributed to a lower degree of
crystallinity. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.795491
Item 209
Modern Plastics International
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
30, No.11, Nov.2000, p.28-9
POLYMERS GAIN CREDIBILITY IN WASTE
COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Leaversuch R D; DeFosse M
At the recent Sydney Olympic Games, some 40 million
disposables, including cutlery, drinking straws, cup lids and
garbage liners used by those in attendance ended up as
part of the entire food waste stream in city composting
facilities. BioCorp, the processor and distributor of pieces
used at the games, utilises a corn-based polymer, Mater-Bi
supplied by Novamont. Millennium Plastics compounds
water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol for moulding and
extrusion, emphasising end-uses which highlight its ability
to dissolve in water. One application of the company’s
Solplax compounds is a water-soluble perforation ball seal
widely used in oil fields. Eastman’s Eastar Bio is gaining
use as film in laminated food and meat trays, non-woven
applications and some extrusion coating.
WORLD
Accession no.795192
Item 210
Sao Carlos, Brazil, EMBRAPA, 2000, pp.x,593. 29cms.
7/11/00
NATURAL POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL
SYMPOSIUM AND THE WORKSHOP ON
PROGRESS IN PRODUCTION AND
PROCESSING OF CELLULOSIC FIBRES AND
NATURAL POLYMERS HELD SAO PEDRO,
BRAZIL, 14TH-17TH MAY 2000
EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
This collection of papers focus on the latest technologies
and new concepts available worldwide in the field of
natural polymers and composites. Main sessions examine
natural polymers and fibres, polysaccharides, lignins and
derivatives, biobased polymers, and composites. The final
session looks progress in production and processing of
cellulose fibres and natural polymers.
Accession no.793777
Item 211
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
38, No.21, 1st Nov.2000, p.2841-50
BIODEGRADABLE FIBERS OF POLY(3-
HYDROXYBUTYRATE) PRODUCED BY HIGH-
SPEED MELT SPINNING AND SPIN DRAWING
Schmack G; Jehnichen D; Vogel R; Taendler B
Dresden,Institute for Polymer Research EV
The effects of high-speed melt spinning and spin drawing
on the structure and properties of bacterially-generated
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) fibres were investigated. The
fibres were characterised by studies of their degree of
crystallinity by DSC and wide-angle X-ray
scattering(WAXS), their orientation by WAXS and the
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
textile physical properties. The WAXS studies showed
that the fibres spun at high speeds and high draw ratios
possessed orthorhombic and hexagonal crystals, the latter
as a result of stress-induced crystallisation. The fibre
structures formed during these processes were fibril-like.
The maximum physical break stress, modulus and EB
observed in the fibril-like spin drawn fibres were about
330 MPa, 7.7 GPa and 37%, respectively. The fibres
obtained by a low draw ratio of 4.0 had spherulitic
structures and poor textile physical properties. 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.792539
Item 212
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
38, No.21, 1st Nov.2000, p.2721-38
NEW SOYBEAN OIL-STYRENE-
DIVINYLBENZENE THERMOSETTING
COPOLYMERS. II. DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Fengkui Li; Larock R C
Iowa State University
A range of polymeric materials from soft rubbers to hard,
tough and brittle plastics was prepared by the cationic
copolymerisation of regular soybean oil, low saturation
soybean oil (LoSatSoy oil) or conjugated LoSatSoy oil
with styrene and divinylbenzene, initiated by boron
trifluoride diethyl etherate or related modified initiators.
The relationship between the dynamic mechanical
properties of the polymers obtained and the stoichiometry,
types of soybean oils and crosslinking agents and different
modified initiators was investigated. The polymers based
on conjugated LoSatSoy oil, styrene and divinylbenzene
were shown to possess the highest room temp. moduli
and Tgs. 25 refs.
USA
Accession no.792529
Item 213
Biomaterials
21, No.23, Dec.2000, p.2335-46
SYNTHETIC BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS AS
ORTHOPAEDIC DEVICES
Middleton J C; Tipton A J
Birmingham Polymers Inc.
Polymer scientists, working closely with those in the
device and medical fields, have made tremendous
advances over the past 30 years in the use of synthetic
materials in the body. Emphasis is placed on properties
of biodegradable polymers making them ideally suited
to orthopaedic applications where a permanent implant
is not desired. The materials with the greatest history of
use are polylactides and polyglycolides, and these are
covered in specific detail. The chemistry of the polymers,
including synthesis and degradation, the tailoring of
73
 References and Abstracts
properties by proper synthetic controls such as copolymer
composition, special requirements for processing and
handling, and mechanisms of biodegradation are covered.
An overview of biocompatibility and approved devices
of particular interest in orthopaedics is presented. 37 refs.
USA
Accession no.792125
Item 214
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
27th Oct.2000, p.19
FINDING FORTUNE IN A FIELD OF DREAMS
James B
Cargill Dow Polymers has invested more than 300m US
dollars to build a world-scale facility that uses corn-
derived dextrose to make polylactide polymers based on
polylactide acid. Under the brand name NatureWorks
PLA, the new polymer is already used to make
biodegradable plastic packaging, waste bags and fibres
for clothing, upholstery and carpets. DuPont has
announced its intention to market its own plant-derived
polymer, polytrimethylene terephthalate, under the brand
name Sorona. Sorona PTT in its commercial form is not
biodegradable, but it is recyclable and can be stretched
up to 15% while retaining its original shape.
CARGILL DOW POLYMERS LLC; DUPONT CO.
USA
Accession no.791067
Item 215
Popular Plastics and Packaging
45, No.5, May 2000, p.83-4
GREENER PLASTICS?
The science and technology column, in a recent issue of
The Economist, describes the flurry of new research
promising greener plastics - of one shade or another. It
says that several biologically derived plastics, or
‘biopolymers’, that look desirable for reasons other than
their biodegradability, are emerging from the world’s
chemistry laboratories. A review of new developments is
presented.
CARGILL DOW POLYMERS
INDIA; USA
Accession no.789801
Item 216
Adhasion Kleben & Dichten
44, No.5, March 2000, p.40
German
BIOPOLYMERS ON A STARCH BASE
Cohpol is the trade name for starch-based biopolymers
from the Finnish firm of VTT Chemical Technology,
namely for nine technological areas protected by patents
and patent applications, including production methods for
new biologically degradable and compostable starch
74
derivatives and bioplast compounds through extrusion and
for aqueous dispersions from starch derivatives. Cohpol
products include starch derivatives and compounds for
water-based adhesives and hot-melt adhesives,
environmentally compatible materials for injection
moulding, dispersion compounds for paper and cardboard
cladding. Applications in packaging, painting, agriculture
and gardening are also reviewed.
VTT CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.789134
Item 217
Polymer Engineering and Science
40, No.9, Sept.2000, p.2086-94
PRODUCTION OF A NEW PARTIALLY
BIODEGRADABLE STARCH PLASTIC BY
REACTIVE EXTRUSION
De Graaf R A; Janssen L P B M
Groningen,University
The grafting of PS onto dissolved starch in a twin-screw
extruder was studied. The copolymerisation was initiated
using the thermal initiators benzoyl peroxide and
potassium persulphate. As end product, a mixture
containing PS-grafted starch, homopolymer of PS and
starch was obtained. Parameters such as screw rotation
rate, fully filled length of extruder, wall temp. and
throughput were varied in order to obtain information
about their influence on conversion, graft percentages and
molec.wt. of the materials formed. To increase the amount
of graft points, maleic anhydride was added, resulting in
an increased grafting of PS onto starch. Graft percentages
of 60% could be achieved. The total conversion of styrene
could be controlled by adjusting extruder parameters like
barrel temp., fully filled length and initiator type.
Conversions of 95% were found. Molec.wts. of the PS
formed could be controlled by adding a chain transfer
agent (dodecylmercaptan) to the styrene phase. In this
way, the molec.wt. of the styrenic part could be varied
from 20,000 to 140,000. The experiments with the chain
transfer agent showed that the grafting of PS onto starch
was a process occurring at the interface between the
dissolved starch and the styrene phase. 20 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.788881
Item 218
Modern Plastics International
30, No.6, June 2000, p.9
COMPOUNDER AIMS BIOPOLYMER AT ETP
In Germany, Supol GmbH is developing a biodegradable
polymer for markets served by engineering
thermoplastics. Supol’s materials differ from most
biodegradable plastics because they contain only
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
renewable raw materials to create a single-phase polymer.
Brief details are given.
SUPOL GMBH; FROST & SULLIVAN
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.787788
Item 219
Industria della Gomma
44, No.1, Jan./Feb.2000, p.44-6
Italian
FROM THE EARTH TO THE ROAD: MATER-BI
AS A REINFORCEMENT FOR TYRES
The structure of starch is examined, and the properties
and applications of Novamont’s Mater-Bi range of
biodegradable starch-containing polymers are described.
A project undertaken by Goodyear Research Center in
collaboration with Novamont to investigate the use of a
special grade of Mater-Bi as a filler in tyres is reported.
NOVAMONT SPA; MONTEDISON SPA;
CIUFFOGATTO; GOODYEAR RESEARCH CENTER
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
LUXEMBOURG; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.787199
Item 220
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry
Edition
38, No.16, 15th Aug.2000, p.2925-33
OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR THE SYNTHESIS
OF LINEAR POLYLACTIC ACID-BASED
URETHANES
Borda J; Bodnar I; Keki S; Sipos L; Zsuga M
Debrecen University
The reactions of polylactic acid(PLA) oligomers and
isocyanates (MDI and TDI) were studied. The effects of
the reaction conditions, i.e. the reaction time, reaction
temp., molar ratios, isocyanates and catalyst, on the
number-average molec.wt.(Mn) were examined. The
optimum reaction conditions were determined for the
synthesis of relatively high Mn, biodegradable PLA-based
linear PUs. The structure of the polymer samples was
investigated by dynamic light scattering, proton NMR,
IR and MALDI-TOF spectroscopies. 4 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Accession no.785937
Item 221
International Polymer Science and Technology
27, No.6, 2000, p.T/18-T/19. (Translation of
Plasticheskie Massy, No.10, 1999, p.12)
SELF-DEGRADING POLYMER FILMS
Degtyareva S N; Dontsova E P; Zharnenkova O A;
Kirillova T N; Chebotar A M
Details are given of research carried out at the Plastik
Research and Production Association in Russia on self-
degrading plastic films as a means of reducing problems
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
relating to the management of plastics waste. The three main
mechanisms of decomposition are examined:
photodegradation, biodegradation, and chemical breakdown.
Photodegrading additives based on hydroxysilylferrocenes
have been developed, which not only break down polyolefin
films in a prescribed time, but also increase their strength
and deformation properties. Also developed are LDPE films
and PP containing up to 30% polyhydroxybutyrate, which
break down in the soil within approximately six months.
Research is currently being undertaken to develop production
technology for compostable films containing around 50%
biopolymer. 6 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.785597
Item 222
European Plastics News
27, No.8, Sept.2000, p.56-7
NATURAL SELECTION
Warmington A
The global market for biodegradable plastics should grow
from around 24,000 tonnes in 1999 to 100,000 tonnes in
2003, according to Novamont. Consumption will remain
dominated by renewable materials. The development of
the market will rely heavily on the development of
composting as a waste management option and of
harmonised standards. The first full demonstration project
for biodegradable plastics in a municipal composting
system will begin in Kassel, Germany, in September. The
aim is to evaluate a concept for a general composting
system and the effects of these products on the packaging
waste stream. Under the EU Landfill Directive, the
amount of biodegradable waste going to landfill must fall
in incremental steps to 35% of 1995 levels in 2016.
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.785244
Item 223
Chemical Week
162, No.34, 13th Sept.2000, p.73-4
BIOPOLYMERS MOVE INTO THE
MAINSTREAM
Scott A
Manufacturers claim polymers that are based on
renewable biofeedstocks may soon be competing with
commodity plastics due to sales growth of more than 20-
30%/year and improvements in economies of scale. The
major biopolymers include synthetic polymers such as
polycaprolactone and copolyesters, and those based on
renewable raw materials, including starches and polylactic
acid. Eastman Chemical says the market for its fully
biodegradable aliphatic aromatic copolyester, Eastar Bio,
is on an upward swing. BASF says it is drawing up plans
for a worldscale Ecoflex plant. DuPont is producing non-
biodegradable copolymers from renewable materials.
WORLD
Accession no.785192
75
 References and Abstracts
Item 224
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
7, No.4, Oct. 1999, p.179-84
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FUNCTIONALISED
BIOPOLYESTERS. II. MEDIUM-CHAIN LENGTH
POLYHYDROXYOCTANOATES FROM
PSEUDOMONAS STRAINS
Bear M M; Mallarde D; Langlois V; Randriamahefa S;
Bouvet O; Guerin P
CNRS; Paris,Institut Pasteur
The preparation of medium chain length
polyhydroxyoctanoates having different characteristics
from several Pseudomonas strains is reported. The effect
of the strain and substrate employed on the type of
polymer produced is demonstrated and the chemical
modification of copolymers based on 3-hydroxyoctanoate
and hydroxyalkenoate by introducing carboxy groups in
the side chain is reported. The ability to produce tailor-
made functional bacterial polyesters for temporary
therapeutic applications is considered. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.784331
Item 225
Polymer
41, No.22, Oct.2000, p.8027-33
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF
COMPOSITES BASED ON BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS FOR ‘IN VIVO’ APPLICATION
Calandrelli L; Immirzi B; Malinconico M; Volpe M G;
Oliva A; Ragione F D
CNR; Naples,Second University
Poly(L-lactic) acid (PLLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), three
different copolymers based on poly(L-lactic) acid and
polyglycolic acid (PLLA-co-PGA), and their composites
with hydroxyapatite obtained from bovine bone (ossein),
are tested to obtain information on the thermal,
morphological, mechanical and biochemical properties in
view of their use as biocompatible/biodegradable materials.
Ossein, essentially a biological hydroxyapatite, is found
to improve the modulus and increase the hydrophilicity of
the polymeric substrate. In addition, the size of the ossein
particles is found to be critical for the improvement of
mechanical properties. Finally, preliminary results on the
in vitro biocompatibility of selected blends carried out by
using primary cultures of human osteoblasts show that the
presence of hydroxyapatite stimulates a more positive
cellular response. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.784228
Item 226
Journal of Industrial Textiles
29, No.3, Jan.2000, p.191-205
POLYLACTIC ACID POLYMERS FROM CORN.
76
APPLICATIONS IN THE TEXTILES INDUSTRY
Lunt J; Shafer A L
Cargill Dow Polymers LLC
The potential applications of polylactic acids prepared
from lactic acid synthesised by the fermentation of
dextrose obtained from corn are considered. Methods of
synthesising polylactic acid are outlined and the
properties, which make these polymers suitable for the
manufacture of fibres, non-woven fabrics, clothing,
furnishings, bicomponent fibres and other applications,
are detailed. The environmental sustainability of these
polymers is also briefly discussed.
USA
Accession no.783460
Item 227
Popular Plastics and Packaging
45, No.7, July 2000, p.68-76
ADVANCES IN BIOPLASTIC MATERIALS
Mishra D P; Mahanwar P A
Mumbai,University
A review is presented of developments in biodegradable
plastics. Bioplastics based on starch, lignin, microbial
polyester, synthetic polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, plants,
soyabean soy proteins, castor oil, cellulose, and cashew
nut shell liquid are discussed, with details of their
properties, processability, degradability, applications and
disadvantages. Futuristic products from CNSL are also
briefly noted, and include melt processable liquid
crystalline polymers. 16 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.782795
Item 228
Polymer Degradation and Stability
68, No.3, 2000, p.423-9
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISATION AND
DEGRADATION OF ABA BLOCK COPOLYMER
OF L-LACTIDE AND E-CAPROLACTONE
Haitao Qian; Jianzhong Bei; Shenguo Wang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
The synthesis of ABA block copolymers from varying
compositions of polycaprolactone prepolymers (prepared
from e-caprolactone initiated with ethylene glycol initiator
and stannous octanoate catalyst) and l-lactide is described.
NMR, IR, GPC, DSC and mechanical testing were used to
characterise the polymers produced, and it was shown that
mechanical properties varied considerably with composition.
Hydrolytic degradation rates at 37 degrees C and pH value
of 7.4 were also studied, using intrinsic viscosity
measurements, and shown to differ depending on polymer
composition. The materials produced have biomedical
applications in areas such as sutures, artificial skin etc. where
their biodegradable properties are of value. 16 refs
CHINA
Accession no.782774
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 229
Advanced Materials & Processes
158, No.1, July 2000, p.17
POLYMERS MADE FROM CORN DELIVER
HIGH PERFORMANCE
It is briefly reported that Cargill Dow Polymers has
developed a family of polymers derived from corn, wheat,
beets and rice. Designated NatureWorks, the polymers
are polylactides and are based on dextrose milled from
the plants. NatureWorks PLA is said to be the first melt-
processable natural-based fibre. The PLA 3010D grade
is designed for injection moulding applications. Brief
property data are presented.
CARGILL DOW POLYMERS LLC
USA
Accession no.782628
Item 230
Polymer
41, No.20, 2000, p.7369-79
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF
HYDROXY-TERMINATED (RS)-POLY(3-
HYDROXYBUTYRATE) AND ITS UTILISATION
TO BLOCK COPOLYMERISATION WITH L-
LACTIDE TO OBTAIN A BIODEGRADABLE
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER
Hiki S; Miyamoto M; Kimura Y
Kyoto,Institute of Technology
Telechelic polyhydroxybutyrate was synthesised by the
ring-opening polymerisation of (RS)-beta-butyrolactone
in the presence of 1,4-butanediol using a distannoxane
compound, as catalyst. The resulting bishydroxy-
terminated (RS)-polyhydroxybutyrate was then reacted
with L-lactide to produce an A-B-A block copolymer of
poly(L-lactide-poly(3-(RS)-hydroxybutyrate-poly(L-
lactide). This block copolymer was found to be potentially
suitable as a biodegradable thermoplastic elastomer and
the intermediate oligomer as a hardener for epoxy resins
and polyurethanes. 18 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.781446
Item 231
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
11, No.6, June 2000, p.280-7
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STABILITY OF
POLYMERIZED MIXED LIPOSOMES
COMPOSED OF 2,4-OCTADECADIENOYL
GROUPS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Akama K; Awai K; Yano Y; Tokuyama S; Nakano Y
NOF Corp.
A report is presented on attempts to develop a liposome
with a polymerisable phospholipid, which satisfies both
the rectified spleen retention and stable cryopreservation,
for application as a haemoglobin-encapsulated liposome
(artificial red cell). In order to reduce the polymerised
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
component, 1-acyl-2-((2E,4E)-octadecadienoyl)-sn-
glycero-3-phosphocholine(AODPC), with one
polymerisable acyl chain, was used. This AODPC-base
liposome, after preparation, was evaluated for its
membrane stability by comparing haemoglobin leakage
and the particle stability in conditions of repetitive freeze-
thawing with those of DODPC-base liposomes. TEM was
used to study a spleen section of rat to observe the
degradability of the liposome particle. 19 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.781207
Item 232
Popular Plastics and Packaging
45, No.4, April 2000, p.60/71
BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS FROM
AGRICULTURAL FEEDSTOCK: MATERIALS
FOR THE FUTURE
Nayk P L
Michigan,State University
A review is presented of developments in
biodegradable plastics for use in packaging
applications. The importance of using renewable
resources and decreasing the amounts of packaging
waste is discussed, and biodegradable materials
currently produced are detailed. Companies producing
such materials, together with their brand names and
technologies are listed. Polymeric materials derived
from agricultural feedstocks are claimed to provide
major advantages in helping to alleviate environmental
concerns affecting the packaging industry. The need
for industry standards and test methods for
biodegradable products is also discussed.
USA
Accession no.780766
Item 233
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
77, No.1, 5th July 2000, p.232-6
PREPARATION OF PHBV/STARCH BLENDS BY
REACTIVE BLENDING AND THEIR
CHARACTERIZATION
Avella M; Errico M E
Istituto di Ricerca e Tecnologia delle Materie Plastiche
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)(PHBV)/
starch blends were prepared by non-reactive blending and
reactive blending, 2 wt % of an organic peroxide being
added in the latter case. Two composite compositions were
prepared, having 80 and 70 wt % of the PHBV. Thermal,
morphological, mechanical and biodegradation analyses
were performed on the blends. The biodegradability of
the blends was also investigated, using a compost
simulation test. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.780028
77
 References and Abstracts
Item 234
International Polymer Science and Technology
27, No.5, 2000, p.T/80-T/84 (translation of
Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 1999, p.43)
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS AND THEIR
USES IN MODERN MEDICINE. I: GENERAL
INFORMATION ON BIODEGRADABLE
POLYESTERS
Madyuskina L L; Polishchuk A Y; Zaikov G E
Russian Academy of Sciences
The production of high molecular weight polymers of
glycolic acid and lactic acid is described for use as
biodegradable polymers functioning as microsystems for
the controlled release of medicines. The main stages of
degradation of polyesters in organisms is examined, and
the biocompatibility of the materials is discussed.
Procedures for the production of microspheres are
described. 44 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.779966
Item 235
Polymer Testing
19, No.5, Aug.2000, p.485-92
CHARACTERISATION AND APPLICATION OF
POLY(BETA-HYDROXYALKANOATES) FAMILY
AS COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS
Galego N; Rozsa C; Sanchez R; Fung J; Vazquez A;
Tomas J S
Havana,University; North Fluminense,State University;
Jose Antonio Echevarria,Polytechnic University;
INTEMA; Cuban Institute of Sugar Cane Derivatives
The results are reported of the characterisation of
polyhydroxybutyrate and copolymers of hydroxybutyrate
and hydroxyvalerate using GPC, DSC, DMA, FTIR
spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Also reported are the
results of compression tests carried out on composites of
these polymers and copolymers with hydroxyapatite to
determine their suitability as implants for orthopaedic
applications. 17 refs.
CUBA
Accession no.779489
Item 236
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.153, March 2000, p.287-303
POLYLACTIC ACIDS. A POTENTIAL
SOLUTION TO PLASTIC WASTE DILEMMA
Bogaert J-C; Coszach P
Galactic Laboratories SA
Details are given of the production of polylactic acids from
renewable raw materials from the agricultural rather than
the petrochemical industries. Data are presented for
polylactic acid chemistry, markets and applications. 12 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.778938
78
Item 237
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.153, March 2000, p.261-73
CONTINUOUS REACTIVE EXTRUSION
POLYMERISATION OF L-LACTIDE. AN
ENGINEERING VIEW
Jacobsen S; Fritz H-G; Degee P; Dubois P; Jerome R
Stuttgart,University; Mons,University;
Liege,University
Details are given of the development of a new reactive
extrusion polymerisation process based on a new catalytic
system for the continuous production of polylactide. The
transfer from laboratory scale production to industrial
processing equipment is discussed. 24 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.778936
Item 238
Packaging Review South Africa
26, No.3, March 2000, p.43
NEW POLYMER FROM RENEWABLE
RESOURCE
The joint venture between Cargill and Dow Chemical, Cargill
Dow Polymers, has developed a new packaging polymer
made from annually-renewable resources such as corn and
wheat. This article takes a detailed look at the properties of
the new material, known as NatureWorks PLA (polylactide).
CARGILL DOW POLYMERS; CARGILL; DOW
CHEMICAL; BIMO; TETRA PAK; TRESPAPHAN
ASIA; EUROPE-GENERAL; JAPAN; NORTH AMERICA; USA
Accession no.778854
Item 239
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
78, No.522, Dec.1999, p.685-94
Spanish
DEVELOPMENT OF POLYESTERAMIDES AS
NEW BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS
Franco L; Rodriguez-Galan A; Puiggali J
Cataluna,Universidad Politecnica
Mechanisms of biodegradation and tests used to evaluate
the biodegradability of polymers are discussed, and the
properties and applications of some commercially
available biodegradable polymers are examined.
Relationships between polymer structure and degradation
are discussed on the basis of studies carried out on a range
of polyamides, and developments in biodegradable
polyesteramides are reviewed. 61 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD
Accession no.776776
Item 240
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
76, No.12, 20th June 2000, p.1767-76
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
SEMIEMPIRICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING
BIODEGRADATION PROFILES OF
INDIVIDUAL POLYMERS IN STARCH-
POLY(BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-BETA-
HYDROXYVALERATE) BIOPLASTIC
Gordon S H; Imam S H; Shogren R L; Govind N S;
Greene R V
US,Dept.of Agriculture; Puerto Rico,University
The biodegradation in tropical coastal waters of a plastics
material prepared from formulations of cornstarch and
the above PHBV copolymer was monitored for 1 year.
The bioplastic appeared to lose weight in two overlapping
phases until both biopolymers were entirely consumed.
A semiempirical mathematical model was developed from
which degradation profiles and lifetimes of the individual
biopolymers could be predicted. The model predicted that
starch and PHBV in the bioplastic had half-lives of 19
and 158 days, respectively. Computed profiles also
predicted that the starch in the composite would be
completely degraded in 174 days, while residual PHBV
would persist in the marine environment for 1107 days.
The model further suggested that, for a 30% starch:70%
PHBV composite, PHBV degradation was delayed 46
days until more than 65% of the starch was consumed.
This indicated that PHBV degradation was metabolically
repressed by glucose derived from starch. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.776385
Item 241
Macromolecules
33, No.8, 18th April 2000, p.2989-97
GENERATION OF SYNTHETIC ELASTIN-
MIMETIC SMALL DIAMETER FIBRES AND
FIBRE NETWORKS
Huang L; McMillan R A; Apkarian R P; Pourdeyhimi
B; Conticello V P; Chaikof E L
Emory University; North Carolina,State University
Elastin-mimetic peptide polymers were synthesised and
the morphological properties of fabricated small diameter
fibres and nonwoven fabrics were characterised. The
protein was processed into fibres by an electrospinning
technique and morphology defined by SEM and TEM.
The influence of process parameters on fibre morphology
including solution viscosity, flow rate, electric field
strength, and the distance between the spinneret tip and
the collecting surface were defined. 49 refs.
USA
Accession no.776142
Item 242
Italian Technology
No.1, May 2000, p.232-5
STARCH-BASED FILMS BETTER THAN THE
SYNTHETIC ONES
In the sector of starch-based biodegradable materials,
Novamont is devoted to the development of new
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
applications and materials with optimised in-use
performances and environmental profile. The company
is now in the market with materials suitable for flexible
films, foams and injection moulded items, commercialised
under the Mater-Bi tradename. It is a new generation of
bioplastics derived mainly from renewable resources, able
to perform as traditional plastics when in use and to
completely biodegrade within a composting cycle. This
article discusses Mater-Agro film for mulching, Mater-
Bag carrier bags, diaper backsheets and compostable bags
for the collection of organic waste.
NOVAMONT SPA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.772681
Item 243
Surface Coatings International
83, No.4, April 2000, p.168-72
STUDIES ON CYCLOHEXANONE
FORMALDEHYDE-STYRENATED CNSL
COATINGS
Athawale V D; Shetty N J
Mumbai,University
Commercial blends were prepared from ketonic
(cyclohexanone formaldehyde) cashew nut shell liquid-
styrenated resin in varying blend ratios to determine
optimum ratios with respect to coating properties.
Properties examined included drying time, hardness,
adhesion, flexibility, gloss, skinning tendency, impact
resistance and chemical resistance. The aim of the study
was to produce a better combination of properties than
those provided by the individual components. It was
observed that a blend of 50:50 % w/w of ketonic
(cyclohexanone formaldehyde)-styrenated cashew nut
shell liquid provided the best range of coating properties,
attributable to the synergistic effect of the resins. 16 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.772319
Item 244
International Polymer Science and Technology
26, No.5, 1999, p.88-95
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS. 1. GRAFTING
OF VINYL POLYMERS ON TO GELATIN
Wybor W; Zaborski M
Biodegradable hydrophilic polymers based on grafting
vinyl polymers onto gelatin were investigated for their
potential applications in the photographic, leather and
fibre industries. 70 refs. Abs.translation from Polimery,
Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe, No.3, 1999, p.177
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.771240
Item 245
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
74, No.13, 20th Dec.1999, p.3040-5
79
 References and Abstracts
VALORIZATION OF MAIZE BRAN TO OBTAIN
BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC FILMS
Gourson C; Benhaddou R; Granet R; Krausz P;
Verneuil B; Branland P; Chauvelon G; Thibault J F;
Saulnier L
Limoges,University; INRA
Cellulose-enriched residues from maize bran can be
transformed into plastic films after esterification of the
cellulose by various fatty acid chlorides. Alkali
pretreatment and acidic activation of the sample are
necessary before the esterification reaction in order to
form esters. The degradation by microorganisms of the
plastic film was also studied. It was shown that the isolated
strain (chromobacterium violaceum) can hydrolyse
modified cellulose plastic films. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.770908
Item 246
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.148, Dec.1999, p.415-24
CONVERSION OF FOOD INDUSTRIAL WASTES
INTO BIOPLASTICS WITH MUNICIPAL
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Yu P H; Hong Chua; Huang P A L
Hong Kong,Polytechnic University
The microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs) from activated sludge using food industry wastes
was investigated. The m.p.s of the products and the
copolymer composition of the products investigated by
gas chromatography and NMR spectroscopy were
compared. By use of activated sludges to convert the
carbon source into PHAs, not only were environmentally-
friendly bioplastics produced but also part of the problem
of the disposal of municipal activated sludge was solved.
The selection of food industrial waste as carbon resource
could also further reduce the cost of production of PHAs.
15 refs. (7th International Conference on Polymer
Characterization (POLYCHAR-7), Denton, Texas, USA,
Jan.1999)
HONG KONG
Accession no.770352
Item 247
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.148, Dec.1999, p.403-14
PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL POLYMERS
FROM ORGANIC WASTES
Chua H; Yu P H F
Hong Kong,Polytechnic University
Activated sludge bacteria in a conventional wastewater
treatment system treating a wastewater that contained
organic pollutants, were induced by nitrogen deficiency
to accumulate intracellular storage polymers, which
could be extracted as a low-cost source of
80
biodegradable plastics. Chromatographic analysis of
the extracted polymers revealed a composition of
polyhydroxyalkanoate and a number of related
copolymers. Alcaligenes species in the activated sludge
microbial consortium was identified as the main genus
accumulating these polymers. When the C:N ratio was
increased from 20 to 140, the specific polymer yield
increased to a maximum of 0.39 g polymer/g dry cell
while specific growth yield decreased to 0.26 g dry
cell/g carbonaceous matter consumed. The highest
overall polymer production yield of 0.11 g polymer/g
carbonaceous matter consumed was achieved when the
C:N ratio was maintained at a nitrogen-deficient level
of 100. The specific polymer yield in the isolated
Alcaligenes species cells were as high as 0.7 g polymer/
g dry cell mass. The copolymer composition and hence
the physical and mechanical properties could be
controlled by manipulating the influent organic
compositions. 28 refs. (7th International Conference
on Polymer Characterization (POLYCHAR-7), Denton,
Texas, USA, Jan.1999)
HONG KONG
Accession no.770351
Item 248
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.144, Oct.1999, p.427-38
EVALUATION OF THE TRANSPORT
PROPERTIES OF POLY(3-
HYDROXYBUTYRATE) AND ITS 3-
HYDROXYVALERATE COPOLYMERS FOR
PACKAGING APPLICATIONS
Miguel O; Iruin J J
Pais Vasco,Universidad
The transport of carbon dioxide, water and organic
solvent through poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)(PHB) and its
copolymers with 3-hydroxyvalerate was studied.
Comparison of the results obtained with those in the
literature showed that PHB and the copolymers showed
transport properties similar to those of other common
thermoplastics such as PVC and PETP, particularly in
the case of carbon dioxide and water. PHB and the
copolymers could thus be classified as good barrier
materials against these penetrants. On the other hand,
these biopolymers showed low barrier properties
against organic compound permeation. These
polyhydroxyalkanoates thus showed a good balance of
physicochemical properties, which could make them
suitable for several applications, including
biodegradable packaging materials. 18 refs. (5th
International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable
Plastics and Polymers, “Degradability, Renewability
and Recycling - Key Functions for Future Materials”,
Stockholm, Sweden, June 1998)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.770266
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 249
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.144, Oct.1999, p.391-412
CHARACTERISATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF
BIODEGRADABLE CHITOSAN/SYNTHETIC
POLYMER BLENDS
Mucha M; Piekielna J; Wieczorek A
Lodz,Technical University
Chitosan was used to form miscible, biodegradable blends
with hydrophilic synthetic polymers such as PVAl and
PEO. The blends were characterised by DSC, IR
spectroscopy and microscopy studies, particular attention
being paid to possible interactions of molecular polar
group in the polymer chains. The results obtained are
discussed with particular reference to morphology, IR
spectra, PEO m.p. and the thermodynamic interaction
parameter calculations, and kinetics of PEO crystallisation
(half time of crystallisation calculations, Avrami plots).
Applications of the blends are considered, including
selective membrane preparation and paper coating. 32
refs. (5th International Scientific Workshop on
Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, “Degradability,
Renewability and Recycling - Key Functions for Future
Materials”, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1998)
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.770264
Item 250
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.144, Oct.1999, p.331-7
VISCOSITY, SORPTION OF WATER AND
BIODEGRADATION OF STARCH/
COPOLYAMIDE BLENDS
Suvorova A I; Tujkova I S; Trufanova E I
Ural,State University
The compatibility of the components, shear viscosity and
sorption properties in liquid and vapour water were
determined for mixtures of ternary copolyamides (types
6/66/610 and 6/12/66) and amylose starch. The blends
were shown to be partially compatible and they could be
easily adapted to processing and biodegradation under
the attack of soil microorganisms in the presence of water.
6 refs. (5th International Scientific Workshop on
Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, “Degradability,
Renewability and Recycling - Key Functions for Future
Materials”, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1998)
RUSSIA
Accession no.770263
Item 251
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.144, Oct.1999, p.85-99
R & D STATUS OF BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS IN KOREA
Soo Hyun Kim; Young Ha Kim
Korea,Institute of Science & Technology
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Progress in the development of biodegradable polymers
in Korea is described. Particular attention is paid to
developments by specific companies in inherently
biodegradable plastics, starch-based biodegradable
plastics, aliphatic polyesters based on diol and diacid,
microbial polyesters, and polylactic acid. 23 refs. (5th
International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable
Plastics and Polymers, “Degradability, Renewability and
Recycling - Key Functions for Future Materials”,
Stockholm, Sweden, June 1998)
KOREA
Accession no.770245
Item 252
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.144, Oct.1999, p.63-72
ADVANCES IN PROPERTIES AND
BIODEGRADABILITY OF CO-CONTINUOUS,
IMMISCIBLE, BIODEGRADABLE, POLYMER
BLENDS
McCarthy S P; Ranganthan A; Wenguang Ma
Massachusetts,University
A series of blends of polylactic acid(PLA) and aliphatic
succinate polyester (Bionolle 3000) was prepared. The
mechanical properties of the blends were studied and it
was shown that, using more than 20 wt % Bionolle 3000
could significantly increase the toughness of the PLA,
increase the EB by more than 200% and increase the
impact strength by more than 70 J/m. These properties
were not significantly affected by the ageing behaviour
of PLA over a period of more than 2 months. DMA results
showed that Bionolle 3000 reduced the elastic modulus
of the blends between -15C and 60C. Soil degradation
rates of the PLA/Bionolle 3000 blends also increased with
increasing Bionolle 3000 content. Enzymatic degradation
rates of the blends were higher than those of the
component polymers and these rates increased with
increasing PLA content. Composting biodegradation rates
increased with increasing Bionolle 3000 content. (5th
International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable
Plastics and Polymers, “Degradability, Renewability and
Recycling - Key Functions for Future Materials”,
Stockholm, Sweden, June 1998)
SHOWA HIGHPOLYMER CO.LTD.
USA
Accession no.770243
Item 253
Patent Number: EP 990443 A2 20000405
MEDICINAL COMPOSITIONS
Greenshields R; Rees A L
DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.
These comprise a gel material obtainable from a
hemicellulosic starting medium. The gel material is
substantially free of glucans and pectins and comprises a
polysaccharide network, which consists of a matrix of
81
 References and Abstracts
polysaccharide chain segments and crosslinking ferulate
bridges bonded at substantially regular intervals along
the crosslinked segments. The medicinal composition can
be a topical formulation, a wound dressing (e.g. for the
treatment of burns), a debriding agent, a carrier for iron
or zinc, a lubricant, a thickener for parenteral
compositions, an encapsulating agent, a slow release
vehicle for drug delivery (either for oral, parenteral or
anal delivery) or may be of use for implants and prosthesis
purposes for orthopaedic purposes (such as pressure-relief
gels) of ocular use or for suppository use.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.769076
Item 254
Macromolecular Rapid Communications
21, No.3, Feb. 2000, p.117-32
BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS FOR
MEDICAL AND ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Ikada Y; Tsuji H
Suzuka,University of Medical Science;
Toyohashi,University of Technology
A review is presented of medical and ecological
biodegradable polymers. The classification requirements,
applications, physical properties, biodegradability and
degradation mechanisms are discussed. Emphasis is given
to the development of aliphatic polyesters, especially
polylactides and polylactic acids. 69 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.767943
Item 255
Polymer
41, No.10, 2000, p.3875-81
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF
COMPATIBILISED POLYCAPROLACTONE/
STARCH COMPOSITES
Avella M; Errico M E; Laurienzo P; Martuscelli E;
Raimo M; Rimedio R
Istituto di Ricerca e Tecnologia delle Materie Plastiche
Blends of polycaprolactone (PCL) and high amylose
starch were prepared using low molecular weight
poly(caprolactone-co-pyromellitic anhydride) as a
compatibiliser. The blends were characterised by
thermal, mechanical and morphological investigations,
and the biodegradability was assessed by a compost
simulation test. The introduction of the compatibiliser
enhanced the miscibility of the blends, improving the
mechanical and thermal properties, without affecting the
biodegradability. 13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.767830
Item 256
Journal of Materials Science
82
35, No.3, 1st Feb.2000, p.523-45
REVIEW. PROPERTIES OF BLENDS AND
COMPOSITES BASED ON POLY(3-
HYDROXY)BUTYRATE (PHB) AND POLY(3-
HYDROXYBUTYRATE-HYDROXYVALERATE)
(PHBV) COPOLYMERS
Avella M; Martuscelli E; Raimo M
Istituto di Ricerca e Tecnologia delle Materie Plastiche
The properties, particularly miscibility, morphological
properties and mechanical properties, of blends and
composites of the biodegradable polymers, PHB and PHBV,
are reviewed. Blends of these polymers with a range of
polymers, including polyethers, PEO, polymethylene oxide,
PPO, polyepichlorohydrin, PVAc/PVAl, polytetramethylene
oxide, PMMA, poly-epsilon-caprolactone, EPM, polybutyl
acrylate and polysaccharide, are covered as are natural fibre-
reinforced PHBV composites. 71 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.766672
Item 257
International Polymer Science and Technology
26, No.8, p.T/74-T/77. (Translation of Polimery,
Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe, 1999, No.4, 1999,
p.241)
BIODEGRADABLE CO-POLYMERS. 2.
PROPERTIES OF CO-POLYMERS GRAFTED
ONTO GELATIN
Wybor W; Zaborski M
Biodegradable copolymers obtained in reactions of
grafting vinyl polymers on gelatin are characterised and
possible practical applications are considered. The work
is based on published literature in which investigations
centre on the physical and utility properties of the
copolymers such as solubility, viscosity of solutions,
hygroscopicity, and heat resistance, resistance of
copolymers to biodegradation, and the mechanical
properties of fibres and films or membranes obtained from
them. 33 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.764658
Item 258
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry
Edition
37, No.24, 15th Dec.1999, p.4554-69
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF
BIODEGRADABLE NETWORK HYDROGELS
HAVING BOTH HYDROPHOBIC AND
HYDROPHILIC COMPONENTS WITH
CONTROLLED SWELLING BEHAVIOUR
Yeli Zhang; Chee-Youb Won; Chih-Chang Chu
Cornell University
A new class of biodegradable hydrogels, consisting of
hydrophobic poly(D,L)lactic acid and hydrophilic dextran
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
segments with a polymer network structure was
synthesised by UV photopolymerisation. Unsaturated
vinyl groups were first introduced onto the poly(D,L)lactic
acid and dextran polymer backbones. Diacrylate-
terminated poly(D,L)lactic acid and dextran acrylate were
then crosslinked. The chemical crosslinking forced the
hydrophobic poly(D,L)lactic acid and hydrophilic dextran
segments to mix in the network hydrogels. The effects of
reaction time, temperature, and molar ratio of the reactants
on the incorporation of acrylate onto the polymer
backbone were examined. A series of hydrogels with
different dextran/poly(D,L)lactic acid composition ratios
was prepared, and their swelling behaviours were studied.
These new bicomponent network hydrogels had a wide
range of hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity that was
difficult to achieve in totally hydrophilic hydrogels. A
detailed summary on the use of hydrogels and
biodegradable polymers in biomedical applications is
included. 36 refs.
USA
Accession no.764036
Item 259
ENDS Report
No.300, Jan.2000, p.19-21
CARGILL DOW POLYMERS: TURNING
PLASTICS FROM PLANTS INTO A
SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS
It is announced here in this extensive article that the US
joint-venture company, Cargill Dow Polymers, plans to
build the world’s first commercial facility to mass market
plastics from renewable resources, i.e. to produce 140,000
tonnes/year of polylactide using the “NatureWorks”
process. Section headings in the article include: an
emerging industry, joint venture, attractions for packaging,
partners on textiles, social sustainability, learning from
customers, initial life-cycle findings, and environmental
pledges.
CARGILL DOW POLYMERS; DOW CHEMICAL;
CARGILL INC.; ICI; DUPONT; TETRA PAK;
AUTOBAR; BIMO; TRESPAPHAN; APME
EU; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;
EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.763301
Item 260
International Polymer Science and Technology
26, No.9, 1999, p.T/91-T/94. (Translation of Polimery,
No.6, 1999, p.403)
PLASTICS IN MEDICINE - CURRENT STATE
AND PERSPECTIVES
Mazurkiewicz S
A review is presented of the current state and future trends
of the use of plastics in medical applications. Topics
covered include biodegradable polymers, the nature of
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
biocompatibility, and the homeostatic activity of
biopolymers in contact with blood. A brief review of some
medical applications of plastics is included, and examples
are given of unfavourable results of using biopolymers.
The direction of future research is indicated. 10 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.763043
Item 261
Journal of Polymer Engineering
19, No.6, 1999, p.383-93
CURING PROCESS AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN-BASED POLYMERS
Feng Liang; Youqi Wang; Sun X S
Kansas State University
The curing process and mechanical properties of protein-
based polymers made from soybeans were studied.
Soybean protein isolate mixed with additives was used
to fabricate test specimens. The flow-curing properties
of the soy-protein polymer were first examined. A curing
procedure was then designed based upon test results. The
mechanical properties of the cured protein polymer were
also investigated. The aim of the research was to design a
manufacturing process that involved reinforcing a protein
polymer with high strength fibres, producing fibre-
reinforced protein polymer composites. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.760807
Item 262
BioCycle Journal of Composting & Recycling
40, No.5, May 1999, p.55-6
CERTIFYING BIODEGRADABILITY OF
COMPOSTABLE PLASTIC BAGS
It is explained that the US composting Council and the
Biodegradable Products International Institute are close
to finalising a certification process that will award a seal
of approval to bags and other plastic products that meet
standards for biodegradability. The standards themselves
are also detailed.
US,COMPOSTING COUNCIL; BIODEGRADABLE
PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE; ASTM;
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR
STANDARDISATION
CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;
EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760087
Item 263
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
38, No.11, Nov.1999, p.4284-9
BIODEGRADABILITY OF REGENERATED
CELLULOSE FILMS COATED WITH
POLYURETHANE/NATURAL POLYMERS
INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS
83
 References and Abstracts

