Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Series Volume 3 Derivatives (Panchavrttayah)

Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Series
Volume 3 Derivatives (Panchavrttayah)

Editor : Medhā Michika, AVG, Anaikatti
E-Published by:
Arsha Avinash Foundation

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Volume 3
Derivatives
rivatives (Pa
Pañcav
ñcavṛttaya
ttayaḥ)
Medhā Michika
AVG Anaikkatti, 2016
Copyright © 2016 by Medhā Michika
All rights reserved.
The contents of this work may not in any shape or form be reproduced
without permission from Medhā Michika.
All profit from the sales of this book goes towards the activities initiated by
Śrī Pūjya Svamī Dayānanda Sarasvatī.
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2
Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar - Volume 3
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Topic I - #$%& (derived word) and %#+, (explanatory sentence) ..................................................... 3
Topic II - Brief Explanation of Five Types of #$%& ............................................................................... 4
1. 12345637-8 #$%& (A new root derived from a root or a noun).................................................... 4
< %& (A new nominal base derived from a root) .................................................................. 6
2. ;$ 7-#$
3. 7%>7-#$%& (A new nominal base derived from a nominal base)............................................... 8
4. 1@31-#$%& (A new nominal base derived by compounding nouns) ...................................... 10
5. D;EFG-#$%& (A new nominal base derived by keeping one word out of many) ................... 12
<
Topic III - H7 letters in IJKs ............................................................................................................... 14
Topic IV - Common Changes in MNs ............................................................................................... 17
A. 637 8 as MN ....................................................................................................................................... 17
< %Q7 ...........................................................................
1. #$%> takes place when the IJK is %P7 or < 17
8 can take place .......................................................................... 18
2. If #$%> did not take place, SQ
< %V7 ...........................................................
8 & #$%> when the IJK is %;7 or
3. Prohibition of SQ < 18
B. I3%7W%X; as MN................................................................................................................................ 19
1. Z%X-#$%> (#$%> on the first vowel of the MN) takes place ......................................................... 19
when the 7%>7-IJK is %P7, < %Q7, < or %;7 ........................................................................................
< 19
2. [\W of the last M#Q] or H#Q] in MN when the 7%>7-IJK begins with “K”< or a vowel .......... 20
8 of the last `#Q] in MN when the 7%>7-IJK begins with “K”< or a vowel ....................... 20
3. SQ
8 X < and MbX < in singular are changed into cX < and @X <. ..................................................... 21
4. Ka
Topic V - Hd3S@ (augment He <) .......................................................................................................... 22
Wf#$%&-%#gh3
Topic VI - 123453 Derived Roots ..................................................................................................... 23
123%X-IJK3 (Suffixes to make a root) ............................................................................................ 23
<
1. %Qk5 (%Ql-IJK ending root) ..................................................................................................... 25
<
2. 125 (12-IJK ending root) ........................................................................................................ 28
<
%mc@ (Reduplication) .................................................................................................................... 30
i
<
Topic VII - ;$ X5@ Kodanta ................................................................................................................. 34
<
;$ 7-IJK3 (Suffixes to a root to make a new nominal base) ....................................................... 34
<
i. Basic sense of ;$ 7-IJK .............................................................................................................. 35
<
ii. Additional sense of ;$ 7-IJK ................................................................................................... 36
1. ;$ J3 in ;@]%Q & p3#F ....................................................................................................................... 37
a. K7, < qW, < rK7 (the
< content is “K”) .............................................................................................. 39
b. 7s7, < 7s (the content is “7s”)................................................................................................ 43
c. M2 Kh <(the content is “M2 K”)................................................................................................... 43
<
2. ;$ 7-IJKs in ;7]%h, that denote ;73] (agent) .................................................................................. 46
<
a. 7$l ................................................................................................................................................ 47
b. r#[ <
8 .............................................................................................................................................. 50
<
c. %t#W .............................................................................................................................................. 53
3. %2u3 (v & v#7)w 8 ............................................................................................................................... 55
a. v.................................................................................................................................................. 56
b. v#7 w 8 ............................................................................................................................................. 63
4. E7$/ <
w E32l (Replacement for [e < and [$e <)..................................................................................... 66
a. E7$w................................................................................................................................................ 71
<
b. E32l ............................................................................................................................................ 72
c. #1 w 8 ................................................................................................................................................ 80
5. p3#F and other ;3h;s ...................................................................................................................... 81
a. ye8 < .............................................................................................................................................. 82
<
b. zP................................................................................................................................................ 87
<
c. %v2 ............................................................................................................................................... 91
<
6. ;$ 7-IJKs to make MsKs .............................................................................................................. 96
a. tc3 ............................................................................................................................................... 97
<
b. yW ............................................................................................................................................ 100
<
c. 7@8 28 ............................................................................................................................................ 103
< %& .................................................................................................................. 107
7. Summary of ;$ 7-#$
ii
Topic VIII - Taddhitānta 7%>735@ < .................................................................................................. 108

7%>7-IJK3 (Suffixes to a nominal base to make a new nominal base) .................................. 108
<
[|Q-#3q@ .................................................................................................................................... 109
<
1. 7}3WJ@ (descendant of …) ...................................................................................................... 110
<
a. MQ/MP <
..................................................................................................................................... 111
<
b. HP .............................................................................................................................................. 114
c. •; < .............................................................................................................................................. 116
2. @c€•K3 (one who has …) .......................................................................................................... 118
<
a. @7Ww 8 ............................................................................................................................................ 119
b. H%2w.............................................................................................................................................. 122
c. %#%2w............................................................................................................................................. 124
<
d. Ml ............................................................................................................................................. 126
3. 7} p3# (the status of …) .......................................................................................................... 128
a. c ............................................................................................................................................... 129
<
b. 7[.............................................................................................................................................. 131
<
c. ‚P ............................................................................................................................................. 133
4. I3%ƒXE K3 (MsKs made of 1#]23@) ............................................................................................... 135
a. 7%1w[ <.......................................................................................................................................... 136
<
b. „[/X3/%,… ................................................................................................................................... 139
<
c. €3[/€@ 8
w ...................................................................................................................................... 142
5. Comparative & superlative ...................................................................................................... 145
<
a. 7hW ............................................................................................................................................. 146
<
b. 7@W ............................................................................................................................................ 147
<
c. †K12w 8 .......................................................................................................................................... 148
<
d. Hu2 ............................................................................................................................................ 151
6. Mp‡7-7ˆ3#F (new status) ............................................................................................................... 154
a. %‰#w.............................................................................................................................................. 154
7. Summary of 7%>7-#$%& ............................................................................................................... 156
iii
Topic IX - 1@313 Samāsā‹ ................................................................................................................. 157

Basic concept of 1@31-#$%& ............................................................................................................ 157
8
(A new I3%7W%X; made by compounding 1Œ5s) ........................................................................ 157
i. The difference between 1@31 and 1%• .............................................................................. 157
ii. PāŽini-sūtras enjoining regulations on 1@31...................................................................... 158
iii. Process of making 1@31........................................................................................................ 158
iv. •WX-1@31 M•WX-1@31 (%2J1@31 ) .................................................................................... 159
v. Steps of understanding 1@31 ................................................................................................ 159
1. MsK p3#-1@31 (Type A) ............................................................................................................ 160
8
2. 7‘’G-1@313 (Type T)................................................................................................................. 162
8
a. %m7 K3-7‘’G-1@31 (Type 2T) ................................................................................................ 163
8
b. 7$7 K3-7‘’G-1@31 (Type 3T) ................................................................................................. 165
c. l7€8 •-7‘’G-1@31
8 (Type 4T).................................................................................................. 166
8
d. Wf@ -7‘’G-1@31 (Type 5T) ................................................................................................. 167
8
e. Gu -7‘’G-1@31 (Type 6T) ...................................................................................................... 168
8
f. 1“@ -7‘’G-1@31 (Type 7T) ................................................................................................... 170
8
g. ;@]63hK-7‘’G-1@31 (Type KT) ............................................................................................. 171
< ’G-1@31
h. 2P-7‘ 8 (Type NT) .................................................................................................... 174
i. ;8-S%7-I3%X-7‘’G-1@31
8 ............................................................................................................. 176
8
j. `WWX-7‘’G-1@31 (Type UT) .................................................................................................. 177
3. Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type B) ................................................................................................................. 184
a. General Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type 1~7B) ........................................................................................ 186
Abbreviation of Œ–— %,-1@31 ...................................................................................................... 190
<
b. 2P-Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type NB) .................................................................................................... 193
c. 1,-Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type SB) ...................................................................................................... 194
d. I3%X-Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type PB).................................................................................................... 195
4. m™-1@31 (Type D) ..................................................................................................................... 196
a. H7hF7h-m™-1@31 (Type ID) ..................................................................................................... 197
b. 1@3,3h-m™-1@31 (Type SD) ................................................................................................... 199
5. Summary of 1@31#$%7 ................................................................................................................ 202
iv
Topic X - D;EFG Ekaśe›a‹ ................................................................................................................ 203

1. Basic concept of D;EFG-#$%& (A new nominal base derived
by keeping one word out of many) .......... 203
Apendix ............................................................................................................................................. 203
v
vi
Introduction
Introduction
Scope of Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Volume 3
In Volume 1, we have studied the two types of words in Sanskrit and how they are
syntactically connected in a sentence, by finding verbal and nominal suffixes attached to the
root and the nominal bases respectively.
<
637 8 (root) + %7V-< IJK (verbal suffix) = %7V5@ (verb)
<
I3%7W%X;@ (nominal <
base) + 1W8 -IJK 8
(nominal suffix) = 1Œ5@ <
(noun)
In Volume 3 we will take a closer look at 637 8 (roots) and I3%7W%X; (nominal bases).
637s8 are of two types: original 637s8 and derived 637s8 . Similarly, I3%7W%X;s are of two
types: underived I3%7W%X;s and derived I3%7W%X;s. Detailed information about them follows.
i. 637 8
There are two types of 637 8 (root).
1. Original 637 8
Original 637s8 are about 2000 in number.
They are defined by PāŽini and compiled in a book called “637W8 3 ”.
2. Derived 637 8
Any number of 637s8 can be derived grammatically from original 637 8 or nouns.
Those derived 637s8 are called 12345637-8 #$%&s.
1
Introduction
ii. I3%7W%X;@ <
There are two types of I3%7W%X; (nominal base).
8
1. Non-derived (Ms‘¡) I3%7W%X;
A meaningful group of letters, which is not a 637 8 or IJK (suffix), is called I3%7W%X;@. <
8
2. Derived (s‘¡) I3%7W%X;
I3%7W%X;s are also grammatically derived from roots and nouns.
There are three ways of deriving I3%7W%X;s.
<
i. Deriving a I3%7W%X; from a 637 8 by adding a type of suffix called ;$ 7-IJK
ii. Deriving a I3%7W%X; from a I3%7W%X; by adding a type of suffix called 7%>7-
IJK
iii. Deriving a I3%7W%X; by compounding two or more nouns (1@31 )
In this volume we will study how the derived 637s8 and I3%7W%X;s are made.
A few key words to know for this study are:
8
Derivation of a word is called s‘%& .
A derived word is called #$%& .
A sentence which grammatically explains a #$%& is called %#+, .
With reference to a given #$%& (derived word), we utilize %#+, (explanatory sentence)
8
to understand the s‘%& (derivation) of the word.
2
Topic I – #$%& and %#+,
Topic I
#$%& (derived word) and
%#+, (explanatory sentence)
#$%& (derived words)
#$%& is a word by which the meaning of other words is denoted.
E.g., eater is a #$%&, meaning “one who eats”.
#$%& is a word which needs explanation.
There are 5 types of #$%&.
8 %& (A new 637 8 derived from a 637 8 or a 1Œ5)

1. 12345637-#$ 8
< %& (A new I3%7W%X; derived from a 637)8

2. ;$ 7-#$
3. 7%>7-#$%& (A new I3%7W%X; derived from a I3%7W%X;)
8
4. 1@31-#$%& (A new I3%7W%X; derived by compounding 1Œ5s)
5. D;EFG-#$%& (Keeping one I3%7W%X; out of many)
%#+, (explanatory sentences)
%#+, is a sentence which explains the meaning of a #$%&.
There are 2 types of %#+,.
1. [¥%;;-%#+, (in natural language)
This type of explanatory sentence is seen in the language, especially for our
benefit, employed by traditional Vedanta teachers.
<
E.g., #FX323@ M53 #FX353 ¦
2. M[¥%;;-%#+, (not in natural language)
This type of sentence is seen only in grammar books.
< M5 + k1 <
E.g., #FX + Z@ +
3
Topic II – Brief Explanations of Five Types of #$%&
Topic II
Brief Explanation of
Five Types of #$%&
8 %& (A new root derived from a root or a noun)

1. 12345637-#$
123%X-IJK, a type of IJK (suffix), is suffixed to a 637 8 (root) or a 1Œ5

8 (noun) to create
a new 637 8 (root).
A group of 12 IJKs, beginning (Z%X) with 12, < is called 123%X .
That which ends (M5) with 123%X-IJK is called 12345 and it becomes a 637 8 by
PāŽini-sūtra 3.1.32 123453 637# ¦
The new 637 8 is called 12345-637 8 (that root which ends with 123%X-IJK).
637 8 /1Œ5@
8 < 123%XIJK = new 637 8 called 12345637 8
+
Examples of 12345637-8 #$%& and %#+,
637 8 123%X-IJK New 637 8 called [¥%;;-%#+, M[¥%;;-%#+,

(in the sense of) 12345-637 8
§3 < desire to do %k§31 (to desire to

12 (to §37@8 0< H¨3 1/1 < %k§31
§3 + 12 =
(to know) …) know) %k§313 1/1 ¦
;$ (to do) < desire to do %l; G] (to desire to do) ;7@]8 0< H¨3 1/1
12 (to < %l; G]
;$ + 12 =
…) %l; G3] 1/1 ¦
§3 < make
%Ql (to §3%W (to make < §3%W
§3 + %Ql =
-
(to know) somebody do …) somebody know)
;$ (to do) < make

%Ql (to ;3%h (to make < ;3%h
;$ + %Ql =
-
somebody do …) somebody do)
4
Some of the 123%X-IJKs are:

< an indicatory letter) is used in the sense of “to desire to do
< is the content and 2 is
1) 12 (1
…” and suffixed to a 637 8 to make a new 637 8 whose meaning will be “to desire to do the
action indicated by the 637”8 .
<
For example, to make a new 637 8 whose meaning is “to desire to know”, the 12 IJK is
<
suffixed to §3 (to know) 637.8 After some modifications, §3 + 12 becomes %k§31. As it
ends with one of the 123%X-IJKs, %k§31 is qualified to be a new 637,8 and it can be
conjugated as %k§31%7, %k§317 , etc.
2) %Ql (H <
< is the content and Q and <
l are indicatory letters) is used in the sense of “to make
somebody do …” and suffixed to a 637 8 to make a new 637 8 whose meaning will be “to
make somebody do the action indicated by the 637”8 .
For example, to make a new 637 8 whose meaning is “to make somebody know”, the %Ql <
<
IJK is suffixed to §3 (to know) 637.8 After some modifications, §3 + %Ql becomes §3%W.
As it ends with one of the 123%X-IJKs, §3%W is qualified to be a new 637,8 and it can be
conjugated as §3WK%7, §3WK7 , etc.
3) KV < (K is the content and V < is an indicatory letter) is used in the sense of “to do …
frequently or intensively” and suffixed to a 637 8 to make a new 637 8 whose meaning will
be “to do the action indicated by the 637 8 frequently or intensively”.
For example, WFW K (to drink again and again) is a new 637 8 derived from W3 (to drink)
< go) and KV.<
with KV < suffix. kNª (to go frequently or intensely) is derived from S@ (to
<
4) ql/;3ªl <
/qV < are suffixed to nouns in various senses to make a new 637.8
For example, “W„8 K” and “W„;3ª”

8 are new 637s8 . Both mean “to desire a son”. They are
8 ”< (son) suffixed by “ql”< and “;3ªl”,< respectively.
derived from a noun “W„@
More IJKs and their details are found in Topic VI.
5
< %& (A new nominal base derived from a root)

2. ;$ 7-#$
<
;$ 7-IJK, a type of IJK (suffix), is suffixed to a 637 8 (root) to create a new I3%7W%X;
(nominal base).
<
That which ends with ;$ 7-IJK <
becomes a I3%7W%X; by PāŽini-sūtra 1.2.46 ;$ 7-7%>7-
1@313¬ ¦
<
The new I3%7W%X; which ends (M5) with ;$ 7-IJK <
is called ;$ X5@ (that which ends
<
with ;$ 7-IJK).
<
637 8 + ;$ 7IJK <
= new I3%7W%X;@ called ;$ X5@ <
< %& and %#+,

Examples of ;$ 7-#$
637 8 <
;$ 7-IJK < %& or
;$ 7-#$ [¥%;;-%#+, M[¥%;;-%#+,
(in the sense of) ;$ X5- I3%7W%X;@ <
§3 <
7$l (agent) (…er) §37$ (knower) k323%7 III/1 H%7 0 < §37$
§3 + 7$l =
(to know) §373 1/1¦
§3 v (object in past) §37 (that which is §3K7F III/1 H%7 0 §3 + v = §37

1/1
(to know) (…ed) known) §37 ¦
§3 tc3 (having …ed) §3c3 (having known) - §3 + tc3 = §3c3

(to know)
§3 ye8 < (M2) (instrument §32 (by which §3K7F III/1 M22F 3/1 §3 + ye8 < = §32
(to know) or the meaning of something is known, H%7 0, §%“ 1/1
637 8 itself) or knowing itself) 63c€® 7/1 ¦
6
<
Some of the ;$ 7-IJKs are:
< an indicatory letter) is used in the sense of the agent. In

< is the content and l is
1) 7$l (7$
<
Sanskrit, the same thing is told as “7$l-IJK < suffixed to a 637 8 to
8 7F¦“. 7$l is
;7]%h IK¯
make a new I3%7W%X; whose meaning is “the agent of the action indicated by the 637”8 .
For example, to make a new I3%7W%X; whose meaning is “the knower, agent of
<
knowing,”, the 7$l IJK <
is suffixed to §3 (to know) 637.8 §3 + 7$l becomes §37$. As it ends
<
with one of the ;$ 7-IJKs, §37$ is qualified to be a new I3%7W%X;, and it is declined as
“§373, §373h¥, §373h ”, etc. in masculine.
2) v (7 is the content and ; < is an indicatory letter) is used generally in the sense of the
object of an action in the past. In Sanskrit, the same thing is told “v-IJK ;@]%Q p‡7 F
8 7F¦“. v is suffixed to a 637 8 to make a new I3%7W%X; whose meaning is “the object of
IK¯
the past action indicated by the 637”8 .
For example, §37 means “that which is known”. v-ending words decline according to
the gender of the noun which is being qualified by the v-ending word.
3) ye8 < (K 8 is the content and [ < and e < are indicatory letters) is suffixed to a 637 8 to indicate
mainly the instrument or location of the action of the 637,8 or the meaning of the 637 8
itself. In Sanskrit, “ye8 <-IJK ;hQF M%6;hQF p3#F l IK¯
8 7F ¦”. The K 8 is replaced by M2. The
new I3%7W%X; becomes M-ending and is mainly used in neuter gender.
4) tc3 (c3 is the content and ; < is an indicatory letter) is used to indicate an action which
happens prior to another action. The agent of both actions has to be the same. The new
I3%7W%X; is MsK (indeclinable).
More IJKs and their details are found in Topic VII.
7
3. 7%>7-#$%& (A new nominal base derived from a nominal base)
7%>7-IJK, a type of IJK, is suffixed to a I3%7W%X; to create a new I3%7W%X;.

<
That which ends with 7%>7-IJK becomes a I3%7W%X; by PāŽini-sūtra 1.2.46 ;$ 7-7%>7-
1@313¬ ¦
<
The new I3%7W%X;@ which ends with 7%>7-IJK is called 7%>735 (that which ends with
7%>7-IJK).
< 7%>7IJK = new I3%7W%X;@ called

I3%7W%X;@ + < 7%>735@ <
For certain 7%>7-IJKs to be suffixed, I3%7W%X; has to be with certain %#p%v (case). For
example, c, one of the 7%>7-IJKs, is suffixed to a I3%7W%X; ending with 6th case.
Examples of 7%>7-#$%& :
I3%7W%X;@ < 7%>7-IJK 7%>7-#$%& / [¥%;;-%#+, M[¥%;;-%#+,

(in the sense of) 7%>735- I3%7W%X;@ <
D; (one) c (the status of …) D;c (oneness) D;} 6/1 p3# 1/1
< c
D; + V1 +
< ¦
D;c@ 1/1 = D;c
D; (one) <
‚P (the status of …) °q (oneness) D;} 6/1 p3# 1/1
< ‚P <
D; + V1 +
< ¦
°q@ 1/1 = °q
pS (virtue <
@7Ww 8 (one who <
pS#7 (one who has pS 1/1
M} 6/1
pS + 1 w 8 + @7Ww 8 <
in absolute possesses …) pS, the lord) M%g III/1 H%7 0 = pS#7 <
measure) < ¦
pS#32 1/1
§32 (know- H%2w (one who < person who
§3%22 (a < M} 6/1
§32@ 1/1 §32 + 1 w 8 + H2 <
ledge) possesses …) has knowledge) M%g III/1 H%7 0 §32 = §3%22 <
1/1
¦
ph7 MQ < p3h7 (descendant of ph7} 6/1 MWJ- 1/1 < MQ <
ph7 + V1 +
(Bharata) (descendant of …) ph7) W@32 < p3h7 1/1 ¦
8 1/1 = p3h7
7X < (that) 7%1w[ < (5th case of …) 77 (from that) < ¦
7b37 5/1 7X < +V%1w + 7%1[ <
= 771 <
7X < (that) €3[ < (in … manner) 7€3 (in that manner) 7F2 3/1 I;3hFQ 3/1 ¦ 7X < + e3 + €3[ <
= 7€3
<
Note that inside the 7%>7-#$%&s all the 1W8 -IJKs are elided.
8
Some of the 7%>7-IJKs are:
1) c is suffixed to a I3%7W%X; with a 6th case nominal suffix to make a new I3%7W%X; whose
< th
meaning is “the status (p3#) of ...”. For example, c is suffixed to D; (one) with V1 (6
case singular suffix) to make a new I3%7W%X; D;c (the status of one, oneness). Its %#+,#3q
is D;} p3# D;c@ ¦< c-ending I3%7W%X; declines as M-ending neuter word.
2) ‚P (K <
< is the content, G and <
P are indicatory letters) is used in the same sense as c. The
<
indicatory letter P indicates that the first vowel of the MN (to which the suffix is
enjoined) should take #$%>. Then the last M#Q] (any type of M) or H#Q] (any type of H) of the
MN drops. Thus the I3%7W%X; °q can be derived from D; to mean “the status of one,
<
oneness”. ‚P-ending I3%7W%X; declines as M-ending neuter word.
<
3) @7Ww 8 (@7 < the content, `w and W are
is < indicatory letters) is suffixed to a I3%7W%X; with 1st case
ending to create a new I3%7W%X; whose meaning is “the one who has …”.
<
For example, to make a new I3%7W%X; whose meaning is “one who has pS”, @7Ww 8 IJK is
suffixed to pS . After necessary modifications, such as the elision of the nominal suffix
< @7Ww 8 with
of pS and substitution of @ of < #, < the new I3%7W%X; becomes pS#7 and
< declines
in all three genders.
< the content and Hw is indicatory letter) is used in the same sense as @7Ww 8 . < The last
4) H%2w (H2 is
<
M#Q] or H#Q] of the MN is elided and the new I3%7W%X; becomes H2-ending word.
5) A variety of 7%>7-IJKs are suffixed to names (proper nouns) to make a new I3%7W%X;
indicating “a descendent of …”. For example, p3h7 (son of ph7) is derived by suffixing
<
MQ-IJK to a proper noun “ph7”.
<
6) 7%1w[ < and €3[ < (71 and €3 are the contents, respectively) are suffixed to a 1#]23@ (pronoun)
to make a new I3%7W%X; indicating 5th case meaning and “in the manner” of that pronoun.
For example, 77 (from that) is derived from a 1#]23@ “77”< (that) by suffixing 7%1w[-IJK.
<
More IJKs and their details are found in Topic VIII.
9
4. 1@31-#$%& (A new nominal base derived by compounding nouns)
Two or more nouns which are meaningfully associated can be compounded into a
new I3%7W%X; (nominal base).
< called 1@31-#$%& , or 1@31 .
The new I3%7W%X;@ is
Generally a compound is made with two nouns at a time.
Of the two nouns, the first noun is called W‡#W] X@, < and the second noun is called
`&hWX@. <
8
1Œ5@ < #W] X@)< + 1Œ5@
(W‡ 8 <
(`&hWX@)< = new I3%7W%X;@ called
< 1@31#$%&
Examples of 1@31-#$%& and %#+, :
1@31#$%& W‡#W] X@ < `&hWX@ < [¥%;;-%#+, M[¥%;;-%#+,
#FX353 #FX323@ < M53 < M53