Lina Zhang; Jinping Zhou; Jin Huang; Ping Gong; Qi degradation rate of Ch-I, GII and Ca-I was 28,931, 27,361
Zhou; Lianshuang Zheng; Yumin Du and 63,015 Mw/week, respectively. GII had a faster
Wuhan,University degradation rate than Ch-I and Ca-I under all tested
conditions. The degradation rate of polylactic acid plastics
IPN coatings synthesised from castor oil-based PU with
was enhanced by the increase in temp. and relative
chitosan, nitrocellulose or elaeostearin were coated on
humidity. This trend was observed in all three materials.
regenerated cellulose(RC) film for curing at 80 to 100C
Ch-I was the first of the films to lose its mechanical
for 2 to 5 min, providing biodegradable, water-resistant
properties, whereas Ca-I demonstrated the slowest loss
cellulose films. The changes in physical properties,
in mechanical properties under all tested conditions. 14
molec.wt., extent of biodegradation and carbon dioxide
refs.
evolution of the RC films and three coated films in soil
and in agar media inoculated with a spore suspension of CHRONOPOL INC.; CARGILL DOW POLYMERS
USA
fungi were studied and their biodegradability is discussed.
26 refs. Accession no.759798
CHINA
Accession no.760008 Item 266
Macromolecules
32, No.22, 2nd Nov.1999, p.7402-8
Item 264
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
STARCH-G-POLYCAPROLACTONE
7, No.2, April 1999, p.101-8
COPOLYMER
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SOIL
Eui-Jun Choi; Chang-Hyeon Kim; Jung-Ki Park
MINERALIZATION OF POLYLACTIC ACID
Korea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
PLASTIC IN LABORATORY RESPIROMETERS
Ho K L G; Pometto A L The biodegradable starch-g-polycaprolactone(PCL)
Iowa State University copolymer, was synthesised by using the ring-opening
graft polymerisation of an epsilon-caprolactone(CL)
A respirometric system was used to analyse the
monomer onto starch backbone. The grafting reactions
biodegradation of high molec.wt. (120,000 to 200,000 g/
were conducted with various starch/CL/water feed ratios
mol) polylactic acid films in soil under laboratory systems.
to give starch-g-PCL copolymers with various PCL graft
The degree of polymer mineralisation was indicated by
structures. The detailed microstructure of the starch-g-
the cumulative carbon dioxide liberated from each
PCL was characterised using one- and two-dimensional
respirometer. The initial average mineralisation rate and
NMR spectroscopy and the effect of feed composition
total percentage mineralised of the polylactic acid films
on the resulting microstructure of the starch-g-PCL was
at 28, 40 and 55C was 24.3, 41.5 and 76.9 mg/day with a
investigated. 14 refs.
27, 45 and 70% carbon loss, respectively. No decrease in
KOREA
soil pH was observed after 182 days of mineralisation.
Increase in soil temp. thus markedly increased the Accession no.759193
biodegradation of polylactic acid films in soil under
laboratory conditions. 9 refs. Item 267
USA Macromolecules
Accession no.759800 32, No.22, 2nd Nov.1999, p.7389-95
BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
POLY(3-HYDROXY-4-PENTENOIC ACID)
Item 265
Valentin H E; Berger P A; Gruys K J; Rodrigues M F
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
A; Steinbuechel A; Tran M; Asrar J
7, No.2, April 1999, p.83-92
Monsanto Co.; Munster,Westfalische Wilhelms
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE
University
HUMIDITY ON POLYLACTIC ACID PLASTIC
DEGRADATION Burkholderia sp. was grown on sucrose-containing
Ho K L G; Pometto A L; Hinz P N mineral salt medium with phosphate limitation to induce
Iowa State University polyhydroxyalkanoate(PHA) accumulation. Under these
conditions, the cultures accumulated 3-hydroxybutyric
High molec.wt. (120,000 to 200,000 g/mol) polylactic
acid(3HB)- and 3-hydroxy-4-pentenoic acid(3HPE)-
acid films produced by Chronopol (CH-I) and Cargill Dow
containing polyesters. Solvent fractionation of the purified
Polymers LLC (GII and Ca-I) were placed in
polyester indicated the presence of two homopolymers,
environments set at different temps. (25, 40 and 55C) and
poly(3HB) and poly(3HPE), rather than a copolyester with
relative humidities (10, 50 and 100%). The three
random monomer distribution. The simultaneous
polylactic acid films tested started to lose their tensile
accumulation of two homopolyesters by Burkholderia sp.
properties when the weight-average molec.wt.(Mw) was
was confirmed by NMR spectroscopic analysis. Purified
in the range 50,000 to 75,000 g/mol. The average

84 © Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
poly(3HPE) was crosslinked by UV radiation and
subjected to epoxidation using 3-chloroperoxybenzoic
acid. Introduction of epoxides into the 3HPE
homopolyester was found to increase the Tg. 23 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.759191
Item 268
Macromolecules
32, No.22, 2nd Nov.1999, p.7380-8
TIME-OF-FLIGHT SECONDARY ION MASS
SPECTROMETRY STUDIES OF IN VITRO
HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION OF
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Jiaxing Chen; Gardella J A
New York,State University
The in-vitro hydrolytic degradation at the surface of six
biodegradable polymers, i.e. polyglycolic acid, polylactic
acid, random lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers,
polysebacic acid and two random fumaric acid-sebacic
acid copolymers of different compositions, was studied
using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The
results obtained are presented and discussed. The data
could be of use for rapid screening of formulations and
preparation of new materials. 59 refs.
USA
Accession no.759190
Item 269
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
76, No.780, Oct.1999, p.39-42
French
PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES OF STARCH
Lourdin D; Della Valle G; Colonna P; Poussin D
INRA; CETIM
Extrusion conditions used in the production of
thermoplastic starch are described, and the properties of
unplasticised, plasticised and antiplasticised starch are
examined. Some aspects of research into the processing,
properties and applications of starch based biodegradable
polymers are reviewed. 10 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.758773
Item 270
New Scientist
165, No.2220, 8th Jan.2000, p.6
HEALING WEB
Sample I
A fine web of fibres, which is sprayed on, is claimed to
let wounds heal by encouraging the formation of a strong
skin structure rather than weaker scar tissue. To make the
spray, Electrosols mixes ethanol and a biodegradable
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
polymer, such as polylactic acid, in a small
semiconducting container and then gives it an electric
charge by putting an electric field across the container.
Because the wound is at a far lower electrical potential
than the polymer, the solution is attracted to to the skin
surface and flies out through tiny nozzles, producing fine,
light fibres, each of then 5 micrometres in diameter.
ELECTROSOLS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.758060
Item 271
Polymer International
48, No.11, Nov.1999, p.1073-9
EFFECTIVE MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF
POLY(4-HYDROXYBUTYRATE)
HOMOPOLYMER BY RALSTONIA EUTROPHA
H16
Kimura H; Ohura T; Takeishi M; Nakamura S; Doi Y
Yamagata,University; Saitama,Institute of Physical &
Chemical Research
The microbial production of copolyesters of 3-
hydroxybutyrate and 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB) with high
mole fractions of 4HB by Ralstonia eutropha H16 was
studied, using culture solutions containing 4-
hydroxybutyric acid, with various carbon substrates and
a nitrogen source, such as ammonium sulphate. The
addition of glucose or acetic acid to the solution yielded
random copolymers with compositions of up to 82 mol%
4HB, but with low yields. When n-alkanoic acids such as
propionic, butyric, valeric, and hexanoic acids were used
as the co-substrates, a mixture of copolymers with two
different 4HB compositions was produced, and
copolymers containing 93-100 mol% 4HB were isolated,
with yields as high as 34 wt%. 24 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.757985
Item 272
Farbe und Lack
106, No.1, 2000, p.93/9
TARGETED CONTROL OF PROPERTIES OF A
NATURAL RESIN
Krogulecki A; Mosi-Mosiewski J; Poskrobo J
Blachownia,Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis
Disadvantages in the use of colophony in coatings
chemistry have led to its chemical modification by
alkoxylation. This has overcome its earlier problems
relating to poor oxidation resistance, yellowing, tendency
to crystallise and low solubility. Potential applications
have opened up resulting from this work which has
influenced the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance in
particular. 17 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.757713
85
 References and Abstracts
Item 273
ENDS Report
No.299, Dec.1999, p.28
MATTEL PLANS SWITCH TO PLANT-BASED
PLASTICS FOR TOYS
Mattel is reported to be researching the use of plant-based
plastics for the production of toys, in particular, in
response to criticism of the group’s use of phthalates in
PVC toys. The company is forming a consortium of
materials developers and consultants to examine which
plant-based plastics might be suitable for its products
without any loss in safety performance. Plastics based on
lactic acid, edible oils and starches have been investigated.
MATTEL TOYS
USA
Accession no.757679
Item 274
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
10, No.10, Oct.1999, p.625-33
BIODEGRADATION OF SOME NATURAL
POLYMERS IN BLENDS WITH POLYOLEFINS
Ratajska M; Boryniec S
Lodz,Institute of Chemical Fibres
The biodegradation of two-component blends of synthetic
and natural polymers was investigated. The synthetic
polymers were polyethylene, polypropylene and an
ethylene terephthalate copolymer, and the natural
polymers were cellulose, sodium alginate and chitosan,
introduced in powder form. Films of different thicknesses
and polymer ratios were prepared, and biodegradation
studied in soil and water. The degradation was evaluated
in terms of loss of mass, water absorption and by electron
microscopy. It was concluded that the biodegradability
was dependent upon the particle size of the natural
polymer particles and their distribution within the film.
Films containing large and poorly dispersed particles were
more sensitive to degradation. Accessibility to the natural
polymer particles by the microorganisms significantly
affected the biodegradation rate. In soil, the cellulose-
containing films exhibited the fastest degradation rate,
whilst in aqueous medium, the sodium alginate-containing
films degraded the fastest. 11 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.757103
Item 275
Pigment & Resin Technology
28, No.5, 1999, p.293-6
WOOD ADHESIVES FROM PEANUT SKIN
TANNIN-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS MODIFIED
WITH PHENOLS
Akaranta O; Wankasi D
Port Harcourt,University
Peanut skin tannin extract-formaldehyde condensates
were modified with resorcinol and cashew nutshell liquid.
86
The copolymer resins formed were used as thermosetting
and cold-setting exterior-grade wood adhesives for Sapele
veneer panels. Results obtained showed that, on addition
of paraformaldehyde, the resins modified with resorcinol
cured at ambient temps., while those modified with
cashew nutshell liquid cured at higher temps. The bonded
panels developed strength and durability which satisfied
the requirements in International Standard Specification
for phenolic resin adhesives. 14 refs.
NIGERIA
Accession no.756212
Item 276
Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1999,
pp.xxvii,920. 24cms. 12/1/00. 011
PLASTICS MATERIALS. 7TH EDN.
Brydson J A
The latest edition, now the seventh, of this reputable text
book, provides an overview of the scientific, technological
and economic aspects of currently available plastics and
related materials, and also focuses on new materials -
many based on metallocene catalyst technology.
Developments with condensation polymers, including
several new polyester-type materials of interest for bottle
blowing and/or degradable plastics, are also covered. This
edition also attempts to explain the basis of metallocene
polymerisation. The commercial importance of the
materials discussed is also noted.
Accession no.755818
Item 277
New Scientist
164, No.2211, 6th Nov.1999, p.20
WOODWORK
MacKenzie D
German scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical
Technology have created wood that can be moulded like
plastic by combining lignin with cellulose to produce a
mouldable material with the same properties as wood.
Lignin as a waste product from the paper industry is added
to natural cellulose fibres to form granules and then
injection moulded. The lignin bonds to the cellulose under
the high temperature and pressure in the mould. The
patented material called Arborform is being targeted at
applications such as dashboards and door panels as well
as for TV and computer casings, flooring and furniture.
All other mouldable wood has so far been made from
whole wood fibres plus a bonding agent, and therefore
act mechanically like the resins from which they are made,
whereas Arborform expands and contracts with changes
in temperature the same way as wood does.
FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FUER CHEMISCHE
TECHNOLOGIE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.755415
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 278
European Plastics News
26, No.10, Nov.1999, p.21
GM PLANTS DEVELOPED TO GROW
PLASTICS
A paper covering the latest results in Monsanto’s ongoing
work on “growing” plastics using genetically modified
plants indicates that the company has successfully
produced a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) using GM
oilseed rape and a special variety of cress. Meanwhile,
Metabolix has announced that it has been awarded a
European patent for the production of PHAs in plants.
MONSANTO CO.; METABOLIX INC.
USA
Accession no.752604
Item 279
Popular Plastics and Packaging
44, No.10, Oct.1999, p.65-6
BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC FILM MADE OUT
OF SOYBEANS: A BREAKTHROUGH IN
PLASTIC INDUSTRY
Nayak P L
Biodegradable plastic films made from soybeans are
discussed as a solution to packaging waste disposal
problems. It is claimed that soy proteins offer functionality
and property enhancement that can be even more
beneficial than starch. To overcome the problems of
brittleness in films made from soy protein, hydrophilic
soy protein is extrusion blended with selected aliphatic
polyesters at 30 to 40 % levels to produce fully
biodegradable thermoplastic compositions that can be
blown into films. The blends can elongate up to 500%
with tensile strength around 2000 psi.
INDIA
Accession no.751743
Item 280
Polymer International
48, No.9, Sept.1999, p.868-72
STUDIES OF CU(II)-IO4- INITIATED GRAFT
COPOLYMERIZATION OF METHYL
METHACRYLATE FROM DEFATTED
PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRES
Tripathy P C; Misra M; Parija S; Mishra S; Mohanty A K
Ravenshaw College; Berlin,Technical University; Iowa
State University
The graft copolymerisation of methyl
methacrylate(MMA) from defatted pineapple leaf
fibre(PALF) (a multicellular and lignocellulose-like jute
fibre) was carried out in the temp. range 45 to 55C, using
a copper sulphate/potassium periodate initiator in aqueous
medium. The effects of variations in time and temp.,
concentration of Cu(II), potassium periodate and MMA,
and the amount of PALF and also the effects of some
inorganic salts and organic solvents on the percentage of
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
graft yield were investigated. A reaction mechanism was
proposed on the basis of the experimental results. FTIR
spectroscopy, TGA and SEM of the original defatted
PALF and MMA-grafted PALF were carried out. The
thermal stability of PALF was shown to be improved
through grafting. 23 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.751068
Item 281
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
No.268, July 1999, p.18-21
FLAX AND COTTON FIBER REINFORCED
BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTER AMIDE
COMPOSITES. 2
Jiang L; Hinrichsen G
Berlin,Technical University
The biodegradation of poly(ester amide)(PEA) films and
PEA/natural fibre (cotton(CT), flax(FV)) reinforced
composites were investigated in laboratory tests. Test
conditions were: soil compost burial, 28C, 98% humidity,
PEA films, composites of varying thickness (4 - 2000
micron). The biodegradation rate was strongly dependent
on sample thickness. PEA films of 500 microns thickness
or less were completely degraded within 6 weeks. PEA
films 2000 microns thick suffered 35% weight loss. PEA/
CT and PEA/FV composites degraded faster than the pure
PEA matrix. The reason for this is that the natural fibres
improve the transportation and distribution of water and
microorganisms in the composites as a result of capillary
action, which promotes the biodegradation of the PEA
matrix. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.750686
Item 282
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
No.268, July 1999, p.13-7
FLAX AND COTTON FIBRE REINFORCED
BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTER AMIDE
COMPOSITES. 1
Jiang L; Hinrichsen G
Berlin,Technical University
Biodegradable composites consisting of flax(FF) and
cotton (CT) fibre mats and poly(ester amide)(PEA) films
were hot pressed using the film stacking process. Using a
press temperature of 150C, the tensile and flexural
properties of the composites were shown to be strongly
influenced by the type of reinforcing fibre. PEA/FF
composites showed a tensile strength of 53 MPa and an
elastic modulus of 2 GPa. Biodegradable PEA/CT and
PEA/FF composites demonstrated superior mechanical
properties compared to polypropylene (PP)/FF
composites. The results show that completely
biodegradable composites can be manufactured from
87
 References and Abstracts
poly(ester amide) matrix reinforced with cotton or flax
fibres. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.750685
Item 283
Polymer
40, No.24, Nov.1999, p.6777-88
PROCESSING, PERFORMANCE AND
BIODEGRADABILITY OF A THERMOPLASTIC
ALIPHATIC POLYESTER/STARCH SYSTEM
Ratto J A; Stenhouse P J; Auerbach M; Mitchell J;
Farrell R
US,Army Soldier Systems Command;
Massachusetts,University
The processability, mechanical and thermal properties,
and biodegradability of composites of a biodegradable
thermoplastic aliphatic polyester, polybutylene succinate
adipate(PBSA), with granular corn starch were
investigated. The PBSA/starch films were prepared with
starch contents of 5-30 wt % and processed by blown
film extrusion. An increase in starch content was shown
to lead to an increase in modulus and decrease in TS, EB
and toughness. The rate of biodegradation in soil, as
measured by respirometry, increased significantly with
increase in starch content to 20% and then reached a
plateau. SEM showed that the starch granules were
embedded in the continuous-phase PBSA and that starch
promoted the biodegradation of PBSA. GPC indicated a
molec.wt. decrease for the PBSA after soil exposure and
confirmed that the biodegradation was enhanced by the
presence of starch. The results demonstrated that the
biodegradable PBSA/starch system had mechanical
properties which were useful for blown film applications.
40 refs.
USA
Accession no.750299
Item 284
Macromolecular Symposia
No.140, 1999, p.145-53
RHEOLOGY OF
CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE MADE FROM
BACTERIAL CELLULOSE
Cheng H N; Takai M; Ekong E A
Hercules Inc.; Hokkaido,University
Carboxymethylcellulose(CMC) derived from bacterial
cellulose exhibits shear-thinning and thixotropic
properties, partly as a result of the high solution viscosity
of the bacterial cellulose. With suitable sample treatment,
the CMC solution showed gel-like rheology, indicating
the presence of a three-dimensional network. This
behaviour was consistent with heterogeneous substitution
of the carboxymethyl functionality on the polymer chains.
For comparison, bacterial cellulose was also degraded by
88
either acid or ultrasound to reduce its molec.wt. and was
converted to CMC. The flow behaviour of the resulting
CMC solutions was nearly Newtonian, with slight shear-
thinning but no thixotropy, suggesting that the
carboxymethylation reaction was almost random. 21 refs.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.749056
Item 285
Journal of Macromolecular Science C
39, No.3, 1999, p.481-506
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS:
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Nayak P L
Michigan,State University
A review of the literature on the above is presented,
covering definition and categories of biodegradable
polymers, natural biodegradable plastics (starch, cellulose,
protein-based plastics and microbial polyesters), synthetic
biodegradable plastics (polycaprolactone, polylactic acid
and PVAl), modified natural biodegradable polymers
(starch-synthetic polymer blended products) and
biodegradable plastics applications and market potential.
97 refs.
USA
Accession no.749037
Item 286
Chemical and Engineering News
77, No.35, 30th Aug.1999, p.57
ALL-MICROBIAL ROUTE YIELDS CHIRAL
BUILDING BLOCKS
Research has been carried out at the Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology which uses bacteria
to make enantiomerically pure hydroxycarboxylic acids
by first making the corresponding chiral copolyesters and
then degrading them. The process is offered as an
economical and efficient way to synthesise these
molecules. A description is given of the biosynthetic
process.
KOREA,ADVANCED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
KOREA
Accession no.747561
Item 287
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
73, No.14, 29th Sept.1999, p.2785-97
BIODEGRADABLE FIBERS OF POLY(L-
LACTIDE) PRODUCED BY HIGH-SPEED MELT
SPINNING AND SPIN DRAWING
Schmack G; Taendler B; Vogel R; Beyreuther R;
Jacobsen S; Fritz H G
Dresden,Institut fuer Polymerforschung;
Stuttgart,University
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
A polylactide (type LA 0200 K from IKT Stuttgart, a
copolymer of L-lactide (92 wt %) and meso-lactide (8 wt
%)) was spun in high-speed melt spinning and spin
drawing processes. The fibres were characterised with
respect to the degree of crystallinity, orientation and the
textile physical properties. The polymer was produced
by a reactive extrusion polymerisation process and its
hydrolytic degradation during the processes of drying and
spinning and its thermal and rheological properties were
characterised. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.747385
Item 288
Adhesive Technology
16, No.3, Sept.1999, p.10-3
SWEET INSPIRATION
Bloembergen S; McLennan I J; Schmaltz C S
EcoSynthetix Inc.
Concerns about the environment and safety are
stimulating changes in the adhesive industry.
EcoSynthetix has developed a proprietary technology for
the synthesis of a sugar-based building block, referred to
as sugar macromer. It has been possible to chemically
link dextrose within the polymer structure of acrylic
copolymers to provide new recycling-friendly pressure
sensitive adhesives. The physical properties observed with
experimental grades of the sugar acrylic copolymer are
shown. Paper recycling is discussed in some detail,
together with biodegradation under composting
conditions.
USA
Accession no.747225
Item 289
Polymer Engineering and Science
39, No.7, July 1999, p.1311-9
POLYLACTIDE (PLA)-A NEW WAY OF
PRODUCTION
Jacobsen S; Degee Ph; Fritz H G; Dubois Ph; Jerome R
Stuttgart,University; Liege,University
Polymerisation techniques traditional used for polylactide
(PLA) synthesis are reviewed, and reactive extrusion
using a closely intermeshing co-rotating twin screw
extruder is proposed as an alternative process, which will
significantly reduce production costs. The mechanical
properties of PLA, and the modification of the properties
by the use of plasticisers are discussed. 21 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.747048
Item 290
Adhesives Age
42, No.7, July 1999, p.34/40
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
GREEN ADHESIVES
Paul C W; Sharak M L; Blumenthal M
National Starch & Chemical Co.
The attributes required to make an adhesive
‘environmentally friendly’ depend upon the application.
Most of these attributes involve some kind of response to
the presence of water, such as dispersing, releasing or
biodegrading. Water dispersibility, for easy repulping, has
been attained through the use of new base polymers
containing hydrophilic groups. Water releasability, for easy
separation of labels from bottles, has been accomplished
by substituting suitable surfactants for conventional
plasticising oils in pressure sensitive formulas.
Biodegradability has been enhanced via a number of routes,
most of which involve the use of ester-containing
ingredients. High levels of renewability have been
achievable for some time through the use of plant-derived
raw materials. These various approaches, for creating
‘environmentally friendly’ adhesives, and their benefits,
drawbacks and state of development, are discussed. 21 refs.
USA
Accession no.743601
Item 291
European Chemical News
71, No.1870, 19th-25th July 1999, p.34
ROUGH RIDE
Johnston S
Biodegradable polymers form a tiny part of the polymers
market, with less than 30,000 tonnes produced around
the world each year. The success of bioplastics lies in
niche markets. By 2001, total demand for biodegradable
polymers in the US, western Europe and Japan is expected
to increase to 70,000 tonne. Cargill recently signed up
with Dow Chemicals to commercialise polymers based
on polylactic acid fermented from corn starch.
WORLD
Accession no.742971
Item 292
Focus on Plastics Additives
No.16, 1999, p.6
MAKING PLASTICS DISAPPEAR
EPI Environmental Products has developed additive
packages for use in polyolefin film intended for refuse
sacks, temporary landfill covers and compost sacks. Biotec
supplies a range of starch-based compostable compounds
and Evercorn has patented a biodegradable starch/cellulose
fibre composition. EarthShell Container has developed
disposable food packaging materials made from cellulose
with added calcium carbonate and starch. The purpose of
the starch is to degrade rapidly in the warm, wet conditions
of a municipal waste composting facility.
USA
Accession no.742816
89
 References and Abstracts
Item 293
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
77, No.511, Jan.1999, p.60-70
Spanish
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN MEDICINE:
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS AND
CONTRIBUTION TO ADVANCED TISSUE
REGENERATION PROCESSES
Gallardo A; Elvira C; San Roman J; Lopez A
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros;
Avila,Hospital Provincial
Developments in the use of biodegradable polymers in
biomedical and surgical applications are reviewed.
Applications discussed include tissue engineering, bone
fracture fixation devices, resorbable sutures, vascular
grafts, temporary barriers for the prevention of post-
operative adhesion, artificial skin and systems for
controlled drug release. 92 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.742558
Item 294
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
77, No.511, Jan.1999, p.49-59
Spanish
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS IN MEDICINE:
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND MATERIALS
DEVELOPMENT
Elvira C; Gallardo A; San Roman J; Lopez A
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros;
Avila,Hospital Provincial
A review is presented of natural and synthetic biodegradable
polymers used in biomedical applications. Materials
examined include collagen, cellulose derivatives, chitin,
chitosan, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans,
polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyamino acids,
polycyanoacrylates, polyphosphazenes, hydroxy acid
polymers and copolymers, polycaprolactone,
polydioxanone, trimethylene carbonate copolymers and
polyhydroxyalkanoates. 101 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.742557
Item 295
Journal of Macromolecular Science C
C39, No.2, 1999, p.205-71
TOTALLY AND PARTIALLY BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMER BLENDS BASED ON NATURAL AND
SYNTHETIC MACROMOLECULES:
PREPARATION, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND
POTENTIAL AS FOOD PACKAGING
MATERIALS
Arvanitoyannis I S
Thessaloniki,Aristotle University
90
Recent advances in biodegradable synthetic copolymers
and composites, natural-synthetic polymer blends and
starch-based edible polymer blends for food packaging
are reviewed. Polymers and blends covered include
copolyamides based on diacids, diamines and alpha-amino
acids, copolyesteramides from epsilon-caprolactone and
various nylon salts, star-shaped copolylactides, chitosan-
PVAl blends, gelatinised starch/gutta percha,
polysaccharide/cellulose blends and polysaccharide/
protein blends. 221 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.742100
Item 296
Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri
64, No.3, March 1999, p.105/13
Italian
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PLASTICS IN
SEARCH OF A HOME
Latorre C
The advantages of biodegradable plastics and factors
limiting their use are discussed. An examination is made
of the properties, processing and applications of six
families of biodegradable polymers, i.e. BAK polyester
amides (Bayer), Biomax modified PETP (Du Pont),
Ecoflex copolyester (BASF), EcoPLA polylactic acid
(Cargill Dow Polymers), Hydrolene PVAL (Idroplast) and
Mater-Bi starch/polycaprolactone and starch/cellulose
blends (Novamont).
DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.; BAYER
AG; CARGILL DOW POLYMERS; BASF AG;
IDROPLAST; NOVAMONT
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.740593
Item 297
Kunststoffe Synthetics
No.1, 1998, p.4-5
German
BIOPOL CONTINUES TO STRUGGLE WITH
THIRST
Schroder F
The article examines polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB)’s
current status as the most successful candidate for
biodegradable polymers. Biopol consists of PHB and 20%
PHV (polyhydroxyvaleric acid) and is currently 10% more
expensive than polyethylene. Bottles, tubes, sheets and
fibres can be made from Biopol. Biopol can be processed
from granules in the same way as other polymers but is
not water soluble. Polarcup GmbH makes Biopol plastic
cups. PHB and polyvinyl alcohol have been combined in
three layer packaging. The problem causing the cost of
recycling is the combination of biodegradable polymer
and raw material. Monsanto acquired the Biopol
technology in 1996 from Zeneca Ltd., UK. In 1996 1kg
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
of PE cost DM1.7-1.8 whereas Biopol cost ten times more.
Monsanto has spent DM100m on Biopol thus far. Future
growth is expected in Europe and Japan.
Polyhydroxybutyrate is produced from bacteria living on
sugar. The easy availability of sugar cane in Brazil is
hoped to bring the price down from 20 US dollars/kg to
less than 3 US dollars/kg.
POLARCUP GMBH; MONSANTO CO.; ZENECA
LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.739934
Item 298
ACS Polymeric Materials Science &
Engineering.Volume 80.Conference proceedings.
Anaheim, Ca., Spring 1999, p.286. 012
BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS
Huang S
Connecticut,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Biodegradable polyesters have surgical, pharmaceutical,
agricultural, and waste recycling applications. The most
studied materials include poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic
acid), and polycaprolactone, being commercialised
initially as biomedical materials and more recently for
larger scale consumer products. Poly(alkylene alkane
dicarboxylate)s, such as poly(alkylene succinate) have
been developed to lesser degree. Poly(beta-
hydroxybutyrate) and its copolymers have also been
intensely studied, but suffer the drawback of high material
costs. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.737805
Item 299
Polymer Degradation and Stability
64, No.2, May 1999, p.339-46
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF POLYOLEFIN-
STARCH BLENDS AFTER AGEING
Zuchowska D; Hlavata D; Steller R; Adamiak W;
Meissner W
Wroclaw,Technical University; Czech
Republic,Academy of Sciences
LDPE- or PP-starch blends containing 40-50 wt% of
glycerol plasticised starch were buried on a test soil for
four months (biological ageing), then treated with 10%
aqueous sodium hydroxide solution for five days at room
temperature (chemical ageing). An environmental ageing
test was also carried out in which samples were exposed to
air and sunlight for four months under dry conditions, or
wet conditions when the samples were sprinkled
periodically with water. The degradation of the blends was
studied by means of small and wide angle X-ray scattering.
During biodegradation in the soil test, about 75% of the
initial starch content was removed from the blends and a
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
further decrease of up to 80-85% occurred after chemical
degradation in sodium hydroxide solution. Biodegradation
in soil did not significantly affect the crystalline phase
content in PE (45%) or PP (55%), but the subsequent
treatment of the blends with sodium hydroxide solution
increased the crystallinity index for both PE (48%) and PP
(65%). The results of the environmental ageing tests
showed the importance of water for the degradation process.
The observed changes after deradation affected the
mechanical properties of the blends, such as an increase in
the elongation at break. 17 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.737356
Item 300
Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings.
New York City, 2nd-6th May, 1999, p.888-91.012
THERMOSETTING RESINS FROM
VEGETABLE OILS
Petrovic Z S; Guo A; Fuller R; Javni I
Pittsburg,State University
(SPE)
A range of polyols and thermosetting polyurethanes was
prepared from soyabean, corn, sunflower, safflower,
canola, peanut, and olive and castor oils. The prepared
materials were rubbers when the polyol hydroxyl number
was below 160 mg potassium hydroxide/g, and rigid
plastics above this value. There was a linear relationship
between the glass transition value of the polymers and
the hydroxyl number. The polymer prepared from castor
oil was rubbery, whilst having a hydroxyl number of 164
mg potassium hydroxide/g. This was attributed to the
presence of double bonds. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.734062
Item 301
Plastics Technology
45, No.3, March 1999, p.46-52
FOR COMPOUNDING, SHEET AND PROFILE -
WOOD IS GOOD
Schut J H
This article highlights the process of extruding composites
made of wood and plastics, a market which has recently
burst into life with the appearance of many new producers
and new applications. It also provides a comprehensive
list of US companies and their wood/plastic composite
products.
TREX CO.; COMPTRUSION CORP.; DURA
PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL; ICMA; LEAR
CORP.; BAUSANO GROUP; AMERICAN WOOD
FIBERS; LOUISIANA-PACIFIC POLYMERS;
ANDERSEN CORP.; AERT CORP.; B & F PLASTICS;
CERTAINTEED CORP.; STRANDEX CORP.;
NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES; EC POLYMERS;
CRILA PLASTICS INC.; CRANE PLASTICS;
91
 References and Abstracts
CINCINNATI MILACRON; OHIO C.W.;
EAGLEBROOK PRODUCTS; FIBER COMPOSITES
CORP.; FORMTECH ENTERPRISES INC.; HOFF
FOREST PRODUCTS; MIKRON INDUSTRIES;
NORTHWOOD PLASTICS INC.; PHOENIX COLOR
& COMPOUNDING INC.; POLYWOOD PRODUCTS;
SHORE PACIFIC LLC; STAR GUARD INC.
CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.733798
Item 302
Modern Plastics International
29, No.5, May 1999, p.38-9
LEGISLATION CREATES NEW POTENTIAL
FOR BIODEGRADABLE USE IN JAPAN
Moore S
It is explained here that a recycling law mandating the
recovery and reuse of plastics packaging materials in
Japan is believed likely to accelerate the adoption of
biodegradable resins there. This article discusses
increasing demand, and also new developments in the
field by key Japanese producers.
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES CO.; SHOWA
HIGHPOLYMER CO.LTD.; SHIMADZU CORP.;
CARGILL DOW POLYMERS; MITSUI CHEMICALS
INC.; DIACEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LTD.;
DAINIPPON INK & CHEMICALS INC.;
MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL; NIPPON
SHOKUBAI; KURARAY CO.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.733543
Item 303
Biomaterials
20, No.12, June 1999, p.1109-15
IN VIVO EVALUATION OF POLY(L-LACTIC
ACID) POROUS CONDUITS FOR PERIPHERAL
NERVE REGENERATION
Evans G R D; Brandt K; Widmer M S; Lu L; Meszlenyi
R K; Gupta P K; Mikos A G; Hodges J; Williams J;
Gurlek A; Nabawi A; Lohman R; Patrick C W
Texas,University; Rice University
Poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA) conduits were fabricated by
an extrusion technique to have an inner diameter of 1.6
mm, an outer diameter of 3.2 mm and a length of 12 mm.
They were highly porous with an interconnected pore
structure. The conduits were interposed into the right
sciatic nerve defect of Sprague Dawley rats using
microsurgical techniques. The results obtained for PLLA
were significantly better than those obtained for 75:25
poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) in a previous study and
suggested that PLLA porous conduits could serve as a
scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration. 30 refs.
USA
Accession no.733249
92
Item 304
Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition
10, No.5, 1999, p.531-42
MICROCAPSULES PREPARED FROM
ALGINATE AND A PHOTOSENSITIVE POLY(L-
LYSINE)
Shwu Jen Chang; Chen Hsen Lee; Yng Jiin Wang
Taiwan,National Yang Ming University;
Taipei,Veterans General Hospital
alpha-Phenylcinnamylideneacetylated poly(l-lysine), a
photosensitive polymer, was synthesised and
characterised. The polymer had 10% of its lysine residues
reacted with alpha-phenylcinnamylidene acetyl group and
displayed an absorption maximum at 329 nm. The
photosensitive poly(L-lysine) was used for the preparation
of microcapsules. The capsules formed from this
photosensitive poly(L-lysine) and alginate were
strengthened significantly by light irradiation. The
photocrosslinked capsular membrane was permeable to
proteins with mass transfer rate in the descending order
cytochrome C, myoglobin, serum albumin. GH3 (a rat
pituitary tumour cell line) cells were encapsulated and
cultured with this microencapsulation system. The cells
proliferated to a density of about 400,000 cells/ml in the
capsules after 6 days cultivation. 36 refs.
TAIWAN
Accession no.731890
Item 305
European Plastics News
26, No.5, May 1999, p.22-3
NATURAL GROWTH
Warmington A
The European market for biodegradable plastics is small,
about 7,000 t/y, including about 3,800 tones of compost
bags, 1,500 tonnes of loose-fill packaging, 700 tonnes of
paper coatings and 500 tonnes of food packaging. The
market for biodegradable plastics will be affected by
ongoing reviews of the Packaging Directive, in which
“organic” recovery is defined as a form of recycling.
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.730529
Item 306
Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 1. March 1999.
Conference proceedings.
Boston, Ma., March 1999, p.584-5. 012
RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF
BIODEGRADABLE ALIPHATIC POLYESTERS
Choi H J; Park S H; Kim J; Shin T K
Inha,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
To reduce environmental pollution caused by synthetic
plastic waste, there has been a great interest in the
development of biodegradable polymers. Poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a biosynthetic aliphatic polyester
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
produced by many types of microorganism, has been
developed and investigated as it is completely
biocompatible and biodegradable in the environment, by
either hydrolytic or enzymatic degradation processes.
However, it is highly brittle and thermally unstable at
temperatures above the melting point (around 180 deg.C).
It therefore has a rather narrow window of processability.
In order to improve these properties, poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate-co-3hydroxyvalerate) (P(3HB/3HV))
random copolymers were formulated by replacing the
methyl group with an ethyl group in PHB main chain. The
mechanical properties of the synthesised copolymers are
greatly improved over those of the homopolymer PHB.
The copolymers also show a wide range of property
changes depending on the HV content, resulting in the
reduction of the melting temperature to between 50 and
180 deg.C. Emphasis is placed on the rheological properties
of the microbial biodegradable aliphatic polyesters for both
PHB and three different compositions of P(3HB/3HV)
copolymer to re-examine the effect of HV component on
the elastic behaviour of the copolymer. 11 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.730473
Item 307
Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 1. March 1999.
Conference proceedings.
Boston, Ma., March 1999, p.570-1. 012
ADVANCES IN THE COMMERCIALISATION OF
POLYLACTIC ACID
Hartmann M
Cargill Dow Polymers LLC
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Polylactic acid is most commonly manufactured by the
bulk melt ring-opening polymerisation of lactide catalysed
by tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate to yield a high molecular
weight polymer. The final equilibrium monomer
concentration depends on polymerisation temperature,
catalyst concentration and crystallinity. The addition of
acids or complexing agents is known to hinder the ring
opening polymerisation of lactide when catalysed by tin
(II) 2-ethylhexanoates. The results of the post-
polymerisation addition of various acids to PLA to stop
lactide reformation and improve the removal of residual
monomer are reported. This allows the efficient
production of a polymer for use in such commercial
biodegradable packaging applications such as films,
foams, moulding and coatings. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.730465
Item 308
Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 1. March 1999.
Conference proceedings.
Boston, Ma., March 1999, p.501-2. 012
BIODEGRADABLE HYDROGELS FOR
CONTROLLED CELL AND DRUG DELIVERY
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Bouhadir K H; Rowley J A; Kruger G M; Lee K Y;
Mooney D J
Michigan,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Sodium alginate has found a wide use in tissue engineering
applications as a cell and drug delivery vehicle. Alginate
is a natural polymer extracted from seaweed, and is
comprised of block polymers of beta-mannuronic acid,
alpha-L-guluronic acid, and an alternating sequence of both
sugars. An attractive feature of alginate is its gentle gelling
behaviour in the presence of divalent cations such as
calcium to form hydrogels. However, cells cannot directly
adhere to alginate, and alginate is not truly biodegradable.
It dissolves in an uncontrolled manner following the loss
of calcium ions. Furthermore, alginate hydrogels have
limited mechanical properties. Cell adhesion ligands have
been successfully coupled to the alginate backbone. These
ligands promote cell adhesion and proliferation. New
polymers have also been developed derived from alginate
that are biodegradable, have controllable mechanical
properties and allow the coupling of cell adhesion peptides.
These polymers show promise in both cell and drug delivery
applications. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.730435
Item 309
Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 1. March 1999.
Conference proceedings.
Boston, Ma., March 1999, p.441-2. 012
NANOSTRUCTURED BLOCK COPOLYMERS
CONTAINING BIODEGRADABLE SEGMENTS
Hillmyer M A; Schmidt S C; Marohn S L
Minnesota,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Polylactide (PLA) is a commercially available polyester
that is completely biodegradable in a compost
environment. Although it is a useful material for a variety
of applications, there are mechanical deficiencies that
prevent its use in situations that require a high degree of
toughness or ductility. Methods are investigated for the
preparation of PLA-containing block copolymers as
nanostructure templates, crystallisation modifiers, and for
rubber toughened PLA formulations. Block copolymers
are a unique class of materials that self-assemble into a
variety of ordered morphologies with compositional
heterogeneities on nanometer length scales. They can be
designed to have elastomeric characteristics and are
therefore used in traditional rubber applications. In
addition, A-B materials are useful as compatibilisers for
blends and A-B-A triblock copolymers are used as
thermoplastic elastomers. The preparation of well-defined
block copolymers requires controlled polymerisation
processes. Emphasis is placed on the preparation of PLA
block copolymers containing segments prepared from
living anionic polymerisation. Anionic polymerisation is
a versatile technique for the preparation of block
93
 References and Abstracts
copolymers, however the number of monomers that can
be polymerized by an anionic mechanism is limited. A
combination of anionic polymerisation and coordination-
insertion polymerisation is used to prepare a range of
polyisoprene-PLA and PS-PLA block copolymers. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.730409
Item 310
International Polymer Science and Technology
25, No.8, 1998, p.T/65-8
SELF-DEGRADING FILM BASED ON A BLEND
OF POLYETHYLENE AND
POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE
Ol’khov A A; Vlasov S V; Iordanskii A L
Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology;
Russian Academy of Sciences
A composite based on LDPE and polyhydroxybutyrate
was studied. The blends can be processed by extrusion,
costs are lower, the films satisfy the requirements laid
down for packaging films based on traditional polymers
by GOST standards, have considerable porosity, and can
be used for subsequent forming, e.g. vacuum forming of
articles or as shrink-wrapped packaging film. 13 refs.
Translation of Plast.Massy, No.3, 1998, p.14
RUSSIA
Accession no.726467
Item 311
Macplas
23, No.201, Sept.1998, p.71-3
Italian
PROCESSABILITY AND PROPERTIES OF
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
La Mantia F P
Palermo,University
Parameters influencing the processability of biodegradable
polymers, including thermal stability and rheological
properties, are examined in comparison with a non-
biodegradable polymer (linear LDPE). Biodegradable
materials studied include polycaprolactone (PCL), a
hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymer and blends of
starch with EVOH and PCL. Thermal and mechanical
properties of these materials are also discussed.
NOVAMONT
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
SICILY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.726322
Item 312
Reinforced Plastics
43, No.3, March 1999, p.42-6
NATURAL ALTERNATIVE
Marsh G
John Deere has been involved in trials of up to 60 tractor
components made of natural composites. A prototype side
94
panel for a hay baler comprising a foam core encased by
glass reinforced soya bean composite skins has been
produced. On the fibre side, much of the impetus for
developing fibre reinforcements and natural fibre
reinforced plastics is currently coming from the
automotive sector. Bayer has combined a 50:50 mixture
of flax and sisal fibres in PU in an interior trim composite.
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.725998
Item 313
Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia
9, No.1, Jan./March 1999, p.66-75
Portuguese
LIGNIN IN PHENOLIC FOAMS
de Carvalho G; Frollini E
Sao Paulo,University
Lignin can be recovered from sugar cane bagasse, which
is widely available in Brazil, as a residue from sugar mills.
The application of lignin-phenol formaldehyde polymers
in cellular materials is discussed. The foams obtained were
characterised by SEM and by measurements of open cell
content, apparent density, compressive strength and
hardness. The lignin-phenol-formaldehyde foams
exhibited thermal insulating characteristics combined with
good mechanical properties, which allowed their
application as structural-thermal insulating foam. 21 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.725189
Item 314
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
38, No.1, 1999, p.179-87
POLYMERS FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES.
XXVII. STUDIES ON SYNTHESIS,
CHARACTERISATION AND THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF RESINS DERIVED FROM
CARDANYL ACRYLATE-FURFURAL-ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Guru B N; Das T K; Lenka S
Ravenshaw College
Cardanol, the major constituent of cashew nut shell liquid
(CNSL), is extracted from CNSL by vacuum distillation at
3-4 mm pressure of mercury and 230-240 deg.C temperature.
Cardanyl acrylate, a derivative of cardanol, is prepared by
the Kaliyappan method. A number of resins are synthesised
by condensing cardanyl acrylate with furfural and selective
organic compounds in the presence of acid as catalyst. The
resins are characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectra.
Solvent absorptivity of the resins are studied by taking
toluene and dimethyl formamide as solvents. The thermal
behaviour of the resins is studied. The overall activation
energy and order of degradation of the resins are evaluated
using the Freeman-Anderson method. 16 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.724283
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 315
Surface Coatings International
82, No.3, March 1999, p.127-30
BIODEGRADABLE BINDERS AND
CROSSLINKING AGENTS FROM RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
Buisman G J H
Arizona Chemical BV
Synthesis and applicability of epoxy crosslinking agents
and of biodegradable binders poly(3-hydroxy)alkanoates
from vegetable oils, particularly from lallemantia iberica
and euphorbia lagascae, are presented. Chemical and
enzymatic epoxidations, powder coatings, and alternative
binders, are described. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.723094
Item 316
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
6, No.3, July 1998, p.159-73
ASSESSMENT OF SEVERAL TEST METHODS
FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE
ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADABILITY OF
POLYMERS
Gartiser S; Wallrabenstein M; Stiene G
Hydrotox GmbH
Anaerobic degradation of eight commercially available
biodegradable polymers was compared in two anaerobic tests
using digestion sludge, according to ISO 11734 and ASTM
D5210-91. Cotton, polyhydroxybutyrate/hydroxyvalerate
copolymer, starch blend, thermoplastic cellulose acetate, and
cellulose acetate fibres proved to be anaerobically
degradable, but only a low extent of degradation was found
for polylactide, polyvinyl alcohol, and polycaprolactone.
Carbon dioxide was shown to be essential for the growth of
various anaerobic bacteria, notably homoacetogenic and
methanogenic bacteria. 27 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.721341
Item 317
Warmer Bulletin
No.65, March 1999, p.20-1
BREAKING DOWN THE FUTURE -
BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS FOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Riggle D
Many biodegradable products have entered the
marketplace and manufacturers are further refining their
formulations. Testing protocols and standards for
biodegradability are helping build consumer confidence.
It is in the field of sustainable waste management,
especially with regard to products designed to be
composted, that the relevance of these new technologies
can most clearly be seen.
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.717201
Item 318
Polymer International
48, No.1, Jan.1999, p.23-32
RING-OPENING HOMOPOLYMERIZATION
AND COPOLYMERIZATION OF LACTONES. II.
ENZYMATIC DEGRADABILITY OF
POLY(BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE)(PHB)
STEREOISOMERS AND COPOLYMERS OF
BETA-BUTYROLACTONE(BL) WITH EPSILON-
CAPROLACTONE(CL) AND DELTA-
VALEROLACTONE(VL)
Jaimes C; Dobreva-Schue R; Giani-Beaune O; Schue F;
Amass W; Amass A
Montpellier II,Universite; Aston,University
The enzymatic degradabilities of PHB polymer samples
of different tacticities and copolymers of BL with CL and
of BL with VL at various feed ratios were investigated.
The polymers and copolymers were prepared in the
presence of aluminoxane catalysts by ring-opening
polymerisation processes. The results obtained indicated
that polymers synthesised from tetraisobutyldialuminoxane
catalyst exhibited very good behaviour in aerobic
biodegradation. By the method and inoculum used in this
study, it was possible to degrade synthetic polymers by
about 85-90% after 50 days. The effect of the tacticity and
crystallinity of the polymers on their degree of
biodegradation and on their initial degradation rate was
studied. 23 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.715533
Item 319
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.135, Dec.1998, p.193-204
BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS - PRESENT
SITUATION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Bastioli C
Novamont SpA
Starch-based biodegradable materials which are either
already on the market or at an advanced development
stage are discussed, with particular reference to crystalline
starch, thermoplastic starch and thermoplastic starch
composites. Polyesters are then considered, including
polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid
and poly-epsilon-caprolactone. Polyamides are briefly
mentioned. The market potential of these products is
considered with reference to the challenges and risks. 22
refs. (IUPAC, 38th Microsymposium on Recycling of
Polymers, Prague, July 1997)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.715498
95
 References and Abstracts
Item 320
Advanced Performance Materials
5, No.3, Dec.1998, p.183-91
SUGAR CANE BAGASSE WASTE AS
REINFORCEMENT IN LOW COST
COMPOSITES
Monteiro S N; Rodriquez R J S; De Souza M V;
D’Almeida J R M
Norte Fluminense,Universidade Estadual; Rio de
Janeiro,Pontificia Universidade
The State University of the North of Rio de Janeiro State
is currently engaged in a large development programme to
exploit the potentialities of sugar cane industry in a self
sustained non-polluting programme. Sugar cane is a
traditional industry responsible for the main fraction of the
economy of the northern region of the State of Rio de
Janeiro, also known as the North Fluminense region. In
this respect, a project of particular interest is the use of the
sugar cane bagasse waste as reinforcement to polymeric
resins for fabrication of low cost composites. A study is
carried out on the possible uses of bagasse waste as
reinforcement in polyester matrix composites. Preliminary
results have attested this possibility. Composites with
homogeneous microstructures can be fabricated and the
level of their mechanical properties enable them to have
practical applications similar to the ones normally
associated with wooden agglomerates. Future
developments are expected to increase the performance and
competitiveness of these composites as compared to those
of other materials in the same structural class. 24 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.714117
Item 321
Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
31, No.1, Jan.1999, p.56-71
PROCESSABILITY AND PROPERTIES OF
BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL BIOPOLYMERS
Otaigbe J U; Goel H; Babcock T; Jane J
Iowa State University
Results are reported of research aimed at the development
of biodegradable thermoplastic compositions and processing
methods for making plastics articles reproducibly from soy
protein isolate and corn starch. Viable biodegradable soy
protein-starch plastics that could be extruded and injection
moulded into articles of various shapes and sizes were
prepared. The thermal and mechanical properties of the
plastics material indicated that it could be useful in many
applications where the plastic must biodegrade in an
environmentally-benign manner after service. Blending the
biodegradable soy protein plastic with polyphosphate fillers
greatly reduced its water sensitivity, allowing new uses in
moist and load-bearing environments where the unfilled
biodegradable plastic was not useable. 15 refs.
USA
Accession no.713709
96
Item 322
ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering.
Fall Meeting 1998. Volume 79. Conference
proceedings.
Boston, Mas., 23rd-27th Aug.1998, p.248-9. 012
CURING BEHAVIOUR OF POLYPEPTIDE
MOISTURE-RESISTANT ADHESIVES
Yu M; Deming T J
California,University
The prolific adhesive capabilities of many marine
organisms are well known. These glues are able to form
permanent bonds in a few seconds to a wide variety of
substrates with complex and often irregular surface
coatings. In contrast, the success of synthetic adhesives
in wet environments requires carefully cleaned adherends
which often must also be chemically treated and/or
partially dried. Furthermore, preliminary immunological
studies on marine adhesive proteins have revealed that
they are poor antigens and thus excellent candidates for
in vivo medical applications. An understanding of the
materials and mechanisms used by mussels and barnacles
to adhere to underwater surfaces would be valuable for
the design and synthesis of superior moisture-resistant
adhesives. The synthesis of copolymers of DOPA and L-
lysine, which display moisture-resistant adhesive
properties when suitably oxidised, is described. 13 refs.
USA
Accession no.713373
Item 323
Modern Plastics International
29, No.1, Jan.1999, p.31-2
BIODEGRADABLE RESINS GATHER
MOMENTUM FOR MAINSTREAM USE
Defosse M
A review is presented of developments in biodegradable
polymers, with details of new products from European
and USA companies. Characteristics and properties are
discussed, and targeted applications are indicated.
EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
Accession no.711758
Item 324
Tire Technology International
Sept.1998, p.7
CORN TIRE FILLER
It is announced in this article that Goodyear is the first
tyre manufacturer to take advantage of the reinforcing
capabilities of an engineered biopolymeric filler derived
from corn starch. Starch represents an ecological
alternative to silica or carbon black. Full details are given.
GOODYEAR
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
LUXEMBOURG; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.711337
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 325
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
84, No.8, Aug. 1994, p.18/22
PRODUCING THERMOPLASTIC STARCH
WITH TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDERS
Wiedmann W
Werner & Pfleiderer GmbH
The processing of starch into thermoplastic starch on
conventional compounding systems based on twin-screw
extruders is discussed. The greatest influences to be
exerted on the properties and quality of starch granules
are examined, and are found to be shear energy/
dissipation, temperature/time curve, and water content.
Modification by reacting and blending, the use of venting
to produce pellets, and details of process optimisation and
scale-up are all considered. 10 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.709877
Item 326
Packaging Technology & Science
11, No.6, Nov./Dec.1998, p.265-74
MECHANICAL AND PERMEABILITY
PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE
EXTRUDED STARCH/POLYCAPROLACTONE
FILMS
Myllymaki O; Myllarinen P; Forssell P; Suortti T;
Lahteenkorva K; Ahvenainen R; Poutanen K
VTT Biotechnology & Food Research;
Tampere,University of Technology
Barley starch and glycerol were mixed with
polycaprolactone(PCL) powder in various combinations
and plasticised in a twin-screw extruder. Extrudates were
processed, where possible, into films in a single-screw
extruder and subjected to an orientation process with the
aim of improving the water durability and mechanical
strength of the starch films. The mechanical properties,
permeabilities to oxygen and water vapour, sorption
isotherms and solubility of the processed films were
studied. The films containing 20% or more PCL achieved
a TS of 20 MPa or higher. Further orientation of the film
improved the TS and also the barrier properties to water
vapour and oxygen. With PCL contents of 0 to 20%, the
starch/PCL films were shown to be effective oxygen
barriers. An increase in PCL content beyond this impaired
the oxygen barrier properties, while improving the water
barrier properties. 20 refs.
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.709672
Item 327
High Performance Plastics
Jan.1999, p.7
BIOPLASTICS: STRONG GROWTH FORECAST,
UK FILM LAUNCHED, PICNICWARE IS FIRST
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
USE OF GERMAN POLYMER
Bioplastics are growing rapidly in Europe, according to
Frost & Sullivan. Current sales, equivalent to 16.31m US
dollars in 1997, will rise to some 73.07m US dollars by
2004. In the UK, Symphony Environmental has
announced commercial production of an additive-based
degradable PE film that will break down in as little as 60
days or as long as 5-6 years. In Germany, Bayer has
launched its biodegradable polyesteramide, BAK, aimed
at applications involving compostable products.
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.709429
Item 328
Polymer International
47, No.3, Nov.1998, p.291-4
NEW FILMS PRODUCED FROM
MICROFIBRILLATED NATURAL FIBRES
Taniguchi T; Okamura K
Niigata,University; Kyoto,Bunka College
Details are given of the development of new types of
microfibrillated materials from natural fibres using a
super-grinding method. The method consists of
mechanical treatment which is designed to give shearing-
stress to the longitudinal fibre axis of the fibrous samples.
Film formation is also discussed. 8 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.706913
Item 329
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
52, No.2, 1998, p.261-74
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF SOME
ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE
POLYMERS
Day M; Cooney J D; Shaw K; Watts J
Canada,National Research Council
The thermal characteristics of a series of degradable
polymers for use in commercial composting facilities was
investigated using TGA and DSC. Phase changes
associated with some of the polymers investigated may
cause problems in the interpretation of data from
composting degradation studies. Several biodegradable
polymers were observed to have melt transitions at
temperatures similar to those found in a composting
environment. 19 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.705674
Item 330
Polymer International
47, No. 2, Oct. 1998, p.186-92
HYDROLYSIS OF LACTIC ACID BASED
POLY(ESTER-URETHANE)S
Hiltunen K; Tuominen J; Seppala J V
97
 References and Abstracts
Helsinki,University of Technology
Hydrolysis in pH7 buffer solutions was studied at 37C and
55C. Samples were prepared using a straight two step lactic
acid polymerisation process. The lactic acid was first
polymerised to low molecular weight hydroxyl-terminated
telechelic prepolymer by condensation polymerisation in
the presence of tin (II) octoate. A typical batch size was
6000g of 88% aqueous solution of lactic acid. Different
amounts of 1,4-butanediol were used to control the
molecular weight of the prepolymers. The second step was
to link prepolymer molecules together with 1,6-
hexamethylenediisocyanate to form high molecular weight
poly(ester urethane). Samples for hydrolysis were prepared
by compression moulding. The effect on the hydrolysis
rate of different stereostructures (different amount of D
units in the polymer chain) and the length of the ester units
were studied. The rate of hydrolysis was examined by
various techniques including weighing (water absorption
and weight loss), GPC (molecular weight and
polydispersity), and DSC Tg. GPC measurements showed
that at 37C the weight average molecular weight of the
poly(ester-urethane)s started to decrease slowly during the
first week by hydrolysis, but that at 55C the weight average
molecular weight decreased dramatically during the first
week of hydrolysis. Significant mass loss occurred later at
both temperatures. Results show that degradation rates can
be controlled by stereostructure and ester block length.
Rates at 55C are compatible with the composting cycle of
other biodegradable materials. The finding that hydrolysis
rate decreases as ester block length increases contradicts
literature results for poly(ester urethane)s.
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.704628
Item 331
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
37, No.4, Nov.1998, p.451-68
THERMOPLASTICS REINFORCED WITH
WOOD FILLERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Bledzki A K; Reihmane S; Gassan
Kassel,Universitat; Riga,Technical University
Problems concerning the processing of thermoplastics
reinforced with wood fillers are discussed. The high level
of moisture absorption by the filler, its poor wettability,
as well as the insufficient adhesion between untreated
filler and the polymer matrix are reasons for the low
tensile strength and high moisture sorption of composites.
These shortcomings of composites can be prevented by
the modification of the interface. The fibre-matrix
compatibility and the composites’ properties can be
improved by using some physical (e.g. steam explosion,
corona, cold plasma) and chemical (crosslinking and
acetylation of cellulose, grafting, use of coupling agents)
methods. Modified wood-polymer interaction
mechanisms are complex and specific for each definite
system and processing conditions. Cellulose crosslinking
and acetylation reduce hygroscopicity and swelling of