#FX323@ 6/3 1/3
H%7 0 #FX353 1/3
< M5 + k1 <
¦ #FX + Z@ +
7/1 1/1 1/1
7;] ;8E[ 7;® ;8E[ 7;® ;8E[ H%7 7;] ;8E[ ¦ 7;] + %V + ;8E[ + 1 w 8
Wh@3±3 Wh@ Z±3 Wh@¬ 1/1 M1¥ 1/1 Z±3 1/1 l H%7 0 < 1w8
Wh@ + 1 w 8 + Z±2 +
Wh@3±3 1/1 ¦
M23±3 <
2P (M2 )< Z±3 2 Z±3 1/1 H%7 0 M23±3 1/1 ¦ < 1w8
< Z±2 +
2P +
W 73²h W 7@ < M²h@ < < M²h- 1/1 K} 6/1 1

W 7@ 1/1 1/1
W 7 + 1 w 8 + M²h + 1 w 8
1/1
W 73²h ¦
1[³Q 1, [³QF2 [³QF2 3/1 1, 0 #7]7 F III/1 H%7 0 1, + [³Q + e3

1/1
1[³Q ¦
h3@[³Q¥ h3@ [³Q h3@¬ 1/1 [³Q¬ 1/1 h3@[³Q¥ 1/2 h3@ + 1 w 8 + [³Q + 1 w 8
<
Note that inside the compound all the 1W8 -IJKs are elided.
10
There are 4 types of 1@31, classified by which of the two words is predominant. (I632@).<
1. MsK p3#-1@31 (Type A) W‡#W] X@ < + `&hWX@ <
<
o The meaning of W‡#W] X@ has predominance. (W‡#W] X-M€-] I632@)<
8
2. 7‘’G-1@31 (Type T)
W‡#W] X@ < + `&hWX@ <
<
o The meaning of `&hWX@ has predominance. (`&hWX-M€-] I632@)<
<
E.g., #e} (of the tree) + @‡[@ (root) <
= #e@‡[@ (root of the tree)
<
2 [@ (blue) <
+ `‘[@ (lotus) <
= 2 [\‘[@ (blue lotus)
3. Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type B)

W‡#W] X@ < + `&hWX@ < M´WX@ <
< word other than the two) has predominance. (M´WX-

o The meaning of M´WX@ (a
M€ ]-I632@)<
<
E.g., W 7@ (yellow) <
+ M²h@ (clothes) K} (for whom) 1 (he is)
= W 73²h (one for whom clothes are yellow) = %#µ 8 (Lord Vi›Žu)
4. m™-1@31 (Type D)
W‡#W] X@ < + `&hWX@ <
o The meanings of both words have equal predominance. (`pKWX-M€ ]-I632@)<

E.g., h3@ (Rāma) l (and) + [³Q (Lak›maŽa) l (and) = h3@[³Q¥ (Rāma and
Lak›maŽa)
Predominance is decided by supplying a verb and examining which WX is denoted by

the verb. For example, “2 [\‘[- %#;1%7 ¦“ (Blue lotus blooms.) What blooms is the lotus,
not the blue. Thus `‘[ (the lotus) is predominant in the compound. Similarly, in
“W 73²h S¨%7 ¦“, neither yellow nor garment goes. Who actually goes is the meaning of
another word, %#µ 8 . Thus M´WX is decided to be predominant.
More details are found in Topic IX.
11
5. D;EFG-#$%& (A new nominal base derived by keeping one word out of many)
D; means “one”, and EFG means “remaining, balance”. Together they mean
“remaining of one word”.
When two or more I3%7W%X;s are present together in a same sentense, only one
remain under certain conditions. This is called D;EFG. The one which remains
represents other I3%7W%X;s.
Examples of D;EFG-#$%& and %#+, :
D;EFG-#$%& [¥%;;-%#+, M[¥%;;-%#+,
h3@¥ h3@¬ 1/1 h3@¬ 1/1 h3@¥ 1/2 ¦ h3@ + 1 w 8 + h3@ + 1 w 8
h3@3 h3@¬ 1/1 h3@¬ 1/1 h3@¬ 1/1 h3@3 1/3

¦ h3@ + 1 w 8 + h3@ + 1 w 8 + h3@ + 1 w 8
1/1
,-1¥ ,-1 l 0 ,-1¬ 1/1 ,-1¥ 1/2 ¦ ,-1 + 1 w 8 + ,-1 + 1 w 8
·37h¥ ·373 1/1 l 0 •13 1/1 l 0 ·37h¥ 1/2 ¦ ·37$ + 1 w 8 + •1$ + 1 w 8

8
W„¥ 8 1/1 ¸%,73 1/1 l 0 W„¥
W„¬ 8 1/2 ¦ W„8 + 1 w 8 + ¸%,7$ + 1 w 8
8 3%2
E¹ 8 ¬ 1/1 E¹
E¹ 8 3 1/1 l 0 E¹
8 - 1/1 l 0 E¹
8 3%2 1/3 ¦ 8 + 1 w 8 + E¹
E¹ 8 3 + 1 w 8 + E¹
8 + 1w8
%W7h¥ @373 1/1 l 0 %W73 1/1 l 0 %W7h¥ 1/2, @373%W7h¥ 1/2 #3 0 ¦ @37$ + 1 w 8 + %W7$ + 1 w 8
Some of the D;EFG examples are:
1) When there are two or more I3%7W%X;s, which are in the same form when in the same
case, only one I3%7W%X; remains among them. For example, when they are two "h3@"s
which are to be used in the same case ending, only one form h3@ remains.The duality
(the sense of two-ness) is expressed by the dual number of the nominal suffix when
declined.
12
2) In the same manner, when any number of I3%7W%X;s, which have the same form in the
same %#p%v, are used in one sentence, only one remains as D;EFG#$%&. The Number of the
members is expressed when the D;EFG#$%& is declined.
3) When there are I3%7W%X;s indicating male and female members of a class or species,
only the masculine I3%7W%X; remains among them. For example, ,-1 is a female goose
and ,-1 is a male goose. They both belong to the same species. When used in the same
sentence, only one masculine form remains. The %#+, of the word ,-1¥ can be “,-1 l
,-1¬ ,-1¥ ¦“ or “,-1¬ ,-1¬ ,-1¥ ¦“. Both are possible.
4) Similarly, when there are I3%7W%X;s ·37$ (brother) and •1$ (sister), or W„8 (son) and ¸%,7$
(daughter) in a sentence, used in used in the %#p%v, only the masculine I3%7W%X;
remains. The %#+, of the D;EFG#$%& will be “·37h¥” can be “·373 l •13 l ·37h¥ ¦“ or
8
“·373 l ·373 l ·37h¥ ¦“. Similarly, the %#+, of the D;EFG#$%& “W„¥” can be “W„8 l ¸%,73 l
8 ¦“ or “W„8 l W„8 l W„»
W„¥ 8 ¦“.
5) When there are I3%7W%X;s in the same form expressed in neuter gender as well as other
8 ¬ E¹
genders, only the I3%7W%X; in neuter remains. As in “E¹ 8 3 l E¹
8 - l E¹
8 3%2 ¦“.
6) When there are I3%7W%X;s %W7$ (father) and @37$ (mother) in the same %#p%v in a sentence,
the D;EFG is optional. If the D;EFG happens, only the form %W7$ remains as “@373 l %W73 l
%W7h¥¦”. If the D;EFG does not happen, they take %#p%v separately and become 2 WXs.
Then m™ 1@31 happens, as “@373 l %W73 l @373%W7h¥”, @37$ word comes first because of the
regulation which states the more respected member should come first in the m™-1@31.
13
<
Topic III – H7 letters in IJKs
Topic III
<
H7 letters in IJKs
<
Definitions of H7 letters
In IJKs, some extra letters are attached to the content of IJKs. These letters are called
<
H7 (indicatory) <
letters. H7 letters are defined in 7 PāŽini-sūtras.
The following definitions apply on PāŽini’s works, called `WXFE, i.e. IJKs, 637s8 , @3,F½h1‡„3%Q etc.
8
1. M223%1; (nasalized) vowel is H7. < (1.3.2 `WXFE¾F k223%1;
8 H7¦)<
e.g., <
`w of @7Ww 8 (7%>7-IJK )
2. ,[ < (consonant) at the end is H7. < (1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦~
< `WXFE F H7)<
e.g., < yW (;$

W of < 7-IJK
< )
; < of M; < (IJ3,3h )
3. However, 7#S], 1, < @ at
< the end of 1W8 and
< %7V < are not H7. < (1.3.4 2 %#pv¥ 7b < EF
8 3 ¦~ ,[¿@ `WXF
H7)< e.g., < M@ (1

@ of < W8 -IJK
< )
< Á1 (1
1 of < W8 -IJK
< )
< 71 (%7V
1 of < -< IJK )
4. %P, e8, d8 at the beginning of 637 8 are H7. < (1.3.5 Z%X%P ]e8d# ¦~ `WXFE F H7)<
e.g., e8 of e8#WF $w ;Â2 F (637 8 )
<
d8 of d8;$P ;hQF (637 8 )
< the beginning of IJK is H7. < (1.3.6 G IJK}¦ ~ Z%X `WXFE F H7)<
5. G at
e.g., < ‚P (7%>7-IJK
G of < )
6. l#S] and e#S] at the beginning of IJK is H7. < (1.3.7 le8 ‡ ¦ ~ IJK} Z%X `WXFE F H7)<
e.g., < %Ql (123%X-IJK
Q of < )
7. [,< E, < and ;#S] at the beginning of IJK is H7, < unless the IJK is a 7%>7-IJK. (1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F
¦~ IJK} Z%X `WXFE F H7)<
e.g., < 7-IJK
[ < of yW (;$ < )
; < of t7 (;$ 7-IJK
< )
<
All the H7 letters are to be elided. (1.3.9 7} [\W ¦ ~ H7 )
14
<
<
Giving nicknames to IJKs based on H7 letters
<
In qW IJK, <
H7 letters are ; < and W. < Thus the %t#W IJK
< <
can be called %;7 (one < ;)<
whose H7 is
<
or %W7 (one < W).<
whose H7 is
These are Œ–— %,-1@31 (a type of compound) and their %#+,#3qs (explanatory sentences)
are:
; < H7 K},
< 1 %;7, < qW ¦< < ;,< is %;7, < an adjective to qW. <
The one whose (K}) H7 is
< K},
W H7 < 1 %W7, < qW ¦< < W, < is %W7, < an adjective to qW. <
The one whose (K}) H7 is
Exercise 1:
These are the IJKs we are going to study in this book. Find out which letters are H7, < and
cross them out. Write the content of the IJK, and make names of the IJK based on the H7 <
letters. Note that 7%>7-IJKs are listed from number 22 onwards.
IJK3 letters content H7, < sūtra, and nick name
1. %Ql < Q< H l< H Q, < 1.3.5 le8 ‡ ¦, %Q7; < l, < 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦,< %l7 <
2. 12 < 1< M 2<
3. KV < K < M V<
4. 7$l < 7< Å l<

8 <
5. r#[ Q < # < ` [<
6. K7 < K< M 7<
7. qW < ;< K < M W <
8. rK7 < Q< K< M 7<
9. 7s 7< M #< K< M
10. M2 Kh < M 2 < † K < M h <
11. t7 ;< 7 < M
12. t7#7 w 8 ; < 7 < M # < M 7 < `w
13. zP < z< M P<
14. ye8 < [< K < ` e<
15. %t72 < ;< 7 < H 2 <
15
<
IJK3 letters content name based on H7 <
16. tc3 ;< 7 < # < Z
17. yW < [< K < M W <
18. E7$w E < M 7 < Åw
19. E32l < E< Z 2< M l<
20. #1 w 8 # < M 1 < `w
21. MQ < M Q<
22. MP < M P<
23. HP < H P<
24. •; < • < M ;<
25. @7Ww 8 < @ < M 7 < `w W <
26. H%2w H 2 < Hw
27. %#%2w # < H 2 < Hw
28. Ml < M l<
29. c 7< #< M
30. 7[ < 7 < M [<
31. ‚P < G< K< M P<
32. 7%1w[ < 7 < M 1 < Hw [ <
33. „[ < 7 < h< M [<
34. X3 X< Z
35. €3[ < € < Z [<
36. 7hW < 7< M h< M W<
37. 7@W < 7< M @< M W<
38. †K12w 8 < † K < M 1 < `w 2 <
39. Hu2 < H G< < M 2<
40. ;W < ;< M W <
Exercise 2:
<
Do the same to %7V-< IJK and 1W8 -IJKs.
16
Topic IV Common Changes in MN
Topic IV
Common Changes in MNs
When a IJK is suffixed to a I;$ %7, that I;$ %7 is called MN. There are some common
changes enjoined to MNs.
A. 637 8 as MN
8 can take place in
When a IJK is suffixed to a 637,8 the 637 8 is called MN and #$%> or SQ
<
that MN depending on the H7 letter of the IJK.
637 8
(MN@)<
+ IJK
< %Q7 <

1. #$%> takes place when the IJK is %P7 or
at the last H;,< if the 637 8 ends with H;.< (7.2.115 Ml\ %ÆQ%7 ¦ ~ MN} #$%> )
8 <
E.g.1, 2 + r#[ 8 < IJK is suffixed.
To “2 ” 637,8 r#[
2 + M; 8 < is replaced by M;.
r#[
2 » + M; <
Being a %Q7 IJK, 8 < causes #$%> in the MN.
r#[
< M;
23K + < -ZK
MK-M# < <
-Z# <
1%• is applied.
23K; (one who leads)
at the penultimate short M, if the 637 8 has one. (7.2.116 M7 `W63K3 ¦ ~ MN} #$%> %ÆQ%7)
8 <
E.g. 2, W < + r#[ 8 < IJK is suffixed.
To “W <” 637,8 r#[
W < + M; 8 < is replaced by M;.
r#[
W3 < + M; <
Being a %Q7 IJK, 8 < causes #$%> in the MN.
r#[
W3 ; (one who studies)
E.g. 3, W < + zP < <
To “W <” 637,8 zP IJK is suffixed.
W <+M <
H7 letters are removed.
W3 < + M <
Being a %P7 IJK, <
zP causes #$%> in the MN.
W3 (study)
17
8 can take place

2. If #$%> did not take place, SQ
at the last H;,< if the 637 8 ends with H;.< (7.3.84 13#]637;
8 36]637; 8 )
8 K\ ¦ ~ MN} SQ
E.g. 1, 2 + 7$l < <

To “2 ” 637,8 7$l IJK is suffixed.
2 + 7$ <
H7 letter is removed.
2 F + 7$ <
7$l IJK 8 in the MN.
causes SQ
27F $ (one who leads)
E.g. 2, ;$ + ye8 < To “;$ ” 637,8 ye8 < IJK is suffixed.
;$ + M2 ye8 < is replaced by M2.
;h <+ M2 8 takes place in the MN caused by the ye8 < IJK.
SQ
;h <+ MQ Qc-1%• is applied.
;hQ (means of doing)
at the penultimate short H;,< if the 637 8 has one. (7.3.86 WS5[z‡
8 8 13#]...)
W6} l ¦ ~ MN} SQ
E.g. 3, Œ68 < + zP < To “Œ68 ”< 637,8 zP IJK
< is suffixed.
Œ68 < + M <
H7 letters are removed.
< M
Œ\6 + 8 takes place in the MN caused by the “zP”< IJK.
SQ
Œ\6 (knowledge)
E.g. 4, HG < + ye8 < To “HG”< 637,8 ye8 < IJK is suffixed.
HG < + M2 ye8 < is replaced by M2.
DG < + M2 8 in the MN.
ye8 < IJK causes SQ
DG < + MQ Qc-1%• is applied.
DGQ (desire)
3. Prohibition of SQ < %V7 < (1.1.5 %ttV%7 l ¦ ~ 2 SQ#$

8 & #$%> when the IJK is %;7 or 8 >)
E.g. 1, ;$ + tc3 to “;$ ” 637,8 tc3 IJK is suffixed.

;$ + c3 ; < of tc3 is H7 letter,
< thus ; < is removed.
Because the IJK is %;7, < SQ
8 change is prevented in MN.
;$ c3 (having done)
18
B. I3%7W%X; as MN
When a 7%>7-IJK is suffixed to a I3%7W%X;, that I3%7W%X; is called MN. If the I3%7W%X; is
<
followed by 1W8 -IJK, <
the 1W8 -IJK is elided and only I3%7W%X; remains. There are some
<
common operations on that MN according to the H7 letter, or beginning letter of the 7%>7-IJK.
I3%7W%X;@ <
(MN@)<
+ 7%>7-IJK
1. Z%X-#$%> (#$%> on the first vowel of the MN) takes place

when the 7%>7-IJK is %P7, < %Q7, < or %;7 <
PāŽini-sūtras 7.2.117 7%>7FÇl3@3XF ¦ ~ MN} #$%> %ÆQ%7, and 7.2.118 %;%7 l¦ ~ MN} #$%>
7%>7FÇl3@3XF describe this rule.
< ‚P <
E.g. 1, †½h +V1 + To a I3%7W%X; with 6th case suffix, ‚P IJK
< is suffixed.
†½h + K <
H7 letters <
are elided. 1W8 -IJK is also elided.
°½h + K Being %P7, < ‚P IJK
< causes #$%> on the first vowel of the MN.
°½h < + K The last M of the MN is elided by the next rule.
°½K] (lordship)
< MQ <
E.g. 2, ph7 +V1 + <
To a I3%7W%X; with 6th case suffix, MQ 7%>7-IJK is suffixed.
ph7 +M <
H7 letters <
p3h7 +M <
Being %Q7, < MQ suffix causes #$%> on the first vowel of the MN.
p3h7 < +M The last M of the MN is elided by the next rule.
p3h7 (the descendant of ph7)
< •; <
E.g. 3, ;85 +V1 + To a I3%7W%X; with 6th case suffix, •; < 7%>7-IJK is suffixed.
;85 +• <
H7 letters <
;85 + DK • is replaced by DK by 7.1.2 ZK2KF 2 %KK È•ÉÊz3- IJK3X 23@ ¦<
;¥5 + DK Being %;7, < •; < suffix causes #$%> on the first vowel of the MN.
;¥5 < + DK The last † of the MN is elided by the next rule.
;¥5FK (the descendant of ;85 )
19
2. [\W of the last M#Q] or H#Q] in MN when the 7%>7-IJK begins with “K”< or a vowel
PāŽini-sūtra 6.4.148 K}F%7 l ¦ ~ p} MN} 7%>7F [\W describes this rule.
MN M/H#Q] < <

Ml/K 7%>7-IJK
[\W (elision)
For examples, see the examples of the previous rule.
8 of the last `#Q] in MN when the 7%>7-IJK begins with “K”< or a vowel
3. SQ
]8 ¦ ~ p} MN} 7%>7F describes this rule.

PāŽini-sūtra 6.4.146 ËSQ
E.g., < MP <

W3rd8 + V1 + To a I3%7W%X; with 6th case suffix,MP IJK
< is suffixed.
W3rd8 + +M <
H7 letters <
W3rd\ +M <
Since the MP begins 8
with vowel, the last ` of MN takes SQ.
W3rd# < +M MK#3K3#-1%• takes place.
W3rd# (the son of PāŽÌu)
In the same manner, ;¥h# is derived from ;8’, h3z# from hz,8 p3S]# from p$S,8 etc.
20
8 < and MbX < in singular are changed into cX < and @X <.
4. KaX
8 X < and MbX < are 1#]23@ (pronoun) indicating the listener and speaker, respectively.
Ka
When these pronouns are used in singular and followed by a IJK or `&hWX in 1@31, they are
changed into cX < and @X < respectively. PāŽini-sūtra 7.2.98 IJK\&hWXK\¬¦ ~ MN} %#pv¥
c@3#F;#l2 F @WK]5} describes this rule.
e.g., 8 X < +V%1w + 7%1w[ <

Ka To a I3%7W%X; with 5th case suffix, 7%1w[ < IJK is suffixed.
8 X <+
Ka + 71 < <
H7 letters <
cX < + 71 < 8 X < is used in the sense of singular here, and it is
Because Ka
8 X < is changed into cX <.
followed by a IJK, Ka
c7 < + 71 < By 8.4.55 É%h l ¦, lc]-1%• takes place.
c&1 < (from you)
In the same manner, cX K, cÍ13X, cX´, etc. are formed.
e.g., < w8
MbX <+%V + @21+1 A sentence “@%K (in me) @2 (the mind) K} (whose) 1 ¦” is
qualified to be a compound.
MbX < + @21 < <
1W8 -IJKs are elided.
@X < + @21 < Because MbX < is used in the sense of singular here, and it is
followed by IJK, MbX < is changed into @X <.
@2 < + @21 < 8
By 8.4.45 Kh\¾223%1;F 8
¾223%1;\ #3 ¦, X < is replaced by 2. <
@Î21 < (the one whose mind is in me)
In the same manner, @&1, < @X K, @ˆv, @X3±2, < @‘h, etc. are formed.
21
Topic V Common Changes in MN
Topic V
Hd3S@ (augment He <)
ZS@ (augment) is an additional letter to an entity such as IJK, 637,8 etc., without adding
any meaning. It is enjoined by PāŽini-sūtra.
ZS@ does not have its own entity. For example, when an ZS@ is attached to a IJK, it
becomes a part of the IJK.
He < is an ZS@ attached to the beginning of a IJK under some conditions listed below:
637 8 has to be:

Condition 1) 1Fe < 637 8
1Fe < is a type of 637 8 which comes with (1,) He <. In 637;
8 \E 1Fe < is indicated as “S” in the
third column after the first two columns for 1 to 10 conjugation and P/A/U.
IJK has to be:
8 -IJK
Condition 1) Z6]637;
8 is a technical term for a IJK which is suffixed to 637,8 and not %7V < or %E7. <
Z6]637;
Condition 2) starting with #[ < (any consonant other than K)<
To see how He < is attached, IJKs conforming to the conditions are listed with a 1Fe < 637.8
1Fe < 637 8 IJK modification process final form
%#X < (2P S) to know <
+ 12 = %#%#X < + He < + 1 = %#%#%XG
<
+ 7$l = #FX < + He < + 7$ = #F%X7$
+ tc3 = %#X < + He < + c3 = %#%Xc3
<
+ 7@8 28 = #FX < + <
He < + 7@8 = #F%X7@8 <
+v= %#X < + He < + 7 = %#%X7
+ v#7 w 8 = %#X < + He < + 7#7=< %#%X7#7 <
+ 7s = #FX < + He < + 7s = #F%X7s
22
Topic VI – 123453 - Derived Roots
Wf#$%&-%#gh3
We have seen Wf#$&K in brief. From here onwards, we will see them in detail.
Topic VI
123453
Derived Roots
123%X-IJK3 (Suffixes to make a root)
123%X-IJKs are the suffixes added to a 637 8 (root) or a 1Œ5-

8 <
WX@ (noun) to make a new
637.8
637 8 /1Œ5@
8 < 123%X-IJK = new 637 8
+
There are 12 123%X-IJKs, found in PāŽini-sūtras 3.1.5 to 3.1.31. PāŽini-sūtra 3.1.32
defines 123%X-IJK-ending words to be qualified to be called 637.8
The new 637 8 which ends (M5) with 123%X-IJK is called 12345-637 8 (that which end
with 123%X type of suffix).
123%X-IJKs indicate actions related to the 637 8 or 1Œ5-

8 < which the 123%X-IJKs are
WX@ to
suffixed.
The new 637s8 enjoy the status of 637,8 that is, they will be conjugated, or transformed
<
into ;$ X5s by suffixing ;$ 7-IJKs.
23
Topic VI – 123453 - Derived Roots
Here are the 12 123%X-IJKs:
<
1. 12 (desiderative)
<
2. ql (23@637,8 a root from noun)
e.g., Z±2 (for himself) W„@ <
8 (son) H¨%7 (desires) H%7 W„8 K%7 (he desires to have a son) ¦
<
3. ;3ªl (23@637 )8
<
e.g., %,7@ (benefit) H¨%7 (desires) H%7 %,7;3ª%7 (desires for benefit) ¦
4. qV < (23@637)8
<
5. %t#W (23@637)8
<
6. qG (23@637 )8
7. %QV < (23@637)8
<
8. %Ql (causative)
9. KV < (Intensive)
8 2 (repeatedly) p$E - (intensively) Ï@%7 (moves around) H%7 XÐª7F ¦
e.g., W¥2 W´F
8 2 p$E - ,%5 (injures) H%7 kÑz´7F ¦
e.g., W¥2 W´F
8 2 %WŒ%7 (drinks) H%7 WFW K7F ¦
e.g., W¥2 W´F
10. K; < (23@637)8
e.g., M%p + M1‡ + K; < = MÁ1‡K, MÁ1‡K%7 (He feels jealous.)
11. ZK (for SW8 , < 6‡W, < etc. 637s8 )
< )8
12. †KV < (for Å7 637
When studying 123%X-IJKs, the following things are to be known:
1) What meaning 123%X-IJK brings
2) Content of the 123%X-IJK
<
3) H7 letters of the 123%X-IJK and their functions
4) Special modifications of IJK and MN (that which immediately precedes a IJK)
<
5) How the new 637 8 is conjugated, and which ;$ 7-IJKs are generally suffixed
< the 12345-637-8 #$%&

6) %#+,#3q@ of
In this book, each 123%X-IJK will be introduced with these 6 aspects.
24
Topic VI – 123453 - Derived Roots %Ql <
<
1. %Qk5 (%Ql-IJK ending root)
<
The %Ql-ending 637 8 is commonly called %Qk5 (that which ends with %Ql.)<
< suffixed to a 637 8 to make a new 637.8

%Ql is
Of the 123%X-IJKs, the following are the 6 things to be known regarding “%Ql”:<
<
1) Which sense %Ql brings
• Causative (to make/cause somebody do …)
• Note that %Ql is suffixed to 637s8 in 10th conjugation without causative sense.
2) Content of %Ql <
• H
<
3) H7 (indicatory) <
letters of %Ql and their function
• Q –< By 1.3.7 le8 ‡ . It is to cause #$%> on MN, if applicable.
• l –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@. < It is for intonation
4) Special modifications of IJK and MN
• <
Being %Q7 IJK 8 can take place. See Topic IV A for details.
to 637,8 #$%> and SQ
• < added to the end of the 637.8
When the 637 8 is Z ending, an augment W is
< §3%W, Ò3 + %Ql =
E.g., §3 + %Ql = < Ò3%W, etc. Note that there are some exceptions
< MÓ3%W, and S@ +
such as M%6 + HV < to study + %Ql = < S%@.
< %Ql =
5) How the new 637 8 is treated
• The %Qk53-637 8 is `pKWX by default.