98
wood and wood composites. Grafting of styrene to wood
is effective for wood-PS systems. The best coupling agent
for wood-thermoplastics is polymethylenepolyphenyl
isocyanate. Silanes’ coupling effect can be increased with
additives to the polymer matrix. Optimisation of
technological parameters of wood-thermoplastics
processing is necessary. 52 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
LATVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.704282
Item 332
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
85, No.3, March 1995, p.23-4
FLAX VERSUS GLASS
Mieck K P; Reussmann T
Thueringisches Institut fuer Textil- & Kunststoff-
Forschung eV
Flax-mat-reinforced thermoplastics are compared with
glass mat reinforced thermoplastics in terms of
mechanical properties. Consideration is given to the
influence on properties made by fibre opening processes
and the mat forming process, and also the use of surface
treatment to improve fibre matrix adhesion in
polypropylene/flax composites is examined. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.703671
Item 333
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
70, No.11, 12th Dec.1998, p.2259-68
BLENDS OF ALIPHATIC POLYESTERS. III.
BIODEGRADATION OF SOLUTION-CAST
BLENDS FROM POLY-L-LACTIDE(PLLA) AND
POLY-EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE(PCL)
Tsuji H; Mizuno A; Ikada Y
Toyohashi,University of Technology; Kyoto,University
The biodegradation of phase-separated aliphatic polyester
blends from PLLA and PCL, having different polymer
mixing ratios, was studied in soil for up to 20 months
using gravimetry, GPC, tensile testing, DSC and SEM.
The results obtained are discussed with particular
reference to weight remaining, molec.wt. change,
crystalline structure change, mechanical properties change
and comparison of biodegradation in soil with hydrolysis
in phosphate-buffered solution. 26 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.702789
Item 334
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
70, No.11, 12th Dec.1998, p.2251-7
ACCELERATED AND ENVIRONMENTAL
WEATHERING STUDIES ON POLYETHYLENE-
STARCH BLEND FILMS
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Sastry P K; Satyanarayana D; Rao D V M
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
Films of PE-starch blends with and without vegetable oil
as a compatibiliser were prepared. The degradation of the
films under thermooxidative treatment, UV light
exposure, high temp., high humidity and natural ambiance
(soil burial) were monitored. It was shown that vegetable
oil as an additive had a dual role, improving the film
quality by acting as a plasticiser and accelerating
degradation of the film by acting as a pro-oxidant. 28
refs.
INDIA
Accession no.702788
Item 335
Informacion Tecnologica
9, No.5, 1998, p.115-8
Spanish
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
POROUS POLYLACTIC ACID MEMBRANES. A
BIOABSORBABLE POLYMER
Luciano R M; Zavaglia C A C; Duek E A R
Campinas,Universidade Estadual
A substrate for inducing cell seeding for implantation in
damaged tissues was developed. Polylactic acid
membranes were prepared using the casting process with
methyl chloride as solvent. In order to manufacture the
porous membranes, a very slow solvent evaporation
process was used, giving pores between 50 and 160
microns. Characterisation of the membranes was carried
out using microelectronic scanning microscopy and DSC.
The results of this study showed that it was possible to
obtain porous membranes with the required characteristics
to be used in tissue regeneration and other medical
applications. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.701007
Item 336
Reactive & Functional Polymers
38, No.1, Sept.1998, p.35-49
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF
BIODEGRADATION OF NATURAL POLYMERS
Ratajska M; Boryniec S
Lodz,Institute of Chemical Fibres
The biodegradation of polymeric materials of natural
origin and of their mixtures with other natural and
synthetic polymers was investigated. The processes of
biodegradation were carried out in an aqueous and a soil
medium in the presence of air. Experiments with the
biodegradation of cellulose carbamate showed that the
product was more susceptible to biological decomposition
than cellulose or its viscose derivatives. Experiments with
the biodegradation of chitosan showed that the process
was dependent on both the origin and properties of the
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
samples, as well as on the degree of their deacetylation
and conditions of the biodegradation process. Research
into the biodegradation of mixtures of synthetic and
natural polymers using the method of light transmittance
led to the general conclusion that the biodegradation
process was largely dependent on the type of synthetic
polymer, as well as on conditions of the process. 5 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.700977
Item 337
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.132, 1998, p.415-20
ENZYMATIC RING-OPENING POLYADDITION
FOR CHITIN SYNTHESIS: A CATIONIC
MECHANISM IN BASIC SOLUTION?
Kiyosada T; Shoda S; Kobayashi S
Tohoku,University; Kyoto,University
The in-vitro synthesis of chitin via a non-biosynthetic path
was achieved by enzymatic ring-opening polyaddition of
a chitobiose oxazoline monomer. Chitinase, a hydrolysis
enzyme of chitin, recognised and polymerised the
monomer regio- and stereoselectivity. The structure of
artificial chitin was confirmed by comparison with an
authentic natural chitin sample with the use of cross-
polarisation/magic angle spinning carbon-13 NMR and
IR spectroscopies. X-ray diffraction as well as NMR
analysis showed its crystal structure of alpha-chitin.
Characteristic features of this polymerisation are
described. 26 refs. (IUPAC International Symposium on
Ionic Polymerization, Paris, July 1997)
JAPAN
Accession no.700349
Item 338
Polymer Engineering and Science
38, No.9, Sept.1998, p.1426-35
STEADY SHEAR AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES
OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS
Ramkumar D H S; Bhattacharya M
Minnesota,University
The rheological properties of three biodegradable partially
crystalline aliphatic polymers, poly-epsilon-
caprolactone(PCL), polylactic acid(PLA) and
polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate(PHBV), were
investigated. Low shear viscosity, first normal stress
difference and dynamic properties (G’ and G”) were
measured for each polymer using rotational instruments.
High shear viscosity data were obtained using a capillary
rheometer. GPC indicated that both PLA and PHBV were
determined from the time-sweep data. Data indicated that
material functions were proportional to the molec.wt. for
PCL and PLA samples and directly related to the HV
content in the PHBV samples. The relaxation spectra were
calculated from the G’ and G” data using the regularisation
method and the applicability of the non-linear Wagner
99
 References and Abstracts
equation was checked on these materials. Results are
discussed in terms of variations in the molecular
characteristics on rheological properties and their possible
influence on processability. 13 refs.
USA
Accession no.699089
Item 339
Journal of the Adhesive & Sealant Council. Spring
1998. Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 22nd-25th March 1998, p.28-38. 6A1
PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS OF NON-
WOVEN ADHESIVES BASED ON ROSIN ESTER
AND HYDROCARBON RESINS
Krajca K
Union Camp Corp.
(Adhesive & Sealant Council)
Work is carried out to determine the performance of rosin
ester and partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon tackifiers
in non-woven adhesive applications. While these resins
are commonly used in this market segment, there is little
information published on this topic. It is shown that rosin
ester tackifiers have significant advantages relative to the
above hydrocarbon resins when used to formulate non-
woven assembly adhesives. The major advantage of rosin
esters is the superior adhesion of the non-woven laminate
when using SIS block copolymers, and the rosin ester-
based adhesives possess better viscosity stability. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.698340
Item 340
Injection Moulding International
3, No.5, Aug/Sept.1998, p.43
NATURE FROM START TO FINISH
Features and applications are briefly indicated for Bioplast
starch-based compounds from Biotec GmbH. The
materials are completely biodegradable and compostable,
and their properties and processing parameters can be
compared to those of commodity polymers, it is claimed.
BIOTEC GMBH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.696433
Item 341
Eureka
18, No.9, Sept.1998, p.32-3
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS THE KEY TO BETTER
PLASTICS
Shelley T
New catalysts can impart engineering properties to low
cost polymers, while biotechnology could lead to lower
cost plastic manufacture and entirely new materials.
DuPont’s Versipol catalysts can be used to produce PEs
100
ranging from very low density polymers, full of branches
on branches, to very high density products. In the area of
biotechnology, DuPont has a bioprocess to make a
polyester intermediate from corn-derived glucose.
Another approach is to use engineered bacteria, directly
producing plastics based on proteins.
DUPONT CO.
USA
Accession no.695830
Item 342
Polymer
39, No.25, 1998, p.6649-55
STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF BAKED
STARCH FOAMS
Shogren R L; Lawton J W; Doane W M; Tiefenbacher K F
US,Dept.of Agriculture
Thin-walled shapes such as plates were formed by heating
starch batter inside a closed mould, and the resulting starch
foams were characterised by physical methods, to relate
their structure to the process parameters. Normal corn
and potato starches were gelatinised but some swollen
granules remained. The foams had a dense outer skin and
a less dense interior with large open cells. Foam density
and strength increased with increasing starch
concentration, molecular weight and amylose content,
whilst the foam flexibility increased with decreasing
density. Plates which were made from tuber starches such
as potato had lower densities and higher flexibilities than
those made from cereal starches such as corn. It is
suggested that starch foams may be used as disposable
food packaging and serving articles which could be
composted after use. 33 refs.
USA
Accession no.694687
Item 343
European Polymer Journal
34, No.7, July 1998, p.923-9
MODIFICATION OF NATURAL RUBBER WITH
PHOSPHATIC PLASTICIZERS: A COMPARISON
OF PHOSPHORYLATED CASHEW NUT SHELL
LIQUID PREPOLYMER WITH 2-ETHYL HEXYL
DIPHENYL PHOSPHATE
Menon A R R; Pillai C K S; Nando G B
India,Regional Research Laboratory; Indian Institute of
Technology
Natural rubber was modified with phosphorylated cashew
nut shell liquid prepolymer (PCNSL) and also with 2-
ethyl hexyl diphenyl phosphate, and its vulcanisation
characteristics, tensile properties, thermal decomposition
characteristics and flame retardancy investigated. The
rubber treated with PCNSL had the higher tensile
properties and the higher resistance to flame and thermo-
oxidative decomposition. This was attributed to a higher
degree of condensed phase reactions, especially at higher
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
heating rates and in the presence of higher concentrations
of PCNSL. 25 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.694376
Item 344
Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.3557-61. 012
PROCESSING-INDUCED EFFECTS ON
RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF
BIODEGRADABLE STARCH/
POLYCAPROLACTONE BLENDS
Ko C
Taichung,Plastics Industry Development Centre
(SPE)
Extrusion effects on rheological properties of starch/
polycaprolactone (PCL) composites are investigated.
Different extrusion conditions involving varying extrusion
temperature, screw speed and screw geometry are adopted
to process the composites. Melt viscosity, along with
extrudate swell of the extruded samples, are measured via
a rheometer and an extrudate swell detector. The results
indicate that either high extrusion temperature or shear is
effective for reducing the melt viscosity, but enhancing the
extrudate swell. However, it appears that there are no
significant differences in melt viscosity as well as extrudate
swell among starch/PCL samples processed by different
screw speeds. The destruction of starch granules during
the processing of starch/PCL composites may be the cause
for the peculiar rheological behaviour. 10 refs.
TAIWAN
Accession no.693733
Item 345
Plastics Recycling Update
11, No.8, Aug.1998, p.5-6
CORPORATE PROFILE
Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies
manufactures engineered composite building materials
made from reclaimed plastics and by-product cedar and
hardwood fibres. The reclaimed PE used in the company’s
composites comes as HDPE and LDPE film scraps and
HDPE ground container material. The company suffered
a combined net loss for the years 1995 through 1997 of
6.81m US dollars. Sales for the same three-year period
totalled 20.51m US dollars, rising each year by at least
1m US dollars.
ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES INC.
USA
Accession no.692889
Item 346
BioCycle Journal of Composting & Recycling
39, No.3, March 1998, p.71/5
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
ASSESSING THE DEGRADABILITY OF
POLYMERIC MATERIALS
Croteau G
E & A Environmental Consultants Inc.
The ASTM/ISR Advisory Committee on Degradable
Polymers has attempted to determine the behaviour of
degradable polymeric materials in real disposal systems and
how that behaviour correlates with laboratory tests. This
article summarises a full-scale study in which the in situ
degradability of 11 polymeric materials is assessed. 3 refs.
ASTM
USA
Accession no.692842
Item 347
BioCycle Journal of Composting & Recycling
39, No.3, March 1998, p.64-70
MOVING TOWARDS CONSENSUS ON
DEGRADABLE PLASTICS
Riggle D
Research, testing and product development are coming
together to give consumers some very clear and
commercially available choices for compostable bags and
other products. The ASTM/ISR has issued a guide which
documents validated test methods that can be used to
generate the evidence needed to support environmental
claims.
USA
Accession no.692841
Item 348
European Plastics News
25, No.8, Sept.1998, p.103-4
BACK TO THE LAND
Major players such as Bayer, BASF and Cargill Dow
Polymers will be showing their latest biodegradable
products at the K’98 exhibition. A new range of polylactic
acid biodegradable polymers is being offered by Cargill
Dow Polymers. DuPont’s Biomax copolyester resin, a
modified form of PETP, can be produced on commercial
lines. Bayer has a largely transparent biodegradable
extrusion grade, BAK 1095, and last year launched an
improved version, BAK 2195, also based on polyester
amide, but more suited to injection moulding applications.
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.692146
Item 349
Chemical Engineering
105, No.7, July 1998, p.43/7
BETTING BIG ON BIOPOLYMERS
Petroleum-based plastics still dominate, but polymers
from renewable resources are making inroads. For plastics
manufacture, replacing petroleum-based feedstocks with
materials derived from newable resources is an attractive
101
 References and Abstracts
prospect. Resin makers would no longer be dependent on
the finite supply of fossil fuels; and the largely degradable
biopolymers would be composted, freeing up landfill
space. However, biomass-based polymers are just too
expensive to produce commercially. Until they can
compete costwise with petroleum-based polymers,
biopolymers will remain a high-priced niche market.
Recently, two large biopolymer makers have significantly
increased their capacity for polylactic acid (PLA) resin.
By the end of the year, Cargill Dow LLC, a joint venture
formed last November, will start up an 8 million lb/yr
PLA plant at a Cargill facility in Minneapolis. Chronopol,
a subsidiary of Coors-owned ACX Technologies, has just
started up a 2 million lb plant for its Heplon PLA near
Golden, Colorado. The company has plans in the works
for a 100 million lb/yr facility. Details are given.
CARGILL DOW LLC
USA
Accession no.690374
Item 350
European Polymer Journal
34, Nos.5/6, May/June 1998, p.849-54
ADHESIVE PERFORMANCE, FLAMMABILITY
EVALUATION AND BIODEGRADATION STUDY
OF PLANT POLYMER BLENDS
Ghosh S N; Maiti S
Indian Institute of Technology
A renewable polymer, collected as gum from Moringa
oleifera, was dry blended with various rubbers, e.g. NR,
NBR and chloroprene rubber, and also with different
commodity polymers, i.e. PE, PS and PVC. The plant
polymer was also solution blended with NR and NBR.
The adhesive performance of NR, NBR, NR/plant
polymer and NBR/plant polymer blends was studied by
the 180 degree peel test. The results were compared with
a commercial adhesive (Dhole’s rubber solution) used as
a sealant. Flame retardancy of the plant polymer blends
with commodity polymers and rubbers was monitored by
limiting oxygen index studies. Structure-flammability
correlations of CR/plant polymer and PVC/plant polymer
blends were also examined. Biodegradability of the NR/
plant polymer blend was studied by the standard soil burial
test and evaluated by SEM and by optical microscopy. 11
refs.
INDIA
Accession no.687802
Item 351
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
88, No.6, June 1998, p.31-2
NATURE FROM START TO FINISH
Schroeter E
Starch-based compounds are 100% biodegradable and
compostable. Their properties and processing parameters
can be compared to those of commodity plastics with the
102
result that they can also serve as substitutes or extend
their fields of application while offering an acceptable
price level. In a special compounding process, these raw
materials are processed together with different additives
and other completely biodegradable components to
granular materials with thermoplastic properties. The first
product grades suitable for thermoplastic processes are
already certified to DIN 54900.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.687631
Item 352
Antec ’98. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.2542-5. 012
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER BLENDS OF
POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA) AND
POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE
Ma W; McCarthy S P
Lowell,Massachusetts University
(SPE)
A series of blends consisting of polylactic acid (PLA)
and aliphatic succinate polyester (Bionolle 3000) are
prepared. The results of the mechanical property
investigation show that using more than 20 wt.% Bionolle
3000 can significantly increase the toughness of the PLA,
increase the elongation at break (more than 200%) and
increase the impact strength (more than 70 J/m). These
properties are not significantly affected by the ageing
behaviour of PLA for more than two months. DMA results
show that Bio 3000 reduces the elastic modulus of the
blends between -15 and 60 deg.C. Soil degradation rates
of the PLA/Bio 3000 blends also increase with increasing
Bio 3000 content. However, for the blends with less than
30 wt.% of Bio 3000, the degradation rates do not
significantly increase. Enzymatic degradation rates of the
blends are higher than for those of the two polymers, and
these rates increase with increasing PLA content.
Composting biodegradation rates also increase with
increasing Bio 3000 content.
USA
Accession no.687408
Item 353
Antec ’98. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.2515-9. 012
ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
BIODEGRADABLE FILMS MADE FROM
BLENDS OF POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA) AND
POLYESTERS BY BLOWN FILM EXTRUSION
Laverde G V; McCarthy S P
Lowell,Massachusetts University
(SPE)
Polylactic acid (PLA) and aliphatic polyesters such as
polybutylene succinate, adipate random copolymer (PBSU-
AD), are studied for the production of biodegradable
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
products using pure materials instead blends of both
polymers. The objective is to produce blown film from
blends of PLA and PBSU-AD and determine how the
mechanical properties change when the processing
conditions are modified. It is found that films produced
with 50% of each component present competitive properties
similar to those found in PE films. The increase in the blow-
up ratio improves the tensile properties and tear resistance.
The processability, film toughness and flexibility are
improved with the addition of PBSU-AD. Higher ratios of
PLA result in process instabilities. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.687402
Item 354
Chimica e l’industria
79, No.2, March 1997, p.180
Italian
SODIUM POLYASPARTATE: A NEW
BIODEGRADABLE CO-BUILDER
Conti F
Developments in the use of sodium polyaspartate as a
biodegradable calcium complexing agent in detergents
are reviewed. Methods for the synthesis of the polymer
and factors influencing its acceptance in this market are
examined. 2 refs.
ROHM & HAAS CO.; DONLAR CORP.; ELDIB
ENGINEERING & RESEARCH INC.; BAYER AG
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.686291
Item 355
Journal of Microencapsulation
15, No.4, July-Aug.1998, p.515-23
PREPARATION OF POLYLACTIC ACID
MICROCAPSULES CONTAINING
CIPROFLOXACIN
Yu W P; Wong J P; Chang T M S
McGill University; Canada,Defence Research
Establishment
Microcapsules have been used as drug delivery systems
in pharmaceutical applications for sustained or controlled
release of drug, and for artificial cells and organs. A new
method is described for preparation of polylactic acid
microcapsules for drug delivery. The biodegradable
polylactic acid microcapsules were made by phase
separation: two types of polylactic acid, poly((D,L)lactic
acid) and poly((L)lactic acid) were combined as the
membrane material. 18 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.684860
Item 356
Polymer International
44, No.1, Sept.1997, p.104-10
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER BLENDS OF
POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE)(PHB) AND
STARCH ACETATE(SA)
Lianlai Zhang; Xianmo Deng; Shujie Zhao; Zhitang
Huang
Chengdu,Institute of Organic Chemistry;
Beijing,Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica
The thermal properties and phase morphology of blends of
PHB and SA were studied by DSC, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM
and polarising optical microscopy. The Tgs of PHB in the
blends were not affected by the SA component, the value
remaining at 9C for all the blend ratios investigated, almost
the same as that of pure PHB. The m.p. of PHB showed a
small shift with increase in SA content. The melting enthalpy
of the blends decreased linearly with increase of SA content
in the blends. The kinetic crystallisability of PHB in the
blends was lower than that of pure PHB and the enthalpy of
non-isothermal crystallisation of the PHB phase in the blends
was much lower than that of pure PHB. It was difficult to
form PHB spherulites in the blends with SA content of 60%
or above, under isothermal conditions. The crystallisation
of PHB from the glassy state was also hindered by the SA
content. 33 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.682800
Item 357
Polymer Degradation and Stability
59, Nos 1-3, 1998, p.387-93
EFFECT OF FERMENTATION PERFORMANCE
ON THE ECONOMICS OF
POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE PRODUCTION BY
ALCALIGENES LATUS
Lee S Y; Choi J
Korea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
The effects of fermentation performance on the final
production cost of polyhydroxybutyrate were examined.
Two processes for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate
by Alcaligenes latus from sucrose with the recovery
method of surfactant-hypochlorite digestion were
designed and analysed. Production costs are discussed.
23 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.682638
Item 358
Polymer Degradation and Stability
59, Nos 1-3, 1998, p.317-25
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF POLYESTERS:
A REVIEW ON EXTRACELLULAR
POLYHYDROXYALKANOIC ACID
DEPOLYMERASES
Jendrossek D
Gottingen,University
A brief overview is presented on the biodegradation of
water-insoluble polyesters by extracellular hydrolytic
103
 References and Abstracts
enzymes. Data are given for polyhydroxyalkanoates
degraded using polyhydoxyalkanoic acid depolymerase.
77 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.682631
Item 359
Polymer Degradation and Stability
59, Nos 1-3, 1998, p.263-72
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF MATER-
BI STARCH-BASED MATERIALS
Bastioli C
Novamont SpA
Details are given of the development of Mater-Bi
materials with emphasis on their processability, physico-
chemical and physico-mechanical properties, composting
behaviour and future market perspectives. Aspects such
as in-use performances and biodegradation behaviour of
Mater-Bi bags for the separate collection of organic and
yard waste are considered. 37 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.682625
Item 360
Polymer Degradation and Stability
59, Nos 1-3, 1998, p.107-15
THERMOPLASTIC AND BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS OF CELLULOSE
Simon J; Muller H P; Koch R; Muller V
Bayer AG; Wolff Walsrode AG
A brief review is given of the biodegradability of cellulose
derivatives for packaging. Correlations are made between
biodegradability and molecular structure with reference
to processing and waste management. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.682606
Item 361
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
6, No.1, Jan.1998, p.9-21
DEGRADATION OF STARCH-CALCIUM
CARBONATE DISPOSABLE PACKAGING IN A
SOLID WASTE COMPOSTING FACILITY
Bresin V T
New York,State University
The compostability of starch-calcium carbonate
disposable packaging was examined in a source-separated
municipal solid waste compostability. Changes in compost
quality due to the presence of starch-calcium carbonate
containers were assessed by measuring the nutrient and
metal content of three municipal solid waste:starch-
calcium carbonate composts. Plant growth studies were
conducted to examine the composts for possible plant
104
growth inhibition due to the deterioration of the starch-
calcium carbonate containers. 21 refs.
USA
Accession no.682590
Item 362
Chemical and Engineering News
76, No.25, 22nd June 1998, p.13-9
CHEMICAL MAKERS TRY BIOTECH PATHS
McCoy M
Producers of industrial chemicals are beginning to harness
fermentation and enzyme catalysis. Hoffmann-La Roche
recently acknowledged the power of biotechnology in fine
chemicals production when it announced plans to replace
its chemical route to vitamin B-2 with a fermentation
process. BASF is working with Merck to develop a
fermentation route from sorbitol directly to ketogulonic
acid. DuPont is attempting to fermentatively produce an
intermediate, 1,3-propanediol, which is reacted with PTA
to produce polytrimethylene terephthalate.
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.682482
Item 363
Chimica e l’industria
79, No.1, Jan./Feb.1997, p.77-81
Italian
BIODEGRADABLE STARCH BASED
MATERIALS: STATE OF THE ART AND
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Bastioli C
Novamont SpA
Results are presented of studies of the use of thermoplastic
starch in the preparation of biodegradable polymers, with
particular reference to the concepts of gelatinisation,
destructurisation and complexation of starch in the
presence of synthetic polymers. An examination is made
of the properties, processability and biodegradation
characteristics of some commercially available materials,
particularly Novamont’s Mater-Bi biodegradable
polymers based on combinations of starch with EVOH
and aliphatic polyesters. 36 refs.
WARNER-LAMBERT CO.; MELITTA; FLUNTERA AG
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.682333
Item 364
Macplas International
May 1998, p.36-7
DEGRADABLE NEWS
BASF has developed a biodegradable polymer, Ecoflex,
which combines economics and ecology with flexibility
and toughness. The new material can be processed by
conventional blown film or chill roll extrusion lines for
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
LDPE. Dow Chemical and Cargill have formed a joint
venture to develop and market polylactic acid polymers.
A new biodegradable plastic resin, BAK 2195, for
injection moulding has been developed by Bayer. A
straight aliphatic polyester amide, it is manufactured
without the use of solvents, chlorine or aromatic
constituents.
WORLD
Accession no.681934
Item 365
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
68, No. 13, 27th June 1998, p.2129-40
STARCH-POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FOAMED
ARTICLES PREPARED BY A BAKING PROCESS
Shogren R L; Lawton J W; Tiefenbacher K F; Chen L
US,National Center for Agricultural Utilization
Research; Haas F.,Machinery of America
Composite foam plates were prepared by baking a mixture
of granular potato starch and aqueous PVAl solution inside
a hot mold. Foam strength, flexibility, and water resistance
were markedly improved by addition of 10-30% PVAl to
starch batters. The improvement in strength at low humidity
was greater for partially (88%) hydrolysed PVAl while
strength at higher humidities improved most with fully (98%)
hydrolysed PVAl. Foam flexibility increased with higher
PVAl molecular weight. SEM of the surface of the foams
revealed a phase-separated morphology in which swollen
starch granules were embedded in a matrix of PVAl. The
starch component was gelatinised (melted) during baking
while the PVAl component crystallised to a high degree
during baking. Crosslinking agents such as calcium and
zirconium salts were added to starch batters to give further
increases in water resistance. Respirometry studies in soil
showed that the starch component of starch-PVAl foams
biodegraded relatively rapidly (weeks) while the PVAl
component degraded more slowly (months). Baked foams
prepared from starch and PVAl have mechanical properties
that are adequate for use as packaging containers over a wide
range of humidity. 38 refs.
USA
Accession no.681772
Item 366
High Performance Plastics
Jan. 1998, p.1-2
DOW PLANS A GLOBAL ROLE IN POLYMERS
FROM AGRICULTURE
The joint venture Cargill Dow Polymers’ production of
polylactic acid polymers derived from corn or sugar beet
is discussed. The range of products under the EcoPLA
Renewable Biopolymers name are likened to polystyrene
in appearance, to polyolefins in processability, and to PETP
in tensile strength, grease/oil resistance and flavour and
odour barrier properties, and are offered as an alternative
to polystyrene in thermoformed disposable packaging.
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
DOW CHEMICAL CO.; CARGILL DOW
POLYMERS
WORLD
Accession no.681274
Item 367
Journal of Injection Molding Technology
2, No.1, March 1998, p.30-6
INFLUENCE OF INJECTION MOULDING
CONDITIONS ON BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS
Parikh M; Gross R A; McCarthy S P
Massachusetts,University
Details are given of the relationship between processing
history and degradation kinetics for crystalline
biodegradable polymers. Rates of enzymatic hydrolysis
using a bacterial polyester depolymerase enzyme were
studied for polyhydroxybutyrate and hydroxybutyrate-
hydroxyvalerate copolymers. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.681076
Item 368
Chemical Week
160, No.22, 10th June 1998, p.24-7
BREAKING INTO THE BIG TIME
Wood A; Scott A
Demand for biodegradable polymers is only about 15,000
m.t./year. If the main barrier to increased use, high prices,
can be overcome, producers predict that it could become
a major business. Demand for biodegradable polymers is
expected to grow more quickly in Europe as a result of a
directive that will encourage the use of biodegradable
polymers for compostable packaging. Some producers
have entered the market with technologies for
biodegradable thermoplastics including PETP.
WORLD
Accession no.680674
Item 369
European Chemical News (Chemscope)
May 1998, p.36/8
OUT WITH THE OLD
Johnston S
The use of crop-derived feedstocks in polymers
manufacture is not new, but moving away from
petrochemicals can make economic and environmental
sense. Biopolymers based on renewable raw materials
such as carbohydrates, oils, fibres and proteins have a lot
of properties in common with petrochemical polymers.
However, any change from traditional feedstocks to crop-
derived raw materials requires a re-evaluation of the
manufacturing process.
WORLD
Accession no.680565
105
 References and Abstracts
Item 370
Plastics Engineering
54, No.4, April 1998, p.37-9
CONTROLLING THE WATER ABSORBENCY OF
AGRICULTURAL BIOPOLYMERS
Otaigbe J U
Iowa State University
The use of biodegradable polymers made from renewable
agricultural products, such as soy protein isolate, has been
very limited because of the tendency of these polymers
to absorb moisture. The author has recently initiated a
long-range research project to develop affordable, stiff,
strong bioabsorbable polyphosphate filler/soy protein
polymer composites, along with methods for making
practical shapes from these products. 16 refs.
USA
Accession no.679987
Item 371
Developments in Crystalline Polymers - 2.
Essex, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd., 1988,
p.1-67. 9112
BIOLOGICALLY PRODUCED (R)-3-
HYDROXYALKANOATE POLYMERS AND
COPOLYMERS
Holmes P A
Edited by: Bassett D C
(ICI plc)
Micro-organisms are capable of producing a wide range
of polymers and copolymers based on 3-hydroxypropionic
acid substituted with various alkyl groups in the 3-position.
The most common homopolymer is poly (3-
hydroxybutyrate), PHB, which has a 3-methyl substituent,
but monomers having C2-C5 alkyl side groups are found
in natural copolyesters. The monomers are all optically
active in the R absolute configuration. PHB can be
produced from carbon substrates as diverse as glucose,
ethanol, acetate, methane and even gaseous mixtures of
carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The polymer occurs as
discrete granules within the cell cytoplasmic space and can
represent up to 80% of the dry cell weight. After extraction
and purification, it behaves as a normal crystalline
thermoplastic with a melting point around 180 deg.C and
can be processed by conventional extrusion and moulding
equipment. PHB and its copolymers with 3-
hydroxypentanoic acid are now available commercially and
are being evaluated in numerous potential applications. The
copolymers are all genuinely biodegradable in that their
rate of chemical hydrolysis is extremely slow but micro-
organisms produce both specific and non-specific esterase
enzymes capable of degrading the materials rapidly to non-
toxic monomers. Most of the potential uses exploit this
property in medical, veterinary, horticultural and general
disposable products. 185 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679889
106
Item 372
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
68, No.5, 2nd May 1998, p.739-45
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
STARCH-BASED POLYURETHANE FOAMS
Alfani R; Iannace S; Nicolais L
Naples,University
Starch-based polyurethane foams were prepared by
reacting a mixture of starch and polycaprolactone triol
with an aliphatic diisocyanate, using water as a blowing
agent. Polyethylene glycol was added to some of the
foams. The reaction kinetics were affected by the presence
of starch. This was attributed to the high viscosity
associated with the high molecular weight polysaccharide.
The prepared foams had higher glass transition
temperatures and reduced thermal stability compared with
conventional foams. The mechanical properties could be
varied by variation of the starch content, and by
controlling the relative amounts of polycaprolactone and
polyethylene glycol in the composition. 28 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679539
Item 373
Polymer
39, No.13, 1998, p.2883-95
PROCESSING OF BIODEGRADABLE BLENDS
OF WHEAT GLUTEN AND MODIFIED
POLYCAPROLACTONE
John J; Jian Tang; Bhattacharya M
Minnesota,University
Blends of wheat gluten (65% and 75% composition) and
polycaprolactone (PCL), containing 2.5 wt% of anhydride
functionalised PCL as a compatibiliser, were prepared.
The small amount of anhydride modified PCL was found
to improve the physical properties of the blends compared
with simple mixtures of wheat gluten and PCL. These
blends had a narrow processability window. The tensile
properties of blends containing 65 or 75% gluten were
comparable with those of PCL, but the percentage
elongation was greatly reduced. Storage at high humidity
or under two extreme conditions (oven and freezer), or
regrinding, did not affect the physical properties of the
blends. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the
modulus of the blends containing a compatibiliser was
higher than for blends which did not. Two transition peaks
were observed for the blends and these were discussed.
Optical microscopy indicated a two-phase blend
morphology with PCL as the continuous phase and gluten
as the dispersed phase. Moulded blend samples absorbed
about 40% by weight of water in 7 days and the water
uptake mechanism was discussed. Average oil absorption
was less than 0.5% over 20 days. The samples were
biodegradable under aerobic conditions. 27 refs.
USA
Accession no.679445
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 374
New Plastics ’98. Conference proceedings.
London, 21st-22nd Jan.1998, paper 9. 6
BIOMAX HYDRO/BIODEGRADABLE
POLYESTER RESIN
Ferretti D
Du Pont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc.
(European Plastics News)
DuPont has created a new family of highly versatile
polymers, called Biomax hydro/biodegradable polyester
resin, that decomposes without harm to the soil or
environment. Based on PETP technology, Biomax can be
made into film, fibre and non-wovens, as well as being
thermoformed and injection moulded. Potential applications
range from geotextiles to agricultural materials and
packaging. Biomax can be recycled, incinerated or landfilled,
but is intended mainly for disposal by composting and in-
soil degradation. In all tests, Biomax proves harmless to the
environment at every stage of the decomposition process
and virtually undetectable to the unaided eye in about eight
weeks. It has a high melting point for a degradable material,
which opens up a wide range of processing options. Product
properties are diverse and customisable.
USA
Accession no.679263
Item 375
Macromolecules
31, No. 7, 7th April 1998, p.2107-13
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND
PROPERTIES OF POLY(ASPARTIC ACID)S
Nakato T; Yoshitake M; Matsubara K; Tomida M
Mitsubishi Chemical Corp.; Hokkaido,University
Various types of poly(aspartic acid)s, which were poly(alpha-
L-aspartic acid), poly(alpha-D-aspartic acid), poly(beta-L-
aspartic acid), and poly(alpha,beta-D,L-aspartic acid)s were
prepared, and their biodegradabilities and calcium ion
chelating abilities were measured to clarify the relationship
between the structure of poly(aspartic acid)s and these
properties. The biodegradabilities were measured by the
OECD 301C method (modified MITI test) using activated
sludge. Distinct tendencies were found both between the
number of amide protons and biodegradability and between
the ratio of the dicarboxylic acid end groups to the
dicarboxylic acid end group plus succinimide end group and
biodegradability. The chirality of the aspartic acid unit and
the type of amide linkage in poly(aspartic acid) had no
apparent effect on the biodegradability of poly(aspartic acid).
The result of repetitive biodegradability analyses of
polyaspartic acid suggested the complete biodegradation is
possible. Regarding the calcium ion chelating ability, only
the type of amide linkage affected the calcium chelating
ability. Poly(alpha-aspartic acid) showed a higher calcium
ion chelating ability than poly(beta-aspartic acid) and
poly(alpha,beta-aspartic acid). 59 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.679218
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 376
Plasticulture
No.112, 1996, p.46-50
English; French
HORTICULTURAL POTS MADE FROM
BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS
Groot L
Institut fuer Technik in Gartenbau und Landwirtschaft
The use of biodegradable materials, particularly paper,
in plant pots and other horticultural containers is
examined, and properties of plastics, paper and starch pots
are compared. Results are presented of trials which
showed the increased energy requirements arising from
higher water consumption by paper pots, and the
possibility of reducing evaporation rates by coating the
pots with various biodegradable materials including latex
and natural resins is discussed. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679104
Item 377
Macromolecules
31, No.8, 21st April 1998, p.2693-6
IMPROVEMENT OF STARCH FILM
PERFORMANCES USING CELLULOSE
MICROFIBRILS
Dufresne A; Vignon M R
Grenoble,Joseph Fourier University
An attempt was made to improve the thermomechanical
properties and to decrease the water sensitivity of starch-
based systems, while preserving the biodegradability of the
material. Cellulose microfibrils were used as an inexpensive
and environmentally-friendly filler. They were extracted
from potato parenchyma cell wall by a chemical treatment
leading to purified cellulose, followed by a mechanical
treatment in order to obtain a homogeneous suspension due
to the individualisation of the microfibrils. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.678379
Item 378
TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings
Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 1.
Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.145-7. 012
POLYLACTIC ACID: VERSATILE
ENGINEERABLE MATERIAL
Kelly W E; Gupta A
Chronopol Inc.
(TAPPI)
An examination is made of the synthesis, structure,
properties, processing and applications of polylactic acid
and lactide copolymers. 2 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.677500
107
 References and Abstracts
Item 379
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
68, No.2, 11th April 1998, p.331-7
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FORMATION OF
FILMS FROM CELLULOSE-ENRICHED
AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS
Chauvelon G; Renard C M G C; Saulnier L; Buleon A;
Thibault J F; Benhaddou R; Granet R; Krausz P
INRA; Limoges,University
Sugar-beet pulp and wheat bran were examined for their
suitability for transformation into bioplastics by
esterification by lauroyl chloride. The effect of cellulose
content was studied on eleven samples enriched in cellulose
after chemical or enzymatic removal of pectins from sugar-
beet pulp and heteroxylans from wheat bran. After
pretreatment by immersion in 0.5 mol/L sulphuric acid,
esterification was carried out with lauroyl chloride. Neither
the amount of cellulose nor the extraction treatment had a
significant effect on the formation of plastic. A film could
be obtained from all the wheat-bran samples, including
samples with low cellulose content, but only from one
sugar-beet pulp sample. The crystallinities of the cellulose
in sugar-beet pulp and wheat bran were different. The nature
of cellulose could be responsible for the failure of sugar-
beet pulp residues to form plastic. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.676007
Item 380
Macromolecular Symposia
No.127, Feb.1998, p.227-40
SOLID-STATE PROCESSING OF PHB-
POWDERS
Lupke T; Radusch H-J; Metzner K
Halle,Martin-Luther-Universitat
Details are given of the application of a solid-state
processing technology to polyhydroxybutyrate in order
to prevent thermal degradation. The extrusion of
polyhydroxybutyrate powder is described and
improvements in mechanical properties are discussed with
emphasis on ductility. 4 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.672902
Item 381
Macromolecular Symposia
No.127, Feb.1998, p.219-25
ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC DEGRADATION OF
ALIPHATIC POLYESTERS FROM PETRO
VERSUS GREEN RESOURCES
Karlsson S; Albertsson A-C
Sweden,Royal Institute of Technology
The results from abiotic and biotic hydrolysis of
polycaprolactone, polylactide and polyhydroxyalkanoates
108
are presented. Data are given for rate of degradation,
molecular weight changes, and degradation product
patterns. 18 refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.672901
Item 382
Macromolecular Symposia
No.127, Feb.1998, p.51-8
INDUSTRIAL PROTEINS AS A GREEN
ALTERNATIVE FOR PETRO POLYMERS:
POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS
de Graaf L A; Kolster P
Wageningen,Agrotechnological Institute
Various biopolymers were studied for possible technical
applications of polymers from renewable resources.
Opportunities for industrial proteins in coatings,
adhesives, surfactants and plastics are discussed. The use
of protein modifications for the improvement of functional
properties relevant for technical applications is mentioned.
13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.672882
Item 383
Macromolecules
30, No.25, 15th Dec.1997, p.7721-8
DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND KETOACIDS
FORMED IN DEGRADABLE POLYETHYLENES
BY ZIP DEPOLYMERIZATION THROUGH A
CYCLIC TRANSITION STATE
Karlsson S; Hakkarainen M; Albertsson A-C
Stockholm,Royal Institute of Technology
The intermediate and final degradation products formed
in six different LDPE films modified according to the
Griffin process (pro-oxidants and starch) and the Scott-
Gilead formulation (photosensitising additives) were
studied. The authors proposed that the formation of
ketoacids and dicarboxylic acids in the materials resulted
from both secondary oxidation products and a zip
depolymerisation mechanism by backbiting through a
cyclic transition state. The degradation rate and molecular
weight changes were compared and correlated with the
identified degradation products. The results were
discussed. 14 refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.672053
Item 384
Journal of Macromolecular Science A
35, No.1, 1998, p.1-20
SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOINITIATED CATIONIC
POLYMERIZATION OF EPOXIDIZED CASTOR
OIL AND ITS DERIVATIVES
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Chakrapani S; Crivello J V
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Epoxidised castor oil(ECO) was prepared by an efficient
and low cost epoxidation process for use as a
biorenewable monomer. The photoinitiated cationic
polymerisation of ECO using diaryliodonium salt
photoinitiators was also studied. The effect of structure
and concentration of photoinitiator on the polymerisation
process was examined. The ability of photosensitisers to
accelerate the photopolymerisation was also investigated.
Studies comparing the photopolymerisation behaviour of
ECO with other commercially-available epoxidised
linseed and soybean oil and with other types of synthetic
epoxy monomers were conducted. The high reactivity of
ECO could be ascribed to the presence of both epoxy and
hydroxyl groups in the molecule, which permitted the
material to polymerise mainly by an activated monomer
mechanism. 25 refs.
USA
Accession no.671996
Item 385
Polymer
39, No.10, 1998, p.2043-8
ROLE OF WATER DURING PLASTICIZATION
OF NATIVE STARCHES
Hulleman S H D; Janssen F H P; Feil H
ATO-DLO
Flexible, starch-based plastics of native corn, potato, waxy
corn and wheat starch were produced by compression
moulding of mixtures of native starch and glycerol in the
weight ratio 0.30 (W(glycerol)/W(dry starch)). The weight
ratio of water/dry starch in the premixes was varied
between 0.112 and 0.422. The mechanical properties of
these compression-moulded starches, with a Tg below
room temp., were strongly dependent on the water content
of the premix. Varying the water content in the premixes
led to large changes in strain and stress at break. This
effect could be explained by a dependence of the
polysaccharide mobility on the water content in the
premix. The mechanical properties of the materials were
also dependent on starch source and hence on the
composition of the native starch and the structure of the
constituent polysaccharides. From the results, it could be
concluded that both amylose and amylopectin formed
chain interactions or entanglements in the materials. 42
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.671990
Item 386
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
71, No.479, May 1996, p.476-92
Spanish
DEGRADABLE POLYMERS
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Peinado C; Catalina F; Corrales T
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros;
Manchester,Metropolitan University
The properties and applications of a range of
photodegradable and biodegradable polymers are
examined. Methods used in the preparation of degradable
polymers are discussed, and the degradation mechanisms
of such polymers are described. 37 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.670777
Item 387
European Plastics News
25, No.3, March 1998, p.23-6
BACK TO NATURE
Marshall D
Performance limitations and high costs have restricted
the adoption of biodegradable plastics to very small
niches. However, new materials from major players
promise to overcome these problems. A new range of
polylactic acid biodegradable polymers is being offered
by Cargill Dow Polymers. Highly transparent, PLA
polymers have good processability and are resistant to
water solubility. DuPont’s Biomax copolyester resin, a
modified form of PETP, was launched last year. Biomax’s
relatively high melting point of around 200C accounts
for its wide range of processing options. Bayer’s new
grade of polyesteramide biodegradable plastic, BAK
2195, has cycle times similar to that of PE.
BAYER AG; DUPONT CO.; CARGILL DOW
POLYMERS
WORLD
Accession no.669647
Item 388
Adhesives Age
41, No.2, Feb.1998, p.20-4
POLYMER RESINS DESIGNED FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Bloembergen S; McLennan I J; Cassar S E; Narayan R
Lions Adhesives Inc.
A new family of synthetic copolymers has been introduced
by Lions Adhesives that contain sugar units within the
copolymer structure. Sugar units are incorporated into the
polymer backbone by converting dextrose from corn to a
reactive macromer that has polymerisable groups that
allow it to be copolymerised with conventional vinyl
monomers. A variety of vinyl monomers have been
copolymerised with the sugar macromer to complement
adhesive performance. The development provides the
adhesives industry with a new generation of waterborne
copolymers for pressure sensitive and non-pressure
sensitive applications. Their environmental advantages
in terms of recyclability, biodegradability and use of
annually renewable resources are considered. 6 refs.
109
 References and Abstracts
USA
Accession no.669161
Item 389
Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry
Edition
36, No.3, Feb.1998, p.391-400
SYNTHESIS OF POLYURETHANE FROM
CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID(CNSL), A
RENEWABLE RESOURCE
Bhunia H P; Jana R N; Lenka S; Nando G B
Indian Institute of Technology; Ravenshaw College
A thermoplastic PU was prepared from cardanol, a
renewable resource and a waste product of the cashew
industry. Cardanol was recovered from CNSL by double
vacuum distillation. The monomer 4-((4-hydroxy-2-
pentadecenylphenyl)diazenyl)phenol was prepared from
the cardanol and the PU was synthesised from this
dihydroxy compound by treatment with MDI in DMF
solvent at 80-90C under nitrogen atmosphere. The
resulting PU had an intrinsic viscosity of 1.85 dL/g,
thermal stability up to 290C and high stability in UV light.
The PU behaved as a semicrystalline material and WAXS
studies showed an amorphous character of the polymer,
similar to that of thermoplastic PU elastomers. 37 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.668339
Item 390
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
5, No.4, Oct.1997, p.237-41
REVIEW OF KONJAC GLUCOMANNAN
Dave V; McCarthy S P
Massachusetts,University
A review is presented of the solution and gelling properties
of konjac glucomannan(KGM) and its interactions with
other hydrocolloids such as xanthan and carrageenan for
food applications. Research activities in the field of KGM
processing in environmentally-friendly aqueous
environments are discussed for coatings and packaging
applications. 67 refs.
USA
Accession no.667755
Item 391
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
5, No.4, Oct.1997, p.199-208
BIOABSORBABLE SOY PROTEIN PLASTIC
COMPOSITES: EFFECT OF POLYPHOSPHATE
FILLERS ON WATER ABSORPTION AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Otaigbe J U; Adams D O
Iowa State University
Bioabsorbable polyphosphate filler/soy protein plastic
composites with enhanced stiffness, strength and water
110
resistance were developed. Bioabsorbable polyphosphate
fillers, biodegradable soy protein isolate, plasticiser and
adhesion promoter were homogenised and compression-
moulded and the physical, mechanical and water
absorption properties were tested. The results showed
improvements in stiffness, strength and water resistance
with increasing polyphosphate filler content up to 20 wt
%. Application of a coupling agent produced further
mechanical property enhancements and a marked
improvement in water resistance, interpreted by an
interfacial chemical bonding model. Examination of the
fracture surfaces of the materials revealed that the addition
of the polyphosphate fillers changed the failure mode from
brittle to pseudo-ductile. These results indicated that the
materials were suitable for many load-bearing applications
in both humid and dry environments where current soy
protein plastics were not usable. 19 refs.
USA
Accession no.667752
Item 392
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
5, No.4, Oct.1997, p.191-7
BIODEGRADABLE CORN STARCH LOOSE-
FILL. I. EFFECT OF THE EXTRUSION
TEMPERATURE ON THE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF LOOSE-FILL
Dae-lyoung Lim; Seung-Soon Im; Jeong-seok Han;
Sang-hyun Yim; Jin-sung Kim; Young-mok Lee
Hanyang,University; Sam Yang Genex Research
Institute; Bucheon,Technical College
Extrusion with an intermeshing corotating twin-screw
extruder with a limited amount of water was shown to
cause structural changes in corn starch. The structural
changes resulted in transformation from a semicrystalline
to an amorphous state and the development of orientation
of molecular chains in the amorphous region during
extrusion. These structural changes, in turn, caused an
increase in the Tg, TS and resilience of the extruded corn
starch. The experimental results showed that the tensile
properties and resilience of the expanded corn starch
extruded at 240C were optimum, i.e. TS 1.7 kPa, tensile
modulus 40.4 kPa and resilience 57.2%. Extrusion
produced an expanded corn starch suitable for protective
loose-fill. 16 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.667751
Item 393
Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia
6, No.2, April/June 1996, p.49-55
Portuguese
MONITORING THE PURIFICATION PROCESS
FOR NATURAL GUMS: CASHEW NUT TREE GUM
Costa S M O; Rodrigues J F; de Paula R C M
Vale do Acarau,Universidade Estadual;
Ceara,Universidade Federal
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Gums obtained from the cashew nut tree were purified
by a four-stage process in order to obtain highly pure gums
in sodium salt form. Following the initial isolation stage,
the gums were subjected to two purification stages
involving repeated dissolution in water in the presence
of sodium chloride and precipitation with ethanol. The
gum solution was finally passed through an ion exchange
column and subjected to lyophilisation. The ash, moisture,
protein and cation contents were monitored during the
different stages. Uronic acid content, intrinsic viscosity
and molecular weight were also determined. 12 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.666471
Item 394
Polymer News
22, No.10, Oct.1997, p.338-42
SPECIALTY CHEMICALS FROM NATURAL
PRODUCTS: FROM DEPENDENCY TO
CONTROL
Corbo V J
Hercules Inc.
Technological changes that are confronting the chemical
and engineering professions are discussed, with particular
reference to changes resulting from biotechnology and
their effect on a chemical specialties company like
Hercules. About 60% of Hercules’ current sales comes
from products derived from plant biomass, including
wood rosins for use in adhesives, chewing gum, inks and
food additives, cellulose products for use in applications
such as paints, shampoos, plaster, paper, mortars and
drilling aids for oil recovery, and pectin and carrageenan
for use in food products. Limitations of such natural
products are considered, including heterogeneity of basic
product and rapidly changing markets. Current research
into plant biotechnology and enzymes and into genetic
manipulation is outlined, with reference to the possibility
of manufacturing chemical specialties in engineered
crops.
USA
Accession no.662999
Item 395
Polymer
38, No.24, 1997, p.5983-9
EXTRUSION OF WAXY MAIZE STARCH: MELT
RHEOLOGY AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DEGRADATION OF AMYLOPECTIN
Willett J L; Millard M M; Jasberg B K
US,National Center for Agricultural Utilization
Research
Waxy maize starch was extruded using a co-rotating twin-
screw extruder. The extrudate was equilibrated to either
18 or 23 % moisture content and was then re-extruded in
a single-screw extruder at either 110 or 130C to
characterise the melt viscosity. Shear thinning behaviour
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
of the melts occurred under all conditions and the power
law index increased with temperature, but did not change
significantly with moisture content. The weight-average
molecular weight decreased smoothly with increasing
specific mechanical energy (SME) input over the two
extrusion passes at different combinations of temperature,
moisture content, screw speed and extruder type. The
reduction in molecular weight showed a semi-logarithmic
dependence on SME, with a correlation coefficient of
0.925. GPC data were consistent with multi-angle laser
light scattering. The results indicated that SME is useful
for predicting the molecular weight degradation of
amylopectin during extrusion. 37 refs.
USA
Accession no.660992
Item 396
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.123, Sept.1997, p.147-53
POLYLACTIDES - DEGRADABLE POLYMERS
FOR FIBRES AND FILMS
Meinander K; Niemi M; Hakola J S; Selin J F
Neste Oy Chemicals
The modification of a poly-L-lactide-based resin by
treatment with peroxides and compounding with
plasticisers was shown to yield resins which could be
processed by conventional techniques and equipment to
thin blown films, fibres and non-woven fabrics having
properties comparable with those of the corresponding
PP and PE samples. Film samples had TS between 30
and 50 MPa, EB around 250% and puncture resistance,
measured as dart drop values, of 12 g/micrometre. Fibres
could be spin to filaments or directly to non-woven fabrics
by spun-bond techniques. These fabrics had mechanical
properties comparable with those of PP materials. The
polymer products were readily degraded in compost to
carbon dioxide, water and biomass. 15 refs. (IUPAC 37th
Microsymposium on (Bio)degradable Polymers:
Chemical, Biological and Environmental Aspects, Prague,
Czech Republic, July 1996)
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.658692
Item 397
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.123, Sept.1997, p.133-45
NOVEL BIODEGRADABLE ESTER-BASED
POLYMER BLENDS
Tighe B J; Amass A J; Yasin M
Aston,University
The bacterially-produced biodegradable polyester
polyhydroxybutyrate and its copolymers with
hydroxyvalerate(P(HB-HV)), together with polymers such
as cellulose acetate butyrate(CAB), polycaprolactone,
polylactic acid and a series of high molec.wt., non-
crystallisable ester-based plasticisers, were identified as
111
 References and Abstracts
possible candidates in the production of blends in which
aspects of performance could be varied independently of
cost. The compatibility ranges could be conveniently
represented in the form of triangular graphs, with the
relative weight fraction, or percentage, being represented
along each of the three axes. The extent to which the
modulation of the physical properties in general, and the
stability in various environments in particular, was possible
by the formation of three-component blends, such as those
formed between P(HB-HV), CAB and polyalkylene adipate
plasticisers, is discussed. 6 refs. (IUPAC 37th
Microsymposium on (Bio)degradable Polymers: Chemical,
Biological and Environmental Aspects, Prague, Czech
Republic, July 1996)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.658691
Item 398
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.123, Sept.1997, p.113-21
THERMOPLASTIC STARCH REVISITED.
STRUCTURE/PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP FOR
‘DIALED-IN’ BIODEGRADABILITY
Zdrahala R J
R & I Consulting International
It is demonstrated that, when starch is mixed with a limited
amount of water and subjected to heat and shear, the starch
undergoes spontaneous destructurisation, leading to a
homogeneous melt possessing thermoplastic character
(‘thermoplastic starch’). The product is shown to absorb
between 5 and 30% of water in the relative humidity range
0 to 90%. Water is the principal plasticiser of the material,
changing its original stiffness from a glass-like to a natural
gum-like substance. This plasticisation is accompanied
by a significant dimensional changes. The blending of
many polymers, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, with
starch to modify its moisture sensitivity is described.
Results obtained by blending potato starch with PVAl,
ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer and ethylene-
methacrylic acid copolymer are discussed, with reference
to changes in moisture sensitivity, biodegradability and
other properties. 15 refs. (IUPAC 37th Microsymposium
on (Bio)degradable Polymers: Chemical, Biological and
Environmental Aspects, Prague, Czech Republic, July
1996)
USA
Accession no.658689
Item 399
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.123, Sept.1997, p.61-6
BIOSYNTHETIC AND BIODEGRADABLE
POLYESTERS FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES:
CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS
Steinbuechel A; Gorenflo V
Munster,Westfalische Wilhelms University
112
Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates are a complex class of
polyesters, almost a hundred different components being
discovered to date. Unfortunately, most of these
components only occur in the polyesters if specific
precursor substrates are provided as carbon source.
Recently, however, bacteria and mutants have been isolated,
which synthesise polyhydroxyalkanoates exhibiting
interesting compositions from simple unrelated substrates
obtained from renewable resources provided by agriculture.
An example is presented of how polyhydroxyalkanoates
based on 4-hydroxyvaleric acid can be obtained from bulk
chemicals. In addition, some aspects of current knowledge
on the physiological and molecular basis of
polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis are discussed. 12 refs.
(IUPAC 37th Microsymposium on (Bio)degradable
Polymers: Chemical, Biological and Environmental
Aspects, Prague, Czech Republic, July 1996)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.658685
Item 400
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
66, No.8, 21st Nov.1997, p.1507-13
CITRATE ESTERS AS PLASTICISERS FOR
POLYLACTIC ACID
Labrecque L V; Kumar R A; Dave V; Gross R A;
McCarthy S P
Massachusetts,University
Citrate esters were used as plasticisers with polylactic
acid. Films were extruded and the effect of the citrate
esters on reducing Tg, improving elongation at break,
and hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation are discussed.
20 refs.
USA
Accession no.657764
Item 401
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
35, No.12, Dec.1996, p.4682-5
BIODEGRADABILITY OF REGENERATED
CELLULOSE FILMS IN SOIL
Zhang L; Liu H; Zheng L; Zhang J; Du Y; Feng H
Wuhan,University; Academia Sinica
Regenerated cellulose films and a water-resistant film
coated with thin Tung oil are prepared by using a cellulose
cuoxam solution from pulps of cotton linter, cotton stalk
and wheat straw. They are buried in the soil to test
biodegradability. The results show that viscosity average
molecular weight Mn, tensile strength sigma b, and the
weight of the degraded films decrease sharply with the
progress of degradation time, and the kinetics of decay
are discussed. The degradation half-lives tl/2 of the films
in soil at 10-20 deg.C were calculated as 30-42 days, and
after two months the films are decomposed into CO2 and
water. The alpha-cellulose in soil is more readily
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
biodegraded than hemicellulose, and regenerated cellulose
film is more readily biodegraded than kraft paper. Nuclear
magnetic resonance and scanning electron micrographs
indicate that the biodegradation process of the films is
performed through random breakdown of bonds of
cellulose macromolecules resulting from the
microorganism cleavage. 16 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.656256
Item 402
Journal of Materials Science
32, No.21, 1st Nov.1997, p.5825-32
MANUFACTURE OF BIODEGRADABLE
PACKAGING FOAMS FROM AGAR BY FREEZE
DRYING
Lee J-P; Lee K-H; Song H-K
Pohang,University of Science & Technology
Cellular foams are made from the aqueous solution of
agar by freeze-drying. A narrow range (5-20 deg.C min -
1) of freezing rate is required to avoid damage to the
microstructure of the agar foams. The size of cells in the
foam decrease with increasing freezing rate. Agar foams
of more than 4 wt.% agar content absorb more energy
than a PS foam in compression tests. Foams with a higher
agar content absorb more energy. The behaviour of agar
foams in compression tests can be explained by the
modified beam theory for cellular foams. Agar foams are
thermally stable up to 200 deg.C, and are also stable in a
humid environment. 8 refs.
SOUTH KOREA
Accession no.656230
Item 403
Polymer News
22, No.6, June 1997, p.205-8
CELLULOSE - NEW PROSPECTS FOR AN OLD
POLYMER
Philipp B
Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.
A new approach to the production of cellulose packaging
films by an extrusion-blowing process is described, which
combines the high performance properties and
biocompatibility of cellulose with the high productivity
of synthetic film manufacture. The properties of the film
are discussed with particular reference to change of
longitudinal strength of extrusion-blown films with
cellulose content in the spinning dope, change of
transverse strength of extrusion-blown films with draw
ratio, mechanical properties of cellulose films in
comparison with those of cellophane films, and water
vapour penetration of extrusion-blown films in
comparison with cellophane. 7 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.653150
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 404
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.118, June 1997, p.733-7
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION OF
POLYMERS: NATURAL METABOLITES AS
OPPOSED TO THE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS
OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
Albertsson A C; Karlsson S
Stockholm,Royal Institute of Technology
Biodegradation mechanisms of natural and synthetic
polymers are examined and compared, and relationships
between biodegradability and molecular structure are
reviewed. The use of chromatographic fingerprinting and
correlation of molecular weight changes and weight losses
with the formation of low molecular weight compounds
in determining degradation mechanisms is also discussed.
It is shown that degradation products are usually formed
not individually, but rather in simple or complex mixtures.
These products may be transformed to natural metabolites,
but low concentrations may biomagnify and reach levels
which have deleterious effects on humans, animals and
plants. Prediction of the environmental interaction of
polymers requires knowledge of the toxicity of their
degradation products and of the degree of exposure of
living organisms to these products. 7 refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.653037
Item 405
Polymer
38, No.20, 1997, p.5035-40
MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL
BEHAVIOUR OF ENGINEERING SOY PLASTICS
Sue H J; Wang S; Jane J L
Texas A & M University; Iowa State University
The morphology and mechanical behaviour of high protein
content engineering soy plastics (SUPRO 760 from Protein
Technologies) were studied. These plastics materials could
possess significantly higher Young’s moduli than
petrochemical engineering plastics, if the moisture content
of the soy plastics was kept low (less than 5 wt %). The
low moisture content soy plastics were found to be tougher
than diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resins. The
observed high fracture toughness in the dry soy plastics
was attributed to the formation of multiple line arrays of
cavitated voids in the damage zone. The formation of these
voids could be associated with the presence of coagulated
protein bodies in the soy plastics matrix. The ductility and
dimensional stability of soy plastics was found to be
strongly dependent on the moisture content or the level of
plasticiser used in the matrix. The biodegradable soy
plastics showed potential as an alternative for the
replacement of petrochemical, non-biodegradable plastics
for engineering applications. 27 refs.
PROTEIN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL
USA
Accession no.652876
113
 References and Abstracts
Item 406
China Synthetic Rubber Industry
20, No.4, 1997, p.244
BIODEGRADABLE POLYURETHANES
MODIFIED BY STARCH
Dajun C; Yaojun L
China,Textile University
Synthetic polymers containing natural polymers, such as
starch, are considered to be biodegradable. For starch
having more than two hydroxyl groups per molecule, it
can be used as polyols for PU synthesis. PU sheets with
different starch contents in their networks are prepared.
Polytetramethylene oxide (Mn=2000) is mixed with starch
in a given weight ratio at 60 deg.C for 30 min. The mixture
obtained is reacted with toluene diisocyanate at the same
temperature. The reaction mass is cast on glass plate, put
at 40 deg.C in an oven for 2 hrs and then placed at room
temperature for a day. The precured PU sheets are post-
cured at 110 deg.C for 1 hr. 2 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.651613
Item 407
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
5, No.3, July 1997, p.152-8
SYNTHESIS OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE
FROM HYDROLYSED LINSEED OIL
Casini E; de Rijk T C; de Waard P; Eggink G
Wageningen,Agricultural University
Pseudomonas putida is grown on a mixture of long-chain
fatty acids obtained by hydrolysis of linseed oil. A poly(3-
hydroxyalkanoate) containing 51.2% of unsaturated
monomers is obtained. A considerable percentage (13.6%)
is constituted by C14 and C16 monomers containing three
double-bonds in the side chains. The polymer shows a
high tendency to crosslink when it is kept in the presence
of air. In the crosslinked polymer, no polyunsaturated
monomers can be detected. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.651580
Item 408
Chemistry & Industry
No.14, 21st July 1997, p.555-8
BIOPOLYMER PRODUCTION ON
MICROORGANISMS AND PLANTS
Daniell H; Guda C
Auburn,University
This comprehensive article presents a detailed assessment
of the latest research and developments in the production
of biodegradable polymers. The article describes examples
of biopolymers produced in living organisms, and includes
information on their advantages and disadvantages,
properties and methods of synthesis. 34 refs.
USA
Accession no.651101
114
Item 409
Plastics News(USA)
9, No.16, 16th June 1997, p.73
SCIENTISTS TURN CORN INTO PLASTIC
PACKAGING
Esposito F
Corn is reported to be at the centre of a recent project that
mixes the corn by-product zein with fatty acids and flax
oil to create water resistant, plastic-like food containers
that researchers say have a future in the biodegradable
products market. In a paper published earlier this year,
scientists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign reported that they were able to turn zein into
plasticised resins that can be moulded into plates,
sandwich containers, sealing material and trays. Details
are given.
ILLINOIS,UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.651026
Item 410
European Chemical News
68, No.1782, 29th Sept.-5th Oct.1997, p.43-4
GREEN LIGHT FOR ECO-FRIENDLY
POLYMERS
Macdonald B
Earlier this year, Monsanto launched a credit card made
from its biodegradable Biopol plastic. At the moment
biodegradable plastics are niche products, used to produce
biodegradable golf tees, coated paper cups and plates, etc.
DuPont promotes its Biomax, a modified form of PETP,
particularly for agricultural and gardening applications
where biodegradability is a good selling point. One factor
that has become important and could drive demand for
biodegradables is the increasing scarcity and expense of
landfill area.
WORLD
Accession no.650398
Item 411
Polymer
38, No.16, 1997, p.4071-8
THERMOPLASTIC PROPERTIES OF FISH
MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS: APPLICATION TO
BIOPACKAGING FABRICATION
Cuq B; Gontard N; Guilbert S
CIRAD-SAR
Thermoplastic properties of fish myofibrillar proteins
were studied by DMTA. Significant changes in dynamic
mechanical properties, observed when the temp. was
increased, were associated with the Tg of fish myofibrillar
proteins. The Tg was observed between 215 and 250C
for the dry material. The addition of water or hydrophilic
plasticisers (sucrose and sorbitol) induced large decreases
in the Tg. The depressive effect of water content on Tg
was described with non-linear relationships. The
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
thermodynamic theory of Tg was adequate partially to
describe the plasticising effect of water on the myofibrillar
proteins. Glassy or foamed biopackagings were obtained
by a thermomoulding technique where the process temp.
was higher than the Tg at a given moisture content.
Biopackagings can, after use, be converted to animal
feeds. 47 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.647682
Item 412
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
8, No.6, June 1997, p.355-65
CHITIN AND CHITOSAN FIBERS
Agboh O C; Qin Y
Innovative Technologies Ltd.
A brief introduction is given to the chemistry of chitin and
chitosan, covering chitosan salts, N-acylation, Schiff bases
and their reduced products, reaction with halogen-
substituted compounds and chelation of metal ions. The
production of chitin fibres is then considered, including
chitin solvents, rheology of the chitin solutions and methods
for production of chitin fibres. Production of chitosan fibres
is discussed. Properties and applications of chitin and
chitosan fibres are examined, including tensile/mechanical
properties, physical/thermal properties, fibre surface and
cross-sectional structure, chelating properties of chitin and
chitosan fibres, and biomedical applications of chitin and
chitosan fibres. 59 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.645631
Item 413
1996 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference:
Book 2. Conference proceedings.
Boston, Ma., 8th-12th Sept.1996, p.545-51. 012
BIODEGRADABLE COMPOSITES AND
LAMINATED PAPER
Levit M R; Farrell R E; Gross R A; McCarthy S P
Lowell,Massachusetts University
(TAPPI)
Composites based on polylactic acid (PLA) and cellulosic
fibrous materials are prepared by extrusion and
compression moulding. The composite reinforcements
used are paper waste fibres, rayon nonwoven fabric and
wood flour. The mechanical properties and
biodegradability of the composites are studied. The
mechanical properties are retained for PLA filled with up
to 32 wt.% of paper waste fibre. The tensile strength is
improved for PLA filled with rayon non-woven fabric as
compared to pure PLA. The tensile strength of PLA filled
with wood flour is retained up to 15 wt.% content of the
filler. Paper coated with PLA and laminates based on PLA
and paper show an improved tensile strength at normal
conditions and significantly improved wet tensile
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
breaking strength in comparison with net paper. The
mineralisation rate of the PLA films and sheets in the soil
aerobic test are found to be independent on their thickness
and increase considerably with the addition of the
cellulosic component. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.645448
Item 414
Biotechnological Polymers. Conference proceedings.
Lancaster, Pa., 1993, p.214-22. 6S
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS FOR
PACKAGING
McCarthy S P
Lowell,Massachusetts University
(Technomic Publishing Co.Inc.)
Plastics account for approximately 15-17% of the 19 billion
US dollars food packaging market, and it is predicted to
increase to 50% by the year 2000. Nearly 10% of the
plastics used in packaging are used as coatings on other
materials, including paper. Increasing legislative and
economic imperatives and public perception of paper being
‘natural’ and plastics being ‘foreign’ have led to the
explosive drive to recycle plastics packaging or to make it
biodegradable. Concerns with environmental fate will
impose the additional requirement for properly designed
biodegradable materials of the complete ‘mineralisation’
or disappearance of the degradation products into CO2,
H2O, CH4 or biomass without the production of harmful
intermediates. The time frame required for biodegradation
will be mandated by the disposal method and conditions.
The increase in composting and anaerobic bioreactor
technology will produce specific environmental conditions
and lead to specific requirements for biodegradable plastics
packaging. An attempt is made to review suitable
biodegradable materials which may currently be used for
packaging applications. This list is only a partial one based
on commercially produced products which are currently
accepted as being biodegradable and mineralised in
timeframes compatible with existing waste disposal
methods. 36 refs.
USA
Accession no.645029
Item 415
Materiaux & Techniques
84, Nos.3/4, March/April 1996, p.31-8
French
FULLY BIODEGRADABLE LUBRICATED
THERMOPLASTIC STARCHES: MECHANICAL
AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AN
INJECTION MOULDING GRADE
Onteniente J P; Etienne F; Bureau G; Prudhomme J C
IFTS; GREPAC; ESIEC
Pellets were extruded from fully biodegradable
thermoplastic corn starch formulations lubricated with
115
 References and Abstracts
epoxidised vegetable oil or magnesium stearate (MS). After
conditioning for a week at 20C under 65% relative
humidity, the pellets were injection moulded to produce
samples for tensile testing. These samples were conditioned
in the same way as the pellets and mechanical properties
and mould shrinkage were investigated. Injection moulding
in automatic mode was possible only for pellets lubricated
with MS. Rheological studies of this grade showed that
the injection moulding parameters depended on the relative
humidity of the conditioning atmosphere to which the
pellets were subjected before moulding. 23 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.643024
Item 416
European Chemical News
67, No.1769, 16th-22nd June 1997, p.35
BIONOLLE SET FOR EUROPE
It is very briefly reported that Showa Highpolymer plans
to market its biodegradable polyester Bionolle in Europe
following the award of the “OK compost” label by the
Belgian certification organisation AIB Vincotte Inter.
Showa Highpolymer says several Japanese municipalities
and companies have adopted Bionolle for garbage bags
used for collecting organic waste.
SHOWA HIGHPOLYMER CO.LTD.
JAPAN
Accession no.637483
Item 417
Journal of Materials Science.Materials in Medicine
8, No.5, May 1997, p.311-20
STRENGTH RETENTION OF SELF-
REINFORCED POLY-L-LACTIDE SCREWS. A
COMPARISON OF COMPRESSION MOULDED
AND MACHINE CUT SCREWS
Pohjonen T; Helevirta P; Tormala P; Koskikare K;
Patiala H
Tampere,University of Technology;
Helsinki,University,Central Hospital
The effect of the manufacturing method on the strength
retention of self-reinforced poly-L-lactide (SR-
PLLA)screws was studied in-vitro and in-vivo from 3 up
to at least 15 weeks. The screws were manufactured from
axially oriented SR-PLLA billets by conventional
compression moulding and an in-house developed
machine cutting technique. New machined SR-PLLA
screws were significantly stronger than older compression
moulded SR-PLLA screws in bending and torque strength
tests but significantly weaker in shear strength tests.
Mechanical analysis and molecular weight measurements
confirmed earlier observations that SR-PLLA degraded
faster in-vivo than in-vitro, suggesting that the new screws
could be suitable for clinical use. 21 refs.
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.635979
116
Item 418
Modern Plastics International
27, No.5, May 1997, p.32/5
ROTATIONAL MOLDING CONTROL SYSTEMS
TRACK KEY PROCESS TEMPERATURES
Gabriele M C
Advances in process control and database management
for rotational moulders are discussed, which are currently
in the process of commercialisation. The first of two
companies’ products is a joint effort by Remcon Plastics,
a rotational moulder and Ferry Industries, a producer of
rotational moulding machines. It is a control system with
complementary software, that can continuously track
critical process parameters, including mould surface
temperatures. Alan Yorke Engineering Ltd., has also
developed a control system based on infrared sensors,
which is currently being tested by processors. Details are
given of both developments.
REMCON PLASTICS; FERRY INDUSTRIES INC.;
YORKE A.,ENGINEERING LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.635037
Item 419
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
64, No.4, 25th April 1997, p.631-44
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF
COMPRESSION-MOLDED THERMOPLASTIC
STARCH MATERIALS FROM NORMAL AND
HIGH-AMYLOSE MAIZE STARCHES
Van Soest J J G; Borger D B
ATO-DLO Agrotechnological Research Institute
The properties of compression-moulded thermoplastic
maize starches were found to be highly dependent on
water content during processing. The water content was
an important factor in the formation of a starch network
during processing. The materials from high-amylose
maize starches were tough with higher strength and with
low elongations compared with the normal maize starch
materials. The differences in mechanical properties were
attributed to variations in amylose content, as well as the
differences in amylopectin degree of branching. The high-
amylose starch materials formed a more ordered and
entangled starch network. 38 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.634608
Item 420
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
5, No.1, Jan.1997, p.33-9
BIODEGRADABILITY OF DEGRADABLE
PLASTICS EXPOSED TO ANAEROBIC
DIGESTED SLUDGE AND SIMULATED
LANDFILL CONDITIONS
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Pyong Kyun Shin; Myung Hee Kim; Jong Min Kim
Korea,Institute of Science & Technology
The biodegradabilities of various plastics materials by
anaerobic digested sludge were measured and compared
with biodegradabilities under simulated landfill
conditions. Bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
hydroxyvalerate)(PHB/HV) was shown to degrade almost
to completion within 20 days of cultivation by anaerobic
digested sludge, while synthetic aliphatic polyesters, such
as polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate and poly(butyl
succinate-co-ethylene succinate), did not degrade at all
in 100 days. Cellophane, which was used as a control
material, exhibited a similar degradation behaviour to
PHB/HV. Under simulated landfill conditions, PHB/HV
degraded quite well within 6 months. Synthetic aliphatic
polyesters also showed significant weight losses through
1 year of cultivation. The acidic environment inside
simulators generated by the degradation of biodegradable
food wastes which comprised 34% of municipal solid
waste appeared to cause the weight loss of synthetic
aliphatic polyesters. 18 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.631667
Item 421
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
64, No.2, 11th April 1997, p.231-42
THERMOPLASTIC CELLULOSE ACETATE AND
CELLULOSE ACETATE COMPOUNDS
PREPARED BY REACTIVE PROCESSING
Warth H; Muelhaupt R; Schaetzle J
Albert-Ludwigs,University; Rhone-Poulenc Rhodia AG
Several families of thermoplastic polysaccharides such as
cellulose-2,5-acetate were produced using reactive
processing technology which grafted cyclic lactones
simultaneously onto polysaccharide, hydroxy-functional
plasticiser and, optionally, also onto hydroxy-functional
fillers. Organosolv lignin, cellulose, starch and chitin were
added to effect reinforcement of the polymer matrix.
Mechanical and thermal properties were shown to depend
on molecular structure of the components and process
parameters such as temp., feed ratios and screw speed. These
blends and composites used renewable resources and were
of interest for waste disposal via biodegradation. 37 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.631598
Item 422
Modern Plastics International
27, No.4, April 1997, p.28/31
WATER-SOLUBLE FOAMS OFFER COST-
EFFECTIVE PROTECTION
Leaversuch R D
A pair of novel biodegradable, water-soluble foams is
experiencing strong growth in demanding protective and
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
void-filling packaging sectors. Enviromold from
Storopack can be moulded-in-place into shape packaging
for electronics protection. Eco-Foam from American
Excelsior is a sheet and plankstock foam. Both foams are
corn starch-based thermoplastics that can be rinsed down
the drain or composted.
STOROPACK; AMERICAN EXCELSIOR CO.
USA
Accession no.630322
Item 423
Advanced Materials News
No.92, Feb.1997, p.1-2
NEW KID ON THE BLOCK
The potential market for composite materials in the US
infrastructure is examined, and details are given of the
alliance between Master Builders and Structural
Preservation Systems which is intended to encourage the
use of carbon fibre reinforced plastics in the mainstream
of concrete and masonry repair. Carbon fibre in the form
of the Mbrace system, is being proposed as an alternative
to steel bonding, being easier and cheaper to install, it is
reported. Further details are given of Martin Marietta
Materials’ debut into the composites market, where it will
target a range of sectors where high strength-to-weight
materials are gaining ground.
MASTER BUILDERS; STRUCTURAL
PRESERVATION SYSTEMS; MARTIN MARIETTA
MATERIALS
USA
Accession no.629688
Item 424
Warrington, 1996, pp.7. 30cms. 16/4/96
BIODEGRADABLE CAPA THERMOPLASTICS
Solvay Interox Ltd.
Information is presented on Solvay’s CAPA 600 series of
caprolactone thermoplastic grades. These high molecular
weight thermoplastics are fully biodegradable, non-toxic,
readily processed and are compatible with a wide range
of polymers. Typical physical properties of CAPA 650
and CAPA 680 are tabulated, together with the results of
burial tests and mineralisation studies. Extrusion and
extrusion blow moulding methodology for the grades is
also outlined. The thermoplastics are suitable for a variety
of applications including biodegradable bottles and films,
synthetic wound dressings, non-woven fabrics, and
controlled release products for the pharmaceutical and
agricultural industries.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.629317
Item 425
Modern Plastics International
27, No.3, March 1997, p.38-9
117
 References and Abstracts
LIGNIN-BASED POLYMERS FIND ROLE IN
RANGE OF APPLICATIONS
Mapleston P
Lenox Polymers has developed a resin-based composite
that is being used to produce moulds for high-performance
parts. The resin is derived from lignin, a byproduct from
paper mills. Advantages of the mouldmaking system
include short lead times for construction, low cost and
high operating temperature capability. PUR feedstocks
made from lignin have potential application in automotive,
furniture and construction markets. A purified form of
lignin, called xylon, is used to make polyols which are
then blended with conventional polyols.
LENOX POLYMERS
USA
Accession no.628899
Item 426
British Plastics and Rubber
March 1997, p.28
INTEREST AROUSED IN MOULDING
BIODEGRADABLES
Several injection moulding machine manufacturers have
been conducting trials with biodegradable moulding
materials and are attracting widespread interest. Boy held
a symposium on processing these materials and
demonstrated the technique on its full range of models
from 22 to 80 tonnes. Nissei has demonstrated its special
NS60-90A machine which has a special feed unit to mix
biodegradable food pulp filler with Lacea polylactic acid
moulding material.
BOY GMBH; NISSEI ASB MACHINE CO.LTD.; JON
WAI MACHINERY WORKS CO.LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.628613
Item 427
Journal of Macromolecular Science A
34, No.1, 1997, p.153-64
SUGAR CANE BAGASSE LIGNIN IN RESOL-
TYPE RESIN: ALTERNATIVE APPLICATION
FOR LIGNIN-PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
RESINS
Piccolo R S J; Santos F; Frollini E
Sao Paulo,University
Resoles were prepared by the partial replacement of
phenol by organosolv sugar cane bagasse lignin (10, 20,
40, 100% w/w) and the prepolymers were characterised
by TGA and DSC. The cure reaction was performed in a
mould in a process monitored by IR spectroscopy. The
resins obtained were characterised by TGA, DSC and
DMTA. TGA and DSC results revealed that endothermic
and exothermic steps were probably involved in the cure
reaction. From IR results, it could be inferred that lignin
was really incorporated into the phenol polymer chain,
118
where it acted as a chain extender. DMTA analyses
showed that lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resins retained
their modulus at elevated temps. The overall properties
showed that the partial substitution of phenol by lignin in
phenol moulded-type resins was feasible. 20 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.626603
Item 428
International Polymer Processing
11, No.4, Dec.1996, p.320-8
BIODEGRADABLE POLYLACTIC ACID WITH
HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT. PREPARATION
BY CONTINUOUS MELT-POLYCONDENSATION
PROCESS COMBINED WITH REACTIVE
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
Miyoshi R; Hashimoto N; Koyanagi K; Sumihiro Y;
Sakai T
Japan Steel Works
With the aim of developing practical and economical
technologies for effectively producing poly-L-lactic acid
as a representative of lactic acid-based polymers,
continuous melt-polymerisation experiments were carried
out using the combination of a batch-type stirred reactor
and an intermeshed twin screw extruder. Poly-L-lactic
acid with a higher molec.wt. of up to Mw 150,000 was
shown to be obtainable from lactic acid by a continuous
melt-polycondensation process. 20 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.625121
Item 429
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
4, No.4, Oct.1996, p.243-52
POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES FROM
FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS IN
RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
De Koning G; Kellerhals M; Van Meurs C; Witholt B
Zurich,Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule
A review is presented of important developments relating
to research on and application prospects of medium chain
length poly((R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates)(mcl-PHA). Topics
discussed include molecular biology of mcl-PHA,
versatility of fluorescent Pseudomonads, production and
processing of mcl-PHA (fermentation, recovery, latex
processing), properties of mcl-PHA (as thermoplastics and
as crosslinked rubbers), applications (features,
specialities, commodities), and economics. 86 refs.
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.625064
Item 430
Polymer
38, No.3, Feb.1997, p.647-55
PROCESSING AND CHARACTERISATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC STARCH/POLYETHYLENE
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
BLENDS
St-Pierre N; Favis B D; Ramsay B A; Ramsay J A;
Verhoogt H
Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique
The processing, morphology and tensile properties of
thermoplastic starch (TS, gelatinised starch plasticised
with glycerol)/PE blends were studied. A method of
controlling water loss during the blending and processing
of PE with TS, using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder
with a single-screw extruder as a side feeder, was
described. TS/LDPE and TS/LLDPE showed the
morphology of immiscible blends. The number-average
diameter of the TS dispersed phase increased with
increasing TS content in the blends. Thus, morphological
control could be achieved in the blends. The blends
maintained high elongational properties at high TS
loadings even without an interfacial modifier. The results
were discussed. 28 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.623494
Item 431
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
62, No.13, 26th Dec.1996, p.2295-302
POLYLACTIC ACID DEGRADATION IN SOIL
OR UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Torres A; Li S M; Roussos S; Vert M
ORSTOM; CNRS
The degradation of a racemic polylactic acid was
investigated in liquid medium containing a mixed culture
of soil bacteria. Microbial activity was monitored by
measuring pH, lactic acid formation by HPLC, and
esterase activity in the supernatant. Degradation was
monitored by weighting, size-exclusion chromatography,
and visual examination. 19 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.623144
Item 432
Biomaterials
18, No.3, 1997, p.189-95
PREPARATION OF CROSSLINKED
HYALURONIC ACID(HA) FILMS OF LOW
WATER CONTENT
Tomihata K; Ikada Y
Kyoto,University
HA was chemically crosslinked with poly(ethylene
glycol) diglycidyl ether, a diepoxy compound, to yield
films with low water content and slow degradation when
brought into contact with water. The crosslinking reaction
was performed under acidic and neutral conditions, as
the epoxy group was readily hydrolysed in alkaline media.
In order to allow the reaction to proceed at high HA
concentrations, a solution casting method was used for
the crosslinking of HA. The crosslinked HA film with a
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
water content of 60 wt % exhibited practically no weight
loss after 10 days of immersion in phosphate-buffered
saline, while this film underwent in vivo degradation by
30 wt % weight loss after 7 days of subcutaneous
implantation in rats. The inflammation reaction elicited
around the implanted film was not significant. 33 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.622467
Item 433
Polymer Bulletin
38, No.2, Feb.1997, p.211-8
NEW BIOMEDICAL POLYURETHANE UREAS
WITH HIGH TEAR STRENGTHS
de Groot J H; de Vrijer R; Wideboer B S; Spaans C S;
Pennings A J
Groningen,University
Biodegradable polyurethane ureas (PUU) were synthesised
by a two-step polymerisation. First a poly(epsilon-
caprolactone) prepolymer was terminated with three
different diisocyanates: lysinediisocyanate (LDI), 1,6-
hexanediisocyanate (HDI) and 1,4-butanediisocyanate
(BDI). The prepolymers were then chain extended with
1,4-butanediamine. The degradation products of these
polymers were non-toxic. The mechanical properties of the
PUU were compared with those of three PUs. Compared
with these PUs, the HDI and BDI based PUU showed a
very high resistance to tearing. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.622289
Item 434
European Chemical News
67, No.1753, 24th Feb.-2nd March 1997, p.23
NESTE LAUNCHES DEPOSA POLYMER
Neste is launching a biodegradable non-woven polymer
developed over a four-year joint research project with
Fiberweb and the veterinary laboratory Vetoquinol. It is
briefly reported that Deposa is based on polylactide
polymers extruded to form the non-woven product. The
product’s biodegradability allows controlled release of
pharmaceutical substances and it has been successfully
tested for veterinary applications.
NESTE OY; FIBERWEB SODOCA
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.622096
Item 435
Recycle ’95. Conference proceedings.
Davos, 15th-19th May 1995, paper 23. 8(13)
BIODEGRADABLE STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES
BASED ON RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS
Hanselka H; Herrmann A S
Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft-& Raumfahrt
(Maack Business Services)
119
 References and Abstracts
This paper discusses biodegradable structural composites
which are based on natural fibres - a renewable raw
material. Headings include an introduction, material for
reinforcement, the matrix system, the fibre-matrix-
composite, behaviour of decomposition, process
techniques, and applications.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.617402
Item 436
Recycle ’95. Conference proceedings.
Davos, 15th-19th May 1995, paper 11. 8(13)
BIODEGRADABLE RUBBER FROM BACTERIA
de Koning G
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
(Maack Business Services)
This paper examines polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA’s),
biopolymers stored by bacteria as an energy reserve in a
similar way to mammals accumulating fat, which have
two advantages over synthetic polymers in that their
supply is not reliant on petroleum, and they are genuinely
and completely biodegradable. The paper looks at the
compositions of PHA, its properties, as well as its
production and processing. 8 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.617390
Item 437
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
62, No. 8, 21st. Nov. 1996, p.1147-51
INJECTION MOULDING OF POLYPROPYLENE
REINFORCED WITH SHORT JUTE FIBRES
Karmaker A C; Youngquist
US,Forest Products Laboratory
Composites with PP and jute fibre were prepared by
injection moulding. Maleic anhydride-grafted PP was added
as coupling agent to improve the adhesion between jute
fibre and PP. A high fibre attrition was noted during
injection moulding, which had negative effects on the
mechanical properties of the composites. The coupling
agent improved the tensile and bending strengths; however,
the elastic and bending moduli were not influenced by the
coupling agent. The role of the average fibre length in
strengthening of the composites was interpreted with the
help of the critical fibre length. Fracture surfaces of the
composites, and the fibre orientations, were investigated
by SEM and light microscopy, respectively. 22 refs.
USA
Accession no.617164
Item 438
MRS Bulletin
21, No.11, Nov.1996, p.22-6
120
NEW BIOMATERIALS FOR TISSUE
ENGINEERING
James K; Kohn J
Pseudo-poly(amino acid)s, specifically tyrosine-derived
polycarbonates and polyarylates, are new biodegradable
materials. As a robust alternative to the commonly used
polyesters, these materials appear to offer improved bone
compatibility, the ability to regenerate a series of materials
allowing for variations in key mechanical and cellular
response properties, and facilities to covalently link
bioactive molecules as pendant chains. Leaching methods,
used to fabricate poly(lactic acid) scaffolds, were
successfully adapted to tyrosine-derived polycarbonates.
Tissue engineering research utilising these materials has
only recently commenced and is focused in the area of
bone regeneration. 41 refs.
USA
Accession no.616601
Item 439
Plastics World
54, No.12, Dec.1996, p.29-33
BOLD NEW HIGH-TECH BIODEGRADABLES
Schut J H
Several new biodegradable products are in test markets
with carefully tailored degradability that have the potential
for large-scale application. EarthShell food containers are
now in tests at Mcdonald’s. The containers reportedly feel
and perform just like foamed PS, but dissolve rapidly for
composting and contain nothing but edible ingredients.
An unusual biodegradable product is a dog chew toy
created by Novon International. The Poly-Novon resin is
48% corn starch additive, 4% natural tallow with flavours
and 48% PP. An outline of biodegradable product
developments from around the world is presented.
WORLD
Accession no.615987
Item 440
PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.
Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.291-3. 42C382
PARTIALLY BIODECOMPOSABLE MATERIALS
BASED ON PVC- SYNTHESIS AND
PROCESSING
Obloj-Muzaj M; Swierz-Motysia B
Warsaw,Industrial Chemistry Research Institute
(Institute of Materials)
Two-stage modification of PVC is presumed in obtaining
PVC biodegradable materials: in the synthesis, by
copolymerisation with biodegradable comonomers
eventually by grafting of vinyl chloride on biodegradable
natural polymers, and then in the processing. Lecithin,
microcrystalline chitosan, cellulose acetate, beta- and
gamma-butyrolactones, e-caprolactone and modified
potato starch are chosen for PVC modification during the
polymerisation stage. Suspension polymerisation is
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
carried out with these additives in typical vinyl chloride
synthesis conditions, at 60 deg.F in a laboratory autoclave.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.611164
Item 441
Journal of Macromolecular Science A
33, No.10, 1996, p.1565-70
MACROMOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE:
NATURE AS A MODEL FOR DEGRADABLE
POLYMERS
Albertsson A C; Karlsson S
Stockholm,Kungl Tekniska Hogskolan
Four main routes to the design of degradable polymers are
identified, the goal being to tailor-make a material which
is more susceptible to environmental degradation factors,
e.g. hydrolysis, biodegradation, photooxidation. The most
convenient route is to use cheap synthetic bulk polymers
and to add a biodegradable or photooxidisable component.
A more expensive solution is to change the chemical
structure by introducing hydrolysable or oxidisable groups
in the repetitive chain of a synthetic polymer. The third
route to degradable polymers is to use biopolymers or
derivatives of these (particular attention being paid to the
bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates). The fourth route is to
tailor-make new hydrolysable structures, e.g. polyesters,
polyanhydrides and polycarbonates. 11 refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.609602
Item 442
Journal of Macromolecular Science A
33, No.10, 1996, p.1459-77
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF NATURAL
POLYMERS IN CHINA
Xiao-Yin Hong; Han-Bao Feng
Tsinghua,University; China,National Natural Science
Foundation
The main Chinese research work on the chemical
modification of natural polymers, including silk, Chinese
lacquer, gutta-percha, cellulose and chitin, is described.
Aspects of the research work covered include the
mechanism of graft copolymerisation of vinyl monomer
onto natural polymers, overcoming the defects of natural
polymers to allow further application by chemical
modification, and development of new applications of
natural polymers. 137 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.609596
Item 443
Coatings & Composite Materials
4, No.16, 1996, p.29-32
COMPOSTABLE FIBRE COMPOSITE
COMPONENTS FROM RAW MATERIALS
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Hanselka H; Herrmann A S
Research carried out at DLR is reported with reference
to the development of biocomposites and the use of natural
fibres combined with biodegradable matrix systems like
cellulose, starch, and casein which are compostable.
Mechanical properties of such biocomposites are
compared to glass reinforced epoxy resins, and the tensile
strength of flax fabrics embedded in different
biodegradable systems is illustrated.
DLR
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.609437
Item 444
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
60, No.10, 6th June 1996, p.1677-85
STUDIES ON THE DEGRADABLE
POLYETHYLENES: USE OF COATED
PHOTODEGRADANTS WITH BIOPOLYMERS
Byung Seon Yoon; Moon Ho Suh; Shi Hwa Cheong;
Jae Eue Yie; Sung Hwa Yoon; Suck Hyun Lee
Ajou,University
Three degradable polymeric materials, i.e. starch-PE
binary blends, PE containing starch and a photoactivator
(ferric dithiodicarbamate), and PE containing starch and
a photoactivator which was coated with gelatin, were
prepared and their degrees of photodegradation and/or
photodegradation after biodegradation were investigated.
The addition of the gelatin-coated ferric salt in PE
extended the induction period of degradation and
accelerated photodegradation after the removal of coating
material by biodegradation. These results suggested that
the degradation rate of PE could be controlled if more
powerful photoactivators and/or coating materials could
be developed and their contents optimised. 16 refs.
SOUTH KOREA
Accession no.590599
Item 445
Polymer News
21, No.1, Jan.1996, p.7-17
AGRO-BASED FIBRE/POLYMER COMPOSITES,
BLENDS AND ALLOYS
Sanadi A R; Rowell R M; Caulfield D F
Wisconsin,University; Forest Products Laboratory
Natural agro-based (lignocellulosic) fibres have excellent
specific mechanical properties and are potentially
outstanding reinforcing fillers in thermoplastic
composites. The specific tensile and flexural moduli, for
example, of a 50% by volume of kenaf/PP composite
compares favourably with a 40 wt% of glass fibre-PP
injection moulded composite. Results indicate that kenaf
fibres are a viable alternative to inorganic/mineral based
reinforcing fibres as long as the right processing
conditions and aids are used, and for applications where
121
 References and Abstracts
the higher water absorption of the agro-based fibre
composite is not critical. Recent research is described in
detail. 46 refs.
USA
Accession no.584796
Item 446
Plastics in Building Construction
20, No.4, 1996, p.3
WOOD-POLYMER LUMBER RECEIVES BOCA-
ES LISTING
It is briefly reported that Mobil Chemical’s Trex wood-
plastic lumber has been evaluated for Building Officials
and Code Administration International code compliance
and is now listed by BOCA Evaluation Services Inc. Trex,
made from reclaimed plastic and waste wood, is used for
decking in residential and commercial applications.
Benefits include less water absorption, more resistance
to fungus decay and insect attack, better paint adhesion
and resistance to blistering, and more slip resistance.
MOBIL CHEMICAL CO.
USA
Accession no.584460
Item 447
Modern Plastics International
26, No.3, March 1996, p.84/6
MATERIAL STAYS FLEXIBLE
Polyhydroxybutyrate stays flexible from sub-zero to 130C
and biodegrades in two to three months in commercial
composting facilities. The thermoplastic polyester, made
from vegetable feedstock, was developed by polyolefins
supplier PCD Polymere and is made by Biomer. Injection
moulding grades can run on conventional equipment.
Parts are said to look similar to ones made in PS and PP.
This abstract includes all the information contained in
the original article.
BIOMER
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.582399
Item 448
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.103, Jan.1996, p.85-102
POLYLACTIDES - SYNTHESIS,
CHARACTERISATION AND MEDICAL
APPLICATION
Kricheldorf H R; Kreiser-Saunders I; Jurgens C; Wolter D
Hamburg,University;
Hamburg,Berufsgenossenschaftliches
Unfallkrankenhaus
Polymerisations of lactides via cationic, anionic, and
insertion mechanisms are described. The usefulness of
these three mechanisms is evaluated. Polymerisation
122
mechanisms initiated by aluminium alkoxides or tin(II)-
2-ethylhexanoate are discussed in more detail. The
usefulness of carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy for the
sequence analysis of copolylactones is demonstrated.
Copolyesters of D,L-lactide and epsilon-caprolactone
with Tgs around 35 C and high transparency were
synthesised. Films of these copolylactones were
characterised by various methods and their usefulness as
resorbable wound dressing was evaluated. 31 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.581083
Item 449
Patent Number: WO 9504108 A1 19950209
BIODEGRADABLE MOULDABLE PRODUCTS
AND FILMS COMPRISING BLENDS OF
STARCH ESTERS AND POLYESTERS
Bloembergen S; Narayan R
Starpol Inc.
The above products and films are prepared from a
compatible blend containing a biodegradable,
hydrophobic, starch ester and a biodegradable polyester,
and optionally a biodegradable and miscible plasticiser
and/or a compatible filler.
USA
Accession no.568299
Item 450
Patent Number: US 5407980 A 19950418
ADHESIVE COMPOSITION COMPRISING
ISOCYANATE PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE AND
TANNIN, USEFUL FOR MANUFACTURING
PLYWOODS FOR EXTERIOR APPLICATION
Pizzi A; Von Leyser E; Westermeyer C
Diteco Ltda.; Quimicos Coronel SA
An adhesive composition for manufacturing plywood for
exterior applications includes (a) 121 pbw phenolic resin;
(b) 5-121 pbw isocyanate; (c) 1-40 pbw tannin selected
from the group consisting of pine, quebracho, mimosa,
and combinations thereof; (d) 1-15 pbw paraformaldehyde
or formaldehyde solutions in water; (e) 5-50 pbw of water;
and (f) an amount of filler comprising inorganic and/or
organic materials for providing the composition with the
desired viscosity.
CHILE
Accession no.567876
Item 451
Journal of Macromolecular Science A
A32, No.4, 1995, p.599-605
DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN DEGRADABLE
POLYMERS
Karlsson S; Albertsson A C
Stockholm,Royal Institute of Technology
Degradation products of hydrolysable polyesters
(polyhydroxybutyrate, poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic acid)
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
copolymerised with poly(glycolic acid) and poly(adipic
anhydride) were determined by head-space gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concept of
fingerprinting based on the abiotic and biotic degradation
products formed in degradable LDPE (LDPE plus starch
plus prooxidant) is described related to a biodegradation
mechanism of PE. 6 refs. (Presented at Int. Workshop on
Controlled Life-Cycle of Polymeric Materials, Stockholm,
Sweden, 21st-23rd April 1994).
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.549573
Item 452
Patent Number: US 5358559 A 19941025
STARCH-HEMICELLULOSE ADHESIVE FOR
HIGH SPEED CORRUGATING
Fitt L E; Pienkowski J J; Wallace J R
CPC International Inc.
Starch-based corrugating adhesives of the carrier, no-
carrier and carrier-no-carrier type having improved green
strength and water resistance are prepared by adding
hemicellulose to the adhesive composition. When the
adhesive is the carrier type, the hemicellulose can be
extracted from corn fibre in situ during the process of
preparing the carrier phase.
USA
Accession no.548468
Item 453
Patent Number: WO 9417132 A1 19940804
ALGAL PLASTICS
Tarrant L B; Tokuno T; Shivkumar S
International Technology Management Associates Ltd.
Methods for making algal plastics are disclosed, together
with foamed algal plastics and products made from them,
and algal plastic resin precursors. The foamed algal
plastics comprise a foamed and stabilised algal fibre
matrix having substantial dimensional stability. The
foamed algal plastics can be used to generate packing
materials, such as moulded packings or foamed particle
packings (e.g. packing peanuts).
USA
Accession no.545766
Item 454
Recycle ’94. Conference proceedings.
Davos, 14th-18th March 1994, paper 7. 8(13)
FOAMED BIODEGRADABLES FROM STARCH
AND THEIR USES IN FOOD SERVING
Tiefenbacher K F
Bio Pac Biologische Verpackungssysteme
(Maack Business Services)
This paper discusses the properties and uses of Biopac -
a new biodegradable foamed material based on starch.
Points discussed include: packaging concepts,
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
characteristics of Biopac, native starch as a raw material,
ethical questions, properties and applications of foamed
trays, degradation, the Fraunhofer Institute study, benefits
of degradables, and constraints.
AUSTRIA; EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.532800
Item 455
Hazardous Substances
5, No.9, Oct.1994, p.7-8
COLOPHONY
It is reported that colophony (rosin), a natural product
obtained from pine trees and often used in soldering flux,
is the third highest cause of reported occupational asthma,
and a known skin sensitiser. Details are provided on its
use, attempts at substitution, the rosin occupational
exposure standard, and monitoring of the substance.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.528193
Item 456
Antec ’93. Conference Proceedings.
New Orleans, La., 9th-13th May 1993, Vol.III, p.2443-
51. 012
BIODEGRADABLE BACTERIAL PHBV
COPOLYESTERS: PROPERTIES, PROCESSING
AND PERFORMANCE IN BOTTLE
APPLICATIONS
O’Brien G S
Zeneca Bio Products
(SPE)
An examination is made of crystallisation kinetics and
molecular weight changes influencing the processing of
biodegradable hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate
copolymers, and conditions for the injection moulding
and extrusion blow moulding of these materials are
described. Results are presented of tests on the storage
stability and impact strength of bottles made of these
copolyesters, and biodegradation mechanisms under
microbially active conditions are examined.
ICI
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.524637
Item 457
Polymer
35, No.10, 1994, p.2090-7
BIODEGRADABLE RUBBER BY
CROSSLINKING POLY(HYDROXYALKANOATE)
FROM PSEUDOMONAS OLEOVORANS
de Koning G J M; van Bilsen H M M; Lemstra P J;
Hazenberg W; Witholt B; Preusting H; van der Galien J
G; Schirmer A; Jendrossek D
123
 References and Abstracts
Eindhoven,University of Technology;
Groningen,University; Gottingen,Georg-August-
Universitat
Poly((R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate)s are bacterial storage
polyesters with potential as biodegradable and
biocompatible plastics. Among them are those from
Pseudomonas oleovorans, which are semicrystalline
elastomers. Their applicability is seriously limited by their
low melting temperature as well as by their low
crystallisation rate. Both problems were overcome by
crosslinking of unsaturated pendent groups, which were
incorporated in the polymer by tailoring the carbon source
for biosynthesis (different ratios of n-octane and 1-
octene). Crosslinking was established by electron beam
irradiation and resulted in a true rubber with constant
properties over a large temperature range from -20 to
+170C. Even after crosslinking, the material was still
biodegradable. It is suggested that this is the first
microbially produced biodegradable rubber. Molecular
weight, thermal properties, mechanical properties,
degradation and morphology data are given. 40 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.524316
Item 458
Polymers from Biobased Materials.
Park Ridge, NJ, Noyes Publications, 1991, p.90-114. 41
STARCH-BASED PLASTICS
Narayan R
Michigan,Biotechnology Institute
Edited by: Chum H L
(Solar Energy Research Institute)
A review is given of the preparation, properties and
characterisation of starch-based plastics. 28 refs.
USA
Accession no.504683
Item 459
Kobunshi Ronbunshu
50, No.11, 1993, p.881-6
Japanese
POLYURETHANE FOAM DERIVED FROM
WASTE VEGETABLE OIL
Nakamura K; Nishimura Y
Otsuma,Women’s University
From the point of view of recycling of resources, PU
foams were prepared from waste vegetable oil. Acid
values of ageing oils were determined by the method
according to JIS K3504. The acid value increased with
increasing treating time in both cases of 100 and 190C.
This was ascertained by FTIR measurement. PU foams
were obtained by reacting the mixture of waste oil and
polypropylene glycol with diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
A silicon surfactant, tin catalyst, and water were used as
foaming agents. Compression and thermal properties of
124
the PU foams were measured using a tensile test machine
and a differential scanning calorimeter. The results
indicate that waste vegetable oil could be used as a polyol
for PU and that thermal and mechanical properties of PU
were controlled by the kinds of waste vegetable oil and/
or the acid value. 13 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.502477
Item 460
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
50, No.12, 20th Dec.1993, p.2105-13
COMPARATIVE CARBON-13 NMR STUDY OF
POLYFLAVONOID TANNIN EXTRACTS FOR
PHENOLIC POLYCONDENSATES
Pizzi A; Stephanou A
Witwatersrand,University
Five tannin extracts (from different barks, woods and nuts)
were studied by NMR to determine the structural features
that influenced their suitability for tannin-formaldehyde
resin adhesives. 9 refs.
SOUTH AFRICA
Accession no.500148
Item 461
ICCM/9. Volume 2: Ceramic Matrix Composites and
Other Systems. Conference Proceedings.
Madrid, 12th-16th July 1993, p.864-9. 627
NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITES
Avella M; dell’Erba R; Martuscelli E; Pascucci B;
Raimo M; Focher B; Marzetti A
Istituto di Ricerca e Tecnologia delle Materie Plastiche;
Stazione Sperimentale per la Carta,Cellulosa e Fibre
Tessili
Edited by: Miravete A
(Zaragoza,University)
Composites were prepared by adding steam treated straw
fibres to two thermoplastic matrices, i.e. maleic anhydride
modified PP and a polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). The
mechanical properties of the composites were examined
at low and high deformation rates, and it was shown that
the composites possessed better mechanical properties
than those of the neat matrices. The properties of
composites based on modified PP were superior to those
of unmodified PP based composites. The use of straw
fibres as a reinforcement in PHB had the advantage of
producing fully biodegradable composites. 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.499275
Item 462
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
1, No.2, April 1993, p.155-66
STARCH-PLASTIC MATERIALS-
PREPARATION, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
BIODEGRADABILITY. A REVIEW OF RECENT
USDA RESEARCH
Swanson C L; Shogren R L; Fanta G F; Imam S H
US,Dept.of Agriculture
Recent starch-plastic research at the US,National Center
for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and
related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch
that influence its formulation and performance in plastics
are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-
methyl methacrylate graft copolymer, starch-ethylene-
acrylic acid copolymer, and starch-ethylene-acrylic acid
copolymer-PE plastics. Their physical properties are
discussed as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic
organisms from soil, ponds and streams. 76 refs.
USA
Accession no.493982
Item 463
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
1, No.2, April 1993, p.89-98
ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF
POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE
Jesudason J J; Marchessault R H; Saito T
Montreal,McGill University; Kanagawa,University
The synthetic analogue of a bacterially produced
polyhydroxybutyrate was synthesised from racemic
butyrolactone using an in situ trimethyl aluminium-water
catalyst. Biodegradation was examined by monitoring
mass loss over time in the presence of
polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerase. 34 refs.
CANADA; JAPAN
Accession no.493975
Item 464
Journal of Materials Science Letters
12, No.13, 1st July 1993, p.1048-51
HOT DRAWING OF POLYLACTIDE
NETWORKS
Penning J P; Grijpma D W; Pennings A J
Groningen,University
Polylactide fibres suitable for use in sutures, bone fixation
devices and biodegradable implants were prepared from
crystalline and amorphous polymer networks by drawing
the as-polymerised material. The strength of the fibres
exceeded that of fibres prepared by melt spinning the
analogous linear polymers. Fibres having appreciable
strength could be prepared from completely amorphous
polylactides if they were chemically crosslinked. Due to
the presence of chemical crosslinks, the polymer chains
could be effectively oriented by hot drawing, unlike linear
amorphous polymers where chain entanglements are the
only form of network points present. 18 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.486068
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 465
Advances in Polymer Science
No.107, 1993, p.199-265
CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES
Doelker E
Geneva,University
Fundamental and derived properties of cellulose
derivatives are presented concomitantly with applications
in various life sciences (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food,
packaging). Emphasis is placed on drug delivery systems.
Because most applications are related to solubility of the
materials, the subject is reviewed with regard to this
parameter: derivatives soluble in water; derivatives
soluble in organic solvents; derivatives soluble in organic
media and organic solvents; derivatives soluble in water
and organic solvents. The data are presented on a
comparative basis to emphasise the difference between
similar derivatives. 167 refs.
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.476704
Item 466
Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry
Edition
31, No.5, April 1993, p.1275-85
ABSORBABLE BIOPOLYMERS DERIVED
FROM DIMER FATTY ACIDS
Domb A J; Maniar M
Jerusalem,Hebrew University; Nova Pharmaceutical
Corp.
Several aliphatic copolyanhydrides were synthesised by
melt condensation from non-linear hydrophobic
dimers(FAD) of erucic acid and sebacic acid which
possessed the desired physicochemical and mechanical
properties for use as a drug carrier. In-vitro degradation
studies showed that these polymers degraded following
first-order kinetics with a rapid degradation in the first
ten days, leaving a residue which was mainly the FAD
comonomer. Drug release from the polymer also followed
first-order kinetics which correlated with the degradation
process of the polymer. Drugs such as carboplatin,
methotrexate, tetracycline and gentamicin were released
in-vitro for over two weeks and in some cases over six
weeks. In-vivo biocompatibility tests in rats and rabbits
in the brain, muscle and subcutaneously demonstrated
their toxicological inertness and biodegradability. 16 refs.
ISRAEL; USA
Accession no.474758
Item 467
Progress in Organic Coatings
20,No.2,4th May 1992,p.139-67
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF ROSIN
CHEMISTRY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN
COATINGS
Chen G F
125
 References and Abstracts