• When conjugating, the new 637 8 is treated like 1st conjugation.
• <
Any ;$ 7-IJK can be added.
6) %#+,#3q@ of <
< this %Ql-ending 12345637-8 #$%&
• For example, “;8#]5 - IFhK%7 H%7 ;3hK%7/;3hK7F ¦”, “WÔK5- IFhK%7 H%7 XE]K%7/XE]K7F ¦”,
etc.
• <
Note that %#+,#3q for %Ql-ending 12345637-8 #$%& is not commonly seen.
25
%Ql < Topic VI – 123453 - Derived Roots
<
For example, to make a new 637 8 indicating an action “to make somebody do”, %Ql is
suffixed to the 637 8 ;$ (to do). The last Å, which is H;,< takes #$%> because of the H7 letter
< < %Ql. <
Q of
When Å or Õ becomes MQ, < it is mandated to be followed by h.< Thus the #$%> substitute for the
Å of 637 8 ;$ is #$%> letter Z followed by h,< together Zh.< Then the new 637 8 becomes ;3%h. Hence, ;$
<
(to do) + %Ql (causative) = ;3%h (to make somebody do).
1) ;$ + %Ql < < the sense of causative is suffixed to the 637 8 ;$ (to do).
A 123%X-IJK %Ql in
By the addition of the suffix, ;$ is qualified to be an MN.
2) ;$ +H <
Q and < %Ql are
l of < <
H7 (indicatory) letters. They are elided.
3) ;3h <+ H <
Being %Q7-IJK, <
%Ql can cause #$%> in the MN. (See Topic IV)
4) ;3%h Being 12345 (that which ends with 123%X-IJK), this is qualified to
be a 637.8 The meaning is “to make somebody do”.
The conjugation in present tense in active voice will be ;3hK%7 (he makes somebody do),
;3hK7 ;3hK%5,… In imperative in active voice will be ;3hK7 8 (may one make somebody do,
;3hK73@, < ;3hK5,8 …
1) ;3%h + [e < To denote an agent of a present action, [e <-IJK is suffixed to the 637.8
By the addition of the suffix, ;3%h is qualified to be an MN.
2) ;3%h + %7W < [e < is replaced by %7V-< IJK, a conjugational suffix to make a verb.
3) ;3%h + %7 < H7 hence
W is < elided.
< %7 %7V < can bring another suffix EW to
4) ;3%h + EW + < the 637.8
<
5) ;3%h + M + %7 E and < EW are
W of < H7, < thus elided.
6) ;3hF + M + %7 <
The suffix EW cause 8 to its MN. (See Topic IV)
SQ
< M + %7 Vowel 1%• is applicable. By 6.1.78 Dl\¾K#3K3# ¦ MK takes
7) ;3hK + < place.
8) ;3hK%7 This is the final form.
<
From the new 637 8 – ;3%h, ;$ X5 words can also be made. With 7$l (agent) the new
I3%7W%X; is ;3h%K7$. With E7$ (indicating ;73] of present action, in other words, present active
<
participle) the new I3%7W%X; is ;3hK7 (the one who is making somebody do). With tc3 (agent
of previous action), the new I3%7W%X; is ;3h%Kc3 (having made someone do).
26
Topic VI – 123453 - Derived Roots %Ql <
<
Here are more examples of %Ql-ending (%Qk5) 637s8 :
Original 637 8 New 637 8 and %#+,#3q@ < [e </;7]%h/III/1
M%6 + H (to study) < MÓ3%W (to make somebody study, to teach)
+ %Ql = MÓ3WK%7
;$ (to do) < ;3%h (to make somebody do)
+ %Ql = ;3hK%7
É3X < (to eat) < É3%X (to make somebody eat, to feed)
+ %Ql = É3XK%7
< go)
S@ (to < S%@ (to make somebody go)
+ %Ql = S@K%7
§3 (to know) < §3%W (to make somebody know)
+ %Ql = §3WK%7
< see)
ÖE (to < X%E] (to make somebody see, to show)
+ %Ql = XE]K%7
W < (to study) < W3% (to make somebody study, to teach)
+ %Ql = W3 K%7
< know)
Œ68 (to < Œ\%6 (to make somebody know, to teach)
+ %Ql = Œ\6K%7
8 (to
%2 + Kk < %2K\%k (to make somebody engage, urge)
< engage) + %Ql = %2K\kK%7
< engage)
I + #$7 (to < I#%7] (to make somebody engage, to propel)
+ %Ql = I#7]K%7
8 (to hear) < 3%# (to make somebody hear, to tell)
+ %Ql = 3#K%7
Ò3 (to stand) < Ò3%W (to make somebody stand, to put)
+ %Ql = Ò3WK%7
< injure)
,2 (to < z3%7 (to make somebody kill)
+ %Ql = z37K%7
Exercise: Find %Qk5 637s8 in the following sentences, identify the 637s8 and translate the
sentences by parsing each word. For %#p%vs related %Qk5, see Appendix.
<
1. 1‡K ] 1#3]2 %#GK32 <
I;3EK%7 ¦ - 3W23€3]K 1-p#3%@ KS8 F KS8 F ¦
11. 6@]1Ò
2. #3K 8 E3É3 l3[K%7 ¦ 12. @%K Œ%8 >- %2#FEK ¦
3. M,- §32X WF2 7@ 23EK3%@ ¦ 13. 2 Œ%8 >pFX- k2KF7 ¦<
4. XF, 2 ;h\%7 2 ;3hK%7 ¦ <

14. ’Ï 1#3]2 h\XK%7 ¦
8
5. ;€- 1 W’G ;- z37K%7 ¦ 15. %W73 W„-8 +3@- S@K%7 ¦
6. K H@- Wh@- S×- <

8 3#KF7 ØÙ1-
1%X ¦ 16. S’8 %E‚- IŒ\6K%7 ¦
7. ÖÚ35 X3Ú3]5 - §3WK%7 ¦ < X@ MÓ3WK%7

17. Zl3K] %E‚32 #F < ¦
8. †½h Mk2]8 3K %#½ÛW- XE]K%7 ¦ 18. @373 ËX2- %EE28 3 É3XK%7 ¦
9. 1F2K\’pK\@]Ó F h€- Ò3WK @F¾Ü78 ¦ 8 ;@]%Q I#7]K%7 ¦

19. #FX W’G-
10. 1F2K\’pK\@]Ó F Ò3W%Kc3 h€\&@@ ¦< 20. z\hF ;@]%Q @3- %2K\kK%1 ¦
27
12 < Topic VI – 123453 - Derived Roots
<
2. 125 (12-IJK ending root)
< one of the 123%X-IJKs, suffixed to 637 8 to make a new 637.8
12 is
<
The 12-ending 637 8 is commonly called 125 (that which ends with 12.)<
<
The following are the 6 things to be known regarding 12 IJK:
< used
1) In which sense 12 is
• <
Desiderative (to desire to do …) 12 denotes the action of desiring
2) Content of 12 <
• 1
<
letters of 12 and their function
• 2 –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@. < This is for intonation.
• <
%mc@ (reduplication of the 637)8 takes place. Details follow.
• 8 or #$%> takes place in the MN. (Ref. 1.2.8 to 1.2.10)
No SQ
• <
< 12 becomes
When He <-ZS@ is attached, 1 of G. <
5) How the new 637 8 is treated
• In conjugating, 1235-637 8 is treated like 637s8 in 1st conjugation.
E.g. 1, %k§31%7, %k§317 , %k§31%5, etc.
• <
Two ;$ 7-IJKs are commonly suffixed to 12345637.8 One is “`” to denote agent,
the other is “M” to denote the action itlsef.
E.g. 2. %WW31 (to desire to drink) + ` (agent) = %WW31 8 (one who desires to drink)
E.g. 3. %WW31 (to desire to drink) + M (action itselg) + Z (feminine suffix to make
it femine) = %WW313 (thirst)
6) %#+,#3q@ of <
< this 12-ending 12345637-8 #$%&
• < 7-IJK
In %#+,#3q, 7@8 28 (;$ < to make “to infinitive”) is used after orininal 637.8
• H¨%7 (disires), HÝ (agent of desiring), H¨3 (desire), etc. are used as 125637 8 is
suffixed with %7V,< `, and M , respectively.
<
E.g. 1, W37@8 H¨%7 H%7 %WW31%7¦ He desires to drink is said %WW31%7.
<
E.g. 2, W37@8 HÝ %WW31 8 ¦ The one who wants to drink is %WW31 8
<
E.g. 3, W37@8 H¨3 %WW313 ¦ The desire to drink is %WW313.
28
Topic VI – 123453 – Derived Roots 12 <
< suffixed
For example, to make a new 637 8 indicating an action “to desire to drink”, 12 is
to the 637 8 W3 (to drink). After the modifications shown below, the new 637 8 becomes %WW31.
1) W3 + 12 < < suffixed to the 637 8 W3 (to drink).
A 123%X-IJK 12 is
By the addition of the suffix, W3 is qualified to be an MN.
2) W3 +1 < 12 is
2 of < H7 thus
< elided.
3) W3 + W3 + 1 <
When 12-IJK <
is suffixed, 637 8 undergoes %mc@ (reduplication).
4) %W + W3 + 1 The first one of the two undergoes further modifications.
5) %WW31 This is the final form. Being 12345, this is qualified to be a 637.8
From the new 12345-637,8 %7V5 (verbs) can be made by suffixing %7V-< IJKs. The
conjugation of the 637 8 in present tense in active voice will be %WW31%7 (he desires to drink, he is
thirsty), %WW317 , %WW31%5 …
1) %WW31 + [e < To conjugate in present tense, [e < is suffixed.
2) %WW31 + %7W < In the place of [;3h, %7V < is the substitute.
< %7
3) %WW31 + EW + <
In [e <, SQ%#;hQ EW IJK is suffixed to 637.8
4) %WW31%7 After removing H7s,< and sandhi, this is the last form.
<
;$ 7-IJK “`” denotes the agent of 12345637 8 and makes a new I3%7W%X;. For example,
%WW31 (to desire to drink) + ` (agent) makes %WW31 8 (one who is thirsty), %k§31 (to desire to
know) + ` (agent) makes %k§31 8 (one who wants to know). The new I3%7W%X; declines as `-
8
ending, like S’.
<
Another ;$ 7-IJK is “M”, which makes a new Z-ending feminine I3%7W%X; denoting the
action itself. For example, from the new 12345637 8 %WW31 (to desire to drink), by suffixing M
<
and feminine suffix e3W (Z), a new I3%7W%X; %WW313 (thirst) is made. Note that feminine suffix
<
e3W (Z) is suffixed to certain M-ending feminine word without adding any extra meaning.
<
Similarly, %k§313 (desire to know) is made by suffixing M and feminine suffix e3W (Z) to a
12345637 8 %k§31 (to desire to know).
29
<
%mc@ (Reduplication)
637s8 undergo reduplication, %mc, when the 637s8 are suffixed with certain IJKs such as:
• %[e < (verbal suffix in perfect past tense)
• <
12 (desiderative)
• KV < (intensive)
• Þ 8 (conjugational suffix for 3rd conjugation)
• other specific instances
When and how the 637s8 should be reduplicated are described from PāŽini-sūtra 6.1.1
onwards.
After reduplicating a 637,8 in other words after repeating a 637 8 twice, the first one of the
two is called “MÁ31”.
The MÁ31 undergoes a process called “MÁ31-;3K]”, which is described from PāŽini-sūtra
7.4.58 onwards.
Here is a basic outline of the process of MÁ31:
a) The vowel becomes ß• (short). (7.4.59 ß• ¦)
b) Only the initial consonant remains. Any other consonants are elided. (7.4.60
,[3%X EFG ¦)
c) ;#S] and , < become their corresponding l#S] letters. (7.4.62 ;8,\¬ 8 ¦)
d) Å becomes M. (7.4.66 `h7¦)<
<
e) Only when 12 follows, a short M becomes H. (7.4.79 1´7 ¦)
<
f) à[ < should become kE (class 3) or lh <(class 1). (8.4.54 MÁ31F ll]¦)
For example:
§3 + §3 + 12 < < 12 < ,3 + ,3 + 12 <
< ÖE +
ÖE + 637s8 are reduplicated by 12. <
§ + §3 + 12 < , + ,3 + 12 < by a) 7.4.59 ß• ¦
k + §3 + 12 < < 12 <
Ö + ÖE + by b) 7.4.60 ,[3%X EFG ¦
à + ,3 + 12 < by c) 7.4.62 ;8,\¬ 8 ¦
< 12 <
X + ÖE + by d) 7.4.66 `h7¦<
%k + §3 + 12 < %X + ;$ + 12 < %à + ,3 + 12 < by e) 7.4.79 1´7 ¦
%k + ,3 + 12 < by e) 8.4.54 MÁ31F ll]¦
30
<
Here are more examples of 12-ending (125) 637s8 :
Original 637 8 New 637 8 Example of %#+,#3q@ <
< obtain)
ZW (to < †á (to desire to obtain)
+ 12 = <
Z“@8 H¨%7 †á%7 ¦
;$ (to do) < %l; G] (to desire to do)
+ 12 = <
;7@]8 HÝ %l; G ]8 ¦
â3 (to state) < %lâ31 (to desire to state)
+ 12 = <
â37@8 H¨%7 %lâ31%7 ¦
< go)
S@ (to < %kS%@G (to desire to go)
+ 12 = <
S5@8 H¨%7 %kS%@G%7 ¦
M2 8 + +, < (to bless) < M2%kz$
+ 12 = 8 | (to desire to bless) <
8 , 7@8 HÝ
M2S$ 8 |8 ¦
M2%kz$
%k (to conquer) < %kS G (to desire to conquer)
+ 12 = <
kF7@8 HÝ %kS G 8 ¦
< live)
k # (to < %kk %#G (to desire to live)
+ 12 = <
k %#7@8 H¨%7 %kk %#G%7 ¦
§3 (to know) < %k§31 (to desire to know)
+ 12 = <
§37@8 HÝ %k§31 8 ¦
7ã (to cross) < %77 G] (to desire to cross)
+ 12 = <
7%h7@8 H¨%7 %77 G]%7 ¦
< teach)
`W + %XE (to < `W%X%X| (to desire to teach)
+ 12 = `WXFÚ@ <
8 H¨%7 `W%X%X|%7 ¦
< see)
ÖE (to < %XÖ| (to desire to see)
+ 12 = ÏÚ@ <
8 H¨%7 %XÖ|%7 ¦
Ó» (to meditate) < %XÓ31 (to desire to meditate)
+ 12 = <
Ó37@8 H¨%7 %XÓ31%7 ¦
W < (to study) < %WW% G (to desire to study)
+ 12 = <
W% 7@8 H¨%7 %WW% G%7 ¦
W3 (to drink) < %WW31 (to desire to drink)
+ 12 = <
W37@8 H¨3 %WW313 ¦
< know)
Œ68 (to < Œp8 ä
+ 12 = 8 (to desire to know) Œ\>@ <
8 H¨%7 Œp8 ä%7
8 ¦
< enjoy)
8 (to
pk < Œp8 |
+ 12 = 8 (to desire to enjoy) <
p\v8@ H¨3 Œp8 |3
8 ¦
@l < liberate)
8 (to < @@8 |
+ 12 = 8 (to desire to liberate) <
@\v8@ H¨3 @@8 |
8 3¦
Z + ’, < (to climb) < Z’’| (to desire to climb)

+ 12 = Zh\•@ <
8 HÝ Z’’| 8
< speak)
#l (to < %##| (to desire to speak)
+ 12 = <
#v8@ H¨3 %##|3 ¦
%#X < (to know) < %#%#%XG (to desire to know)
+ 12 = <
#F%X7@8 H¨3 %#%#%XG3 ¦
8 (to hear) < E 8 G‡ (to desire to hear)
+ 12 = <
\7@8 H¨3 E 8 G‡ 3 ¦
,3 (to give up) < %k,31 (to desire to give up)
+ 12 = <
,37@8 H¨3 %k,313 ¦
W%h + W3[ < + %Ql < < W%h%WW3[%KG (to desire to protect)
+ 12 = <
W%hW3[%K7@8 H¨3 W%h%WW3[%KG3¦
(to protect)
`X < + 6$ + %Ql < < `%å63h%KG (to desire to save)
+ 12 = <
`>3h%K7@8 H¨3 `%å63h%KG3 ¦
(to save)
31
Examples from E3æ3%Q
]8 K
637]h3ç} ¸Œ> 8] F %IK%l; G]# è S é ê-ëìè
F > 8 €• §32 l ph7G]pè S é ò-êïè
Z7í %k§31h€3]
]8 í;1-+,@è< S é ì-ëîè
;8K3]%mm3-g€31v%¬; G[ K32#F ,c3 2 %kk %#G3@ èS é ë-ïè
Z’’|\@2]8 KF íS- ;@] ;3hQ@Ü

8 7Fè S é ï-ìè Z±3 #3 MhF … %2%XÓ3%17s èŒ$é ë.ñ.îè
8 K\S} EðØÙ3%7#7]7è
%k§31h%W F S é ï-ññè
8
7@F7 - #FX32#l2 2F Ø3ÙQ3 %#%#%XG%5 K§F2 X322F 7W13 M23E;F 2…è Œ$é ñ.ñ.ëë è
`pF 7 c3]¾E23K3%WW31F E\;3%7S\ @\X7F •S][\;F è;é ê.ê.êëè
Exercise 1:
Give the three types of %#+, (explanatory sentences) of the 125-637 8 examples.
Exercise 2:
Attempt to figure out MÁ31;3K] (changes in MÁ31), as show in the example below, of the
following 125-637s8 :
1. %lâ31 4. %k§31 7. Œp8 ä

8 10. %##|
2. %kS%@G 5. %WW% G 8. Œp8 |
8 11. %#%#%XG
3. %kk %#G 6. %WW31 9. @@8 |
8 12. %k,31
• 637 8 is â3 (2P) to say

1) â3 + 12 < 12 is
< suffixed.
2) â3 + â3 + 12 < Because of the 12, < the 637 8 is reduplicated.

3) â + â3 + 12 < The vowel becomes ß• (short). (7.4.59 ß• ¦)
4) É + â3 + 12 < Only the first consonant of MÁ31 remains. (7.4.60 ,[3%X EFG ¦)
5) %É + â3 + 12 < Only when 12 follows,
< a short M becomes H. (7.4.79 1´7 ¦)
6) %l + â3 + 12 < à[ < should become kE (class
< 3) or lh <(class 1). (8.4.54 MÁ31F ll]¦)
7) %lâ31 The final form
32
Exercise 3:
Give %#+,#3q of the following words derived from 12ó637 8 in the format given below.
1. %l; Gí 6. %k§31\ 11. %WW313K » 16. Z’’|\

2. s3%lâ313K3 ]8 3
7. %77 GQ 12. Œp8 ä#F
8 17. %##|3K3@ <
3. %kS%@G‡Q3@ < 8. %WW% G‡2 < 13. Œp8 |
8 G8 8 8
18. %#%#%XGQ3
4. %kk %#GK3 9. W%h%WW3[%KG\ 14. @@8 |
8 #F 19. E 8 G‡ 3K3
8 |K3
5. M2%kz$ 10. %WW31K3 15. @@8 | ‡ 3@ <
8 Q 20. %k,31K3
Example answer to 1:
<
;7@]8 HÝ <
%l; G ]8 7b37/7} %l; Gí ¦
Exercise 4: Find 125-637s8 in the following sentences, identify the 637s8 , give %#+,#3q for
12345#$%&, and translate the sentences by parsing each word.
<
1. D77 È[- @K3 †ô7F ¦ < h\
11. %E‚3 #FX32 S 8 %WW% G%5 ¦
2. 1F#3- %l; G]# ZS¨%5 ¦ 12. XF#X&} %WW313 M%g ¦

3. H@3%2 E3æ3%Q @K3 s3%lâ3}5F ¦ 13. D;F Œp8 ä%5
8 ¦
4. 7F k23 •Sõ %kS%@G%5 ¦ 14. M´F Œp8 |%5
8 ¦
< %kz$
5. [\;32 M2 8 | 8 †½h ¦ 15. Z’’|\ K\S ;@] `Ü7F ¦
8 F %kS G%7 ¦
6. 1 K> 16. 7F 7÷- %#%#%XG%5 ¦
7. W3W- ;$ c3 #K- 2 %kk %#G3@ ¦ 17. XF#X& E 8 G‡ 3- ;h\%7 ¦
< ö 1 Z±2 7÷- %k§31%7 ¦
8. [\;32 Wh 18. %k,31K3 Jk%7 ¦
9. 1-13h- %77 Gí `W3K E3æF `W%XÔK7F ¦ 19. Œp8 äK3
8 W$¨%7 ¦
10. 1 `WXFE} M€õ %2%XÓ31%7 ¦ 20. M2%kz$ <
8 |K3 pS#32 `W%XE%7 ¦
33
Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
Topic VII
;$ X5@ <
Kodanta
<
;$ 7-IJK3 (Suffixes to a root to make a new nominal base)
<
;$ 7-IJKs are the suffixes added to a 637 8 (root) to make a new I3%7W%X; (nominal base).
<
637 8 + ;$ 7-IJK = I3%7W%X;@ <
<
In other words, nominalization of 637 8 is done by suffixing ;$ 7-IJK. Or, by suffixing
<
;$ 7-IJK, 637 8 gets nominalised. (*1)
<
There are more than 100 ;$ 7-IJKs. They are found in PāŽini-sūtras 3.1.93 to 3.4.76.
8
The new I3%7W%X; and the declined form (1Œ5) <
of that I3%7W%X; are called ;$ X5@ (verbal
derivative nouns, or nominalised root).
<
;$ 7-IJKs denote ;3h; (agent, object, etc.) or/and p3# (action itself) of the 637.8
<
Some ;$ 7-IJKs can also express additional sense such as tense of the action.
*1: PāŽini-sūtra 3.1.91 declares that from there onward and up to the end of the 3rd chapter,
all the IJKs enjoined are to be suffixed to 637.8 PāŽini-sūtra 3.1.93 teaches that all the IJKs
<
other than the 18 %7V-< IJKs are ;$ 7-IJK. <
Then PāŽini-sūtra 1.2.46 defines that ;$ 7-IJK-ending
words are qualified to be called I3%7W%X;@. <
34
<
i. Basic sense of ;$ 7-IJK
<
A ;$ 7-IJK indicates/denotes any one of ;3h; (;73], ;@], ;hQ@, < etc.) or p3#, the meaning
of the 637 8 itself.
A637 8 indicates action.
<
A 637 8 and a ;$ 7-IJK meet together to make a single I3%7W%X;.
The new I3%7W%X; indicates/denotes the ;3h; of the action or p3# of the action.
For example:
<
§3 (to know) + 7$l (agent, ~er) = §37$ (agent of knowing, knower)
§3 is a 637 8 indicating the action of knowing.
< a ;$ 7-IJK
7$l is < indicating the agent (;73]).
<
The 637 8 and ;$ 7-IJK make a new I3%7W%X; indicating the agent of knowing.
8
This type of derivation is called ;7]%h s‘%& (derivation in the sense of agent).
[\; < (to experience) + zP (object,

< ~ed) = [\; (object of experience, experienced)
[\; < is a 637 8 indicating the action of experience.
zP is <
< a ;$ 7-IJK indicating the object (;@]).
<
The 637 8 and ;$ 7-IJK make a new I3%7W%X; indicating the object of experience.
8
This type of derivation is called ;@]%Q s‘%& (derivation in the sense of object).
<
All ;$ 7-IJKs are used in the sense of ;3h; and/or p3#. Thus ;3h; and p3# are called
“the basic sense” in this book.
35
<
ii. Additional sense of ;$ 7-IJK
<
On top of the basic sense, some ;$ 7-IJKs can indicate time of the action, necessity of
action, and so on. These are called “additional sense”.
For example:
<
§3 (to know) + v#7 w 8 (agent, ~er) + (of the past action) = §37#7 (one who knew)
§3 is a 637 8 indicating the action of knowing.
<
v#7 w 8 is a ;$ 7-IJK indicating the agent of the action in the past.
<
The 637 8 and ;$ 7-IJK makes a new I3%7W%X; indicating the agent of knowing,
which happened in the past.
< reach) + 7s (object, ~ed) + (necessity) = S5s (that which should be reached)
S@ (to
< a 637 8 indicating the action of going.