ASHLAND CHEMICAL INC. concentration of maleic anhydride, PMPPIC and benzoyl

peroxide on the mechanical properties of wood fibre-filled
A review is presented of the literature on wood and rosin,
PS composites were also evaluated. 23 refs.
chemical composition of rosin, isomerisation of resin
CANADA
acids, other reactions of resin acids, and modifications of
rosin for coating applications. 117 refs. Accession no.433455
USA
Accession no.456391 Item 471
Paint & Ink International
4,No.1,Feb.1991,p.30/3
Item 468
ANTIFOULING COATINGS BASED ON
Journal of Materials Research
CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID (CNSL)
27,No.6,15th March 1992,p.1690-700
MODIFIED RESIN
PROPERTIES OF SISAL-CNSL COMPOSITES
Panda R;Panda H
Bisanda E T N;Ansell M P
BATH,UNIVERSITY In previous experiments, the solubility of antifouling paint
for ship’s hulls was based on the reaction of gum resin
Cashew nut shell liquid was condensation polymerised
and sea water. To control this solubility CNSL modified
with formaldehyde in the presence of an alkaline catalyst
resin is added as a cheap binder. Formulations were tested
to produce a thermosetting resin. Sisal fibre mats were
on three different types of vessels: a burger; a light
impregnated with the resin to produce laminated
destroyer; and an aircraft carrier. Results of a settlement
composites. Bending tests were performed on corrugated
efficiency scale, similar to that used for biological studies,
composites to determine their strength for roofing
are presented. 3 refs.
applications. 12 refs.
INDIA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.421243
Accession no.448293

Item 472
Item 469
Biomaterials
Materials Edge
11,No.7,Sept.1990,p.451-4
No.27,Aug.1991,p.6
POLYMERS FOR BIODEGRADABLE MEDICAL
ECOCHEM BRINGS POLYLACTIDES TO
DEVICES. V. HYDROXYBUTYRATE-
MARKET
HYDROXYBUTYRATE COPOLYMERS:
Montgomery M
EFFECTS OF POLYMER PROCESSING ON
ECOCHEM
HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION
The development by Ecochem (a joint venture between Yasin M;Holland S J;Tighe B J
Du Pont and Con-Agra) of polylactide materials produced ASTON,UNIVERSITY
from renewable resources such as cheese whey or corn is
The effects of melt processing on those properties of
briefly discussed. Applications as biodegradable
hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers that control
packaging materials are considered and properties of the
hydrolytic stability were studied. Initial experiments using
products described.
a non-thermal preparation technique enabled the
CON-AGRA; DU PONT CO. relationship between initial molecular weight and rate of
USA
hydrolytic degradation to be established. 6 refs.
Accession no.433883 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.411333
Item 470
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
Item 473
5,No.9,1991,p.727-40
Acta Polymerica
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF WOOD FIBRES
29,No.1/2,1988,p.47-50
USING MALEIC ANHYDRIDE AND
MODIFICATION OF LIGNIN
ISOCYANATE AS COATING COMPONENTS
Lindberg J J;Levon K;Kuusela T
AND THEIR PERFORMANCE IN
HELSINKI,UNIVERSITY
POLYSTYRENE COMPOSITES
Maldas D;Kokta B V Various ways of modifying isolated or degraded lignin to
QUEBEC,UNIVERSITE A TROIS-RIVIERES produce useful polymeric products are described.
Attention is paid to the following reactions: thermal
Wood fibres were pre-coated with maleic anhydride and/
treatment, synthesis of conductive polyphenylene
or poly(methylene(polyphenyl isocyanate))(PMPPIC),
sulphide-like polymers from lignin, preparation of
using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The effects of the
engineering plastics from lignin and association of lignin.

126 © Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

The structure of various polymers obtainable from lignin, Item 476

applications of lignin, including adhesives, and Journal of Materials Science
semiconductor properties of doped sulphur lignin are 19,No.9,Sept.1984,p.2781-94
illustrated. 21 refs. CRYSTALLISATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF A
FINLAND BACTERIAL THERMOPLASTIC: POLY-3-
Accession no.359590 HYDROXYBUTYRATE
Barham P J;Keller A;Otun E L;Holmes P A
ICI,AGRICULTURAL DIV.
Item 474
Progress in Polymer Science Data are presented on crystallisation kinetics, morphology
12,No.4,1986,p.271-99 of melt- and solution-crystallised polymers, variation of
LIGNIN-POLYMER SYSTEMS AND SOME lamellar thickness with crystallisation temp., and
APPLICATIONS thermodynamic quantities, e.g. surface free energies, heats
Feldman D;Lacasse M;Beznaczuk L M of fusion and melting, and Tgs. 26 refs.
CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY UK

The present state of knowledge regarding the chemical Accession no.262088

structure of lignin is briefly described and some current
areas of application are reviewed. These applications
include lignin graft copolymers, lignin-thermosetting
polymer systems, lignin-polymer adhesive systems
(lignin-phenol formaldehyde resin, lignin-urea
formaldehyde resin and lignin-isocyanate) and lignin-
elastomer systems. 99 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.349580

Item 475
Manufacturing Chemist
56,No.10,Oct.1985,p.63/5
BIOPOL - ONE OF NATURE’S POLYMERS
Uttley N
A new thermoplastic biopolymer developed by ICI,
tradenamed Biopol and produced by bacterial
fermentation of sugar to polyhydroxybutyrate/
polyhydroxyvalerate, is both biodegradable,
biocompatible and fully processible. Potential specialty
applications are numerous including disposable packaging
and varied medical products. The basic mechanical
properties of the polymer, which is being developed by
Marlborough Biopolymers Ltd., are described, together
with possible routes towards commercially viable
applications.
UK
Accession no.301025

© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited 127

 References and Abstracts

128 © Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited


A ALGAE, 376 453
ABIOTIC, 404
ABRASION RESISTANCE, 24 77
324
ABSORPTION, 24 77 147 173 293
294 466
ACCELERATED AGEING, 334
ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE, 101
ACID HYDROLYSIS, 47
ACID RESISTANCE, 113
ACRYLIC COPOLYMER, 79 163
288 293 354 363 386 462
ACTIVATED SLUDGE, 246 247
363
ADDITION POLYMERISATION,
337
ADDITIVE, 1 2 10 14 23 24 38 57
67 80 82 128 136 146 147 148
166 168 170 178 179 182 205
212 219 221 222 225 239 269
276 291 292 296 321 327 334
339 351 363 377 378 383 385
386 391 396 397 398 404 405
411 415 421 425 432 440 444
456 461
ADHESION, 1 38 50 94 104 113
149 183 243 293 332 341 350
378 445 446 461
ADHESIVE, 37 38 40 65 78 100
107 113 149 155 157 189 198
216 229 275 288 290 291 294
296 322 339 350 369 382 388
394 408 450 452 460 473 474
ADIPATE COPOLYMER, 19
ADIPIC ACID, 38 167 174 239
ADSORPTION, 114 363
AEROBIC, 147 161 373 456
AEROSPACE APPLICATION, 15
AGAR, 163
AGAROSE, 402
AGEING, 90 158 161 176 206 252
269 299 363 373 383 459
AGRICULTURAL
APPLICATION, 23 31 38 77 83
115 116 124 125 128 145 146
166 167 172 174 216 219 223
239 242 296 298 305 312 376
386 387 410 411 424
AGRICULTURAL WASTE, 195
232
ALBUMIN, 29 294
ALCALIGENES EUTROPHUS,
153 456
ALCALIGENES FAECALIS, 201
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
Subject Index
ALGINATE, 88 103 304 453
ALKALI RESISTANCE, 113
ALKALINE DEGRADATION, 47
AMIDE COPOLYMER, 250 295
AMINO ACID, 24 41 239 295 393
404
AMINO ACID POLYMER, 239
294 438
AMYLASE, 404
AMYLOPECTIN, 219 269 363 385
395 404 419
AMYLOSE, 17 136 161 219 250
269 363 385 404 419
ANAEROBIC, 147 161 219 316
420 456
ANALYSIS, 20 24 31 71 85 95 99
103 136 149 154 159 193 235
268 269 311 314 329 393 404
407 415 417 430 448 451 461
ANIMAL FEED, 411
ANIMAL TESTING, 231 239 303
432
ANIONIC POLYMERISATION,
65 294 448
ANTIOXIDANT, 26 292 386
ANTISTATIC PROPERTIES, 116
296 341
ANTITHROMBOGENIC, 149 293
AQUEOUS, 67 96 280 336 390
402
AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 24 114
135 299 365 393
AROMATIC, 114 167 350 386 470
ARTIFICIAL BONE, 219
ARTIFICIAL LUNG, 28
ARTIFICIAL ORGAN, 355
ARTIFICIAL SKIN, 293
ASCORBIC ACID, 244
ASPARTIC ACID POLYMER, 102
354 375 439
ASPERGILLUS NIGER, 103
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 1
8 15 18 49 72 117 139 169 189
277 301 312 425
AUTOXIDATION, 161 386
B BIOSYNTHESIS, 4 118 127 161
BACTERIA, 37 142 153 154 161
163 168 224 245 247 284 286
399 404 436 456 475
BACTERIAL CONVERSION, 107
142 153 297 341
BAG, 23 30 38 55 62 77 108 115
116 117 124 125 128 141 146
147 151 161 166 167 172 186
205 218 219 221 222 223 242
262 292 296 305 317 327 347
359 386 408 410 416 439
BAGASSE, 43 61 143 427
BANANA FIBRE, 18
BARRIER COATING, 27 72
BARRIER PROPERTIES, 10 25 38
54 94 116 123 147 162 195 209
222 238 248 269 296 326 341
364 366 456
BENZOYL PEROXIDE, 142 154
217 470
BEVERAGE, 60 80 259
BIN LINER, 209
BINDER, 107 155 315 471
BIOABSORBABLE, 147 293 294
335 370 391
BIOACTIVITY, 82 86 148 438
BIOADHESIVE, 294 465
BIOASSAY, 361
BIOCATALYST, 341 362
BIOCOMPATIBILITY, 5 14 28 48
67 79 118 138 148 149 187 213
225 234 239 254 260 293 294
403 438 466 475
BIOCOMPOSITE, 1 6 97 139 443
BIODEGRADABILITY, 19 79 86
103 116 161 166 225 239 255
262 274 316 373 375 388 404
424 429 462
BIOELASTOMER, 28
BIOERODIBLE, 293
BIOLOGICAL AGEING, 299
BIOLOGICAL ATTACK, 86 133
167 245 274
BIOMASS, 107 172 189 239 296
361 394
BIOMATERIAL, 11 41 67 82 101
117 125 138 148 149 187 198
227 235 241 254 293 294 298
324 400 417 432 438
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION, 52
58 67 95 101 148 149 150 160
258 293 294 298 308 412 433
464
175 204 246 247 267 271 294
371 397 399 404 456
BIOTECHNOLOGY, 117 140 149
155 341 362 394
BITUMEN, 40
BLEND, 10 17 19 23 26 29 30 31
129

38 39 43 50 58 66 74 78 82 84
85 89 90 118 126 129 131 148
149 152 158 160 161 165 173
176 178 179 182 195 197 198
209 219 225 233 239 243 249
250 252 255 256 262 274 279
283 285 293 295 296 299 310
311 316 319 326 327 331 333
334 336 344 350 352 356 363
368 370 373 386 397 398 406
421 430 439 444 445 467 474
BLENDING, 19 179 233 325 373
430
BLISTER PACKAGING, 55
BLOCK COPOLYMER, 41 65 88
118 148 228 293 309 378
BLOOD, 101 149 260 294
BLOW EXTRUSION, 167 378 403
BLOW MOULDING, 23 44 94 116
161 166 195 205 214 219 238
259 296 311 363 424
BLOWING AGENT, 160 372 439
459
BLOWN FILM, 9 30 66 161 167
172 178 183 242 283 351 353
378 396 403
BOARD, 169
BODY PANEL, 312
BONDING, 54 113 293 296 312
423 438 455
BONE, 77 148 187 293 294 438
464
BOTTLE, 23 25 38 44 55 72 94
116 155 195 238 297 387 410
424 439 456
BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN, 304
BOX, 78
BRITTLE, 179 212 279 391
BRITTLENESS, 96 99 126 269
BUBBLE FILM, 30
BUILDING APPLICATION, 15 18
80 166 301 345 425 435 446
450 468
BULK POLYMERISATION, 185
200 464
BUSINESS MACHINE, 18 64
BUTANEDIISOCYANATE, 433
BUTANEDIOL, 38 167 174 230
239
BUTYLENE ADIPATE
COPOLYMER, 170
BUTYLENE SUCCINATE
COPOLYMER, 19 420
BUTYROLACTONE, 230 318 440
C CATIONIC POLYMERISATION,
CALCIUM ALGINATE, 118
130
Subject Index
CALCIUM CARBONATE, 10 56
101 361
CALENDERING, 219
CANOLA OIL, 300
CAPACITY, 9 25 26 30 54 55 94
102 107 108 117 128 131 146
155 166 172 186 195 209 214
222 223 238 291 312 347 348
349 354 362 368 387 416 439
CAPROLACTONE, 228 295 424
CAPROLACTONE
COPOLYMER, 96 255 266 293
318 363 373 378 448
CAPSULE, 141 149 304 355
CAR TYRE, 219
CARBOHYDRATE, 239
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER,
48
CARBON DIOXIDE, 23 25 38 76
94 116 129 167 188 196 248
262 263 264 316 363 378
CARBON MONOXIDE
COPOLYMER, 386
CARBOXYMETHYL
CELLULOSE, 284
CARBOXYMETHYL
CELLULOSE ACETATE
BUTYRATE, 49 189
CARDANOL, 389
CARDANYL ACRYLATE, 314
CARDBOARD, 195 216
CARPET, 51 81 195
CARRAGEENAN, 390 394
CARRIER BAG, 151 161 242
CARTILAGE, 101
CASEIN, 40 187
CASEIN POLYMER, 190
CASHEW NUT RESIN, 156 227
314 393
CASHEW NUTSHELL LIQUID,
70 156 227 243 275 343 389
468 471
CASSAVA, 188
CAST FILM, 9 10 44 242 296
CASTING, 21 56 96 141 148 160
227 335 432
CASTOR OIL, 140 263 300 384
CASTOR OIL COPOLYMER, 384
CASTOR OIL POLYMER, 227
384
CATALYST, 41 71 96 98 106 113
127 135 161 182 185 200 220
221 230 237 314 318 341 362
459
CATERING APPLICATION, 166
167 219 296
202 212 294 337 384 448
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
CELL CULTURE, 148 163 293
304
CELLOPHANE, 172 420
CELLULAR MATERIAL, 9 10 13
17 38 39 61 63 74 78 124 125
147 148 158 160 166 183 189
195 219 223 229 242 269 296
313 342 363 365 378 387 392
402 411 422 425 439 453
CELLULOSE, 1 15 26 27 40 43 57
62 68 80 90 97 101 109 118 130
143 168 193 227 239 242 245
263 274 277 285 292 294 295
296 324 328 336 360 369 377
379 386 394 401 403 404 413
414 435 442 443 465
CELLULOSE ACETATE, 1 17 20
68 97 136 160 164 189 206 239
316 346 376 421 439 440
CELLULOSE ACETATE
BUTYRATE, 49 397
CELLULOSE ACETATE
COPOLYMER, 421
CELLULOSE CARBAMATE, 336
CELLULOSE COPOLYMER, 280
CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES, 294
363
CELLULOSE DIACETATE, 147
CELLULOSE ESTER, 68 189 336
379
CELLULOSE ETHER, 80 284
CELLULOSE FIBRE, 1 15 62 168
377
CELLULOSE NITRATE, 263
CELLULOSE TRIACETATE, 143
CELLULOSIC, 94
CERTIFICATION, 9 75 262
CHARACTERISATION, 31 43 46
66 79 87 91 95 99 100 103 113
135 136 142 143 144 145 157
158 163 178 210 228 230 233
235 249 255 257 266 267 287
304 313 314 335 342 343 361
372 427 430 448
CHEMICAL AGEING, 299
CHEMICAL DEGRADATION, 24
141 160 299
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 2
39 46 52 61 69 70 89 99 100
101 113 114 118 122 144 149
168 205 224 227 245 267 272
294 315 331 336 354 363 373
379 382 384 386 404 412 430
442 461 473
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 15 38
94 116 147 243 296 331
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 38 94
113 116 147 243 296 456

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 14 22
24 41 46 61 69 83 99 100 105
106 118 134 142 143 149 154
155 156 175 180 189 202 213
219 220 224 236 239 253 267
269 294 299 311 315 337 350
360 363 364 370 375 378 382
386 398 399 404 419 421 436
438 441
CHITIN, 52 69 101 118 149 293
294 337 376 412 414 421 442
CHITIN COPOLYMER, 130
CHITINASE, 337
CHITOSAN, 52 63 69 85 101 114
118 121 149 249 263 274 293
294 295 328 336 412 414 440
CHLOROPHYLL, 44
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 13 43 47
100 104 111 112 142 149 206
228 235 246 247 333 338 346
367 381 383 393 395 404 407
431
CITRATE ESTER, 400
CITRIC ACID, 404
CLARITY, 29 38 94 238 366
CLAY, 14 21
CLOTHING, 54 80 81 117 120 155
214 226 291
CO-ROTATING EXTRUDER, 200
205 395 430
COATED PAPER, 147 166 195
196 249 376 378
COATING, 26 27 38 49 70 72 101
107 113 115 140 141 147 148
162 166 167 195 223 229 243
249 263 272 294 315 369 376
378 382 387 390 394 439 442
454 467 471
COCONUT FIBRE, 192
COEXTRUSION, 25 30 36 94 195
209 269 378
COFFEE BEAN, 189
COLLAGEN, 24 29 40 80 101 270
293 294 328
COLOPHONY, 272 455
COLOUR, 9 11 24 77 393
COMPATIBILITY, 31 36 170 176
250 255 269 363 397 424 438
COMPOSITE, 1 2 6 8 10 12 15 18
33 34 56 90 97 101 104 117 136
137 139 143 148 163 165 168
190 192 193 210 225 235 256
261 269 276 277 281 282 293
295 301 310 312 320 331 332
377 391 413 421 423 424 425
435 437 443 445 461 468 470
COMPOSITION, 13 19 66 142 158
160 175 183 253 255 271 274
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
299 300 342 343 355 373 430
450
COMPOST, 86 128 281 361 376
386 426 447
COMPOSTABLE, 9 10 25 75 130
151 155 171 174 216 242 317
323 340 347 361 368 396 410
416 439 443
COMPOSTING, 1 18 23 26 30 38
55 62 73 76 86 94 108 115 116
146 147 166 167 169 170 172
184 186 195 205 209 219 221
222 223 233 239 252 262 288
291 292 296 305 327 329 330
346 348 359 361 363 378 387
422 436 454
COMPOUNDING, 23 44 64 82
133 199 205 301 351 396 415
430 462
COMPRESSION MOULDING, 1
8 12 15 68 74 160 312 370 385
391 417 419 425 440
COMPRESSION PROPERTIES,
17 160 235 313 402 459
CONDENSATION
POLYMERISATION, 95 159
185 294 378 389 404 428 466
468
CONSTRUCTION, 423 443
CONSUMPTION, 15 40 102 108
128 140 172 218 222 288 291
305 312 317 364 368 369
CONTAINER, 10 25 37 72 94 125
147 166 171 174 186 195 205
259 279 345 361 376
CONTINUOUS
POLYMERISATION, 155 428
CONTROLLED-RELEASE, 5 105
138 148 149 234 253 293 294
355 378 424 434
COPOLYAMIDE, 250 295
COPOLYESTER, 9 30 36 38 116
128 130 131 146 147 151 166
167 170 204 209 222 223 233
235 248 266 294 296 305 323
346 347 348 364 368 387 397
439 448 456
CORN FIBRE, 155
CORN OIL, 300
CORN STARCH, 11 17 23 78 160
209 226 279 283 321 324 342
366 392 415 443
CORRUGATED SHEET, 9 452
COSMETICS, 140 141 465
COST, 10 11 18 23 24 28 37 38 44
62 81 94 97 102 116 117 128
130 157 167 186 195 198 202
209 238 246 247 259 278 297
301 310 312 317 327 341 348
349 354 362 376 384 387 410
418 422 423 425 429 454 461
475
COTTON, 1 29 117 281 282 316
328
COUPLING AGENT, 179 331 332
370 391 437
CRATE, 18
CREDIT CARD, 147 317 327 368
410
CROSSLINKING, 1 22 24 84 88
91 114 148 149 154 210 239
258 261 267 294 302 304 378
436 465
CROSSLINKING AGENT, 24 46
79 145 294 315
CRYSTALLINITY, 25 47 94 111
112 126 134 135 136 144 148
161 208 211 219 229 239 269
287 299 307 318 333 337 356
363 367 378 379 380 386 400
456 463 464 472
CULTIVATION, 369 410
CUP, 10 55 94 155 195 297 410
CURE TEMPERATURE, 22 159
263 275
CURE TIME, 1 159 263
CURING, 1 91 113 148 154 156
260 261 267 322 427
CURING AGENT, 1 24 46 79 145
148 156 212 230 294 315 432
CUSHIONING, 78
CUTLERY, 10 38 128 147 172 205
209 296 327 347 368 426
D
DAMPING, 117 422
DASHBOARD, 277
DECK, 446
DECOMPOSITION, 87 343 435
455
DECOMPOSITION RATE, 9 39 55
62 87 151 222 242 291 292 327
346 347 348 387 439
DEFORMATION, 12 433 461
DEGRADATION PRODUCT, 167
196 239 363 378 383 386 404
433 451 456
DEGRADATION RATE, 26 87 147
148 166 201 205 219 239 293
294 296 311 330 363 376 378
386 404 456
DENSITY, 1 9 17 24 38 61 94 113
219 269 310 313 342 380 393
425 436 459
DENTAL APPLICATION, 77 149
131

DESIGN, 6 32 117 276 441
DETERGENT, 102 354
DEXTRAN, 258 393
DEXTROSE, 214 226 388
DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL
ANALYSIS, 7 21 31 47 50 59
61 66 71 79 90 95 96 111 112
113 135 136 138 142 145 153
156 157 158 159 161 179 193
211 228 235 249 254 269 329
333 335 356 367 380 400 415
427 433 459 468
DILACTIDE, 98
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 9
170 219 269 398 405 415 453
DIPHENYLMETHANE
DIISOCYANATE, 99 220 389
459
DIRECTIVE, 51 167 171 172 323
368
DISH, 128
DISPOSABLE, 25 60 166 205 219
239 296 361 366 475
DOMESTIC REFUSE, 166
DOOR, 301 312
DRAWING, 3 92 153 211 287 464
DRILLING FLUID, 57 394
DRINKING VESSEL, 10 55 94
155 195 297 410
DRUG RELEASE, 5 41 77 79 88
101 105 114 138 148 149 187
207 234 253 254 291 293 294
308 355 465 466
DRYING, 24 49 96 116 181 184
243 287 393 402
DUCTILITY, 380 405
DURABILITY, 2 47 275
DWELL TIME, 181 311
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
ANALYSIS, 21 136 197 235
252 457
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES, 193 202 212
269 300 352 411 433
E 227 405 473
E-MODULUS, 8 12 66 92 111 112
153 239 405 438
ECO-LABELLING, 186
ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 10
11 15 26 38 40 45 77 80 81 94
102 108 110 115 117 128 137
140 146 147 155 161 167 172
177 182 186 188 198 218 219
222 223 232 236 238 259 262
285 288 291 302 305 312 317
327 345 357 364 368 369 376
394 408 423 436 439 475
132
Subject Index
EDIBLE, 26 29 83 295 439
ELAEOSTEARIN, 263
ELASTIC MODULUS, 8 12 46 49
66 92 111 112 153 205 239 252
310 311 405 438 461
ELASTICITY, 54 63 76 153 155
167 219
ELASTIN, 16
ELASTOMER, 16 28 40 65 76 110
117 122 127 137 176 182 201
210 212 219 220 230 256 258
276 290 300 308 324 339 343
349 350 376 389 404 408 425
429 436 442 449 457
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 19
66 79 88 114 143 395 430
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 43
50 85 163 176 274 312 401
ELECTRON SCANNING
MICROSCOPY, 50 85 163 176
401 443
ELONGATION, 1 36 89 129 166
229 279 282 353 373 378 400
419 430 458
ELONGATION AT BREAK, 12 19
66 99 111 112 142 143 158 167
170 176 179 205 211 239 252
269 283 296 299 311 387 396
461
EMISSION, 25 76 94 120 124 167
172 188 198 455
EMULSION, 24 57 88 148 195
229
EMULSION POLYMERISATION,
100 148 288 388
ENCAPSULATION, 88 101 113
141 207 253 304
ENERGY CONSERVATION, 76
188 376
ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 26 76
117 147 172 195 229 238 324
376
ENGINEERING APPLICATION,
11 227 341 405 473
ENGINEERING PLASTIC, 11 218
ENVIRONMENT, 25 35 119 120
122 123 124 125 147 152 161
166 167 215 236 290 296 329
349 354 376 386 408 414 454
ENVIRONMENTAL AGEING,
299
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION, 111 112 299
329
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 26
39 51 62 76 147 155 169 182 188
242 262 288 346 354 435 436
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION, 51 73 167 171
186 302 323
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION, 72 77 81 94
117 177 198 223 435 443
ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY, 18 38 76 78 116
226 238 259 296 324 348 387
ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION,
20 56 149 165 167 201 239 252
293 294 318 352 358 363 367
378 386 400 456
ENZYMATIC
POLYMERISATION, 48 69
127 135 175 204
ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS, 142
175 315 337 341 362
ENZYME, 20 56 117 118 127 135
149 161 239 294 363 394 404
ENZYME IMMOBILISATION,
149
EPOXIDATION, 100 122 267 315
384
EPOXIDISED CASTOR OIL, 384
EPOXIDISED LINSEED OIL, 384
415
EPOXIDISED SOYBEAN OIL,
384
EPOXIDISED VEGETABLE OIL,
1 384 415
EPOXY RESIN, 1 78 117 189 230
276 315 384
EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE, 295
424 448
ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 19 82
158 163 178 219 363 386 398
462
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
COPOLYMER, 88 378
ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL
COPOLYMER, 39 116 160 197
239 311 363
EUPHORBIA LAGASCAE, 315
EXTRUDER, 17 44 72 78 82 84
181 185 199 200 205 217 269
289 325 326 373 392 395 415
428 430
EXTRUSION, 1 10 15 24 38 39 44
50 66 73 74 78 82 84 97 116 147
153 158 160 161 162 166 167
170 178 179 181 183 185 195
199 205 209 214 216 217 219
237 238 269 279 283 287 289
296 301 303 310 311 321 327
344 345 348 351 353 363 364
370 373 378 380 387 392 395
400 415 421 424 434 439 462

EXTRUSION BLOWING, 167 378
403 424
EXTRUSION COATING, 9 55 162
209
EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING,
74 205 325 415
EXTRUSION MIXING, 82 179
205 415
F FLAX, 1 8 117 332 443
FABRIC, 11 72 77 155 166 195
211 226 241
FAT, 369
FATTY ACID, 100 142 245 315
316 404 466
FEEDSTOCK, 23 38 94 102 109
122 132 155 198 232 238 262
369 425 447
FERMENTATION, 11 25 37 80 81
98 107 130 147 155 172 214
223 226 229 278 357 362 410
429 456 475
FERTILISER, 102 117 147 167
171 174
FIBRE, 1 8 9 10 11 15 18 24 25 38
44 51 54 59 62 72 80 81 107
117 118 120 128 146 153 166
167 168 186 188 195 196 209
210 211 214 223 226 229 239
241 281 282 287 293 294 296
297 301 311 316 324 328 332
341 362 364 369 374 376 377
378 387 396 410 412 435 439
443 453 464
FIBRE MAT, 270 332
FIBRE SPINNING, 195 311 464
FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC,
1 2 6 8 12 15 97 104 117 131
139 168 190 192 256 269 281
282 312 320 332 377 435 443
FIBRIL, 211 377
FIBROUS FILLER, 8 168 445 461
FILLER, 1 2 8 14 21 56 67 76 82
90 124 125 136 146 147 161
168 169 178 182 187 193 205
219 225 227 235 239 292 296
301 321 324 331 363 364 370
377 386 387 391 404 421 426
449 450 458 461
FILM, 5 10 11 21 23 24 25 26 27
29 30 35 38 39 43 47 54 55 56
66 83 85 94 96 108 109 115 116
121 128 138 141 143 145 146
147 149 151 154 161 166 167
174 182 183 186 189 195 196
219 221 222 228 238 239 242
245 254 257 263 264 265 269
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
274 279 281 282 292 293 294
296 302 305 310 311 326 327
328 334 345 348 351 353 363
364 369 374 377 378 379 383
386 387 396 400 401 403 410
424 432 448 449 463
FISH MYOFIBRILLAR
PROTEIN, 411
FLAMMABILITY, 117 176 343
350 425
FLAX FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 1 8 190 281 282
FLEXIBILITY, 38 78 205 219 243
311 447
FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 1 15
18 25 37 38 85 94 97 99 117
195 229 238 282 311 312 365
370 373 378 391 398 422 425
437 443 461 475
FLOUR, 195 301 376
FOAM, 9 10 13 17 39 61 63 74 78
124 125 147 148 158 166 183
189 195 219 223 229 242 269
296 313 342 363 365 378 387
402 411 422 425 439 453 454
459
FOAMING AGENT, 160 372 439
459
FOOD APPLICATION, 29 342 390
FOOD PACKAGING, 9 23 25 26
27 44 55 60 62 72 83 108 116
128 132 137 146 147 162 166
167 171 172 174 182 186 195
209 222 223 291 292 295 296
305 317 342 370 386 439 454
FOOD-CONTACT
APPLICATION, 30 35 162 184
296 302 378 454 465
FOODSTUFF, 77 78 80 116 189
FOOTWEAR, 147 439
FORMULATION, 2 6 101 116 157
170 243 253 301 324 339 370
471
FOURIER TRANSFORM
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY,
13 33 46 58 71 89 95 122 143
156 157 235 280 328 356 383
459
FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 5
41 50 59 90 92 138 210 233
241 249 256 355 356 367 372
405 412
FRUIT, 157
FUNGUS, 161 163 263 376 446
456
FURNITURE, 15 192 195 226 277
425
G
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 104
246 383 404 407 451
GAS PERMEABILITY, 269 296
326 382
GEL, 24 101 148 210 253 284 293
294 439
GEL PERMEATION
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 13 43
47 100 111 112 142 149 206
228 235 333 338 346 367 393
395 407
GELATIN, 12 24 29 31 43 141 143
244 257 293 444
GELATIN POLYMER, 67 145
GENETIC ENGINEERING, 37
107 128 132 140 155 161 172
198 214 278 341 369 394 408
GEOGRID, 374
GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 117 312 332 423
435 445
GLASS TRANSITION
TEMPERATURE, 3 7 24 71 90
99 111 112 123 129 136 142
154 156 161 200 201 212 236
239 255 267 269 288 300 311
330 352 356 370 372 373 385
392 400 411 448 457 459 464
465 476
GLOSS, 25 94 238 243 366
GLUCOMANNAN, 390
GLUCOSE, 11 86 98 136 198 219
240 271 378 404
GLUTAMIC ACID, 354
GLUTEN, 16 29 50 373
GLYCERINE, 31 74 116 198 269
299 326 363 385 415 430
GLYCEROL, 31 74 116 198 269
299 326 363 385 415 430
GLYCOLIC ACID COPOLYMER,
148 268 293 294 404 451
GLYCOLIDE COPOLYMER, 105
378
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN, 294
GLYCOSIDE, 136
GOLF TEE, 146 151 166 410
GRAFT COPOLYMER, 134 142
148 164 178 257 293 373 386
461 462 474
GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION,
39 142 244 257 266 442
GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 47
61 68 71 79 87 111 112 113 142
333 343 430
GREENHOUSE EFFECT, 76 129
172 188 198
133

GUM, 393
GUTTA PERCHA, 295 442
H COPOLYMER, 14 86 147 183
HARDNESS, 176 212 243 313
HEALTH HAZARD, 77 101 117
140 149 182 206 239 260 273
294 296 404 455
HEALTHCARE APPLICATION,
38 54 387
HEAT DEGRADATION, 23 31 61
87 113 136 142 153 161 173 181
265 311 312 314 334 380 383
HEAT INSULATION, 18 117 313
HEAT RESISTANCE, 1 54 55 61
64 71 87 99 104 141 144 202
257 280 296 310 311 329 372
389 427
HEAT STABILITY, 87 144 159
HEMICELLULOSE, 109 253 404
452
HEMP, 1 117
HEXANE DIISOCYANATE, 179
433
HIGH DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE, 23 38 45 78
104 182 341 345
HOLLOW ARTICLE, 166 205 219
296
HORTICULTURE, 116 166 216
364 376
HOSPITAL, 77 116
HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 37 38 216
290
HUMIDITY, 181 239 265 281 373
398 415
HUMIDITY RESISTANCE, 78 334
HYALURONIC ACID, 42 118 294
432
HYDROGEL, 46 79 148 210 258
293 308
HYDROLYSIS, 34 47 134 148 149
150 161 167 213 227 228 234
239 245 268 287 293 294 296
330 333 354 363 365 367 374
378 381 400 404 407 441 472
HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION,
22 47 56 144 167 239 294 311
387
HYDROPHILIC, 76 134 148 170
190 205 227 239 244 249 258
272 279 398 411
HYDROPHOBIC, 39 148 170 205
207 209 258 272 398 466
HYDROXYALKANOATE
COPOLYMER, 142 224 247
371
134
Subject Index
HYDROXYAPATITE, 82 187 225
235
HYDROXYBUTYRATE, 404
HYDROXYBUTYRATE
230 233 235 240 248 256 298
311 316 338 367 386 397 414
420 456 472
HYDROXYVALERATE
COPOLYMER, 14 147 233 235
240 248 256 311 316 338 367
386 397 414 420 456 472
I LACTIDE, 164 228
IMPACT PROPERTIES, 3 6 12 15
36 97 129 229 243 252 255 378
445 456 461
IMPLANT, 5 77 80 93 148 150 187
234 235 253 260 293 294 335
417 432 464
IN-VITRO, 79 88 93 135 206 231
268 294 337 417 438 451 466
IN-VIVO, 231 239 293 294 303
417 432 451 466
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION, 52
77 117 124 382
INITIATOR, 79 106 202 212 217
280 378 384
INJECTION MOULDING, 1 3 6 8
10 15 23 29 37 44 50 64 66 74
82 97 116 123 131 147 151 155
160 161 166 167 170 178 184
187 205 208 209 214 216 219
229 238 242 259 269 277 296
311 312 321 327 340 348 351
363 364 367 370 373 374 378
387 415 437 439 447 456
INJECTION MOULDING
MACHINE, 426
INJECTION STRETCH BLOW
MOULDING, 72 195
INSULATION, 18 117 313
INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 1
136 168 190 391 461
IR SPECTROSCOPY, 46 58 71 89
90 113 122 143 149 156 157
179 220 228 249 280 328 337
356 427
ISOCYANATE, 220 450 470
J LIGNIN-ALDEHYDE RESIN, 159
JUTE, 1 117 280 437
JUTE COPOLYMER, 280
JUTE FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 1 117 437
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
K
KENAF, 1 18
KITCHENWARE, 205
KONJAC GLUCOMANNAN, 390
KRAFT LIGNIN, 189
KRAFT PAPER, 346
L
LACTIC ACID, 25 47 77 81 98
147 155 186 198 226 378 404
LACTIC ACID COPOLYMER,
148 268 273 293 294 378
LACTIDE COPOLYMER, 71 88
96 105 230 287 295 309 378
404 448 464
LACTIDE POLYMER, 1 3 22 25
47 55 56 58 65 71 72 80 81 86
87 94 96 98 105 106 110 111
112 129 130 150 155 162 171
181 184 187 200 203 213 214
228 229 234 237 238 254 259
287 289 290 291 316 333 378
381 396 404 417 434
LACTONE COPOLYMER, 318
421 448
LACTONE POLYMER, 18 106
318
LALLEMANTIA IBERICA, 315
LAMINATE, 12 183 269 378 422
443 468
LAMINATED FILM, 25 209 288
LANDFILL, 20 23 26 51 62 172
222 223 291 305 317 323 410
420
LATEX, 37 288 376 436
LEACHING, 148 373 438
LECITHIN, 440
LEGISLATION, 51 73 115 167 171
186 198 223 302 305 323 347
414
LID, 128
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 51 73
124 172 242 259 388
LIGHT DEGRADATION, 25 383
386 389 441
LIGNIN, 61 109 133 136 157 210
277 404 421 427 473 474
LIGNIN COPOLYMER, 130 474
LIGNIN POLYMER, 209 227 425
LIGNIN-FORMALDEHYDE
RESIN, 313 427
LIGNIN-PHENOL-
FORMALDEHYDE RESIN, 61
313

LIGNOCELLULOSE, 190 445
LIGNOCELLULOSE
COPOLYMER, 280
LINEN, 12
LINOLEIC ACID, 99 315
LINSEED OIL, 1 99 376 384 407
415
LIPASE, 20 149
LIPOSOME, 231
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY,
393 431
LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER,
70 182 191 227
LOAD BEARING, 321 370 391
LONG-TERM, 92 96 240 252 264
333 420
LOOSE FILL, 39 119 128 172 223
305 368 392 422 439
LOW DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE, 19 23 26 38
45 89 147 163 173 178 182 299
310 311 323 345 383 386 404
430 451
LUBRICANT, 140 253 291 415
LYOPHILISATION, 148 393
LYSINE COPOLYMER, 293
LYSINE DIISOCYANATE, 433
LYSINE POLYMER, 21 304
M 116 147 167 239 245 281 363
MACHINERY, 10 72 78 116 141
184 205 237 259 269 289 312
325 415 417 426 428 456
MAIZE, 25 76 147 166 195 245
395 419
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
COPOLYMER, 163 178 354
363 373 437 461
MARINE APPLICATION, 471
MARINE DEGRADATION, 240
MARKET SHARE, 26 40 77 128
146 172 182 222 288 291 327
368 439
MARKET SURVEY, 104 167
MARKET TREND, 80 167 319
MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 10
18 25 38 64 76 78 94 102 117
119 121 122 124 139 141 147
157 158 172 182 196 219 227
273 313 340 354 366 402 405
422 427 445 446 455 475
MATRIX, 1 18 77 90 101 113 148
253 430 435 443 445 461
MEDICAL APPLICATION, 5 28
41 52 54 58 63 67 77 80 95 101
116 118 125 138 147 148 149
150 160 161 187 197 231 234
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
235 239 253 254 258 260 270
293 294 298 304 308 335 348
370 378 386 408 412 424 433
439 448 464 472 475
MELT, 3 47 56 84 94 170 181 185
338 373 398 430 466
MELT PROCESSING, 104 146
164 311 456
MELT RHEOLOGY, 162 395
MELT SPINNING, 211 287 464
MELT STRENGTH, 222 311 378
456
MELT TEMPERATURE, 36 208
366 387 415 456
MELTING POINT, 7 24 38 39 66
95 136 144 161 166 200 246
249 255 296 311 354 356 364
370 373 378 456 457
MEMBRANE, 77 149 206 249 293
304 335 355
METABOLISM, 161 294 404
METHYL CELLULOSE, 26 80
METHYL HYDROXYPROPYL
CELLULOSE, 141
METHYL OLEATE, 100
MICROBIAL SYNTHESIS, 32
246 247 251 271 285 286 404
408
MICROCAPSULE, 149 304 355
MICROORGANISM, 86 96 103
386 404 408 456
MILK, 29
MILK BOTTLE, 25
MINERALISATION, 264 296 404
424
MIXING, 15 82 84 85 89 161 179
190 205 233 361 370 415 426
MODIFICATION, 2 39 46 52 61
70 113 114 149 168 205 224
227 245 260 294 331 354 373
382 386 404 442
MODIFIED, 37 38 113 116 163
383
MODULUS, 1 74 97 99 153 170
176 211 212 269 282 283 366
373 427 430
MOISTURE ABSORPTION, 332
370
MOISTURE CONTENT, 15 24
161 170 181 205 269 311 331
346 363 370 373 385 393 395
405 411 415 419 432
MOISTURE RESISTANCE, 27
141 265 312 322 365
MOISTURE SENSITIVE, 74 398
MOLASSES, 147 189 475
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 14
21 22 24 29 41 46 61 69 81 83
99 100 105 106 118 134 142
143 149 154 155 156 175 180
189 202 213 219 220 224 236
239 253 267 269 294 299 311
315 330 337 350 360 363 364
370 375 378 382 386 398 399
404 419 421 436 438 441 448
456 458 460 462 464 467 468
473 474
MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 14 24 25
34 39 42 47 65 69 71 94 95 96
98 109 135 149 150 155 180
185 200 203 206 217 220 229
239 263 264 265 283 284 294
307 311 330 333 338 341 342
346 363 378 381 383 386 393
395 401 404 413 417 428 431
456 457 464 472
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DISTRIBUTION, 24 47 96 109
383 393
MONOGLYCERIDE, 376
MONTMORILLONITE, 67
MORINGA OLEIFERA, 350
MORPHOLOGY, 5 19 21 41 50 59
66 85 88 90 92 114 118 138 143
148 158 160 161 210 219 225
233 241 249 255 256 269 299
311 355 356 361 363 367 372
373 405 412 430 457 472 476
MOULD FILLING, 269 311 415
456
MOULDING, 1 8 12 15 23 39 53
54 68 74 147 160 189 192 219
311 312 370 385 391 409 411
417 418 419 425 439 440 454
MULCH, 166 219 222 242 296 348
439
MULTILAYER FILM, 25 35 183
MUNICIPAL WASTE, 51 361
N
NANOCOMPOSITE, 14 21 193
210
NANOFIBRE, 15
NAPPY, 102 172 242 348
NATURAL FIBRE, 1 8 18 81 117
188 210 369 376 435 443 445
461
NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 1 2 6 8 12 15 97 104
117 139 168 190 192 256 269
312 320 332 377 443 461 468
470
NATURAL POLYMER, 6 10 11 12
18 24 26 38 42 52 60 69 70 76
135

77 78 80 81 84 110 123 130 140
149 157 161 166 171 173 175
176 182 187 188 195 202 205
209 210 212 219 229 231 233
238 239 259 261 269 272 273
285 293 294 295 296 304 312
321 336 337 350 356 363 370
376 379 386 393 394 404 405
409 412 414 415 426 432 441
442 467 475 476
NATURAL RESOURCE, 40 44 62
81 107 109 117 155 182 189
278 341 394
NATURAL RUBBER, 40 176 210
343 350
NEEDLE PUNCHING, 332
NERVE REGENERATION, 303
NITROCELLULOSE, 263
NON-WOVEN, 54 77 107 118 155
209 312 339 364 434 439
NON-WOVEN FABRIC, 195 226
396 424
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC
RESONANCE, 13 20 46 113
135 142 149 220 228 246 266
267 337 381 401 407 448 460
463
NYLON, 11 34 51 117 218 239
250 276 319 386 425 475
O PEPTIDE COPOLYMER, 41
OCTYL OLEATE, 161
OFFICE FURNITURE, 195
OFFSHORE APPLICATION, 209
423
OIL ABSORPTION, 373
OIL INDUSTRY, 57
OIL RESISTANCE, 147
OIL SEED, 315
OLEIC ACID, 315
OLIVE OIL, 300
OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 24 25 85
91 167 195 276 296 363 364
386 393 429 448
ORTHOPAEDIC APPLICATION,
149 187 213 235 253 293 417
464
OSTOMY BAG, 141
OXIDATION, 23 161 294 334 383
404 441
P 147 161 221 368 386
PACKAGING, 9 10 25 26 27 29 35
36 38 51 55 60 72 78 80 83 85
94 98 107 108 110 115 116 119
120 121 124 125 130 137 147
136
Subject Index
151 155 158 161 166 167 171
172 174 182 186 195 196 205
209 214 216 219 221 222 227
229 232 238 242 248 259 269
279 288 292 296 297 302 305
307 310 317 334 345 347 348
359 360 361 366 368 369 374
376 378 386 387 390 392 401
402 403 408 411 414 422 424
426 453 456 465 469 475
PACKAGING FILM, 25 26 27 29
35 83 85 108 151 166 167 174
182 195 269 296 310 334 378
401 403
PACKAGING WASTE, 130 166
167 221 302
PAINT, 49 113 189 216 394 446
471
PAPER, 10 23 37 38 115 117 147
166 169 195 196 216 249 345
376 378 388 394 413
PAPER COATING, 128 147 305
364
PATENT, 30 165 198 216 278 301
312 341 345 347 354 425 439
PEANUT, 29 275
PEANUT OIL, 300
PEAT, 376
PECTIN, 394
PEN, 219
PENCIL, 219
PERMEABILITY, 57 162 219 269
294 296 304 326 348 363 364
403 424
PERSONAL STEREO, 64
PH, 24 47 79 114 148 239 393 431
456
PHARMACEUTICAL
APPLICATION, 29 80 105 148
149 234 293 294 298 355 424
434 465 466
PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE
RESIN, 61 113 157 227 427
450
PHENOLIC RESIN, 1 61 70 189
227 275 276 313
PHOSPHOLIPID, 231
PHOTOCROSSLINKING, 91 154
258 304
PHOTODEGRADABLE, 89 386
408 439 444
PHOTODEGRADATION, 20 23
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM, 24 257
PHOTOINITIATOR, 384
PHOTOLYSIS, 386
PHOTOOXIDATION, 383 386 441
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
PHOTOPOLYMERISATION, 22
384
PHOTOSENSITISER, 304 383 384
386
PHOTOSYNTHESIS, 195 278
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 15 23
38 50 56 95 144 161 166 168
196 211 238 247 254 255 257
263 287 295 296 311 342 354
364 370 374 378 387 391 392
393 397 408 412 424 436 445
462 475
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES, 33 257 359 466
PHYSICOMECHANICAL
PROPERTIES, 63 359
PILOT PLANT, 131 155 198 223
302 354 368 436 439
PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE, 18 280
PLANT POT, 205 376 439
PLANT START-UP, 10 26 55 64 94
107 108 128 146 155 172 182
195 209 222 223 238 312 345
362
PLASTICISATION, 2 66 142 164
178 197 205 208 269 289 326
385
PLASTICISER, 7 29 68 74 118
166 170 179 193 201 269 273
279 299 334 343 363 385 391
396 397 398 400 405 411 421
449
PLASTICS WASTE, 51 130 221
PLATE, 10 410
PLYWOOD, 450
POLLUTION, 76 117 161
POLLUTION CONTROL, 188 227
POLY-BETA-
HYDROXYBUTYRATE, 298
POLY-D-LACTIDE, 378
POLY-EPSILON-
CAPROLACTONE, 66 85 86
87 111 112 160 242 256 319
433
POLY-L-LACTIC ACID, 428
POLY-L-LACTIDE, 378
POLYADIPATE, 397
POLYADIPIC ACID, 451
POLYALDEHYDE
GULURONATE, 308
POLYALKANOATE, 118 147 239
POLYAMIDE, 11 34 51 117 218
239 250 276 319 386 425 475
POLYAMINO ACID, 239 294 438
POLYANHYDRIDE, 105 148 268
293 294 441 466
POLYASPARTIC ACID, 102 354
375 439

POLYBUTYLENE ADIPATE, 283
POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE,
283 352 368 420 439
POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE
ADIPATE, 170
POLYCAPROLACTONE, 39 58
66 84 85 87 96 105 111 112 147
148 152 164 166 170 194 219
222 223 225 228 232 239 255
256 285 293 294 296 298 302
311 316 317 319 326 329 333
338 344 346 363 368 373 381
386 397 414 424 439
POLYCAPROLACTONE TRIOL,
372
POLYCARBONATE, 38 105 276
294 438 441
POLYCARBOXYLATE, 354
POLYDIOXANONE, 148 293 294
POLYEPOXIDE, 1 78 117 189 230
276 315 384
POLYESTER FILM, 111 112
POLYESTER RESIN, 17 276
POLYESTER-URETHANE, 220
330
POLYESTERAMIDE, 34 166 170
208 222 223 239 281 282 295
296 323 327 347 348 364 368
387 410 439
POLYETHER, 249 256 384
POLYETHYLENE, 19 23 26 30 38
39 45 78 89 92 94 104 116 128
132 146 147 161 163 172 173
178 182 186 221 222 232 239
260 274 276 299 301 310 311
317 323 327 329 331 334 341
345 346 347 350 363 366 368
369 376 383 386 404 423 430
444 451 462
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, 189
372
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
DIGLYCIDYL ETHER, 432
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE, 23 38 51
55 72 94 107 116 182 186 198
259 296 323 348 368 374 387
410 475
POLYGLACTIN, 293
POLYGLUTAMATE, 293
POLYGLYCOLIC ACID, 148 225
239 268 293 294 298 319 387
POLYGLYCOLIDE, 187 213 234
POLYGLYCONATE, 293
POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE,
32 37 38 54 60 105 107 126
128 135 142 154 155 161 172
175 204 227 232 235 239 246
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
247 267 278 286 293 294 315
319 323 346 358 371 381 399
404 407 429 436 441 457
POLYHYDROXYALKANOIC
ACID DEPOLYMERASE, 358
POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE, 54
87 111 112 118 126 127 147
152 153 161 187 201 208 211
221 227 230 235 239 248 256
271 290 291 293 294 297 298
306 310 318 356 357 367 380
386 387 404 439 447 451 456
461 463 475 476
POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE
DEPOLYMERASE, 463
POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE-
VALERATE COPOLYMER, 17
39 232 317 368 410 456
POLYHYDROXYBUTYRIC
ACID, 130 267 297
POLYHYDROXYVALERATE,
152 161 227 239 293 387 399
475
POLYHYDROXYVALERIC
ACID, 297
POLYLACTIC ACID, 5 7 8 9 17
23 26 30 33 34 35 38 44 53 55
59 60 62 64 93 94 95 107 108
115 116 120 124 128 129 132
134 138 146 147 148 165 166
167 172 179 180 185 186 194
195 196 199 203 209 214 215
220 222 223 225 226 232 236
239 251 252 254 258 259 264
265 268 270 285 291 292 293
294 296 298 302 303 305 307
317 319 323 329 330 335 338
346 347 348 349 352 353 355
362 364 366 368 369 378 386
387 397 400 410 413 414 420
426 428 431 438 439 451
POLYLACTIDE, 1 3 22 25 47 55
56 58 65 71 72 80 81 86 87 94
96 98 105 106 110 111 112 129
130 150 155 162 171 181 184
187 200 203 213 214 228 229
234 237 238 254 259 287 289
290 291 316 333 378 381 396
404 417 434 448 464 469
POLYLACTONE, 18 106 318
POLYLEUCINE, 293
POLYLYSINE, 21 304
POLYMERIC SURFACTANT, 103
354
POLYMERISATION, 22 38 46 48
65 69 71 79 81 88 96 98 100
106 126 127 135 142 148 154
155 164 175 185 196 200 202
203 204 212 214 229 230 236
237 239 244 259 266 271 294
307 318 337 354 378 384 404
428 433 440 448 464
POLYMERISATION CATALYST,
41 71 96 98 106 127 135 185
200 230 237 318 468
POLYMERISATION INITIATOR,
79 106 202 212 217 280 378
448
POLYMERISATION KINETICS,
32 106 135 200 372
POLYMERISATION
MECHANISM, 79 106 135 142
156 204 237 280 337 357 384
442 463 468
POLYMERISATION
TEMPERATURE, 95 220 280
341 354
POLYMETHOXYETHYL
GLUTAMATE, 144
POLYMETHYL
METHACRYLATE, 182 256
280 293 386
POLYOL, 13 99 189 300 363 459
POLYPEPTIDE, 21 24 41 241 322
354 386
POLYPHENYLLACTIDE, 203
POLYPROPYLENE, 1 23 38 39 45
94 104 116 128 139 146 182
210 221 274 282 299 301 311
312 331 332 363 366 368 369
386 437 439 445 461
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL, 7
459
POLYSACCHARIDE, 29 42 48 60
69 88 101 118 121 130 137 149
210 219 245 253 256 293 294
295 324 385 386 390 392 393
394 404 414 421 454
POLYSEBACIC ACID, 268
POLYSTYRENE, 10 38 39 45 50
65 94 128 146 147 172 182 259
302 331 350 366 368 369 386
402 422 439
POLYSUCCINATE, 252
POLYTARTARAMIDE, 239
POLYTRIMETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE, 146 214
362
POLYUREA-URETHANE, 433
POLYURETHANE, 1 13 51 72 90
99 122 137 148 182 189 220
227 230 263 276 293 294 300
312 369 372 386 389 406 422
425 459
POLYVINYL ACETATE, 18 43 89
116 146 223 256 276
137

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 17 26
31 39 43 86 141 145 146 147
148 209 227 239 249 256 285
294 295 296 316 323 363 365
386 398 414 439
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 23 38
45 51 94 104 128 146 182 260
273 301 331 350 386 440 458
POLYVINYL SACCHARIDE, 48
POROSITY, 13 63 114 148 160
303 310 335 363 376
POTATO, 76 342
PRESSURE-SENSITIVE
ADHESIVE, 65 100 288
PRICE, 38 45 54 55 64 77 80 94
102 108 115 130 131 140 147
166 167 205 218 223 259 262
296 297 302 305 323 332 347
349 354 366 368 374 439 475
PROCESSABILITY, 1 147 227
242 296 311 312 321 338 348
353 363 364 373 387 424 438
438
PROCESSING, 5 6 10 11 15 17 29
33 52 54 59 66 69 74 76 80 81
82 84 94 101 116 117 138 147
153 167 170 175 178 181 184
193 195 198 199 205 211 217
219 233 237 241 261 269 276
283 287 289 296 303 310 311
321 328 357 359 367 369 373
378 380 385 390 391 392 403
411 419 421 424 430 435 436
445 456 472 475
PRODEGRADANT, 163 201 386
404 444 451
PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 9 25
26 30 55 102 107 108 128 131
146 155 166 172 195 209 214
222 223 291 312 347 348 349
354 362 368 387 416 439
PROPANETRIOL, 31 74 116 198
269 299 326 385 430
PROSTHESIS, 148 253 293 464
PROTEIN, 2 16 24 83 85 88 118
190 239 294 295 304 354 369
373 393 404 409 411
PROTEIN PLASTIC, 60 285 405
PROTEIN POLYMER, 29 40 80
187 207 261 322 341 382 408
PSEUDOMONAS, 224 429
PSEUDOMONAS
OLEOVORANS, 142 154
PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA, 96
PULLULAN, 414
PULLULAN COPOLYMER, 46
PULP, 117 143
PUNCTURE RESISTANCE, 116
396
138
Subject Index
Q 118 129 149 162 167 180 227
QUALITY, 9 23 24 75 161 262 325
361
R RICE, 29 77
RAILWAY APPLICATION, 18
RAMIE, 18 443
RAW MATERIAL, 76 116 128 146
188 195 198 218 259 300 301
302 324 341 435 454
RAYON, 346
REACTION INJECTION
MOULDING, 312 425
REACTIVE EXTRUSION, 199
200 205 217 287 289 325
RECYCLABILITY, 169 288 388
RECYCLABLE, 171 214
RECYCLED CONTENT, 345 446
RECYCLING, 1 10 23 26 38 51 72
84 94 116 117 127 130 137 147
161 166 167 169 177 182 186
219 239 279 288 291 298 302
312 325 327 345 370 373 374
388 454 459
REFUSE BAG, 23 38 62 146 147
166 167 172 205 223 242 292
296 347 416
REFUSE CONTAINER, 279
REGENERATED CELLULOSE,
26 239 263
REINFORCED PLASTIC, 1 2 6 8
10 12 15 18 34 97 104 117 139
168 190 192 193 210 235 256
261 269 276 281 282 293 301
312 320 332 377 413 423 424
425 435 437 443 445 461 468
470
REINFORCEMENT, 1 109 178
219 421 461
RENEWABLE RESOURCE, 1 9
18 25 29 38 39 55 60 68 70 72
73 74 76 81 94 99 100 108 117
120 121 124 129 140 141 146
151 171 176 188 195 196 198
200 202 205 214 218 222 223
232 238 242 288 315 320 323
327 348 350 364 366 368 369
376 378 384 387 388 389 399
401 421 460 469
RESILIENT, 170 195 219 311 392
RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING,
15 312 425
RESOLE RESIN, 157 427
RESORBABLE, 293 294 448
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES,
24 33 38 49 50 57 84 99 113
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
228 239 241 250 257 269 284
287 288 306 311 338 339 344
363 373 378 389 393 395 412
415
RIBOFLAVIN, 44
RIGID, 10 38 94 122 171 205 238
RING OPENING
POLYMERISATION, 48 88 96
98 106 164 203 214 230 236
237 266 294 307 318 337 378
404
ROAD BARRIER, 115
ROLLING RESISTANCE, 76 219
324
ROOF, 468
ROPE, 117
ROSIN, 40 91 394 455 467 471
ROSIN ESTER, 91
ROSIN ESTER COPOLYMER, 91
ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 311
418
RUBBER, 16 28 40 76 110 117
122 127 137 176 182 201 210
212 219 220 256 258 276 290
300 308 324 339 343 349 350
376 389 404 408 425 429 436
442 449 457 474
S
SACK, 147 296
SAFFLOWER OIL, 300
SANITARY APPLICATION, 77
SANITARY TOWEL, 141 219
SATURATED POLYESTER, 10 11
19 32 34 36 37 38 53 54 60 64
74 84 96 98 108 110 131 147
148 154 155 161 166 167 170
172 179 180 184 185 196 204
211 223 224 233 239 246 247
248 251 252 264 265 267 268
279 283 285 287 290 293 294
296 298 303 311 317 318 319
326 329 330 333 335 338 341
348 353 356 363 386 397 399
404 416 420 428 429 438 441
449 457 461
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY, 5 13 14 19 43
50 53 66 79 85 88 92 114 143
163 170 176 178 241 280 283
313 328 333 335 350 356 365
395 401 430 431 437 443 448
457 461 462
SCRAP, 1 25 147 166 167 219 239
SCRAP POLYMER, 182 331