S@ is
<
7s is a ;$ 7-IJK indicating the object of the action which is necessary.
<
The 637 8 and ;$ 7-IJK makes a new I3%7W%X; indicating the object of reaching,
which should be done.
<
When studying ;$ 7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known:
<
1) What the ;$ 7-IJK denotes
<
2) Content of the ;$ 7-IJK
<
3) H7 letters <
of the ;$ 7-IJK and their functions
5) Gender (%[N) of the new I3%7W%X;
6) Declension of the new I3%7W%X;
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
<
In this book, each ;$ 7-IJK will be introduced with these 7 aspects.
<
In this book, ;$ 7-IJKs are introduced in the order of MÚ3Ó3K (PāŽini-sūtra).
36
Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ < ;@]%Q & p3#F ;$ J3
1. ;$ J3 in ;@]%Q & p3#F
<
There are 6 ;$ 7-IJKs together called ;$ J3 .
These 6 ;$ J3 IJKs are K7, < qW, < rK7, < 7s7, < 7s, M2 Kh.<
;$ J3 IJKs are enjoined in the section of PāŽini-sūtra from 3.1.95 to 3.1.132.
<
;$ J is a subcategory of ;$ 7-IJKs.
All ;$ J3 IJKs are used in the same sense.
• Basic meaning: ;@] (object) and also p3# (meaning of the 637 8 itself)
• Additional meanings: the sense of direction, fitness, necessity, capacity, etc.
The meanings of all of the six ;$ J-ending are:

Object which shold be done, object which is fit be done, object which is necessarily to
be done, object which is possible to be done;
Action which shold be done, action which is fit be done, action which is necessarily to
be done, action which is possible to be done;
In the examples, only one meaning is written as a sample to save space.
<
After removal of H7 letters, the contents of the ;$ J3 are 3 types:
a. K7, < qW, < rK7 (the

< content is “K”)
b. 7s7, < 7s (the content is “7s”)
c. M2 Kh <(the content is “M2 K”)
<
H7 letters of IJK determine how MN should be modified. For example:
< §FK (When K7 is

a. §3 (to know) + K7 = < suffixed, Z of the 637 8 is modified into D.)
g 8 (to praise) + qW < = gJ 8 -< ZS@ is added because qW is

8 (7; < %W7.)<
;$ (to do) + rK7 < = ;3K] (Because rK7 is

< %Q7,#$< %> takes place in MN.)
b. ;$ (to do) + 7s = ;7]s

c. ;$ (to do) + M2 K = ;hQ K
Among these ;$ J3 suffixes, 7s7, < 7s, M2 Kh <can be suffixed to any 637.8
Among K7, < qW, < and rK7, < the characteristics of the 637 8 determines which one of them
can be suffixed.
37
;@]%Q & p3#F ;$ J3 Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, these are the 7 common things to be known about ;$ J3 (K7, < qW, < rK7, <
7s7, < 7s, M2 Kh):<
1) What ;$ J3 denote:
• ;@] (object) and also p3# (meaning of the 637 8 itself)
• The sense of direction, fitness, necessity, or capacity, are added to the action.
2) Content of ;$ J3
• K for K7, < qW, < and rK7 <
• <
7s for 7s7 and 7s
• M2 K for M2 Kh <
<
3) H7 (indicatory) letters of ;$ J3 and their function
• Individually seen in the following sections
• 8 or #$%> can take place (See Topic IV.)
SQ
5) Gender of the new I3%7W%X;
• The new I3%7W%X; declines in 3 %[Ns. The %[N is determined by the %[N of a noun,
which the ;$ J-ending word qualifies.
• In W%w 8 ùN and 2W1
- 8 ;%[N, it declines as M-ending.
• <
In æ %[N, a feminine suffix e3W (Z) is added and it declines as Z-ending.
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• As the explanation for one ;$ J-IJK, another ;$ J-IJK is generally used.

< ;hQ K@, < XE]2 K for ÖÔK , etc.
E.g., ;7]s@ for
• <
To show the meaning of fitness, K\ƒK with 7@8 28 -ending word may be used.
< XFK@. < ÏÚ8 - K\ƒK XE]2 K , etc.
E.g., X37 - 8 K\ƒK@ for
• <
To show the meaning of capacity, Eq with 7@8 28 -ending word may be used.
E.g., Jv- 8 Eq Jvs , #v- 8 Eq- #l2 K@, < etc.
38
<
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –Kodanta ;@]%Q & p3#F ;$ J3
a. K7, < qW, < rK7 (the

< content is “K”)
<
H7 (indicatory) letters of K7, < qW, < rK7 and
< their function
o For K7 <
7 < – By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦< For intonation.
o For qW <
; < – By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F ¦ When %;7-IJK
< 8 and #$%> are prohibited in MN.
follows, SQ
(See Topic IV)
W –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦< When %W7-IJK
< <
which is ;$ 7-IJK follows a 637 8 which ends
8 < ¦)
< attached at the end of the 637.8 (6.1.71 ß•} %W%7 ;$ %7 7;
with a short vowel, 7 is
o For rK7 <
Q < – By 1.3.7 le8 ‡ ¦ Q can
< cause #$%>. (See Topic IV)
7 < – By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦< For intonation.
Among K7, < qW, < and rK7, < the characteristics of the 637 8 determines which one of them
can be suffixed. See the next page for examples.
< suffixed to:
o K7 is
<
Ml-ending 637.8 (3.1.97 Ml\ K7 ¦< ~ IJK Wh¬ 637\ )
8
W-ending <
637s8 which has short M in penultimate take K7 (3.1.98 W\h¸W637 ¦< ~ K7)<
(MW#3X to 3.1.124)
other specific instances
o For qW <
<
Some specific 637s8 take qW (3.1.109 <
8 3•$ÖkG8 qW ¦)
D%7gE
o For rK7 <
<
Å7-ending <
637s8 take rK7 (3.1.124 < (MW#3X of 3.1.97)
Å,[\rK]7 ¦)
<
,[-ending <
637s8 take rK7 (3.1.124 <
Å,[\rK]7 ¦)
other specific instances
39
<
Here are some examples of K7 ending words:
637 8 <
New I3%7W%X;@ with one of the possible meanings
<
Ml-ending 637s8 take K7. <
%k (1P) to conquer <
+ K7 = kFK (that which should be conquered)
2 (1U) to lead <
+ K7 = 2KF (that which should be led)
8 when followed by K7. <
Z at the end becomes †, then SQ,
§3 (9P) to know <
+ K7 = §FK (that which should be known)
X3 (3U) to give <
+ K7 = XFK (that which should be given)
I + @3 (2P) to know <
+ K7 = I@FK (that which should be known)
M2 8 + Ò3 (1P) to practise <
+ K7 = M2uF8 K (that which should be practised)
M%p + 63 (3U) to name <
+ K7 = M%p6FK (that which should be named)
,3 (3P) to abandon <
+ K7 = ,FK (that which should be abandoned)
%Qk5637 8 drops the last H of %Ql, < 125637 8 drops the last M of 12. <
I%7W3%X to unfold <
+ K7 = I%7W34 (that which should be unfolded)
%k§31 to desire to know <
+ K7 = %k§3} (that which should be desired to be known)
8
Short M in penultimate and W-ending 637s8 take K7. <
<
[p (1A) to gain <
+ K7 = [Á (that which should be gained)
<
S@ (1P) to reach <
+ K7 = Sª (that which should be reached)
To make a word denoting an object which should be given:

1) X3 + K7 < K7, < one of the ;$ J3 IJKs is suffixed to X3 (to give) because K7 can
<
be suffixed to an Z-ending 637 8 in this sense.

By the addition of the suffix, X3 is qualified to be an MN.
2) X3 + K < K7 is
7 of < H7 letter
< and hence elided.
3) X + K When Z ending 637 8 is suffixed by K7, < the Z is replaced by †.
4) XF + K 8 (See Topic IV).
The †, a part of the 637,8 takes SQ
5) XFK < one of the ;$ J3 IJKs, and ;$ Js are subset of ;$ 7-IJKs.
K7 is <
<
Thus XFK is a ;$ X5 (that which ends with ;$ 7-IJK).
Being a ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@. <
In the same manner, §FK (§3 to know), M%p6FK (M%p + 63 to designate), etc. are made.
40
<
<
Here are some examples of qW ending words:
637 8 <
Some specific 637s8 take qW. <
g 8 (2P) to praise <
+ qW = 8 (that which should be praised)
gJ
<
E31 (2P) to teach <
+ qW = %E‚ (one who is fit to be taught)
<
ÖE (1P) to see <
+ qW = ÖÔK (that which should be seen)
E; < (5P) to be possible <
+ qW = Eq (that which should be possible to be …ed)
;$ (8U) to do <
+ qW = ;$ J (that which should be done)
<
* ;$ 637 8 can take both qW and rK7. <
To make a word denoting an object which should be praised:

1) g 8 + qW < qW, < one of the ;$ J3 IJKs is suffixed to g 8 (to praise) because qW <
can be suffixed to certain 637s8 such as g,8 E31, < etc.
By the addition of the suffix, g 8 is qualified to be an MN.
2) g 8 + K ; < and W of
< qW are
< <
H7 letters and hence elided.
<
%;7 IJK 8 in the MN.
does not cause SQ
< K
3) g 8 + 7 + < %W7 (one
Because g 8 ends with a ß• (short vowel), and qW is <
< W)< as well as ;$ 7-IJK,
whose H7 is < 8 ¦< , 7;
by 6.1.71 ß•} %W%7 ;$ %7 7; 8 -<
ZS@ (the content is 7)< is attached at the end of the 637.8

8
4) gJ Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@. <
< teach), ÖÔK (ÖE to
In the same manner, %E‚ (E31 to < see), etc. are made.
41
<
Here are some examples of rK7 ending words:
637 8 <
<
Å7-ending 637s8 take rK7. <
;$ (8U) to do <
+ rK7 = ;3K] (that which should be done)
ú (1U) to take away <
+ rK7 = ,3K] (that which should be taken away)
<
,[-ending 637s8 take rK7. <
<
136 (5P) to accomplish <
+ rK7 = 13Ó (that which should be accomplished)
<
#l (2P) to speak <
+ rK7 = #3Ü (that which should be spoken)
<
#l (2P) to speak <
+ rK7 = #3q (sentence)
X, < (1P) to burn <
+ rK7 = X3× (that which should be burnt)
`X < + WX < (4A) to produce <
+ rK7 = `‘34 (that which should be produced)
%#X < (2P) to know <
+ rK7 = #F4 (that which should be known)
%[, < (2P) to lick <
+ rK7 = [F× (that which should be licked)
<
%# + %EG (7P) to qualify <
+ rK7 = %#EF‚ (that which should be qualified)
El <
8 (1P) to lament <
+ rK7 = E\Ü (that which one should be lamented)
Kk <
8 (7U) to be fit <
+ rK7 = K\ƒK (that which is fit)
<
W‡k (1U) to worship <
+ rK7 = W‡¯ (that which should be worshiped)
<
ZW (5P) to pervade <
+ rK7 = Zû (that which should be pervaded)
<
`W + Z1 (2A) <
to meditate + rK7 = `W3} (that which should be meditated)
To make a word denoting an object which should be done:

1) ;$ + rK7 < rK7, < one of the ;$ J3 IJKs is suffixed to ;$ (to do) because rK7 can
<
<
be suffixed to Å-ending and ,[-ending 637s8 in this sense.
2) ;$ +K <
Q and < rK7 are
7 of < <
3) ;3h <+ K Being a %Q7, < rK7 causes
< #$%> in the MN.
4) ;3K] Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@. <
In the same manner, ,3K] (ú to take away), `‘34 (`X < + WX < to produce), etc. are made.
42
<
b. 7s7, < 7s (the content is “7s”)
<
The difference between 7s7 and 7s is only intonation.
• 7 < – By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦< For intonation.
Both IJKs are suffixed to any 637 8 as long as the form is seen in the E3æ.
For example, to make a word whose meaning is an object which has to be done:
1) ;$ + 7s < 7s is suffixed to ;$ (to do).
7s7 or
2) ;h <+ 7s 8 takes place in the MN. (See Topic IV)
SQ
3) ;7]s Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
<
c. M2 Kh (the content is “M2 K”)
<
H7 (indicatory) letter of M2 Kh <and its function
• h < – By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦< For intonation.
M2 Kh <is suffixed to any 637 8 as long as the form is seen in the E3æ.
For example, to make a word whose meaning is an object which has to be done:
1) ;$ + M2 Kh < M2 Kh,< one of the ;$ J3 IJKs is suffixed to ;$ (to do).
2) ;$ + M2 K <
h <of M2 Kh <is H7 letter and hence elided.
3) ;h <+ M2 K 8 takes place in the MN. (See Topic IV)
SQ
4) ;hQ K Qc-1%• takes place.
5) ;hQ K Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
43
Here are more examples of 7s7, < 7s and M2 Kh <ending words which are seen often:
637 8 < ;@]%Q

New I3%7W%X;@ in
<
S@ (1P) to go + 7s/ M2 Kh <= S5s/S@2 K (object to be reached)
<
%l5 (10U) to think + M2 Kh <= %l52 K (object to be considered)
§3 (9P) to know + 7s = §37s (that which should be known)
<
Jk (1P) to give up + 7s/ M2 Kh <= Jvs/Jk2 K (object to be given up)
X3 (3U) to give + 7s = X37s (object to be given)
<
ÖE (1P) to see + 7s/ M2 Kh <= ÏÚs/XE]2 K (object to be seen)
8 (1P) to hear + 7s/ M2 Kh <= \7s/ #Q K (object to be heard)
<
@2 (4A) to think + 7s/ M2 Kh <= @5s/@22 K (object to be thought)
%2 + %XÓ31 to contemplate + 7s = %2%XÓ3%17s (object to be contemplated)
%# + %k§31 to desire to know+ 7s = %#%k§3%17s (object of desire to know)
<
Œ68 (1P) to know + 7s = Œ\>s (object to be known)
pk <
8 (7U) to experience + 7s/ M2 Kh <= p\vs/p\k2 K (object to be experienced)
<
Z + hp (1A) to start + 7s/ M2 Kh <= Zhüs/Zhý2 K (object to be started)
<
h@ (1A) to rejoice at + M2 Kh <= h@Q K (object to be rejoiced at)
<
[p (1A) to obtain + 7s = [üs (object to be obtained)
<
#l (2P) to speak + 7s/ M2 Kh < = #vs/#l2 K (that which is to be said)
%#X < (2P) to know + 7s/ M2 Kh < = #F%X7s/#FX2 K (that which is to be known)
<
1F# (1A) to serve + 7s = 1F%#7s (that which is to be served)
b$ (1P) to remember + M2 Kh <= bhQ K (object to be remembered)
<
,2 (2P) to injure + 7s/ M2 Kh < = ,5s/,22 K (object to be injured)
Examples from E3æ :

ØÙ »# 7F2 S5s@ ¦< (S é ñ.ëñ)
Z±3 #3 MhF ÏÚs \7s @5s %2%XÓ3%17s ¦ (Œ$é ë.ñ.î)
;@]Q\ ×%W Œ\>s- Œ\>s- l %#;@]Q ¦ (S é ñ.êò)
44
<
Exercise 1:
Try to identify the 637 8 and IJK of the following ;$ J-ending ;$ X5 nouns.
From the 637 8 and the gender, discuss what that nouns can qualify and in what sense, and try
to make %#+,#3q accordingly.
1. ;3K]@ < 5. `W3}@ < 9. M2uF8 K@ < 13. %#%k§3}@ <

2. ;hQ K@ < 6. ,FK@ < 8
10. M2ÏÚs 14. %2%XÓ3}@ <
3. ÖÔK@ < 7. `W3XFK@ < 11. %k§3%17s@ <
4. %E‚3 8. M%p6FK@ < 12. %2#]l2 K@ <
< made of ;$ (to do) and rK7. < Since it is in neuter gender, it can be qualifying a ;@].
;3K]@ is
Exercise 2: Find ;$ J35 words, identify their 637s8 and IJKs, and translate the following
sentences by parsing each word.
1. HX- ;@] ;7]s - @K3 ¦ 7. M„ %#GKF %;- #vs@ ¦<
2. mF %#4F #F%X7sF p#7 ¦ < @#F ¦
8. D77 ;3K]
<
3. ;7õ 8 Eq@ M;7 õ 8 Eq- ;@] ¦ 9. s3âFK +þ ¦
4. H@3%2 `W3}3%2 ÛW3%Q 1%5 ¦ < %#7s3K Zl3K3]K Mb3%p %;-
10. Mb3;@ 1F
5. Zl3K] %E‚FÁ §FK - ØÙ `W%XE%7 ¦ ;hQ K@ ¦<
< %5 ¦
6. K\%S2 ;7]s2F ;@]Q3 †½h@ Ml]
Note that ;73] of action in ;$ J-ending word takes 3rd case or 6th case. Because ;$ J-IJK
denotes ;@] and p3#, < just as %7V-< IJK denotes ;@] and p3# in
< ;@]%Q IK\S and p3#F IK\S, an
undenoted ;73] is expressed in 7$7 K3 %#p%v (;7]%h 7$7 K3). Optionally, that ;73] is expressed in Gu
%#p%v (Ref. 2.3.71).
E.g., XF#X&F2 Sk ÖÔK7F ¦ %7V-< IJK denotes ;@] and undenoted ;73] is in 7$7 K3 %#p%v.
XF#X&F2/XF#X&} Sk ÏÚs ¦ ;$ J-IJK denotes ;@] and undenoted ;73] is in 7$7 K3 %#p%v,
or optionally Gu %#p%v.
45
<
2. ;$ 7-IJKs in ;7]%h, that denote ;73] (agent)
To make a new I3%7W%X; (nominal base) which denotes a doer/agent of a given action,
<
the following ;$ 7-IJKs are suffixed to a 637 8 indicating that action.
a. 7$l <
8 <
b. r#[
c. %t#W <
d. v/v#7 w 8 denote the agent of the past action. Note that v can denote both ;73] and ;@].
(See under Topic VII 3. %2u3)
<
e. E7$/E32l denote <
the agent of the present action. Note that E32l can denote both ;73]
and ;@]. (See under Topic VII 4. E7$/E32l)<
<
f. tc3/yW denote the agent of the previous action. (See under Topic VII 6 tc3/yW)<
For example, to make a word whose meaning is “a doer” or “agent of doing”, those
<
;$ 7-IJKs listed above are suffixed to the 637 8 ;$ (to do). The following are the results of
<
adding the above ;$ 7-IJKs.
a. ;$ + 7$l < = ;7$ ] (doer/one who does/agent of doing)
8 < = ;3h; (doer/one who does/agent of doing)
b. ;$ + r#[
< ;$ 7 (doer/one
c. ;$ + %t#W = < who does/agent of doing)
< v = S7 (one who has gone)
d. S@ +
<
;$ + v#7 w 8 = ;$ 7#7 (doer in past/one who has done/agent of doing in past)
<
e. ;$ + E7$ = ;8#]7 (doer at present/one who is doing/agent of doing at present)
;$ + E32l < = ;8#3]Q (doer at present/one who is doing/agent of doing at present)
f. ;$ + tc3 = ;$ c3 (having done/after doing)
< %#;$ J (having modified/after modifying)
%# + ;$ + yW =
<
Most of the ;$ 7-IJKs which denote ;73] are enjoined by PāŽini-sūtras in the section
from 3.1.133 to 3.2.83.
<
By default, all ;$ 7-IJKs are used in the sense of agent (;7]%h) by 3.4.67 ;7]%h ;$ 7 ¦<
46
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ < – Kodanta ;7]%h 7$l <
a. 7$l <
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs the following 7 things are to be known regarding “7$l”:<
<
1) What 7$l denotes:
• ;73] (agent)
<
2) Content of 7$l-IJK
• 7$
<
letter of 7$l and its function
• l < - By 1.3.3 ,[¿@. < This is for intonation.
• Being Z6]637; <
8 and #[-beginning <
IJK, 7$l can take He <-ZS@ (See Topic V)
• 8 can take place in MN (See Topic IV)
SQ
• The new I3%7W%X; can decline in 3 %[Ns.
• <
The %[N is determined by the %[N of the noun, which the 7$l-ending word
qualifies.
• - 8 ;%[N, it declines as 7$k5 (that which ends with 7$l).< (See
In W%w 8 ùN and 2W1
Volume 1 “Å-ending masculine” for W%w 8 ùN)
• < is added and it declines as †-ending feminine,
In æ %[N, a feminine suffix V W (†)
like 2X . (See Volume 1“†-ending feminine” for æ %[N)
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• %7V5 in ;7]%h-IK\S can be used. For example, “;h\%7 H%7 ;73] ¦”, “WÔK%7 H%7 ÏÚ3 ¦”,
etc.
<
The 7$l-ending word is commonly called 7$k5 (that which ends with 7$l.)<
47
;7]%h 7$l < Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
For example, to make a word whose meaning is a knower, an agent of knowing:

1) §3 + 7$l < <
A ;$ 7-IJK <
7$l (~er) is suffixed to the 637 8 §3 (to know).
By the addition of the suffix, §3 is qualified to be an MN.
2) §3 + 7$ < 7$l is
l of < H7 letter
< and hence elided.
3) §37$ <
Being ;$ X5 (that which ends with ;$ 7-IJK), this is qualified to
be a I3%7W%X;@ <
The %#+,#3q will be like “k323%7 H%7 §373 ¦“. The declension of this word will be §373, §373h¥,
§373h , … in W%w 8 ùN, and §3„ , §3 ¥, §3 , … in æ %[N.
<
Here are more examples of 7$l-ending (7$k5) words:
637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ < %#+,#3q@ <
;$ (8U) to do <
+ 7$l = ;7$ ] (doer) ;h\%7 H%7 ;73] ¦
p‡ (1P) to be <
+ 7$l = p%#7$ (one who becomes) p#%7 H%7 p%#73 ¦
<
S@ (1P) to go <
+ 7$l = S5$ (goer) S¨%7 H%7 S53 ¦
§3 (9P) to know <
+ 7$l = §37$ (knower) k323%7 H%7 §373 ¦
X3 (3U) to give <
+ 7$l = X37$ (giver) XX3%7 H%7 X373 ¦
63 (3U) to support <
+ 7$l = 637$ (supporter) X63%7 H%7 6373 ¦
<
ÖE (1P) to see <
+ 7$l = ÏÚ$ (seer) * WÔK%7 H%7 ÏÚ3 ¦
¸, < (2P) to milk <
+ 7$l = X\ƒ6$ (one who milks) X\%ƒ6 H%7 X\ƒ63 ¦
<
8 (7U)
pk to experience <
+ 7$l = p\v$ (experiencer) 8
p2%v 8
M2p#%7 H%7 p\v3 ¦
I + @3 (2P) to know <
+ 7$l = I@37$ (knower) I@3%7 H%7 I@373 ¦
8 (5P) to hear <
+ 7$l = \7$ (hearer) Q\%7 H%7 \73 ¦
<
1$k (6P) to create) <
+ 7$l = Ú$ (creator) * 1$k%7 H%7 Ú3 ¦
g 8 (2P) to praise <
+ 7$l = g\7$ (one who praises) g¥%7 H%7 g\73 ¦
M2 8 + Ò3 to perform <
+ 7$l = 8 (one who performs) M2%7u%7
M2u37$ 8 8
H%7 M2u373 ¦
<
,2 (2P) to injure <
+ 7$l = ,5$ (injurer) ,%5 H%7 ,53 ¦
– (3U) to sacrifice <
+ 7$l = ,\7$ (one who sacrifices) 8
k,\%7 H%7 ,\73 ¦
;3%h to make someone do <
+ 7$l = ;3h%K7$ (impeller) ;3hK%7 H%7 ;3h%K73 ¦
* Irregular forms
48
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ < – Kodanta ;7]%h 7$l <
Exercise 1:
8
What is the s‘%& of the following ;$ X5 words? Answer in the format of the example answer.
] 3@ <
1. ;7ãQ 5. X3„F 9. p\v3h 8 Q3@ <
13. M2u37ã
] 3@ <
2. ;7$Á 6. 637$G 8 10. p\vã 2 < 14. Ú%h
3. S53h@ < 7. X\ƒ63h@ < 11. I@37 8 15. ,53h
4. §373h¥ 8. ÏÚ8 12. \7$%p 16. ,\73h@ <
8
The s‘%& of the word ;73] is analyzed as follows:
a) This is a ;$ X5 word.
b) The 637 8 is ;$ (to do)
<
c) The ;$ 7-IJK is 7$l. < Thus this is called 7$k5 word.
] 3@”.<
d) The %#+, is “;8#]%5 H%7 ;73]h , 7FG3- ;7ãQ
8
e) The suffix denotes the ;73] of the action. Thus, this is ;7]%h s‘%& .
Exercise 2: Find 7$k5 words, identify their 637s8 , give %#+,#3q for 7$k5 ;$ m%$ &, and translate the
following sentences by parsing each word.
1. †½h kS7 Ú3 M%g ¦ 8. D77 < \7$%p M#Sª7F ¦

2. X\ƒ63 S\W[2ó2 ¦ 9. X3„F 2@ ¦
3. ;@]Q3- ;73]h È[323- p\v3h 1%5 ¦ <
10. Ú8 kS7 k3K7F ¦
4. 1 ,53h- k323%7 ¦ 11. ÏÚ8 ÏÚ3 2 2ÔK%7 ¦
5. 1 K§} ,\73h- 2@%7 ¦ 12. Zl3K] +þ} \7ãQ3- E 3- WÔK%7 ¦
<
6. 1 @3S]} S5ã2 WÔK%7 ¦ 8 7F ¦
13. DG Eð ;7]%h IK¯
< M2p‡
7. [\; p\;„3 8 K7F ¦ 14. X37%h 1%7 ZX373 p#%7 ¦
Note:
The ;@] of 7$k5 word, when not denoted by %7V5 word, is expressed in the 6th case. In other
words, undenoted ;@] takes Gu %#p%v. (This type of 6th case is called ;@]%Q Gu .)
49
8 <
;7]%h r#[ Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
8 <
b. r#[
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, <
8 ”:
the following 7 things are to be known regarding “r#[
8 < denotes:
1) What r#[
• ;73] (agent)
8 <
2) Content of r#[
• # 8 which is converted to “M;” by 7.1.1 K#8 \h23;¥ ¦
<
3) H7 (indicatory) 8 < and their function
letters of r#[
• Q –< By 1.3.7 le8 ‡ . This causes #$%> on MN
• [ < – By 1.3.3 ,[¿@. < This is for intonation.
• #$%> takes place, if applicable. See Topic IV.
• The new I3%7W%X; declines in 3 %[Ns.
• The %[N is determined by the %[N of the noun, which the r#[ <
8 -ending word
qualifies.
- 8 ;%[N, it declines as M-ending.
• <
In æ %[N, a feminine suffix e3W (Z) is added, the short M before ; < is changed into
H, and it declines as Z-ending feminine. E.g., ;3%h;3, W3%[;3
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• For example, “;h\%7 H%7 ;3h; ¦”, “1F#7F H%7 1F%#;3 æ ”, etc.
50
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta 8 <
;7]%h r#[
For example, to make a word whose meaning is a purifier, an agent of purifying:

1) 8 <
W‡ + r#[ <
A ;$ 7-IJK 8 < (~er) is suffixed to the 637 8 W‡ (to purify).
r#[
By the addition of the suffix, W‡ is qualified to be an MN.
2) W‡ + # 8 <
Q and [ < of r#[ <
8 < are H7 letters and hence elided.
3) W‡ + M; The remaining # 8 is replaced by M;.
4) W¥ + M; The suffix, being a %Q7, < causes #$%> to the MN.
5) < M;
W3# + < -ZK
MK-M# < <
-Z# <
sandhi is applied.
6) W3#; <
be a I3%7W%X;@ <
8
The %#+,#3q of this new I3%7W%X; will be like “W23%7 H%7 W3#; ¦“. Declension of this word will
be W3#; , W3#;¥, W3#;3 , …
8 < -ending words:

Here are more examples of r#[
637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ < %#+,#3q@ <
;$ (8U) to do 8 <=
+ r#[ ;3h; (doer) ;h\%7 H%7 ;3h; ¦
X, < (1P) to burn 8 <=
+ r#[ X3,; (one who burns) X,%7 H%7 X3,; ¦
2 (1U) to lead 8 <=
+ r#[ 23K; (leader) 2K%7 H%7 23K; ¦
<
1F# (1A) to serve 8 <=
+ r#[ 1F#; (one who serves) 1F#7F H%7 1F#; ¦
<
136 (5P) to accomplish 8 <=
+ r#[ 136; (accomplisher) 13 \%7 H%7 136; ¦
<
ÖE (1P) to see 8 <=
+ r#[ XE]; (seer) WÔK%7 H%7 XE]; ¦
<
K3l (1U) to beg 8 <=
+ r#[ K3l; (one who begs) K3l7F H%7 K3l; ¦
W‡ (9P) to purify 8 <=
+ r#[ W3#; (purifier) 8
W23%7 H%7 W3#; ¦
%pX < (7U) to separate 8 <=
+ r#[ pFX; (divider) %p2%& H%7 pFX; ¦
#$6 (1A) to grow 8 <=
+ r#[ #6]; (one who grows) #6]7 F H%7 #6]; ¦
51
8 <
;7]%h r#[ Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
Here are examples of %Qk5-637s8 (causative roots) becoming r#[ <

8 -ending words.
637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ < %#+,#3q@ <
< §3%W
§3 + %Ql = 8 <=
+ r#[ §3W; (example) §3WK%7 H%7 §3W; ¦
< @\%X
@X8 < + %Ql = 8 <=
+ r#[ @\X; (one who makes happy) @\XK%7 H%7 @\X; ¦
< Ò3%W
Ò3 + %Ql = 8 <=
+ r#[ Ò3W; (one who establishes) Ò3WK%7 H%7 Ò3W; ¦
< W3%
W < + %Ql = 8 <=
+ r#[ W3 ; (one who teaches) W3 K%7 H%7 W3 ; ¦
Exercise 1:
8
What is the s‘%& of the following ;$ X5 words? Answer in the format of the example answer.
1. ;3h;32 < 4. 23K;¥ 7. #6];3K 10. @\X;3%2

2. X3,;F Á 5. XE];37 < 8. Ò3W;@ < 11. §3%W;K3
3. 1F#;323@ < 6. W3#;3%2 9. W3 ;F G 8 12. I%7W3X;37 <
8
The s‘%& of the word ;3h;3 is analyzed as follows:
b) The 637 8 is ;$ (to do)
<
c) The ;$ 7-IJK 8 .<
is r#[
<
d) %#+, is “;8#]%5 H%7 ;3h;3 , 732 ;3h;32 ”.<
8
e) The suffix denotes the ;73] of the action. Thus, this is ;7]%h s‘%& .
Exercise 2: Find ;$ X5 words, identify their 637s8 and IJKs, give %#+,#3q for r#[ <
8 -ending ;$ m%$ &,
and translate the following sentences by parsing each word.
1. 13 K3l;3K %p|3- XX3%7 ¦ <

6. D77 1362- 8 #6];@ ¦<
Œ>F
2. 1 @3S]} S5ãQ3- 23K; p#%7 ¦ <
7. Mb3;@ Zl3K] 6@]} Ò3W; ¦
3. E3æ 7} 1F#;» 1, ZS¨%7 ¦ < ;37 W< %5 ¦
8. %E‚3 #FX32 W3
8
4. X32- 7W3-%1 l @2‚323- W3#;3%2 1%5¦ 9. XF#X& D7- %#GK- §3W;F 2 M#S¨%7 ¦
<
5. S’8 pFX;32 Œ367F ¦
Note: Here too, the undenoted ;@]s take Gu %#p%v. (This type of 6th case is called ;@]%Q Gu .)
52
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ < – Kodanta ;7]%h %t#W <
c. %t#W <
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “%t#W”:<
<
1) What %t#W denotes:
• ;73] (agent)
2) Content of %t#W <
• < %#w remains in a suffix, that # is
Zero-IJK (When only # of < also elided by 6.1.67
#FhW$v}¦)
<
letters of %t#W and their function
• ; < – By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F ¦. SQ
8 and #$%> are prohibited to take place in MN.
• W –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦.

< When 637 8 is ending with a short vowel, 7 is
< attached at the
end of the 637.8

• H – This is just for pronunciation. (` 3hQ3€@] )<

• <
%ÃW being %;7, < no SQ
8 or #$%> takes place in MN.

• The new I3%7W%X; declines in 3 %[Ns.
• <
The %[N is determined by the %[N of the noun, which the %t#W-ending word
qualifies.
• <
The new %t#W–ending I3%7W%X;s decline according to the last letter.
• In æ %[N, no feminine suffix is attached.
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• Being ;7]%h IJK, %7V5 in ;7]%h IK\S is used. “h3k7F H%7 h3e < ¦”, “%#·3k7F H%7 %#·3e <”, etc.
<
The %t#W-ending word is commonly called %t#Œ5 (that which ends with %t#W).<
53
;7]%h %t#W < Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
For example, to make a word denoting an agent of GX < 637,8 whose meanings are %#EhQ-S%7-
M#13X2, with two `W1S]s, `W and %2 :
1) 1X < < 637 8 GX < is replaced by 1. < (6.1.64)
The G of
2) `W + %2 + 1X < + %t#W < A ;$ 7-IJK
< <
%t#W (~er) is suffixed to `W + %2 + 1X <.
By the addition of the suffix, 1X < is qualified to be an MN.
3) `W + %2 + 1X < + %# ; < and W of
< %t#W are
< <
4) `W + %2 + 1X < < also elided. (6.1.67) H for pronunciation is taken away.
# is
5) `W + %2 + GX < < 1X < is replaced by G. < (8.3.59)
Because of the preceding H of %2, 1 of
6) `W%2GX < <
be a I3%7W%X;@. < (1.2.46)
< <, `W%2GX¥, `W%2GX , `W%2GX@ …
The new I3%7W%X; is feminine and the declension will be `W%2G7/X <
<
Here are more examples of %t#W -ending (%t#Œ5) words:
637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ < %#+,#3q@ <

<
h3k (1U) to shine <
+ %t#W = <
h3k (one who shines) h3k7F H%7 h3e < ¦
<
%# + ·3k (1A) to shine <
+ %t#W = <
%#·3k (one who shines) %#·3k7F H%7 %#·3e < ¦
%[, < (2P) to lick <
+ %t#W = %[, < (one who licks) [F%• H%7 %[e < ¦
<
p31 (1A) to shine <
+ %t#W = <
p31 (one who shines) p317F H%7 p31 ¦<
<
k ] (10U) to strengthen <
+ %t#W = <
k ] (one who strengthens) k]K%7 H%7 ;] < ¦
<
In some cases, %t#W requires < suffixed.
`WWX, a noun related to the 637 8 to which the %t#W is
8
See Topic IX 2 j. `WWX7‘’G1@31 for more information.
For reference, this is how the I3%7W%X; “h3k”< declines in 1st case singular:
< 1w8
h3k + <
1W8 -IJK is added.
<
h3k + < 1 w 8 is elided when I3%7W%X; ends with consonant. (6.1.68)
1 of
h3G < 8.2.36 —¬· k1$k@$kKkh3kp3kË3- G ¦ ~ à%[ WX} M5F l
h3d < 8.2.39 à[3- kE\¾5F ¦ ~ WX}
h3e < 8.4.56 #3#132 F ¦ ~ lh <à[3@ <
54
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta
3. %2u3 (v & v#7)w 8
These two suffixes are together given a technical name of %2u3. (1.1.26 vv#7‡ %2u3¦)
a. v denotes ;@], ;73], and p3#F of a past or present action

b. v#7 w 8 denotes an agent of a past action
%2u3 is a technical term used in PāŽini sūtras for the following purposes:
• %2u3-7 section from 8.2.42 of PāŽini sūtras where “7”< of %2u3-IJK changes into “2”<
and other changes associated with that.
E.g., WX < + v = W¡
• Œ–— %,1@31, %2u3-IJK-ending word should come as a W‡#W] X.
E.g., %#%X73±3, @%8 X7#X2 , E>

8 1÷ , etc.
The following is a chart of the possible combinations of the basic senses and additional
senses of %2u3-IJKs. The explanation follows.
Additional p‡7 F (3.2.102 %2u3¦ ~ p‡7)F 8 k3€®Á¬¦)

#7]@32 F (3.2.188 @%7Œ%>W‡
Basic sence
v ;@]%Q XF#X&F2 Þ\; 78 (that has been DG @@ @7 , HÚ (is desired)

(3.4.70) heard) ,%h K\%S23- §37 , Œ>8 (is known)
<
XF#X&F2 +3@- S7@ (that has been %E# XF#323- W‡%k7 , M%l]7 (is
reached) worshipped)
p3#F <
XF#X&F2 S7@ (going in the past) @@ @7@, < HÚ@ (desire)
<
(3.4.70) M% 23 <
%[7@ (lighting in the past) K\%S23- §37-, Œ>@ <
8 (knowledge)
XF#323- W‡%k7@, < M%l]7@ (worship)

<
;7]%h (3.4.72 XF#X& +3@- S7 (who has gone) n/a

SJ€ ]-M;@];..¦) M% %[7 (which has lit)
v#7 w 8 ;7]%h (3.4.67) <

XF#X& +3@- S7#32 (who has gone) n/a
55
v Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
a. v
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “v”:
1) What v denotes:
• ;@] (object)
• ;73] (agent) when the meaning of 637 8 is going (SJ€ ]), or when 637 8 is intransitive
• p3#F (action itself)
As additional sense, past tense comes as default. If the meaning of 637 8 is desire,
knowledge, or worship, the tense can also be present. (See the chart in the previous
page.)
2) Content of v-IJK
• 7
<
3) H7 (indicatory) letter of v and its function
• ; < – By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F¦. %2GF6 (prohibition) of SQ
8 and #$%> in MN

• < v become 2. < E.g., %pX < + 7 = %p¡
Being %2u3-IJK, both X < at the end of 637 8 and 7 of
• < at
2/@ < 7 = ,7; S@ +
< the end of some 637 8 may drop. E.g., ,2 + < 7 = S7
• Some sandhi rules may apply, as seen in the examples.

• The new I3%7W%X; declines in 3 %[Ns. The %[N is determined by the %[N of the
noun, which the %2u3-ending word qualifies.

- 8 ;%[N, v-ending I3%7W%X; declines as M-ending.
• <
In æ %[N, a feminine suffix e3W (Z) is added to v-ending I3%7W%X;, and declines
as Z-ending feminine like SN3.
< the ;$ 7-#$

7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• < %&. If necessary, a

As it is very common, %#+,#3q is not much seen for this ;$ 7-#$
word consists of the 637 8 and IJK with same meanings will be used.
56
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta v
To derive a v-ending word §37,

1) §3 + v <
A ;$ 7-IJK v is suffixed to 637 8 §3 (to know).
By the addition of the suffix, §3 gains the status of MN.
2) §3 + 7 ; < of v is H7 letter
< and hence elided.
3) §37 Being ;$ X5, this is a I3%7W%X;@. <
8
The meaning of §37 is “object which has been known” in ;@]%Q p‡7 F s‘%& .
< v become 2. <

With a X <-ending 637,8 both X < at the end of 637 8 and 7 of
1) I + 1X < + v <
A ;$ 7-IJK v is suffixed to 637 8 1X < with I (to be pleased).
2) I + 1X < + 7 ; < of v is H7 letter
< and hence elided.
< 2
3) I + 12 + When followed by %2u3-IJK, both the X < at the end of 637 8 and the
< %2u3-IJK become 2, < by 8.2.42 hX3Á3- %2u37\ 2 W‡#}
7 of ] lX ¦
4) I1¡ Being ;$ X5, this is a new I3%7W%X;@. <
Similarly, X <-ending 637 8 with v-IJK undergoes the same modifications. I + WX < + v =
IW¡, MX < + v = M¡, %pX < + v = %p¡, etc.
8
The meaning of I1¡ is “one who has been pleased” in ;7]%h p‡7 F s‘%& .
< -ending
With a 2/@ < 637,8 that nasal letter is elided.
1) S@ < + v <
A ;$ 7-IJK < go).
v is suffixed to 637 8 S@ (to
2) S@ < + 7 ; < of v is H7 letter
< and hence elided.
3) S7 < dropped. Being ;$ X5, this is a I3%7W%X;@. <
The last nasal sound @ is
In the same manner, some of 637s8 ending with a nasal sound will lose that last letter.
< v = 27, h@ +
E.g., 2@ + < v = h7, K@ + < v = ,7, 72 +
< v = K7, ,2 + < v = 77, @2 +
< v = @7, etc.
8
The meaning of S7 is “object which has been reached” in ;@]%Q p‡7 F s‘%& , whereas it is
8
“one who has gone” in ;7]%h p‡7 F s‘%& 8
, and it is “going in the past” in p3#F p‡7 F s‘%& .
57
l#S] at the end of 637 8 becomes ;#S].

< v
1) Jk + <
A ;$ 7-IJK < abandon).
v is suffixed to the 637 8 Jk (to
< 7
2) Jk + ; < of v is H7 letter
< and hence elided.
< 7
3) JS + By 8.2.30 l\ ;8 ¦, the l#S] followed by à[ < is replaced by ;#S].
4) J; < + 7 By 8.4.55 É%h l¦, the à[ < followed by Éh <becomes lh <(hard).
5) Jv Being ;$ X5, this is a new I3%7W%X;@. <
< v = @v
8 +
In the same manner, @l < v = pv,
8 +
8 , pk 8 Kk < v = Kv
8 + 8 , etc.
8
The meaning of Jv is “object which has been abandoned” in ;@]%Q p‡7 F s‘%& .
With E/G <

< -ending <
637,8 the last letter of 637 8 becomes G and < v becomes e <.
the 7 of
< v
1) 2E + <
A ;$ 7-IJK < perish).
v is suffixed to the 637 8 2E (to
< 7
2) 2E + ; < of v is H7 letter
< and hence elided.
< 7
3) 2G + <
By 8.2.36 —¬p k1$k@$kKkh3k·3kË3- G ¦, the E becomes G. <
< e
4) 2G + By 8.4.41 Ú2
8 3 Ú8 ¦, the 7 in <
< contact with G becomes e <.
5) 2Ú Being ;$ X5, this is a new I3%7W%X;@. <
< v = HÚ, ÖE +
In the same manner, HG + < v = ÖÚ, < v=
E+ Ú, etc.
8
The meaning of 2Ú is “agent who has perished” in ;7]%h p‡7 F s‘%& .
With 637 8 which ends with the letter in the 4th of the class, the last letter of 637 8 becomes
< v becomes 6. <
3rd of the class and the 7 of
1) E68 < + v <
A ;$ 7-IJK < purify).
v is suffixed to the 637 8 E68 (to
2) E68 < + 7 ; < of v is H7 letter
< and hence elided.
3) E68 < + 6 <
By 8.2.40 àGg€\6í¾6 ¦, the 7 preceded < replaced by 6. <
by àG is
4) EX8 < + 6 <
By 8.4.53 à[3- kE à%E¦, <
the 6 followed < replaced by X <.
by àE is
8
5) E> Being ;$ X5, this is a new I3%7W%X;@. <
< th of the class) at the end of 637 8 becomes kE (3
In the same manner, àG (4 < rd of the class)
< v becomes 6. < %16 +
and the 7 of < v = %1>, Œ68 +
< v = Œ>8 , [p +
< v = [ü, hp +
< v = hü, etc.
The meaning of E> 8

8 is “object which has been purified” in ;@]%Q p‡7 F s‘%& , whereas it is
8
“purifying in the past” in p3#F p‡7 F s‘%& .
58
Here are more examples of v-ending (v35) words:

637 8 <
New I3%7W%X;@ with selected meanings as example
;$ (8U) to do + v (;@]%Q) = ;$ 7 (that which has been done)
§3 (9P) to know + v (;@]%Q) = §37 (that which has been known)
p‡ (1P) to be + v (;@]%Q) = p‡7 (that which has been there)
8 (5P) to hear + v (;@]%Q) = 78 (that which has been heard)
– (3U) to sacrifice + v (;@]%Q) = –7 (that which has been sacrificed)
He <-ZS@ comes to the v with the following 637s8

W < (1P) to study + v (;@]%Q) = W% 7 (that which has been studied)
%#X < (2P) to know + v (;@]%Q) = %#%X7 (that which has been known)
< v both become 2. <

The last X < of the following 637s8 and 7 of
%pX < (7P) to separate + v (;@]%Q) = %p¡ (that which has been separated)
MX < (2P) to eat + v (;@]%Q) = M¡ (that which has been eaten)
I + WX < to resort to + v (;7]%h) = IW¡ (one who has resorted to)
I + 1X < to be pleased+ v (;7]%h) = I1¡ (one who has been pleased)
The last nasal letter of the following 637s8 is elided.