SCREW DESIGN, 199 395 426
SCREW SPEED, 6 181 205 217
269 344 415 421 456
SEA WATER, 111 112
SEBACIC ACID, 466
SEBACIC ACID COPOLYMER,
268
SELF-DRYING, 24 49 96 116 181
184 243 287 393
SELF-REINFORCED, 34 417
SERVICE LIFE, 133 147 242
SERVICE TEMPERATURE, 425
SEWAGE, 141
SEWAGE TREATMENT, 77
SHEAR, 205 288 338 398 415
SHEAR PROPERTIES, 34 113 180
284 311 328 395 415 417
SHEAR RATE, 180 306 395 415
SHEAR VISCOSITY, 250 269 306
338
SHEET, 10 23 38 74 83 94 116 117
143 297 301 422
SHELF LIFE, 74 116
SHOE, 147
SHORT FIBRE, 1 332
SHRINK WRAPPING, 310
SHRINKAGE, 59 170 353 415 456
SILK, 12 16 118 328 341 442
SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDER, 84
326 395 415 430
SISAL, 1 468
SKIN, 94 141 270
SLUDGE, 247 316 420
SODIUM ALGINATE, 274 308
SOFT DRINK BOTTLE, 72
SOIL, 43 274 299 336
SOIL BURIAL, 43 92 145 161 163
252 263 264 281 283 333 334
350 365
SOLUBILITY, 1 24 29 50 69 77 91
113 116 125 131 147 148 149
159 176 206 219 239 257 293
294 296 326 354 363 386 393
458 465 471
SOLUBLE, 26 141 146 159 193
206 209 222 422 439
SOLUTION CASTING, 148 227
432
SOLUTION POLYMERISATION,
203 337
SOLVENT, 37 49 56 77 95 96 113
149 198 248 267 280 335 393
412 465
SOLVENT CASTING, 56 96 148
160
SORBITOL, 269 363 411
SOY POLYMER, 18 227 312 405
SOY PROTEIN, 18 29 50 187 391
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
SOY PROTEIN POLYMER, 74
321 370 405
SOYABEAN, 18 77 118 261 279
405
SOYABEAN OIL, 13 142 154 300
SOYABEAN OIL COPOLYMER,
202 212
SPIDER SILK, 341
SPINNING, 59 118 153 195 211
241 287 311 396 403 464
SPONGE, 63 189
SPORTS GOODS, 166 182
SPORTS SHOE, 147 439
SPORTS SURFACE, 439
SPRAY DRYING, 24 49 96 116
181 184 243 287 393
SPRAYING, 149 270
STABILITY, 54 61 71 87 88 99
104 116 141 144 149 202 280
310 311 329 348 355 372 373
387 389 427
STANDARD, 23 38 73 75 77 93
115 186 194 222 232 239 262
305 310 316 317 351 368 436
459
STANDARDISATION, 347 364
STARCH, 2 8 10 12 19 25 29 30 33
38 40 62 66 76 80 81 82 84 89
92 108 121 123 124 125 128
131 136 137 146 147 152 158
161 163 165 166 167 170 172
178 179 182 183 187 193 194
195 197 198 205 216 219 222
233 239 240 250 251 255 269
283 285 288 292 295 296 299
305 311 316 317 319 321 325
326 334 342 347 348 351 361
363 365 368 369 372 376 377
385 386 395 398 404 406 414
415 419 421 422 426 430 435
440 444 451 452 454 458
STARCH ACETATE, 356 376
STARCH COPOLYMER, 217 219
266 319 458 462
STARCH ESTER, 290 376
STARCH POLYMER, 39 116 130
209 223 227 232 242 291 319
329 340 346 385 392 409 419
439 443 452 454 458
STATISTICS, 15 26 38 40 45 55 62
77 80 102 108 110 115 128 130
137 140 146 147 155 161 167
172 174 186 188 198 218 222
223 232 236 238 288 291 302
305 312 317 327 345 357 364
368 369 376 436
STEARIC ACID, 315
STERILISATION, 63 93 213 296
STIFFNESS, 1 18 25 37 38 85 94
117 195 238 311 312 370 391
398 422 425 443 475
STRAW, 117 461
STRAW-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 461
STRENGTH, 74 221 275 304 312
370 391 401 403 417 419 423
STRESS, 208 211 269 415
STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES,
59 85 153 241 380 385 433 457
459 468
STRETCH BLOW MOULDING,
195 238
STYRENE COPOLYMER, 217
309 458
SUCROSE, 147 267 411
SUCROSE ACRYLATE
COPOLYMER, 79
SUGAR, 77 81 147 188 195 198
388 475
SUGAR ACID ESTER, 81
SUGAR BEET FIBRE, 195 366
SUGAR BEET PULP, 77 379
SUGAR CANE, 61 143 320 427
SUGAR COPOLYMER, 288
SUNFLOWER OIL, 300
SURFACE DEGRADATION, 294
456
SURFACE PROPERTIES, 104 143
144 328 367
SURFACE TREATMENT, 15 56
139 219 260 332 461 470
SURFACTANT, 103 354 369 382
459
SURGICAL ADHESIVE, 294
SURGICAL APPLICATION, 54 77
93 149 150 161 187 213 235
253 293 298 303 355 417 424
464 472 475
SURGICAL GOWN, 54 77 93 150
161 187 213 293 298
SUSTAINABILITY, 32 73 155 388
410
SUTURE, 77 147 149 293 294 378
464
SWELLING, 15 24 46 79 99 154
258 293 363 382 406 464 465
SYNTHESIS, 22 32 33 41 42 46 61
65 70 79 83 91 95 96 100 102
103 114 118 133 134 135 142
143 144 153 154 157 159 162
163 165 175 185 189 196 202
204 210 212 217 220 224 226
227 230 243 246 247 251 266
267 271 278 280 286 288 289
295 304 314 315 318 322 335
337 341 372 379 384 389 399
139

408 427 428 429 433 441 442
448 459 475
SYNTHETIC WOOD, 301 345
T THERMAL DEGRADATION, 23
TABLEWARE, 55 60 124 125 166
167 195 219 239 305 327 439
TALC, 64
TAMPON, 77
TANNIN, 57 113 157 450
TANNIN-FORMALDEHYDE
RESIN, 275 450 460
TAPE, 288
TAPE PLAYER, 64
TDI, 220
TEAR STRENGTH, 116 353 363
433
TEMPERATURE, 24 42 46 53 54
116 117 153 181 184 195 205
239 252 264 265 269 282 301
311 329 346 361 370 373 376
392 393 395 415 421 439 456
464
TENSILE MODULUS, 19 68 158
190 310 331 387 445
TENSILE PROPERTIES, 1 3 7 8
12 15 19 33 36 50 66 68 74 77
82 89 92 94 99 111 112 116 129
142 143 152 153 158 160 176
179 190 200 205 208 211 218
228 229 255 265 282 283 310
311 326 331 332 333 343 352
366 373 378 387 392 396 412
413 415 430 433 437 457 458
459 461
TENSILE STRENGTH, 1 8 19 36
66 68 74 77 94 99 111 112 116
129 142 143 152 153 158 160
176 190 205 208 218 229 282
332 366 373 378 413 415 464
TENSILE STRESS, 111 310 311
TEREPHTHALIC ACID, 11 38
107 167 174
TEST, 7 10 20 22 37 50 56 63 81
103 159 163 165 167 190 192
194 198 205 235 238 239 264
268 269 296 311 316 328 329
359 360 361 363 367 380 381
393 400 401 406 415 417 431
435 445 448 454 456 458 459
461 462 463 468 472
TEST METHOD, 19 23 77 93 116
161 167 187 221 222 232 259
288 299 339 346 347 364 424
439 443
TEXTILE, 72 189 195 287
TEXTILE APPLICATION, 77 80
140
Subject Index
81 198 226 259 296
TEXTILE FINISH, 280
THERMAL ANALYSIS, 31 71 136
149 161 193 269 314 329 415
417 430 459
31 61 87 113 136 142 153 161
173 181 265 311 312 314 334
343 380 383 457
THERMAL INSULATION, 18 117
313
THERMAL PROPERTIES, 7 21 24
31 53 54 59 66 67 118 134 135
144 159 161 166 173 180 212
225 233 239 246 249 255 267
269 276 283 287 296 300 311
321 329 350 354 356 363 372
373 377 378 400 411 412 415
421 433 448 456 459 464 476
THERMAL STABILITY, 1 54 55
61 64 71 87 94 99 104 141 144
202 257 280 296 310 311 329
372 389 427
THERMOFORMING, 9 25 38 72
94 108 128 167 171 195 205
214 219 238 259 269 296 351
363 364 366 374 378 387 425
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS, 21 31 61 68 71 79
87 113 136 142 157 159 163
280 329 343 415 427 430 457
468
THERMOOXIDATION, 334 383
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMER, 65 230 389 404
THERMOSET, 1 11 18 48 49 61 67
69 77 78 80 81 93 101 110 113
117 119 121 122 123 127 134
139 152 156 157 159 168 176
187 188 189 192 198 202 207
210 212 213 215 243 258 259
262 263 275 276 290 300 301
308 309 312 313 314 315 320
322 324 339 349 351 384 393
402 406 409 414 422 425 427
443 449 450 460 468 474
THROMBOGENICITY, 149 293
TISSUE ENGINEERING, 28 41 58
101 148 160 293 438
TISSUE REGENERATION, 293
294 335 438
TOILET, 141
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 13
220
TOOTHBRUSH, 439
TOUGHNESS, 7 37 38 205 212
252 283 312 353 405 475
TOXICITY, 77 101 117 140 149
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
182 206 239 260 294 296 404
466
TOYS, 182 273 439
TRANSFER MOULDING, 15
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY, 14 21 50 85
138 163 176 231 241 401
TRANSPARENCY, 24 25 85 167
195 448
TRANSPARENT, 164 348 387
TRAY, 38 83 116 128 171 172 209
222 376 426 454
TRIGLYCERIDE, 99 100
TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 17
44 82 181 185 199 200 205 217
269 289 325 326 373 392 395
428 430
TYRE, 76 124 125 146 219 324
TYROSINE, 438
U
UNDERWATER APPLICATION,
322 471
UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 1
11 17 154 227 276 312 320
UPHOLSTERY, 72 155
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE
RESIN, 192 474
URETHANE ELASTOMER, 122
UV CURING, 154 260 267
UV DEGRADATION, 147 334
UV IRRADIATION, 20 77 154 383
UV RESISTANCE, 456
UV STABILITY, 25 389
V
VALERATE COPOLYMER, 86
126 183
VALEROLACTONE
COPOLYMER, 318
VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 167
296 326 403
VASCULAR GRAFT, 293
VEGETABLE FIBRE, 376
VEGETABLE OIL, 1 99 205 300
315 334 369 384 415 459
VEHICLE, 169 312
VETERINARY APPLICATION,
219 434
VIBRATION DAMPING, 117 422
VIBRATIONAL
SPECTROSCOPY, 90 113 149
168 179 220 249 337 427
VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES,
180 197 219 269 306
VISCOSE, 336

VISCOSITY, 24 38 99 113 129 149
180 228 239 241 250 257 269
284 288 306 311 338 339 363
373 389 393 415 433 450 460
VITAMIN, 141 362
VITAMIN B2, 44
VULCANISATION, 176 343
W 193 206 209 219 293 296 363
WADDING, 72
WALL THICKNESS, 10 205 312
WALLPAPER, 117
WASTE, 1 25 31 39 51 72 130 147
166 167 189 195 219 221 239
301 302 361 376
WASTE COLLECTION, 26 305
323 347 454
WASTE DISPOSAL, 10 18 23 25
38 94 110 116 119 121 166 167
171 182 194 222 246 279 291
330 346 348 361 376 387 388
420 421 436 443 454 469
WASTE MANAGEMENT, 26 51
72 76 110 121 130 186 223 227
232 238 305 410 435 454
WASTE WATER, 77 113
WASTE WOOD, 446
WATER, 10 13 23 38 77 116 167
196 248 262 363 372 378 385
392 393 395 398 411 459
WATER ABSORPTION, 15 18 74
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
143 148 163 173 193 274 293
373 391 398 431 445 446
WATER CONTENT, 205 269 311
373 385 411 415 419 432
WATER RESISTANCE, 145 174
183 263 269 321 322 326 365
370 391 409 452 456
WATER SOLUBILITY, 1 24 26 29
131 141 146 147 148 149 159
386 422 439
WATER VAPOUR
PERMEABILITY, 167 296 326
403
WATER-BASED, 78 189 216 290
WAX, 109 205
WEAR RESISTANCE, 24 77 324
WEATHERING, 334
WEIGHT LOSS, 47 92 163 173
240 329 333 346 359 404 420
432 456
WELD LINE, 373 456
WHEAT BRAN, 379
WHEAT GLUTEN, 29 50 373
WHEAT STARCH, 17 76
WHEAT STRAW, 109
WHEY-BASED RESIN, 85
WINDOW, 301
WOOD, 18 23 104 189 277 301
331 345 376 394 404 450 467
WOOD ADHESIVE, 275
WOOD FIBRE, 1 190 205 345 470
WOOD FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 1 15 131 470
WOOD FLOUR, 136
WOOD PULP, 190
WOOD REPLACEMENT, 446
WOOL, 117
WOUND DRESSING, 63 101 253
424 448
WOUND HEALING, 101 270
X
X-RAY SCATTERING, 13 14 20
21 65 66 90 103 114 157 158
168 178 211 235 269 299 337
389 395 472
XANTHAN, 390
Y
YIELD, 37 66 76 117 154 208 247
271 341 459
YOGHURT POT, 25 166
YOUNG’S MODULUS, 8 12 46
49 66 92 111 112 153 205 239
252 310 311 405 438 461
Z
ZEIN PROTEIN, 29 83 409
141
 Subject Index

142 © Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited

 Company Index

Company Index
A B CANADA, DEFENCE
RESEARCH
ACADEMIA SINICA, 356 401 B & F PLASTICS, 301 ESTABLISHMENT, 355
ACS DIV. OF POLYMER BANGOR UNIVERSITY, 168 CANADA, ENVIRONMENT &
CHEMISTRY, 42 BARCELONA UNIVERSIDAD PLASTICS INDUSTRY
ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL POLITECNICA DE COUNCIL, 77
RECYCLING CATALUNYA, 144 CANADA, NATIONAL
TECHNOLOGIES INC., 345 BASF, 38 131 166 167 174 198 296 RESEARCH COUNCIL, 329
AERT CORP., 301 BASILICATA UNIVERSITY, 16 CANADIAN PLASTICS
AGRO INDUSTRIE BATH UNIVERSITY, 156 168 468 INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION, 77
RECHERCHES ET BAUSANO GROUP, 301 CARGILL, 195 238 259
DEVELOPMENTS, 170 BAYER, 38 102 166 167 296 354 CARGILL DOW, 9 25 38 44 55 81
AICHI, PREFECTURAL 360 387 94 107 120 132 147 162 166 180
GOVERNMENT, 56 BEIJING INSTITUTE OF 184 186 188 195 196 198 214
AJOU UNIVERSITY, 444 CHEMISTRY, 356 215 226 229 238 259 265 296
AKEBONO BRAKE R&D BERLIN TECHNICAL 302 307 349 366 387
CENTER LTD., 87 UNIVERSITY, 157 280 281 282 CASTOR OIL INC., 140
AKRON UNIVERSITY, 154 BERSTORFF GMBH, 205 CATALUNA UNIVERSIDAD
ALBERT-LUDWIGS BIMO, 238 259 POLITECNICA, 239
UNIVERSITY, 133 421 BIO PAC BIOLOGISCHE CEARA UNIVERSIDADE
AMERICAN EXCELSIOR CO., VERPACKUNGSSYSTEME, FEDERAL, 393
422 454 CEMAGREF, 166
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR BIODEGRADABLE PRODUCTS CERMAV-CNRS, 193
TESTING & MATERIALS, 77 INTERNATIONAL CERTAINTEED CORP., 301
93 INSTITUTE, 262 CETIM, 269
AMERICAN WOOD FIBERS, 301 BIOFIBRES, 117 CHEMQUEST GROUP INC., 40
AMES NATIONAL BIOMASS INDUSTRIAL CROPS CHENGDU INSTITUTE OF
LABORATORY, 198 LTD., 169 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 356
AMPRICA SPA, 9 BIOMER, 447 CHINA NATIONAL KEY
ANDERSEN CORP., 301 BIOPLASTICS POLYMERS & LABORATORY OF
APACK AG, 38 COMPOSITES, 38 ADVANCED COMPOSITES,
APME, 259 BIOPROGRESS TECHNOLOGY 136
ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND, LTD., 141 CHINA NATIONAL NATURAL
198 BIOTEC GMBH, 340 SCIENCE FOUNDATION, 442
ARGO INDUSTRIE RESEARCHES BIRMINGHAM POLYMERS INC., CHINA TEXTILE UNIVERSITY,
& DEVELOPMENTS, 198 213 406
ARGONNE NATIONAL BLACHOWNIA INSTITUTE OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF
LABORATORY, 198 HEAVY ORGANIC SCIENCES, 88 228
ARIZONA CHEMICAL BV, 315 SYNTHESIS, 272 CHRONOPOL INC., 265 378
ASHLAND CHEMICAL INC., 467 BOY GMBH, 426 CHUNG YUAN UNIVERSITY,
ASPEN RESEARCH CORP., 199 BRUNEL UNIVERSITY, 3 82 187 114
ASTM, 262 346 BUCHEON TECHNICAL CINCINNATI MILACRON, 301
ASTON UNIVERSITY, 318 397 472 COLLEGE, 392 CIRAD-SAR, 411
ATHENS NATIONAL CIUFFOGATTO, 219
BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, 95 CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, 71
CO., 115
ATO-DLO CNR, 225
AGROTECHNOLOGICAL CNRS, 224 431
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 385 C COLORADO SCHOOL OF
419 MINES, 59 129 180
AUBURN UNIVERSITY, 408 CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY, 21 COMPTRUSION CORP., 301
AUDUBON SUGAR INSTITUTE, 41 322 CON-AGRA, 469
198 CAMBRIDGE BIOPOLYMERS, CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY, 474
AUTOBAR, 166 259 109 CONNECTICUT UNIVERSITY,
AVILA HOSPITAL PROVINCIAL, CAMPINAS UNIVERSIDADE 298
293 294 ESTADUAL, 335 COPENHAGEN ROYAL

© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited 143


VETERINARY &
AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY, 60
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 18 258
CORTEC CORP., 30 38
CPC INTERNATIONAL INC., 452
CRANE PLASTICS, 301
CREANDO FIBRETECH, 117
CRILA PLASTICS INC., 301
CSIC, 187
CUBAN INSTITUTE OF SUGAR
CANE DERIVATIVES, 235
CZECH REPUBLIC ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES, 299
D EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF
DAICEL CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES, 20
DAINIPPON INK & CHEMICAL,
38 302
DEBRECEN UNIVERSITY, 220
DELAWARE UNIVERSITY, 21
100
DELFT UNIVERSITY, 208
DETROIT TOOL &
ENGINEERING CO., 10
DEUTSCHE
FORSCHUNGSANSTALT
FUER LUFT-& RAUMFAHRT,
435
DIACEL CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES LTD., 302
DITECO LTDA., 450
DLR, 1 443
DMT AMERICAS, 94
DONLAR BIOSYNTREX CORP.,
102
DONLAR CORP., 354
DOW CHEMICAL, 78 140 184
195 238 259 366
DOW PERFORMANCE
CHEMICALS, 38
DRESDEN INSTITUTE FOR
POLYMER RESEARCH EV,
211 287
DRILLING SPECIALTIES CO.,
57
DUNLOP JAPAN, 94
DUNLOP SPORTS CO. LTD., 25
DUPONT, 11 55 107 198 214 259
341 387 469
DUPONT DE NEMOURS E.I. &
CO., 166 167 253 296 374
DUPONT PACKAGING &
INDUSTRIAL POLYMERS, 10
38
DURA PRODUCTS
144
Company Index
INTERNATIONAL, 301
E GALACTIC LABORATORIES
E & A ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSULTANTS INC., 346
EAGLEBROOK PRODUCTS, 301
EARTHSHELL CORP., 10 38
EASTMAN CHEMICAL, 9 36 38
49 166 167 189
EC POLYMERS, 301
ECM BIOFILMS INC., 23
ECOCHEM, 469
ECOSYNTHETIX INC., 288
ECOVER PRODUCTS NV, 198
TECHNOLOGY, 457
ELDIB ENGINEERING &
RESEARCH INC., 354
ELECTROSOLS, 270
EMBRAPA, 210
EMORY UNIVERSITY, 241
ENVIRONMENTAL POLYMERS,
116
ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGIES CO., 302
ESIEC, 415
EUROMASTER, 44
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR
STANDARDISATION, 262
F H.B. TECHNOLOGICAL
FAR EASTERN TEXTILE LTD.,
11
FERRY INDUSTRIES INC., 418
FGUP ‘NII POLIMEROV, 130
FIAT RESEARCH CENTER, 8
FIBER COMPOSITES CORP., 301
FIBERWEB SODOCA, 434
FILMOTECA ESPANOLA, 24
FLUNTERA AG, 363
FOREST PRODUCTS
LABORATORY, 445
FORMICA INC., 198
FORMTECH ENTERPRISES
INC., 301
FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FUER
ANG.
POLYMERFORSCHUNG, 98
FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FUER
CHEMISCHE
TECHNOLOGIE, 277
FREEDONIA GROUP, 80
FREIBURG UNIVERSITY, 133
FROST & SULLIVAN, 218
FUKUI UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY, 189
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
G
G.H. ASSOCIATES, 72
SA, 236
GENENCOR INTERNATIONAL
INC., 11 198
GENEVA UNIVERSITY, 465
GOODYEAR, 76 324
GOODYEAR RESEARCH
CENTER, 219
GOTTINGEN GEORG-AUGUST-
UNIVERSITAT, 457
GOTTINGEN UNIVERSITY, 358
GRANIT SA, 133
GRAZ TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITAT, 32
GREEN EARTH PACKAGING
INC., 10
GREEN LIGHT PRODUCTS, 119
GREEN PACKAGING SDN BHD,
10
GRENOBLE, JOSEPH FOURIER
UNIVERSITY, 168 377
GREPAC, 415
GRONINGEN UNIVERSITY, 217
433 457 464
GUJARAT SCIENCE COLLEGE,
89
H
INSTITUTE, 83
HAAS F., MACHINERY OF
AMERICA, 365
HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY, 96
187
HALLE, MARTIN-LUTHER-
UNIVERSITAT, 380
HAMBURG UNIVERSITY, 448
HANYANG UNIVERSITY, 392
HARCOURT BUTLER
TECHNOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE, 70
HAVANA UNIVERSITY, 235
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY, 22 34
330 473
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY,
CENTRAL HOSPITAL, 417
HERCULES INC., 284 394
HIGH PLAINS CORP., 198
HOECHST TRESPAPHAN
GMBH, 94
HOFF FOREST PRODUCTS, 301
HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, 284
375
HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC
 Company Index

UNIVERSITY, 246 247 MATERIE PLASTICHE, 233 KYOTO UNIVERSITY, 164 189
HUHTAMAKI OYJ, 10 255 256 461 333 337 432
HYDROTOX GMBH, 316 KYUSHU UNIVERSITY, 53
J
I L
JAPAN SCIENCE &
IASI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, TECHNOLOGY CORP., 204 LA HABANA UNIVERSIDAD,
173 JAPAN STEEL WORKS, 185 428 149
ICI, 37 147 259 456 JAPAN, BIODEGRADABLE LEAR CORP., 301
ICI AGRICULTURAL DIV., 476 PLASTICS SOCIETY, 186 LENOX POLYMERS, 425
ICMA, 301 JAPAN, HEIAN JOGAKUIN LIEGE UNIVERSITY, 200 237
IDROPLAST, 147 296 COLLEGE, 92 289
IFTS, 415 JAPAN, INSTITUTE OF LIMERICK UNIVERSITY, 150
ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, 409 PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL LIMOGES UNIVERSITY, 245 379
IMRE, 149 RESEARCH, 87 201 LIONS ADHESIVES INC., 388
INDIA, CENTRAL INSTITUTE JAPAN, NATIONAL INST. FOR LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY, 187
OF PLASTICS ENGNG.& ADVANCED LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY
TECH., 157 INTERDISCIPLINARY ROYAL HOSPITAL, 101
INDIA, CENTRAL LEATHER RESEARCH, 187 LLOYD INSTRUMENTS LTD.,
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 113 JAPAN, NATIONAL INSTITUTE 157
143 FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LODZ INSTITUTE OF
INDIA, REGIONAL RESEARCH STUDIES, 20 CHEMICAL FIBRES, 63 274
LABORATORY, 343 JAPAN, NATIONAL INSTITUTE 336
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF OF HEALTH SCIENCES, 42 LODZ TECHNICAL
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, JAPAN, ORGANICS UNIVERSITY, 249
334 RECYCLING ASSOCIATION, LOMONOSOV INSTITUTE OF
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF 186 FINE CHEMICAL
TECHNOLOGY, 176 343 350 JERUSALEM HEBREW TECHNOLOGY, 310
389 UNIVERSITY, 466 LONDON UNIVERSITY,
INDORE DEVI AHILYA JON WAI MACHINERY WORKS IMPERIAL COLLEGE, 168
UNIVERSITY, 52 CO. LTD., 426 LOUISIANA-PACIFIC
INHA UNIVERSITY, 86 306 JOSE ANTONIO ECHEVARRIA POLYMERS, 301
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES POLYTECHNIC LOWELL MASSACHUSETTS
LTD., 412 UNIVERSITY, 235 UNIVERSITY, 352 353 413
INRA, 245 269 379 414
INSTITUT FUER TECHNIK IN
GARTENBAU UND
K
LANDWIRTSCHAFT, 376
M
KAISERSLAUTERN
INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA Y UNIVERSITY, 12 MADRID INSTITUTO DE
TECNOLOGIA DE KANAGAWA UNIVERSITY, 463 CIENCIA Y TEC. DE POLIM.,
POLIMEROS, 24 148 149 293 KANEKA CORP., 54 144
294 386 KANSAI UNIVERSITY, 134 MADRID UNIVERSIDAD
INTEMA, 235 KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY, COMPLUTENSE, 24
INTERFACE INC., 198 261 MAINE UNIVERSITY, 104
INTERNATIONAL KASSEL UNIVERSITAT, 15 331 MANCHESTER
TECHNOLOGY KINKI UNIVERSITY, 92 METROPOLITAN
MANAGEMENT KOREA, ADVANCED UNIVERSITY, 386
ASSOCIATES LTD., 453 INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY,
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, 74 TECHNOLOGY, 103 266 286 168
104 157 202 212 264 265 280 357 MARTIN MARIETTA
321 370 391 405 KOREA, INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS, 423
IOWA UNIVERSITY, 48 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
IPER, 25 86 251 420 OF TECHNOLOGY, 28
ISOTIS NV, 187 KTM INDUSTRIES, 78 MASSACHUSETTS
ISTANBUL TECHNICAL KURARAY CO., 302 UNIVERSITY, 7 135 252 283
UNIVERSITY, 142 KYOTO BUNKA COLLEGE, 328 367 390 400
ISTITUTO DI RICERCA E KYOTO INSTITUTE OF MASSEY UNIVERSITY, 79
TECNOLOGIA DELLE TECHNOLOGY, 185 230 MASTER BUILDERS, 423

© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited 145


MASTER ROPEMAKERS, 117
MATTEL TOYS, 273
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FUER
KOLLOID- &
GRENZFLAECH., 403
MCDONALD’S, 77
MCGILL UNIVERSITY, 4 355
MELITTA, 363
METABOLIX INC., 37 38 107 278
MG MARGA DESIGN, 117
MICHIGAN BIOTECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTE, 458
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY,
38 68 73 97 139 194 203 232
285
MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY, 308
MIDWEST CONSORTIUM FOR
SUSTAINABLE BIOBASED
PRODUCTS & BIOENERGY,
198
MIKRON INDUSTRIES, 301
MINHO UNIVERSIDADE, 82 136
160 187 197
MINNESOTA UNIVERSITY, 13 65
126 309 338 373
MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL CORP.,
375
MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL,
38 302
MITSUBISHI PLASTICS, 64 94
MITSUI CHEMICAL, 94 186 302
MOBIL CHEMICAL CO., 446
MONS UNIVERSITY, 237
MONSANTO, 37 118 147 166 267
278 297
MONTEDISON SPA, 219
MONTPELLIER II UNIVERSITE,
318
MONTREAL ECOLE
POLYTECHNIQUE, 430
MONTREAL MCGILL
UNIVERSITY, 463
MOTILAL NEHRU REGIONAL
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, 52
MUENSTER UNIVERSITY, 4
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY, 165 227
243
MUNSTER, WESTFALISCHE
WILHELMS UNIVERSITY,
127 175 267 399
N CHEMISTRY, 173
NAPIER UNIVERSITY, 117
NAPLES SECOND UNIVERSITY,
225
NAPLES UNIVERSITY, 372
NARA WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY,
146
Company Index
92 PLASTIC TECHNOLOGIES INC.,
NASA, 117 94
NATIONAL STARCH & POHANG UNIVERSITY OF
CHEMICAL, 78 123 290 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,
NATURAL FIBER 402
COMPOSITES, 301 POLAND INSTITUTE OF
NESTE OY, 434 CHEMICAL FIBRES, 159
NESTE OY CHEMICALS, 396 POLARCUP, 166 297
NEW YORK STATE POLIMEROV FGUP NII, 110
UNIVERSITY, 268 361 POLYWOOD PRODUCTS, 301
NIIGATA UNIVERSITY, 328 PORT HARCOURT
NIPPON SHOKUBAI, 302 UNIVERSITY, 275
NISSEI ASB MACHINE CO.
PREFORM BIOCOMPOSITES, 1
LTD., 426
PROCTER & GAMBLE, 38 54
NOF CORP., 231
PROTEIN TECHNOLOGIES
NORTE FLUMINENSE
INTERNATIONAL, 405
UNIVERSIDADE
PUERTO RICO UNIVERSITY,
ESTADUAL, 320
NORTH CAROLINA STATE 240
UNIVERSITY, 241 PUNJAB UNIVERSITY, 182
NORTH FLUMINENSE STATE PUSAN NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY, 235 UNIVERSITY, 19
NORTHWOOD PLASTICS INC.,
301 Q
NOVA PHARMACEUTICAL
CORP., 466 QUEBEC UNIVERSITE A
NOVADOUR, 166 TROIS-RIVIERES, 470
NOVAMONT, 6 9 38 76 84 124 QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY AT
125 166 219 242 296 311 319 KINGSTON, 168
359 363 QUIMICOS CORONEL SA, 450
NSF BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMER RESEARCH
CENTER, 179 R
R & I CONSULTING
O INTERNATIONAL, 398
RAVENSHAW COLLEGE, 29 157
OHIO C.W., 301 280 314 389
ORSTOM, 431
RCI CONSULTING, 167
OSAKA UNIVERSITY, 20 REIMS UNIVERSITY, 170
OTSUMA WOMEN’S
REMCON PLASTICS, 418
UNIVERSITY, 459
RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC
OWENS CORNING, 198
INSTITUTE, 48 384
RHONE-POULENC RHODIA AG,
P 421
RICE UNIVERSITY, 303
PAIS VASCO UNIVERSIDAD,
RIGA TECHNICAL
248
UNIVERSITY, 331
PALERMO UNIVERSITY, 84 311
RIKEN INSTITUTE, 204
PARIS INSTITUT PASTEUR, 224
RIO DE JANEIRO PONTIFICIA
PETRU PONI INSTITUTE OF
MACROMOLECULAR UNIVERSIDADE, 320
RODENBURG BIOPOLYMERS,
131
PHOENIX COLOR &
COMPOUNDING INC., 301 ROHM & HAAS CO., 354
PIRA INTERNATIONAL, 117 ROME UNIVERSITA LA
PISA UNIVERSITY, 31 43 145 SAPIENZA, 46
PITTSBURG STATE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF
UNIVERSITY, 99 300 SCIENCES, 90 234 310
© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited
 Company Index

S INSTITUTE OF THUERINGISCHES INSTITUT

TECHNOLOGY, 383 404 451 FUER TEXTIL- &
SAARBRUCKEN INSTITUT STOROPACK, 422 KUNSTSTOFF-FORSCHUNG
FUER NEUE MATERIALIEN, STRANDEX CORP., 301 EV, 332
117 STRATHCLYDE UNIVERSITY, TIANJIN NANKAI UNIVERSITY,
SABANCI UNIVERSITY, 154 153 14
SAEHAN INDUSTRIES, 11 STRUCTURAL PRESERVATION TIANJIN UNIVERSITY, 67
SAINSBURY J., PLC, 27 SYSTEMS, 423 TNO, 51
SAITAMA INSTITUTE OF STRYKER OSTEONICS, 150 TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, 337
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL STUTTGART INSTITUT FUR TOKYO INSTITUTE OF
RESEARCH, 271 KUNSTSTOFFTECHNOLOGIE, TECHNOLOGY, 87 191 201
SAM YANG GENEX RESEARCH 200 TOPCHIEV INSTITUTE OF
INSTITUTE, 392 STUTTGART UNIVERSITY, 237 PETROCHEMICAL
SANGMYUNG UNIVERSITY, 86 287 289 SYNTHESIS, 153
SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE SUPOL GMBH, 205 218 TORAY, 11
OF ENGINEERING & SUZUKA UNIVERSITY OF TOULOUSE ECOLE
TECHNOLOGY, 39 182 MEDICAL SCIENCE, 254 NATIONALE SUPERIEURE
SAO FRANCISCO SWEDEN, NATIONAL SCHOOL DES INGENIEURES EN ARTS
UNIVERSIDADE, 152 OF PAPER MAKING, 117 CHIMI, 2
SAO PAULO INSTITUTO DE SWEDEN, ROYAL INSTITUTE TOYOHASHI UNIVERSITY OF
PESQUISAS OF TECHNOLOGY, 85 105 TECHNOLOGY, 47 56 111 112
TECNOLOGICAS, 192 106 381 254 333
SAO PAULO UNIVERSITY, 61 SWEDISH INSTITUTE FOR TRENTO UNIVERSITY, 148
192 313 427 FIBRE & POLYMER TRESPAPHAN, 238 259
SEOUL HONG IK UNIVERSITY, RESEARCH, 181 TRESPAPHAN SA, 35
179 SWEETHEART CUP CO., 10 TREX CO., 301
SEOUL NATIONAL SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE TRICOMED SA, 69
UNIVERSITY, 91 OF TECHNOLOGY, 436 TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY, 442
SHIMADZU, 53 94 302 TUBITAK MARMARA
SHORE PACIFIC LLC, 301 RESEARCH CENTER, 142
SHOWA DENKO, 38
T 154
SHOWA HIGHPOLYMER, 186 TAICHUNG PLASTICS TWENTE UNIVERSITY, 3 187
252 302 416 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT
SHRI G.S., INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,
CENTRE, 344 U
TAIPEI VETERANS GENERAL
52 HOSPITAL, 304 UCB FILMS LTD., 27
SINGAPORE NATIONAL TAIWAN, CHINESE NAVAL UK GOVERNMENT, 117
UNIVERSITY, 187 ACADEMY, 114 UK HEALTH & SAFETY
SK CHEMICALS CO. LTD., 38 TAIWAN NATIONAL CENTRAL EXECUTIVE, 455
SOCIETY OF PLASTICS UNIVERSITY, 114 UKRAINE NATIONAL
ENGINEERS, 78 TAIWAN NATIONAL YANG ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 90
SOFIA UNIVERSITY, 12 MING UNIVERSITY, 304 UMIST, 168
SOLVAY INTEROX INC., 38 TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF UNESP, 210
SOLVAY INTEROX LTD., 424 TECHNOLOGY, 34 326 417 UNION CAMP CORP., 339
SOLVAY SA, 166 TANTA UNIVERSITY, 145 UNION CARBIDE, 38
SONY, 25 38 64 TATE & LYLE, 11 UNITIKA, 25
SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI TATE & LYLE CITRIC ACID, 198 URAL STATE UNIVERSITY, 250
UNIVERSITY, 207 TECHSCOPE LLC, 118 URETHANE SOY SYSTEMS, 13
STAR GUARD INC., 301 TEICH FLEXIBLES LTD., 94 US AGRICULTURAL
STARPOL INC., 449 TEIJIN, 11 RESEARCH SERVICE, 17
STAZIONE SPERIMENTALE TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY, 5 US ARMY SOLDIER SYSTEMS
PER LA CARTA, TERMOPLAST, 171 COMMAND, 283
CELLULOSA E FIBRE TESCO STORES LTD., 62 US BIODEGRADABLE
TESSILI, 461 TETRA PAK, 238 259 PRODUCTS INSTITUTE, 23
STOCKHOLM KUNGL TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY, 405 75
TEKNISKA HOGSKOLAN, TEXAS UNIVERSITY, 5 138 303 US COMPOSTING COUNCIL,
441 THESSALONIKI ARISTOTLE 262
STOCKHOLM ROYAL UNIVERSITY, 66 178 295 US DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, 50

© Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited 147

 Company Index

140 158 168 183 198 240 342 VIVADOUR, 166 WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY, 445
462 VTT BIOTECHNOLOGY & WITWATERSRAND
US DEPT. OF ENERGY, 37 188 FOOD RESEARCH, 326 UNIVERSITY, 460
198 VTT CHEMICAL WOLFF WALSRODE AG, 166
US FEDERAL TRADE TECHNOLOGY, 216 360
COMMISSION, 81 WROCLAW TECHNICAL
US FOOD & DRUG UNIVERSITY, 299
ADMINISTRATION, 184 198
W WUHAN UNIVERSITY, 263 401
206 WAGENINGEN AGRICULTURAL
US FOREST PRODUCTS
LABORATORY, 437
UNIVERSITY, 407 Y
WAGENINGEN
US GRAINS COUNCIL, 177 186 AGROTECHNOLOGICAL YAMAGATA UNIVERSITY, 271
US NATIONAL BIOENERGY INSTITUTE, 190 382 YAMATAKE BUILDING
CENTER, 188 WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY, SYSTEMS CO. LTD., 20
US NATIONAL CENTER FOR 187 YORK UNIVERSITY, 121
AGRICULTURAL WALES, UNIVERSITY, 109 YORKE A., ENGINEERING
UTILIZATION RESEARCH, WARNER-LAMBERT CO., 363 LTD., 418
33 365 395 WARSAW INDUSTRIAL YUCATAN CENTRO DE
US NATIONAL INST. OF CHEMISTRY RESEARCH INVESTIGACION
STANDARDS & INSTITUTE, 440 CIENTIFICA, 168
TECHNOLOGY, 58 WARWICK MANUFACTURING
USP, 210 GROUP, 169
WARWICK UNIVERSITY, 6 122
Z
169 ZENECA BIO PRODUCTS, 456
V WENGER MANUFACTURING ZENECA LTD., 297
VALE DO ACARAU CO., 78 ZONGULDAK KARAELMAS
UNIVERSIDADE WERNER & PFLEIDERER UNIVERSITY, 142 154
ESTADUAL, 393 GMBH, 325 ZURICH EIDGENOSSISCHE
VERTEC BIOSOLVENTS LLC, WILLOW RIDGE PLASTICS TECHNISCHE
198 INC., 23 HOCHSCHULE, 8 429

148 © Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited

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