<
S@ (1P) to go + v (;@]%Q) = S7 (that which has been reached)
<
S@ (1P) to go + v (;7]%h) = S7 (one who has gone)
<
2@ (1P) to salute + v (;@]%Q) = 27 (that which has been saluted)
<
2@ (1P) to salute + v (;7]%h) = 27 (one who has saluted)
<
K@ (1P) to strive + v (;7]%h) = K7 (one who has strived)
<
,2 (2P) to injure + v (;@]%Q) = ,7 (that which has been injured)
The last letter of the following 637s8 take ;8c@, < and lc]@ when
< applicable.
@l <
8 (6P) to set free 8 (that which has been released)
+ v (;@]%Q) = @v
pk <
8 (7U) to eat 8 (that which has been eaten, experienced)
+ v (;@]%Q) = pv
<
Jk (1P) to give up + v (;@]%Q) = Jv (that which has been given up)
Kk <
8 (7U) to unite 8 (that which has been united)
+ v (;@]%Q) = Kv
59
637 8 <
<
The last letter of the following 637s8 is/becomes G and Úc < v.
8 on the 7 of
<
HG (6P) to wish + v (;@]%Q) = HÚ (that which has been wished)
<
ÖE (1P) to see + v (;@]%Q) = ÖÚ (that which has been seen)
<
2E (4P) to perish + v (;7]%h) = 2Ú (one who has destroyed)
<
E (1P) to see + v (;@]%Q) = Ú (that which has been clearly perceived)
With the following 637s8 , “7”< of v becomes ”6”< and the last letter of the 637 8 becomes kE. <
<
[p (1A) to gain + v (;@]%Q) = [ü (that which has been gained)
<
hp (1A) to start + v (;@]%Q) = hü (that which has been started)
<
Œ68 (1P) to know + v (;7]%h) = Œ>8 (one who has known)
<
Œ68 (1P) to know + v (;@]%Q) = Œ>8 (that which has been known)
<
E68 (1P) to purify 8 (that which has been purified)
+ v (;@]%Q) = E>
<
%16 (4P) to succeed + v (;7]%h) = %1> (that which has been accomplished)
<
637s8 which are subject to 1-I13hQ@ (KQ <
becomes H;)<
<
#l (2P) to say + v (;@]%Q) = `v (that which has been said)
IÊ < (6P) to ask + v (;@]%Q) = W$Ú (that which has been asked)
Other irregular forms

¸, < (2P) to milk + v (;@]%Q) = ¸ƒ6 (that which has been milked, milk)
Ò3 (1P) to stay + v (;7]%h) = %Ò7 (one who has been there)
63 (3U) to place + v (;@]%Q) = %,7 (that which has been placed)
<
E@ (4P) to be calm + v (;7]%h) = E35 (one who has been calmed)
<
k2 (4A) to be born + v (;7]%h) = k37 (one who has been born)
X3 (3U) to give + v (;@]%Q) = X& (that which has been given)
I + X3 to give away + v (;@]%Q) = I& (that which has been given away)
%Qk5 (causative) 637s8

Ò3%W to place + v (;@]%Q) = Ò3%W7 (that which has been placed)
X%E] to show + v (;@]%Q) = X%E]7 (that which has been shown)
I%7 + Œ\%6 to teach + v (;@]%Q) = I%7Œ\%67 (that which has been taught)
60
637 8 <
1¡5 (desiderative) 637s8
†á to desire to gain + v (;@]%Q) = †%á7 (that which has been desired to gain)
%k§31 to desire to know + v (;@]%Q) = %k§3%17 (that which has been desired to be known)
%##| to desire to convey + v (;@]%Q) = %##%|7 (that which has been desired to be conveyed)
s3%lâ31 to desire to comment upon + v (;@]%Q) =
s3%lâ3%17 (that which has been desired to be commented upon)
61
Exercise 1: Find v35 words, identify their 637s8 and IJKs, find what is denoted by v-IJK,
and translate the following sentences by parsing each word. See the examples.
Example 1: `WXFE XF#X&F2 78 p#%7 ¦ (The teaching is heard by Devadatta.)

• v35 word: 78
• 637 8 and IJK: 8 (1P) to hear and v
• What is denoted: 8
;@]%Q p‡7,F this is ;@]%Q s‘%&
1/1
• `WXFE (teaching) ;7]%h I€@3 to p#%7
1/1 1/1
• 78 (heard) 1@323%6;hQ to `WXFE
• XF#X&F2 3/1 (by Devadatta) ;7]%h 7$7 K3 to 78
An undenoted ;73] takes 3rd case ending. In the example, with reference to 8 (to hear), ;@]
is denoted by v-IJK, while ;73], XF#X&, is not denoted. In such case, the undenoted ;73] takes
;7]%h 7$7 K3 %#p%v .
Example 2: XF#X& +3@- S7 p#%7 ¦ (Devadatta is the one who has reached the village.)
• v35 word: S7
• 637 8 and IJK: <
S@ (1P) to go and v
• What is denoted: 8
;7]%h p‡7,F this is ;7]%h s‘%&
1/1
• XF#X& (by Devadatta) ;7]%h I€@3 to p#%7
1/1 1/1
• S7 (one who has reached) 1@323%6;hQ to XF#X&
• +3@- 2/1 (village) ;@]%Q to S7
< go), v-IJK is
An undenoted ;@] takes 2nd case. In the example, with reference to S@ (to
denoting the ;73], while the ;@] “+3@” is not denoted. So, the undenoted ;@] takes ;@]%Q %m7 K3
%#p%v .
1. ÖÚ3 1 73 @K3 ¦ <

6. 1 @2 S732 ;3@32 <
WÔK%7¦
8
2. M} W’G} ;$ J- ;$ 7@ ¦< 7. `vF 2 #3qF2 W$Ú %#GK Ú p#%7 ¦
3. @K3 \7s3%2 1#3]%Q 78 3%2 p#%5 ¦ 8. S’-8 `W1¡3K %E‚3K 13 #X%7 ¦
4. M,- W3%Q%2- IQ7 M%b ¦ 8 WÚF8 M,- WÚ8 ¦ W„F
9. W„F 8 2ÚF M,- 2Ú ¦
< \%7 ¦
5. 1 %#%,7- ;@] ;$ c3 HÚ- È[@ Z 10. DGQ31 8 Jv31 8 E35 p#%7 ¦
62
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta p‡7 F ;7]%h v#7 w 8
b. v#7 w 8
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “v#7”w 8 :
1) What v#7 w 8 denotes:

• ;73] (agent) of past action (;7]%h p‡7)F
2) Content of v#7-w 8 IJK
• 7#7 <
<
3) H7 (indicatory) letters of v#7 w 8 and their function
• ; < – By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F¦. %2GF6 (prohibition) of SQ
8 and #$%> in MN
• 8
`w – By 1.3.2 `WXFE¾F k223%1; H7¦.< In declension the new I3%7W%X; is treated as `%S7 <
(that which has `; < as H7)<
• The same modification as v.
• The new I3%7W%X; declines in 3 %[Ns. The %[N is determined by the %[N of a noun,
which the %2u3-ending word qualifies.
• - 8 ;%[N, v#7-w 8 ending I3%7W%X; declines like pS#7. <
In W%w 8 ùN and 2W1
• < is added to v#7-w 8 ending I3%7W%X;. It declines
In æ %[N, a feminine suffix V W (†)
like 2X .
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• v#7-w 8 ending word itself is used as %#+,#3q for %7V5 in the past tenses.
• For example, “M;h\7”< is a %7V5 consists of ;$ + [V < (p‡7,F past tense)/;7]%h/III/1.
For this %7V5, “;$ 7#32”< which consists of ;$ + v#7 8 (p‡7,F past tense)/;7]%h may be
supplied as explanation.
• <
Similarly, for “c@ M;h\ (;$ + [V/ <
< ;7]%h/II/1) ”, “;$ 7#32 M%1“ may be given.
63
p‡7 F ;7]%h v#7 w 8 Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta
For example, to make a word whose meaning is an agent who has known:
1) §3 + v#7 w 8 <
A ;$ 7-IJK v#7 w 8 is suffixed to the 637 8 §3 (to know).
2) §3 + 7#7 < ; < and `w of v are H7 letters
< and hence elided.
3) §37#7 < <
be a I3%7W%X;@ <
The new I3%7W%X; declines in the same manner as pS#7. < In masculine, it declines as
§37#32, < §37#5¥, §37#5 , §37#5@, < §37#5¥, §37#7 , §37#73, etc. In feminine, a æ -IJK (feminine
suffix) † is added. The feminine form §37#7 declines in the same manner as 2X , such as
§37#7 , §37#J¥, §37#J , etc.
Here are more examples of v#7-w 8 ending words:

637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ <
;$ (8U) to do + v#7 w 8 = <
;$ 7#7 (one who has done)
8 (5P) to hear + v#7 w 8 = <
78 #7 (one who has heard)
W < (1P) to study + v#7 w 8 = <
W% 7#7 (one who has studied)
%#X < (2P) to know + v#7 w 8 = <
%#%X7#7 (one who has known)
<
S@ (1P) to go + v#7 w 8 = <
S7#7 (one who has gone)
<
Jk (1P) to give up + v#7 w 8 = <
Jv#7 (one who has given up)
pk <
8 (7U) to eat + v#7 w 8 = 8
pv#7 <
(one who has eaten, experienced)
<
ÖE (1P) to see + v#7 w 8 = <
ÖÚ#7 (one who has seen)
<
#l (2P) to say + v#7 w 8 = `v#7 < (one who has said)
IÊ < (6P) to ask + v#7 w 8 = W$Ú#7 < (one who has asked)
X3 (3U) to give + v#7 w 8 = <
X&#7 (one who has given)
<
[p (1A) to gain + v#7 w 8 = <
[ü#7 (one who has gained)
Refer to the list of v-ending words for more forms as the formations of the I3%7W%X; are the
same for both v and v#7.w 8
64
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta p‡7 F ;7]%h v#7 w 8
Exercise 1:
8
What is the s‘%& of the following ;$ X5 words? Answer in the format of the example below.
1. ;$ 7#7F 3. Jv#ä 8 5. 78 #73@ < 8

7. pv#7
2. S7#5 4. X&#32 < 6. W$Ú#7F 8. ÖÚ#5
8
The s‘%& of the word ;$ 7#7F is analyzed as follows:
b) The 637 8 is ;$ (to do).
<
c) The ;$ 7-IJK is v#7.w 8
< ;$ 7#32, < 7b » ;$ 7#7F ¦” (Use [V < [;3h to express the action in past.)
d) %#+, is “M;h\7 H%7
8
e) The suffix denotes the ;73] of the action in the past. Thus, this is ;7]%h p‡7 F s‘%& .
Exercise 2: Find v#7-w 8 ending words, identify their 637s8 and IJKs, and translate the following
<
1. M,- 7÷- §37#32 M%b ¦ 5. DG %#GK Jv#73 2 H‚7F¦
2. 7F k23 1#õ Jv#5 ¦ 6. S’8 I - W$Ú#7F %E‚3K `&h- #X%7 ¦
3. XF#X& ;€3- 78 #5- W$¨%7 ¦ 7. 7÷- %#%X7#73- E3%5 M%g ¦
4. S’8 +þ- W% 7#7 Wh |7F ¦ <
8. 13 1J@ `v#7 ¦
Note:
The ;@] of a v#7-w 8 ending word, when not denoted by a %7V5 word, is expressed in the 2nd
case. In other words, undenoted ;@] takes ;@]%Q %m7 K3 %#p%v .
65
w E32l <
E7$/ Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta
4. E7$/ <
w E32l (Replacement for [e < and [$e <)
<
E7$w and E32l are substitutions for both [e <-[;3h (present tense) and [$e <-[;3h (second
future tense).
E7$w is classified as Whb »WX@. <
< classified as Z±2WF X@. <

E32l is
E7$/ <
w E32l are used as substitutions for [;3h, just like %7V-< IJKs. The only difference is:
• %7V-< IJKs make %7V5s (verbs)
• E7$/ <
w E32l make ;$ X5- I3%7W%X;@ <
E7$/ <
w E32l-ending words are used to qualify a noun by the present/future action.
E.g., 1 Wl5- XF#X&- WÔK%7 ¦ He sees Devadatta who is cooking.
1 #ö@3Q- #3q- @´7F ¦ He thinks about the sentence which is going to be told.
<
We are going to see the comparison between %7V5@ and E7$/ <
w E32l-ending words in [e <
[;3h (present tense) and [$e < [;3h (second future tense) in both IK\Ss (voices) with
both Whb »WX and Z±2WF X 637s8 , in the following pages.
<
Summary of comparison between %7V5@ and E7$/ <
w E32l-ending words
[;3h IK\S 637 8 ex # %7V5@ < E7$/ <

w E32l-M5@ <
[e < ;7]%h Whb »WX 1 WÔK%7 (he sees) WÔK2 < (one who is seeing)
Z±2 FWX 2 [p7F (he gains) [p@32 (one who is gaining)
;@]%Q Whb »WX 3 ÖÔK7F (it is seen) ÖÔK@32 (what is being seen)
Z±2 FWX 4 [Á7F (it is gained) [Á@32 (what is being gained)
[$e < ;7]%h Whb »WX 5 #ö%7 (he will speak) <
#ö2 (one who will speak)
Z±2 FWX 6 [ô7F (he will gain) [ô@32 (one who will gain)
;@]%Q Whb »WX 7 #ö7F (it will be spoken) #ö@32 (what will be spoken)
Z±2 FWX 8 [ô7F (it will be gained) [ô@32 (what will be gained)
66
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta w E32l <
E7$/
Compare the following examples to see the similarities and differences between %7V-<
IJK and E7$/ < [e <-[;3h (present tense) ;7]%h IK\S (active voice) with both
w E32l in
Whb »WX and Z±2 FWX 637s8 .
Example 1. [e <-[;3h (present tense) ;7]%h IK\S (active voice) with Whb »WX 637 8
< [e <
1) ÖE +
< %7
2) ÖE + %7V < is the substitution for [;3h to make a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
3) WÔK%7 This is a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< [e <
1) ÖE +
< E7$w
2) ÖE + After Whb »WX 637,8 E7$w is the substitution for [;3h to make a
I3%7W%X;@. <
3) WÔK7 < “The agent who is seeing”. This is a I3%7W%X;@, < a participle.
<
WÔK7 declines as E7$-w ending I3%7W%X;@. <
Example 2. [e <-[;3h (present tense) ;7]%h IK\S (active voice) with Z±2 FWX 637 8
< [e <
1) [p +
< 7F
2) [p + %7V < is the substitution for [;3h to make a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
3) [p7F This is a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< [e <
1) [p +
< E32l <
2) [p + < the substitution for [;3h to make a
After Z±2 FWX 637,8 E32l is
I3%7W%X;@. <
3) [p@32 “The agent who is obtaining”. This is a I3%7W%X;@, < a participle.
[p@32 declines as M-ending I3%7W%X;@. <
67
w E32l <
Now compare the following examples to see the similarities and differences between
%7V-< IJK and E7$/ < [e <-[;3h (present tense) ;@]%Q IK\S (passive voice), in which
w E32l in
< used.
only Z±2 FWX@ is
Example 3. [e <-[;3h (present tense) ;@]%Q IK\S (passive voice) with Whb »WX 637 8
< [e <
1) ÖE +
< 7F
2) ÖE + %7V < is the substitution for [;3h to make a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< K + 7F
3) ÖE + “K” is added to the MN.
4) ÖÔK7F This is a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< [e <
1) ÖE +
< E32l <
2) ÖE + < classified as Z±2WF X@, < and in ;@]%Q IK\S
Because E32l is
< used here.
Z±2 FWX@ < should be the substitute for [;3h, E32l is
< K + @32
3) ÖE + Just like %7V5, “K” is added to MN.
4) ÖÔK@32 “The object which is being seen”. This is a I3%7W%X;@. <
Example 4. [e <-[;3h (present tense) ;@]%Q IK\S (passive voice) with Z±2WF X 637 8
< [e <
1) [p +
< 7F
< K + 7F
3) [p + “K” is added to MN.
4) [Á7F This is a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< [e <
1) [p +
< E32l <
2) [p + < classified as Z±2WF X@, < and in ;@]%Q IK\S
Because E32l is
< used here.
Z±2 FWX@ < should be the substitute for [;3h, E32l is
< K + @32
3) [p + Just like %7V5, “K” is added to MN.
4) [Á@32 “The object which is being obtained”. This is a I3%7W%X;@. <
68
E7$/
Here is the comparison of %7V-< IJK and E7$/ < [$e <-[;3h (second future tense) ;7]%h
w E32l in
IK\S (active voice) with both Whb »WX and Z±2WF X 637s8 .
Example 5. [$e <-[;3h (second future tense) ;7]%h IK\S (active voice) with Whb »WX 637 8
< [$e <
1) #l +
< %7
2) #l + %7V < is the substitution for [;3h to make a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< } + %7
3) #l + In [$e <-[;3h , “}” is added after 637.8
4) #ö%7 “he will speak”.
After sandhi modifications, this is a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< [$e <

1) #l +
< E7$w
2) #l + After Whb »WX 637,8 E7$w is the substitution for [;3h to make
I3%7W%X;@. <
< } + E7$w
3) #l + In [$e <-[;3h , “}” is added after the 637.8
4) #ö7 < “the agent who will be speaking”.
After sandhi modifications, this is a I3%7W%X;@, < a participle.
Example 6. [$e <-[;3h (second future tense) ;7]%h IK\S (active voice) with Z±2 FWX 637 8
< [$e <
1) [p +
< 7F
< } + 7F
3) [p + In [$e <-[;3h , “}” is added after the 637.8
4) [ô7F “he will gain”. After sandhi, this is a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< [$e <

1) [p +
< E32l <
For Z±2WF X 637,8 E32l is
I3%7W%X;@. <
< } + E32l <
< } + @32
4) [W + Some modification happens.
5) [ô@32 “the agent who will gain”. This is a I3%7W%X;@, < a participle.
69
w E32l <
Now, here is the comparison of %7V-< IJK and E7$/ < [$e <-[;3h (second future
w E32l in
< used, with both Whb »WX and
tense) ;@]%Q IK\S (passive voice) in which only Z±2WF X@ is
Z±2 FWX 637s8 .
Example 7. [$e <-[;3h (second future tense) ;@]%Q IK\S (passive voice) with Whb »WX 637 8
< [$e <
1) #l +
< 7F
2) #l + %7V < is the substitution for [;3h to make a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< } + 7F
4) #ö7F “it is going to be told”.
After sandhi modifications, this is a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< [$e <

1) #l +
< E32l <
2) #l + < classified as Z±2WF X@, < and in ;@]%Q IK\S Z±2WF X@ <
Because E32l is
< used here.
is the substitute for [;3h, E32l is
< } + E32l <
4) #ö@3Q “the object which is going to be told”.
After sandhi modifications, this is a I3%7W%X;@, < a participle.
Example 8. [$e <-[;3h (second future tense) ;@]%Q IK\S (passive voice) with Z±2WF X 637 8
The forms are identical to the ones in ;7]%h IK\S (active voice).
< [$e <
1) [p +
< 7F
< } + 7F
4) [ô7F “it will be gained”. After sandhi, this is a %7V5@, < a finite verb.
< [$e <

1) [p +
< E32l <
For Z±2WF X 637,8 E32l is
I3%7W%X;@. <
< } + E32l <
< } + @32
4) [W + Some modification happens.
5) [ô@32 “the object which will be gained”. This is a I3%7W%X;@. <
70
E7$/
a. E7$w
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “E7$”w :
1) What E7$w denotes:

• ;73] (agent) of present or future action of Whb »WX 637.8
2) Content of E7$-w IJK
• M7 <
<
3) H7 (indicatory) letters of E7$w and their function
• E -< By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F¦
<
%E7-IJK which is suffixed to a 637 8 is called “13#]637;
8 -IJK ”. %7V < is also called
8 -IJK . Thus they both cause the same modifications on their MN.
13#]637;
• 8
Åw - By 1.3.2 `WXFE¾F k223%1; H7¦<
Å is found in IJ3,3h `;.< A suffix whose H7 is
< `; < is called `%S7-IJK.
< <
`%S7-IJK-
ending words decline in certain manners.
• Substitute inherits the attributes of what is substituted.
• When E7$w is a substitute to [e <, the MN will undergo modifications according to
the class of 637 8 as we saw in [e <-[;3h. For the final forms of MN, see Volume 1.
• When E7$w is a substitute to [$e <, the MN will be formed in the same mannter as [$e <-
[;3h. For the formation of MN, see Volume 1.
• E7$-w ending word takes the %[N of the noun which it qualifies.
• <
Being an `%S7-IJK-ending word, E7$-w ending words decline in a similar manner
<
to @7Ww 8 ending word. (See Volume 1) The only difference is in 1/1.
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• < %&.
%#+,#3q is not seen for this ;$ 7-#$
71
w E32l <
b. E32l <
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “E32l”:<
<
1) What E32l denotes:
• ;73] (agent) of present or future action of Z±2WF X 637.8
• ;@] (object) of present or future action.
• p3# (action itself).
<
2) Content of E32l-IJK
• Z2
<
letters of E32l and their function
• E -< By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F¦
<
%E7-IJK which is suffixed to 637 8 is called “13#]637;
8 -IJK ”. %7V < is also called
8 -IJK . Thus they both cause the same modifications on their MN.
13#]637;
• l -< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦< For intonation
• < added to the end of MN.
When MN ends with M, @ is
• < a substitute to [e <, the MN will undergo modifications as we saw
When E32l is
in [e <-[;3h. For the final forms of MN, see Volume 1.
• < a substitute to [$e <, the MN will be formed in the same mannter as
When E32l is
[$e <-[;3h.
• <
E32l-ending word takes the %[N of the noun which it qualifies.
• <
E32l-ending word declines as M-ending in masculine and neuter. In feminine, a
<
æ -IJK e3W (Z) is added and declines as Z-ending feminine I3%7W%X;.
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• < %&.
%#+,#3q is not seen for this ;$ 7-#$
72
E7$/
<
Example 1. Derivation of WÔK7 (an agent who is seeing), a E7$-w IJK-M5 word in [e < (present
tense), ;7]%h IK\S (active voice), with Whb »WX 637 8 :
1) ÖE < + [e < < see).
A present tense suffix [e < is suffixed to the 637 8 ÖE (to
< qualified to be an MN.
By the addition of the suffix, ÖE is
2) ÖE < + E7$w E7$/ <
w E32l are IJKs which are substitutes for [e <. E7$w is a
< a Whb »WX 637 8 , E7$w is suffixed.
Whb »WX IJK. Since ÖE is
3) ÖE < + M7 < <
E and <
Åw of E7$w are H7 letters and hence elided.
4) WÔK + M7 < E7$,w being %E7, < is a 13#]637;
8 -IJK, so its MN undergoes the same
modification as it would to become a %7V5 in [e <. The final

modified forms of the MN are found in the list in Volume 1.
5) WÔK7 < After sandhi change, this is the final form. Being a ;$ X5, this is
qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
<
Example 2. Derivation of [p@32 (an agent who is obtaining), a E32l-IJK-M5 word in [e <
(present tense), ;7]%h IK\S (active voice), with Z±2WF X 637 8 :
1) [p < + [e < < obtain).
A present tense suffix [e < is suffixed to the 637 8 [p (to
By the addition of the suffix, [p is
2) [p < + E32l < E7$/ <
w E32l are < a
IJKs which are substitutes for [e <. E32l is
< suffixed.
< an Z±2 FWX 637 8 , E32l is
Z±2 FWX IJK. Since [p is
3) [p < + Z2 <
E and < E32l are
l of < <
4) [p + Z2 E32l, < being %E7, < is a 13#]637;
8 -IJK, so its MN undergoes the

< Z2
5) [p@ + < added after M-ending MN followed by Z2.
@ is
6) [p@32 Being a ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@. <
73
w E32l <
<
Example 3. Derivation of ÖÔK@32 (an object which is being seen), a E32l-IJK-M5 word in [e <
(present tense), ;@]%Q IK\S (passive voice), with Whb »WX 637 8 :
1) ÖE < + [e < < see).
A present tense suffix [e < is suffixed to the 637 8 ÖE (to
By the addition of the suffix, ÖE is
2) ÖE < + E32l < E7$/ <
w E32l are < an
<
Z±2 FWX IJK. Because in passive voice Z±2 FWX is used, E32l is
suffixed.
3) ÖE < + Z2 <
E and < E32l are
l of < <
4) ÖÔK + Z2 E32l, < being %E7, < is a 13#]637;
8 -IJK, so its MN undergoes the same

< Z2
5) ÖÔK@ + < added after M-ending MN followed by Z2.
@ is
6) ÖÔK@32 Being a ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@. <
<
Example 4. Derivation of [Á@32 (an object which is being obtained), a E32l-IJK-M5 word
in [e < (present tense), ;@]%Q IK\S (passive voice), with Z±2 FWX 637 8 :
1) [p < + [e < < obtain).
A present tense suffix [e < is suffixed to the 637 8 [p (to
2) [p < + E32l < E7$/ <
w E32l are < an
<
suffixed.
3) [p < + Z2 <
E and < E32l are
l of < <
H7 letters and hence elided
4) [Á + Z2 E32l, < being %E7, < is a 13#]637;
8 -IJK, so its MN undergoes the

< Z2
5) [Á@ + < added after M-ending MN followed by Z2.
@ is
6) [Á@32 Being a ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@. <
74
E7$/
<
Example 5. Derivation of #ö7 (an agent who will speak), a E7$-w IJK-M5 word in [$e < (second
future tense), ;7]%h IK\S (active voice), with Whb »WX 637 8 :
1) #l < + [$e < < speak).
A second future tense suffix [$e < is suffixed to the 637 8 #l (to
By the addition of the suffix, #l is
2) #l < + E7$w E7$/ <
w E32l are IJKs which are substitutes for [$e <. E7$w is a
< a Whb »WX 637 8 , E7$w is suffixed.
Whb »WX IJK. Since #l is
3) #l < + M7 < <
E and <
Åw of E7$w are H7 letters and hence elided
< } + M7 <
4) #l + In [$e <-[;3h, the additional suffix “}” is to the 637 8 .
5) #ö7 < After applying sandhi, this is the final form. Being a ;$ X5, this is
qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
<
Example 6. Derivation of [ô@32 (an agent who will obtain), a E32l-IJK-M5 word in [$e <
(second future tense), ;7]%h IK\S (active voice), with Z±2WF X 637 8 :
1) [p < + [$e < < obtain).
A second future tense suffix [$e < is suffixed to 637 8 [p (to
2) [p < + E32l < E7$/ <
w E32l are < an
IJKs which are substitutes for [$e <. E32l is
< suffixed.
< an Z±2 FWX 637 8 , E32l is
Z±2 FWX IJK. Since [p is
3) [p < + Z2 <
E and < E32l are
l of < <
< } + Z2
4) [p + In [$e <-[;3h, the additional suffix “}” is to the 637 8 .
< Z2
5) [ô@ + < added after M-ending MNs followed by Z2.
@ is
<
By 8.4.55 É%h l ¦, p (à[ < )< is replaced by W (lh
)< followed 1 (Éh < )< .
6) [ô@32 Being a ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@. <
75
w E32l <
<
Example 7. Derivation of #ö@3Q (an object which will be told), a E32l-IJK-M5 word in [$e <
(second future tense), ;@]%Q IK\S (passive voice), with Whb »WX 637 8 :
1) #l < + [$e < < speak).
A second future tense suffix [$e < is suffixed to the 637 8 #l (to
By the addition of the suffix, #l is
2) #l < + E32l < E7$/ <
w E32l are < an
<
suffixed.
3) #l < + Z2 <
E and < E32l are
l of < <
< } + Z2
4) #l + In [$e <-[;3h, the additional suffix “}” is to the 637 8 .
< Z2
5) #ö@ + < added after M-ending MNs followed by Z2. Sandhi rules
@ is
apply.
6) #ö@3Q <
Qc@ applies here. Being a ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@. <
<
Example 8. Derivation of [ô@32 (an object which will be obtained), a E32l-IJK-M5 word
in [$e < (second future tense), ;@]%Q IK\S (passive voice), with Z±2 FWX 637 8 :
1) [p < + [$e < < obtain).
A second future tense suffix [$e < is suffixed to 637 8 [p (to
2) [p < + E32l < E7$/ <
w E32l are < an
<
suffixed.
3) [p < + Z2 <
E and < E32l are
l of < <
< } + Z2
4) [p + In [$e <-[;3h, the additional suffix “}” is to the 637 8 .
< Z2
5) [ô@ + < added after M-ending MNs followed by Z2.
@ is
<
By 8.4.55 É%h l ¦, p (à[ < )< is replaced by W (lh
)< followed 1 (Éh < )< .
6) [ô@32 Being a ;$ X5, this is a I3%7W%X;@. <

Note that the final form is the same as the one in active voice, as shown in Example 6
in the previous page.
76
E7$/
Here are some examples of E7$/ <

w E32l-ending words which are often seen in E3æs:
637 8 IJK ([;3h /IK\S ) New I3%7W%X;@ <
<
M1 (2P) to be + E7$w ([e </;7]%h) = <
17 (agent who is existing)
%#X < (4A) to be <
+ E32l ([e </;7]%h) = %#4@32 (agent who is existing)
<
#$7 (1A) to be <
+ E32l ([e </;7]%h) = #7]@32 (agent who is existing)
<
S@ (1P) to go + E7$w ([e </;7]%h) = <
S¨7 (agent who is going)
<
S@ (1P) to go <
+ E32l ([e </;@]%Q)= Sª@32 (object which is being reached)
<
S@ (1P) to go + E7$w ([$e </;7]%h) = <
S%@‚7 (agent who will go)
<
S@ (1P) to go < $ e </;@]%Q) =
+ E32l ([ S%@‚@3Q (object which will be reached)
;$ (8U) to do + E7$w ([e </;7]%h) = <
;8#]7 (agent who is doing)
;$ (8U) to do <
+ E32l ([e </;7]%h) = ;8#3]Q (agent who is doing)
;$ (8U) to do <
+ E32l ([e </;@]%Q)= % K@3Q (object which is being done)
;$ (8U) to do + E7$w ([$e </;7]%h) = <
;%h‚7 (agent who will do)
;$ (8U) to do < $ e </;@]%Q)=
+ E32l ([ ;%h‚@3Q (object which will be done)
<
ÖE (1P) to see + E7$w ([e </;7]%h) = <
WÔK7 (agent who is seeing)
<
ÖE (1P) to see <
+ E32l ([e </;@]%Q) = ÖÔK@32 (object which is being seen)
8 (1P) to hear + E7$w ([e </;7]%h) = <
r#7 (agent who is hearing)
8 (1P) to hear <
+ E32l ([e </;@]%Q) = ‡ @3Q (object which is being heard)
K
p‡ (1P) to be + E7$w ([e </;7]%h) = <
p#7 (agent who is existing)
p‡ (1P) to be + E7$w ([$e </;7]%h) = <
p%#‚7 (agent who will exist)
Ó» (1P) to meditate + E7$w ([e </;7]%h) = <
Ó3K7 (agent who is meditating)
<
Wl (1U) to cook + E7$w ([e </;7]%h) = <
Wl7 (agent who is cooking)
<
k2 (4A) to be born <
+ E32l ([e </;7]%h) = k3K@32 (agent who is being born)
<
@2 (4A) to think <
+ E32l ([e </;7]%h) = @´@32 (agent who is thinking)
<
Z + hp (1A) to start <
+ E32l ([e </;7]%h) = Zhp@3Q (agent who is starting)
<
Z + hp (1A) to start <
+ E32l ([e </;@]%Q)= ZhÁ@3Q (object which is being started)
Ø‡ (2U) to speak + E7$w ([e </;7]%h) = <
Ø#8 7 (agent who is speaking)
<
I + ZW (5P) to gain <
+ E32l ([e </;@]%Q) = I3û@3Q (object which is being gained)
<
HG (6P) to wish + E7$w ([e </;7]%h) = <
H¨7 (agent who is wanting)
77
w E32l <
637 8 IJK ([;3h /IK\S ) New I3%7W%X;@ <

<
[p (1A) to obtain <
+ E32l ([e </;@]%Q)= [Á@32 (object which is being obtained)
<
[p (1A) to obtain < $ e </;7]%h)=
+ E32l ([ [ô@32 (agent who will obtain)
<
[p (1A) to obtain <
+ E32l ([e </;7]%h) = [p@32 (agent who is obtaining)
<
#l (2P) to say + E7$w ([$e </;7]%h) = <
#ö7 (agent who will speak)
<
#l (2P) to say < $ e </;@]%Q) =
+ E32l ([ #ö@3Q (object which will be told)
< ;3%h
;$ + %Ql = + E7$ ([e </;7]%h) = ;3hK7 <
to make somebody do (agent who is making somebody do)
8
Exercise 1: Give the information on s‘%& of the following E7$/ <
w E32l-ending words. Answer
in the following steps of the example.
1. Sª@32 8. %#4@32@ < 15. WÔK5@ < 22. 1%7 29. 17 <
2. S%@‚@3Q 9. I#7]@32 16. WÔK%ˆ 23. 1ä 8 30. 1J3@ <
3. I3û@3Q3%2 8 @323
10. IK¯ 17. S¨ä 8 24. 17\ 31. M2u8 K@32
4. ;%h‚2 < ‡ @3Q¥
11. K 18. H¨7\ 25. 17 32. Ø#8 73
5. ;8#3]Q 12. r#7 19. r#73@ < 26. 15
6. ;%h‚@3Q3%2 13. Ó3K7 20. ;8#]7 F 27. 15@ <
7. 2 K@323 14. 2@73@ < 21. S¨%7 28. 17
a) Take out the I3%7W%X; by taking off the %#p%v. - 8 1/1

Sª@32 + W/
b) Find out the 637 8 and IJK. <
S@ (1P) + E32l <
c) Find out the [;3h ([e < or [$e <) and IK\S (;7]%h, ;@]%Q, or p3#F) [e </;@]%Q
If “}” is seen in MN, it’s [$e <, and if not, [e <.
E7$ is only for ;7]%h, being Whb »WX-IJK.
<
When 637 8 is P, E32l should be ;@]%Q or p3#F.
<
In [e <, when 637 8 is A, if “K” is in MN, E32l should be ;@]%Q or p3#F, if not, ;7]%h.
In [$e <, when 637 8 is A, it can be any IK\S.
Note that p3#F should only be in neuter singular.
d) English meaning is “the object which is being reached”.
78
E7$/
Exercise 2: Find E7$/ <

w E32l-ending words, identify their 637s8 and IJKs, and translate the
1. M%#43K3- #7]@323 15 #K- Œ%8 >@5 H%7 7. WÔK2 < r#2 S¨2
< < 1
12 < 2 »# %;%f7 ;h\%7
< ¦
@´@323 1-13hF %7u%5 ¦ 8 Q %[â@323%2 M|h3%Q WÔK%7 ¦
8. @373 W„F
2. XF, 2 »# ;8#]2 2< ;3hK2 < 9. 1 S$,Ò » % K@3Q3%2 ;@3]%Q 1 }%7 ¦
3. XF#X& ËX2- Wl5- 1\@X&- WÔK%7 ¦ 10. #2 F ·@%ˆ %E‚» ‡ @3Q- S 7- W%|Q S3K%5 ¦
K
<
4. @\|@ H¨2 < S’@
1 < M%pS¨%7 ¦
8 D# 11. #ö@3Q- I;hQ- b$c3 HX32 Zl3K] %E‚FÁ
<
5. %#GK32 Ó3K7 8
W’G} 1N `Wk3K7F ¦ 1²•- #X%7 ¦
6. %E‚3 W%|Q3- S 7- r#5 #2 F ·@%5 ¦ 12. G WX» WFW K@32- W k} @6 8 ¦
Note 1:
As is the case for %7V5 words, undenoted ;73] and ;@] of action of E7$/ <
w E32l-ending
word are in 3rd and 2nd cases. They are not in 6th case.
Note 2:
<
The E7$-w ending of M1 (2P to be) is 17. < The participle 17 is
< commonly used with an
adjective and translated as “being …”. By using 17, < the adjective is prevented from
becoming a predicate to the main noun. In this case, the adjective used with the participle 17 <
becomes a reason for predication.
E.g., 8
W’G < Q3 M5 ;hQE%8 >- Z \%7 ¦
;@]K\S 12 ;@]
(A person, being a karmayogī, gains anta‹karaŽaśuddhi by karma.)
E.g., k23 pv3 15 pS#5- 1F#5F ¦
(People, being devotees, worship the lord.)
E.g., < S$
1h•7 #3ƒXF# 17 Œ%8 >@ M2 8 3%7 ¦
Sarasvatī, being a goddess of speech, blesses intellect.
Note 3:
< 7th case in any number and gender is used in 1%7 1“@ . Details are given in
The 17 in
Volume 1.
79
w E32l <
c. #1 w 8
“#1”w 8 is an optional substitute for E7$w when the 637 8 is %#X < (2P) to know.
< 1.3.2 `WXFE¾F k223%1;

`w of #1 w 8 is H7 By 8 < It indicates how the I3%7W%X; should decline.
H7 ¦.
%#X < + E7$ becomes %#X < + #1.w 8 The final form is “%#m1”,< a 1-ending
< I3%7W%X;@. < The meaning is
“the one who is knowing”.
It declines as follows:
<
%#m1-Eð W%w 8 ùNF
D;#l2@ < %m#l2@ < Œ–#l2@ <
I€@3 %#p%v %#m32 < %#m3-1¥ %#m3-1
%Ï7 K3 %#p%v %#m3-1@ < %#m3-1¥ %#¸G
7$7 K3 %#p%v %#¸G3 %#mX <Á3@ < %#mX <%p
l7€8 • %#p%v %#¸GF %#mX <Á3@ < %#mX <Á
Wf@ %#p%v %#¸G %#mX <Á3@ < %#mX <Á
Gu %#p%v %#¸G %#¸G\ %#¸G3@ <
1“@ %#p%v %#¸%G %#¸G\ %#mä 8
1²\62@ < ,F %#m2 < ,F %#m3-1¥ ,F %#m3-1
<
%#m1-Eð - ;%ùNF
2W‡1
D;#l2@ < %m#l2@ < Œ–#l2@ <
I€@3 %#p%v %#m %#¸G %#m3-%1
The forms will be the same as above in %m7 K3 and 1²\62@. < From 7$7 K3 to 1“@ , the
forms will be the same as W%w 8 ùNF.
< is suffixed. It undergoes some changes and the final form is

In feminine, a æ -IJK V W (†)
%#¸G . It declines as an †-ending feminine word, just like 2X .
80
5. p3#F and other ;3h;s
<
To make a new I3%7W%X; which denotes p3# (the action itself), the following ;$ 7-IJKs
are suffixed to a 637.8
a. ye8 < denotes p3# (action itself). It can also denote ;hQ, M%6;hQ, and any ;3h;s
<
b. zP denotes < s] (See below)
zP-M€
<
c. %v2 also < ]s (See below)
denotes zP-M€
ye8 < is suffixed to any 637 8 to make a I3%7W%X; denoting the action itself (p3#). ye8 < is
similar to the English suffix “-ing”. Examples in English include “sleeping is a good
remedy”, “telling lies is not good”, etc.
<
zP and <
%v2 etc. are suffixed only to certain 637s8 in certain meanings.
Similar suffixes in English are “-tion”, “-ance”, etc. They are to be suffixed only to
certain roots in certain meanings, such as “station”, “entrance”, etc.
< ]
zP-M€
< ] indicates what zP can
zP-M€ < denote.
<
zP can denote two things:
1) p3#F (action itself) (Ref. 3.3.18 p3#F ¦ ~ zP)<

<
2) M;7]%h ;3h;F (any ;3h;s other than ;73]) but it should be 1-§3K3@ (certain < ]-IJKs are
zP-M€
suffixed to certain 637s8 with specific meanings which are seen in the language. Most of
<
them are lited as common noun in dictionaries.) (Ref. 3.3.19 M;7]%h l ;3h;F 1-§3K3@ ¦)
81
ye8 < Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta
a. ye8 <
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, the following are the 7 things to be known regarding “ye8 <”:
1) What ye8 < denotes:

• p3# (action itself)
• ;hQ (instrument) and M%6;hQ (locus)
• Anything else is also possible by the %EÚIK\S.
2) Content of ye8 <-IJK
• K 8 – which is converted to “M2” by 7.1.1 K#8 \h23;¥ ¦
<
3) H7 (indicatory) letters of ye8 < and their function
• [ < - By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F¦. For intonation
• e < - By 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦,< it brings a feminine suffix †.
• The content of IJK is replaced by “M2” by 7.1.1 K#8 \h23;¥ ¦
• < M2 is subject to Qc (See Volume 2 under Qc@).<
The 2 of
• 8 takes place on MN (See Topic IV).
SQ
• - 8 ;%[N (neuter gender) when ye8 < is in the sense of p3#.
2W1
• When ye8 < is in the sense of ;hQ or M%6;hQ, the gender is decided according to
the existing forms by the usage of learned people (%EÚIK\S).
• ye8 <-ending words decline as M-ending neuter, like §32. (§3 + ye8 <)
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• In p3#F, other ;$ X5 words which also indicate p3# will be used as an explanation.
<
E.g., XE]2 - Ö%Ú ¦ Both words are made of ÖE (1P) <
to see with p3#-M€ ]-;$ 7-IJKs. The
meaning of both words is “seeing, sight, vision”.
• In ;hQF, a %7V5 word with “M22F ”, a 3rd case ending of HX@, < is used to show that
the word is used as an instrument. E.g., ÖÔK7F M22F H%7 XE]2@ ¦< (That by which
something is seen, such as eye, is XE]2@.)<
82
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta ye8 <
• In M%6;hQF, a %7V5 word with “M%b2”,< a 7th case ending of HX@, < is used to show
< §32@ ¦< (That in which
that the word is used as a locus. E.g., §3K7F M%b2 H%7
something is known, such as intellect, is §32@.)<
• In ;@]%Q, a %7V5 in ;@]%Q IK\S is used to show that the word denotes the object.
E.g., §3K7F H%7 §32@ ¦< (That which is known is §32@.)<
Example 1. Derivation of §32, a ye8 <-IJK-M5 word:

1) §3 + ye8 < <
A ;$ 7-IJK ye8 < is suffixed to 637 8 §3 (to know).
2) §3 + K 8 <
[ < and e < of ye8 < are H7 letters and hence elided.
3) §3 + M2 By 7.1.1 K#8 \h23;¥¦, the IJK K 8 is replaced by M2.
4) §32 1#Q]X z ] between MN and IJK takes place.
Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
Being a ye8 <-IJK-M5 I3%7W%X;@, < §32 is a neuter word and declines as M-ending neuter
I3%7W%X;@. < When it is p3#F s‘%&
8 < “knowing”. Another word in p3#F
, the meaning of §32@ is
8
“§%“ ” may be heard as an explanation. When it is ;@]%Q s‘%& , the meaning will be “the
<
object of knowing”, and its %#+,#3q@ will <
be “§3K7F H%7 §32@ ¦“. 8
In ;hQF s‘%& , the meaning is
< “§3K7F M22F H%7 §32@ ¦”.
“the means of knowledge” and the %#+,#3q@ is <
Example 2. Derivation of ;hQ, a ye8 <-IJK-M5 word:

1) ;$ + ye8 < <
A ;$ 7-IJK ye8 < is suffixed to 637 8 ;$ (to do).
2) ;$ + K8 <
3) ;$ + M2 By 7.1.1 K#8 \h23;¥¦, the IJK K 8 is replaced by M2.
4) ;h < + M2 8 of Å is M, which should be followed by h.<
SQ
5) ;h < + MQ < M2 is replaced by Q because
By Qc sandhi rule, the 2 of < of h.<
6) ;hQ Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
%#+,#3q for ;hQ can be “;$ %7 H%7 ;hQ@”.< Another IJK which is in p3#F is used with the
8
same 637.8 The meaning of both words is “action”. In this case it is p3#F s‘%& .
;hQ can also be “instrument of doing”. In this case, %#+,#3q will be “% K7F M22F H%7
;hQ@”.< This is called ;hQF s‘%&
8 .
83
Example 3. Derivation of #Q, a ye8 <-IJK-M5 word:

1) 8 + ye8 < <
A ;$ 7-IJK ye8 < is suffixed to 637 8 8 (to hear).
By the addition of the suffix, 8 is qualified to be an MN.
2) 8 + K8 <
3) 8 + M2 By 7.1.1 K#8 \h23;¥¦, the IJK K 8 is replaced by M2.
4) \ + M2 8 in the MN. SQ
ye8 < can cause SQ 8 of ` is Ë.
5) # < + M2 By MK#3K3# sandhi rule, the Ë followed by vowel becomes M#. <
6) # < + MQ < M2 is replaced by Q because
By Qc sandhi rule, the 2 of < of h.<
7) #Q Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
Being a ye8 <-IJK-M5 I3%7W%X;@, < #Q is a neuter word and declines as M-ending neuter
I3%7W%X;@. < %#+,#3q for #Q is “act of hearing”, or “ %8 7 H%7 #Q@”,< when it is p3#F s‘%&
8 .
Here are more examples of ye8 <-ending words:

637 8 <
New I3%7W%X;@ (%#+,#3q@ < given for some words.)
is
<
I + ZW (5P) to gain + ye8 < = I3WQ (gaining)
<
Z1 (2A) to sit + ye8 < = Z12 (sitting, seat)
<
`W + Z1 (2A) to sit near + ye8 < = `W312 (sitting near)
M%6 + H(V)< (2A) to study + ye8 < = MÓK2 (study)
<
k2 (4A) to be born + ye8 < = k22 (birth)
<
Œ• (9P) to bind + ye8 < = Œ•2 (binding, a rope for tying, “Œ 3%7 M2 F2”)
<
@2 (4A) to think + ye8 < = @22 (thinking)
I + @3 (2P) to know + ye8 < = I@3Q (means of knowledge, measure “@ K7F M2 F2”)
<
#l (2P) to say + ye8 < = #l2 (speaking, statement, “`Ü7F H%7”)
<
#ó (1A) to salute + ye8 < = #ó2 (reverence)
1, < (1A) to endure + ye8 < = 1,2 (endurance)
< Z + 63 (3U) to solve + ye8 < =
1@ + 1@3632 (resolution, reconciliation “1@36 K7F M22F ”)
Ò3 (1P) to stay + ye8 < = <
Ò32 (staying, place of staying, “%7u%7 M%b2 H%7”)
%2 + %XÓ31 to contemplate + ye8 < = %2%XÓ312 (contemplation)
84
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta ye8 <
637 8 <
New I3%7W%X;@ (%#+,#3q@ < given for some words.)
is
<
HG (6P) to desire + ye8 < = DGQ (desire)
<
ÖE (1P) to see + ye8 < = XE]2 (seeing)
<
WG8 (4P) to nourish + ye8 < = W\GQ (nourishing)
pk <
8 (7U) to eat + ye8 < = p\k2 (eating)
@l <
8 (6U) to set free + ye8 < = @\l2 (setting free)
;$ (8U) to do + ye8 < = ;hQ (doing, instrument “% K7F M22F H%7”)
I + ;$ (8U) to express + ye8 < = I;hQ (topic)
@$ (6A) to die + ye8 < = @hQ (death)
b$ (1P) to remember + ye8 < = bhQ (act of remembering)
`X < + Z + ú (1U) to cite + ye8 < = `X3,hQ (citing, example, “`X3%ßK7F M22F H%7”)
8 (1P) to hear + ye8 < = #Q (hearing)
p‡ (1P) to be + ye8 < = <
p#2 (birth, place of abode “p#%7 M%b2 H%7”)
Ó» (1P) to meditate + ye8 < = Ó32 (meditation)
Exercise 1:
8
Give the information on s‘%& of the following ye8 <-ending words according to the meanings
given in English. Answer in the format in the example.
<
1. Z12@ (place of sitting)
<
2. Œ•2@ (means to tie)
<
3. §32@ (object of knowing)
<
4. §32@ (means of knowing)
<
5. #l2@ (what is said, object of saying)
<
6. Ò32@ (place of staying)
<
7. `X3,hQ@ (illustration, by which something is illustrated)
<
8. p#2@ (place of abode)
85
8
The s‘%& <
of Z12@ (place of sitting) is analyzed as follows:
< sit)
b) The 637 8 is Z1 (to
<
c) The ;$ 7-IJK is ye8 <.
d) From the translation the suffix is understood to be denoting M%6;hQ, the location of
Z1. < Thus, this is M%6;hQF s‘%&
8 .
< Z12@”.<
e) %#+,#3q will be “ZgF M%b2 H%7
Exercise 2: Find ye8 <-ending words, identify their 637s8 and IJKs, give %#+,#3q for ye8 <-ending
;$ m%$ &, and translate the following sentences by parsing each word.
<
1. 1#®G3- ¸ É323- 1,2@ H‚7F ¦ 5. 7# #l2} #Q- ;h\%@ ¦
2. pS#7 XE]23K 7W 7û7F ¦ 8
6. SÛQ3- #ó2- ;$ c3 MÓK2} Zhý- ;%h‚3@
<
3. XF#X& Zl3K3]7 ØÙQ <
§32@ [p7F ¦ ¦
4. k22- @hQ- Eh h3Q3@F# 2 7 8 k #323@¦< <
7. K7 Ò32@ <
D;» <
I3û7F 77 M´» M%W Sª7F ¦
Note:
Instead of 3rd and 2nd, undenoted ;73] and ;@] of the actions of ye8 <-ending words take
6th case ending (Gu %#p%v )
They are called ;7]%h Gu and ;@]%Q Gu respectively.
86
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta p3#F M;7]%h ;3h;F zP <
b. zP <
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “zP”:<
<
1) What zP denotes:
• zP€ ] i.e., p3# (action itself) and any ;3h; other than ;73]
<
2) Content of zP-IJK
• M
<
letters of zP and their function
• < at
z < - By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F¦. l/k < S. <
< the end of MN becomes ;#S], which is ;/
• P -< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦.< The suffix can cause #$%> in MN (See Topic IV)
• 8 and #$%> can take place on MN (See Topic IV)..
SQ
• <
All zP-ending words become W%w 8 ùN.
• <
zP-ending <
word declines as M-ending masculine, like h3@. (h3@ is a zP-ending
word.)
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• In p3#F, other ;$ X5 word which also indicates p3# will be used as an explanation.
< W3
E.g., W 2@ H%7 ¦ Both words are made of W < (1P) to study with p3#-M€-] ;$ 7-<
IJKs. The meaning of both words is “study”.
• In ;@]%Q, a %7V5 word in ;@]%Q IK\S, or other ;$ X5 word which indicates ;@] will
8
be used. E.g., [\q7F H%7 [\; ¦ What is experienced is [\; . This is ;@]%Q s‘%& .
• < < in masculine,
In ;hQF, a %7V5 word with “M22F /KF2”, a 3rd case ending of HX@/KX
is used to show that the word is used as an instrument.
E.g., W 7F M22F H%7 W3 8
¦ (By which a thing is read is W3 .) This is ;hQF s‘%& .
• <
In MW3X32 F, “Mb37/Kb37”< word is used with a %7V5. This is MW3X32 F s‘%&
8 .
< Z,3h ¦ (From which people take essence is Z,3h )
E.g., Z,h%5 h1- Kb37 H%7
• <
In M%6;hQF, “M%b2/K%b2 ”< word is used with a %7V5.
< h3@ ¦ (In which people revel is h3@ ) This is M%6;hQF s‘%&
E.g., h@5F M%b2 H%7 8 .
87
p3#F M;7]%h ;3h;F zP < Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
Example 1. Derivation of h3@, a zP-IJK-M5 word:

1) h@ < + zP < <
A ;$ 7-IJK < revel).
< suffixed to 637 8 h@ (to
zP is
By the addition of the suffix, h@ is
2) h@ < + M <
z and < zP are
P of < <
3) h3@ < + M <
< a %P7-IJK,
Because zP is there is a #$%> change on the
penultimate short M.
4) h3@ Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
Being a zP-IJK-M5 I3%7W%X;@, < h3@ is a masculine word and declines as M-ending
masculine.
Example 2. Derivation of J3S, a zP-IJK-M5 word:

1) Jk < + zP < <
A ;$ 7-IJK < give up).
< suffixed to 637 8 Jk (to
zP is
By the addition of the suffix, Jk is
2) Jk < + M <
z and < zP are
P of < <
3) J3k < + M <
< a %P7-IJK,
Because zP is there is a #$%> change on the
penultimate short M.
4) J3S < + M <
< a %z7-IJK,
Because zP is < replaced by ;#S], that is S. <
the last k is
5) J3S Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
< J3S ”. Another IJK which is in p3#F is used with
%#+,#3q for J3S can be “Jk2- ,32@ H%7
the same 637 8 and with another 637 8 in the same meaning. All mean “giving up, renunciation”.
Example 3. Derivation of K\S, a zP-IJK-M5 word:

8 < + zP <
1) Kk <
A ;$ 7-IJK < suffixed to 637 8 Kk
zP is < give up).
8 (to
8 is
By the addition of the suffix, Kk
8 < +M
2) Kk <
z and < zP are
P of < <
3) K\k < + M <
8 does
Because Kk not have H; < at the end or a penultimate M, there
8 change on the penultimate short H;.<
is a SQ
4) K\S < + M <
< a %z7-IJK,
Because zP is < replaced by ;#S], that is S. <
the last k is
5) K\S Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
88
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta p3#F M;7]%h ;3h;F zP <
Here are more examples of zP-ending words:

637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ <
<
M%6 + M1 (4P) <
to attribute falsely + zP = MÓ31 (superimposition)
< %2 + M1 (4P)
1@ + < to give up <
+ zP = 1 31 (renunciation)
<
2E (4P) to perish <
+ zP = 23E (being lost, destruction)
<
[p (1A) to obtain <
+ zP = [3p (obtaining, acquisition)
<
Jk (1P) to give up <
+ zP = J3S (renunciation)
%pX < (7P) to separate <
+ zP = pFX (division)
<
`W + %XE (6P) to instruct <
+ zP = `WXFE (teaching)
<
%2h <+ %XE (6P) to indicate <
+ zP = %2X®E (description)
pk <
8 (7U) to eat <
+ zP = p\S (experience, object of experience)
Kk <
8 (7U) to unite <
+ zP = K\S (application, means)
<
Œ68 (1P) to know <
+ zP = Œ\6 (knowledge)
¸, < (2P) to milk <
+ zP = X\, (milking)
M%6 + H (2A) to study <
+ zP = MÓ3K (chapter)
M%p + I + H (2P) to intend <
+ zP = M%pI3K (intention)
p‡ (1P) to be <
+ zP = p3# (existence)
Z + ú (1U) to bring <
+ zP = Z,3h (food)
%# + M# + ú (1U) to deal with <
+ zP = s#,3h (activity, transaction)
< ú (1U) to conclude
`W + 1@ + <
+ zP = `W1-,3h (summarizing, withdrawing)
M%6 + ;$ (8U) to authorize <
+ zP = M%6;3h (domain, topic)
89
p3#F M;7]%h ;3h;F zP < Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
Exercise 1:
8
Give the information on s‘%& <
of the following zP-ending words according to the meanings
1. [\; (object of experience)
2. p\S (object of enjoyment)
3. W3 (text of a book)
4. W3 (method of reciting)
5. %#p3S (partition, by which something is divided)
6. Z,3h (from which people take nutrition)
7. Zh3@ (garden, place of pleasure, in which people take rest)
8
The s‘%& of [\; is analyzed as follows:
b) The 637 8 is [\; < (to experience)
<
c) The ;$ 7-IJK is zP. <
d) From the translation the suffix is understood to be denoting ;@], the object of [\;.<
8
Thus, this is ;@]%Q s‘%& .
e) %#+,#3q will be “[\q7F H%7 [\; ”.
<
Exercise 2: Find zP-ending words, identify their 637s8 and IJKs, and translate the following
1. 7÷} Œ\6 `W%XÔK7F ¦ <
3. 7%b2 ;3[F ze} 23E 2 `WW47F ¦
2. D7} I;hQ} `W1-,3h ;7]s ¦ 4. p\S} J3SF2 D# HX- [Á7F ¦
<
Note that ;73] and ;@] of action of zP-ending word are in 6th case. Instead of 3rd and 2nd,
<
undenoted ;73] and ;@] of action of zP-ending word take 6th case ending (Gu %#p%v ) They are
called ;7]%h Gu and ;@]%Q Gu respectively.
90
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta p3#F M;7]%h ;3h;F %v2 <
c. %v2 <
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “%v2”:<
<
1) What %v2 denotes:
• zP€ ] i.e., p3# (action itself) and any ;3h; other than ;73]
<
2) Content of %v2-IJK
• %7
<
letters of %v2 and their function
• ; < - By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F¦. %2GF6 (prohibition) of SQ
8 and #$%> on MN.
• 2 -< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦.< For intonation

• 8 or #$%> happens in MN. Some consonant sandhi may apply.
No SQ
• <
All %v2-ending words become æ %[N (feminine gender).
• <
%v2-ending <
word declines as H-ending feminine, like @%7. (@%7 is a %v2-ending
word.)
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• In p3#F, another ;$ X5 word which also indicates p3# will be used as an

explanation. E.g., g#2- g%8 7 ¦ Both words are made of g 8 (2P) to praise with
<
p3#-M€-] ;$ 7-IJKs. The meaning of both words is “praise”.
• In ;@]%Q, a %7V5 word in ;@]%Q IK\S, or another ;$ X5 word which indicates ;@]
will be used. E.g., 1$¯7F H%7 1$%Ú ¦ (What is created is 1$%Ú .) This is called
8
;@]%Qs‘%& .
• < < in feminine
In ;hQF, a %7V5 word with “M2K3/KK3”, a 3rd case ending of HX@/KX
<
(because %v2-ending word is feminine), is used to show that the word is used as
an instrument.
E.g., g‡K7F M2K3 H%7 g%8 7 ¦ (By which something is praised is g%8 7 , such as g\„-,
1‡v@, < etc.)
91
p3#F M;7]%h ;3h;F %v2 < Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
<
Example 1. Derivation of E%v, a %v2-IJK-M5 word:
1) E; < + %v2 < <
A ;$ 7-IJK < suffixed to the 637 8 E; < (to be able).
%v2 is
By the addition of the suffix, E; < is qualified to be an MN.
2) E; < + %7 < %v2 are
; < and 2 of < <
3) E%v Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
<
Being a %v2 -IJK-M5 I3%7W%X;@, < E%v is a feminine word and declines as H-ending
feminine I3%7W%X;@, < like @%7.
<
Example 2. Derivation of p%v, a %v2-IJK-M5 word:
1) pk < + %v2 < <
A ;$ 7-IJK < suffixed to the 637 8 pk (to
%v2 is < worship).
By the addition of the suffix, pk is
2) pk < + %7 < %v2 are
; < and 2 of < <
3) pS < + %7 By 8.2.30 l\ ;8 ¦, the l#S] immediately followed by à[,< is replaced
<
by ;#S]. In this case k (l#S] <
) is immediately followed by 7 (à[ ),<
<
thus replaced by S (;#S]
).
4) p; < + %7 By 8.4.55 É%h l¦, the à[ < immediately followed by Éh,< is replaced
<
by lh.< In this case S (à[ < ),< and
)< is immediately followed by 7 (Éh
thus is replaced by ; < (lh).<
5) p%v Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
< p%v ”. Another IJK which is in p3#F is used with the
%#+,#3q for p%v can be “pk2@ H%7
same 637 8 and with another 637 8 in the same meaning. The meaning of both words is “worship,
devotion”.
92
<
Example 3. Derivation of Œ%8 >, a %v2-IJK-M5 word:
1) Œ68 < + %v2 < <
A ;$ 7-IJK < suffixed to the 637 8 Œ68 (to
%v2 is < know).
By the addition of the suffix, Œ68 is
2) Œ68 < + %7 < %v2 are
; < and 2 of < <
3) Œ68 < + %6 <
Being a %;7, < %v2 does 8 in the MN.
not cause SQ
< immediately
By 8.2.40 àGg€\6í¾6 ¦, 7/€ < <
preceded by àG is
replaced by 6. < Thus the 7 after
< < Œ68 is
6 of < replaced by 6. <
4) ŒX8 < + %6 <

By 8.4.53 à[3- kE à%E <
¦, à[ < immediately followed by àE is
<
replaced by kE. < Thus the 6 (à[ <
)< of Œ68 followed <
by 6 (àE )< of %6 is
replaced by X < (kE).<
5) Œ%8 > Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@ <
<
Here are more examples of %v2-ending words:
637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ <
E; < (5P) to be able <
+ %v2 = E%v (ability)
<
+ %v2 = I3%“ (gain)
8 (1P) to hear <
+ %v2 = %8 7 (hearing, what is heard, means of hearing)
b$ (1P) to remember <
+ %v2 = b$%7 (memory, what is remembered by teachers)
Z+ ;$ (8U) to bring near <
+ %v2 = Z;$ %7 (form)
The last letter of the following 637s8 take ;8c@, < and lc]@ when
< applicable.
@l <
8 (6U) to set free <
+ %v2 = @%8 v (liberation)
pk <
8 (7U) to eat <
+ %v2 = 8 (eating, food)
p%v
<
pk (7U) to worship <
+ %v2 = p%v (worship)
<
%# + pk (7U) to divide <
+ %v2 = %#p%v (division)
The last nasal letter of the following 637s8 is elided.

<
@2 (4A) to consider <
+ %v2 = @%7 (thought, mind)
<
h@ (1A) to rejoice <
+ %v2 = h%7 (pleasure)
<
S@ (1P) to go <
+ %v2 = S%7 (going, end, path)
93
p3#F M;7]%h ;3h;F %v2 < Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ <

<
With the following 637s8 , “7”< of %v2 becomes ”6”< and the last letter of the 637 8 becomes kE. <
<
E68 (4P) to purify <
+ %v2 = E%8 > (purity, purification)
<
%16 (4P) to be successful <
+ %v2 = %1%> (success)
<
Œ68 (1P) to know <
+ %v2 = Œ%8 > (intellect, thought)
<
`W+ [p (1A) to perceive <
+ %v2 = `W[%ü (perception)
With the following 637s8 , the last letter of the 637 8 becomes “G”,< and “7”< of %v2 becomes
< ”e <”.
<
ÖE (1P) to see <
+ %v2 = Ö%Ú (sight, eye)
<
1$k (6P) to create <
+ %v2 = 1$%Ú (creation, what is created)
<
Kk (1U) to worship <
+ %v2 = H%Ú (sacrifice)
Other irregular forms

<
E@ (4P) to be tranquil <
+ %v2 = E3%5 (tranquillity)
Ò3 (1P) to stay <
+ %v2 = %Ò%7 (remaining)
<
#l (2P) to say <
+ %v2 = `%v (sentence, expression)
Exercise 1:
8
Give the information on s‘%& <
of the following %v2-ending words according to the meanings
1. %8 7 (object of hearing, what is heard, the Veda)
2. %8 7 (instrument of hearing, ear)
3. Ö%Ú (instrument of seeing, eye)
4. Œ%8 > (thought, object of thinking)
5. @%7 (object of thinking, opinion)
6. @%7 (instrument of thinking, the mind)
7. S%7 (object of going, destination, end)
8. S%7 (means of going, path, way)
94
8
The s‘%& of %8 7 (object of hearing, what is heard, the Veda) is analyzed as follows:
b) The 637 8 is 8 (to hear)
<
c) The ;$ 7-IJK is %v2. <
d) From the translation, the suffix is understood to be denoting ;@], the object of .8
8
Thus, this is ;@]%Q s‘%& .
‡ 7F H%7 %8 7 ”.
e) %#+,#3q will be “ K
<
Exercise 2: Find %v2-ending words, identify their 637s8 , and translate the following sentences
by parsing each word.
1. MI3“} I3%“ M„ K\S `Ü7F ¦ 7. %8 7-b$%7Á3- Kv < v@ H%7

8 F l D77 1‡ < M#Sª7F ¦
<
2. M%b2 %#GKF < ;
@28 23@ M2 F 3 @7K 1%5 ¦ 8. %#pvF M€ ] E 7F ¦
8 @%8 v- l S’8 XX3%7 ¦
3. k2323- p%v- <
9. #g‡23@ `W[%ü Œ>8 ¥ %#47F ¦
4. <
>K3 `WF7 K%7 %1%>@ MI3û ;3- S%7- S¨%7 ¦ 10. 7FG3- S7¥ %# 2 %#47F ¦
5. XF#X&} Ö 3 ze} `W[%ü 2 M%g ¦ <
11. D7%b2 %#GKF @21 %Ò%7 M%g¦
8 KF D73%2 ;@3]%Q `v3%2 ¦
6. M5 ;hQ} E> 12. p 3 X&3%2 W 8 3%Q S$ 37 8 ¦
Note:
<
The ;73] and the ;@] of action of %v2-ending words are in 6th case.
<
Instead of 3rd and 2nd, undenoted ;73] and ;@] of the actions of %v2-ending words take
6th case ending (Gu %#p%v )
They are called ;7]%h Gu and ;@]%Q Gu respectively.
95
3/yW < Topic VII – Kodanta – ;$ X5@ <
<
6. ;$ 7-IJKs to make MsKs
<
To make a new I3%7W%X; which is treated as MsK (indeclinable), the following ;$ 7-IJKs
are suffixed to a 637.8
a. tc3 denotes a previous action when there are two actions done by the same agent.
e.g., §3 (to know) + tc3 = §3c3 (having known)
< a substitute for tc3 when the 637 8 comes along with `W1S].
b. yW is
< Wh ö (having examined)
< examine) + yW =
e.g., W%h + †| (to
<
c. 7@8 28 denotes the action itself to make an infinitive form of the 637.8
< §37@8 (to
e.g., §3 (to know) + 7@8 28 = < know)
What is MsK ?
Some I3%7W%X;s are given a technical term “MsK@”< in PāŽini-sūtras.
<
tc3 and 7@8 28 ending < PāŽini-sūtra 1.1.40 and 1.1.39.
I3%7W%X;s are defined as MsK@ in
<
Being a substitute for tc3, yW-ending I3%7W%X;s are also treated as MsK.
< being a I3%7W%X;, a 1W8 -<

Even after getting MsK-1-§3 (technical term which is “MsK@”),
IJK is suffixed so that it makes the MsK a WX@, < a word that can be used in the
8
language, as told by 1.4.14 1%“V5- <
WX@ ¦.
<
Any 1W8 -IJK suffixed to an MsK should be elided, in other words, it should become
invisible. (This rule is enjoined by PāŽini-sūtra 2.4.82.) Even after elision, the status of
8
being 1Œ5 <
(that which ends with 1W8 -IJK) is retained, so that the word can be used in
the language.
<
Because of the elision of 1W8 -IJK, for a I3%7W%X; that is deemed MsK-1-§3, declension is
as though not there. This is the reason for the name “indeclinable”.
96
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta 3/yW <
a. tc3
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “tc3”:
1) What tc3 denotes:

• A previous action when there are two actions done by the same agent. For
example, “having done action A, he does action B”, the action A takes tc3.
2) Content of tc3-IJK
• c3
<
3) H7 (indicatory) letter of tc3 and its function
• ; < - By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F¦. %2GF6 (prohibition) of SQ
8 and #$%> in MN

• 8
No SQ.
• As tc3 ending I3%7W%X; denotes the action, it does not have gender.
• Being an MsK, the new I3%7W%X; does not decline.
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• < %& is easily understandable, %#+,#3qs are not commonly seen.

Since this ;$ 7-#$
97
To make a sentence “having done action A, he does action B”, tc3 IJK is suffixed after
a 637 8 indicating action A.
For example, in the sentence “Having known the meaning, he writes the verses,” two
actions belong to the same ;73]. “Knowing the meaning” happens prior to “writing the verses.”
Thus tc3 IJK is suffixed to a 637 8 indicating “to know.”
To make a word whose meaning is “having known”:
1) §3 + tc3 <
A ;$ 7-IJK 3 is suffixed to the 637 8 §3 (to know).
2) §3 + c3 ; < of tc3 is H7 letter
< and hence elided.
3) §3c3 Being ;$ X5, that is a I3%7W%X;@ <
Also, being a tc3 ending word, it is an MsK@. <
Only after getting the status of WX, a word is qualified to be used in a Sanskrit language.
<
In order to become a WX, being a I3%7W%X;, 1W8 -IJK <
must be suffixed to §3c3. Since any 1W8 -IJK
after an MsK has to be elided (become invisible) by grammar rule, MsK words as though do
not decline, keeping the same form.
tc3 can take He <-ZS@ when the 637 8 is 1Fe <. W < (to study) is a 1Fe < 637.8 To make a word
whose meaning is “having studied”:
1) W < + tc3 <
A ;$ 7-IJK 3 is suffixed to the 637 8 W < (to study).
By the addition of the suffix, W < is qualified to be an MN.
2) W < + c3 ; < of tc3 is H7 letter
< and hence elided.
3) W < + Hc3 Because W < is a 1Fe < 637,8 He <-ZS@ is attached to c3.
4) W% c3 Being ;$ X5, this is a I3%7W%X;@. <
The tc3 ending word is an MsK@. <
98
Here are more examples of tc3 -ending words:

637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ <
;$ (8U) to do + tc3 = ;$ c3 (having done)
§3 (9P) to know + tc3 = §3c3 (having known)
8 (5P) to hear + tc3 = 8 3 (having heard)
c
W < (1P) to study + tc3 = W% c3 (having studied)
%#X < (2P) to know + tc3 = %#%Xc3 (having known)
<
S@ (1P) to go + tc3 = Sc3 (having gone)
<
2@ (1P) to salute + tc3 = 2c3 (having saluted)
<
,2 (2P) to injure + tc3 = ,c3 (having injured)
<
Jk (1P) to give up + tc3 = Jtc3 (having given up)
pk <
8 (7U) to eat + tc3 = pt8 c3 (having eaten, experienced)
@l <
8 (6P) to set free + tc3 = @t8 c3 (having released)
<
ÖE (1P) to see + tc3 = Ö 3 (having seen)
<
#l (2P) to say + tc3 = `tc3 (having said)
Ò3 (1P) to stay + tc3 = %Òc3 (having been there)
X3 (3U) to give + tc3 = X÷3 (having given)
<
[p (1A) to gain + tc3 = [ 3 (having gained)
<
Œ68 (1P) to know + tc3 = Œ!8 3 (having known)
Exercise 1: Find tc3-ending words, identify their 637s8 , and separate the words belonging to
the tc3-ending word from the words belonging to the %7V5 word.
8 @%óh- S¨%5 ¦
1. "32- ;$ c3 W„3 <
8. 732 ,c3 2 %kk %#G3%@ ¦
8
2. SÛWXF 8 %7 ¦
E2F M€õ §3c3 %E‚ 7‚ 8
9. È[- pt8 c3 W28 @2‚[\;- I%#E%5 ¦
< ¨%7 ¦
8 3 XF#X& S$,37 %2S]
3. `W%2GX- c 10. %1• - 8 Ö 3 1 1F7 - 8 7h%7 ¦
< c3 1\@X& 732 %[É%7
4. Þ\;32 W% < ¦ < c3 1 7‡µ Œp‡# ¦
11. HX- #3q@ `t
8
5. 7c- %#%Xc3 W’G 8 %7 ¦
2 @× 12. M%7€KF 62- X÷3 2$W%7 7- 2@%7 ¦
<
6. k #3 77 Sc3 2 %2#7]5 F ¦ 8 M2+,-
13. Sh\ 8 [ 3 1 E3æ- W %7 ¦
7. 1h•7 XF# 2c3 W 3@ ¦ <
14. ;3hQ- Œ!8 3 ;%# ;3K]@ M%W k323%7 ¦
99
b. yW <
< the substitute for tc3 when the 637 8 takes an `W1S] or other elements related to the
yW is
< treated in the same manner as tc3-IJK.
637.8 Thus yW is
When tc3-ending word is compounded with 2P, < a negative particle, tc3 is not
substituted by yW. < E.g., M;$ c3 (not having done), M%#%Xc3 (not having known)
The only differences from tc3-IJK are the following:
2) Content of yW <
• K
<
letters of yW and their function
• [ < - By 1.3.8 [EÃ7%>7F¦. For intonation
• W -< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦.< When the 637 8 ends with a short vowel, 7 is
< attached to the
637.8
<
yW-IJK-ending words are commonly called yŒ5, that which ends with yW. < The W is
<
< a sandhi rule.
replaced by Œ by
For example, to make a word whose meaning is “having experienced”:

1) M2 8 + p‡ + tc3 <
A ;$ 7-IJK tc3 is suffixed to the 637 8 p‡, which is prefixed by `W1S]
8 giving the meaning “to experience”.
“M2”,
By the addition of the suffix, p‡ is qualified to be an MN.
2) M2 8 + p‡ + yW < Because the 637 8 is prefixed by `W1S], the tc3 is replaced by yW. <
3) M2 8 + p‡ + K <
[ < and W are <
8 K
4) M2p‡ <
Being a substitute of tc3, yW functions 8 change
as tc3, that is: SQ
does not take place, and yŒ5 word is also ;$ X5. Thus I3%7W%X;
status is acquired. Just like tc3-ending word, yŒ5 is an MsK.
100
< a %W7, < that which has W as

yW is < H7 letter.
< When a short vowel ending 637 8 is suffixed by
%W7 ;$< 7 IJK,
< 8 < ¦. For example, to make a word
< added after the 637 8 by 6.1.71 ß•} %W%7 ;$ %7 7;
7 is
whose meaning is “having followed”:
1) M2 8 + 1$ + tc3 <
A ;$ 7-IJK tc3 is suffixed to the 637 8 1$ prefixed by `W1S] M2,8
giving the meaning “to follow”.
By the addition of the suffix, 1$ is qualified to be an MN.
2) M2 8 + 1$ + yW < Because the 637 8 is prefixed by `W1S], the tc3 is replaced by yW. <
3) M2 8 + 1$ + K <
[ < and W are <
< K yW being
4) M2 8 + 1$ + 7 + < a %W7 ;$< 7-IJK,
< 8 ¦< , 7;
by 6.1.71 ß•} %W%7 ;$ %7 7; <
8 -ZS@ (the
content is 7)< is attached at the end of the 637.8
8 J
5) M21$ Just as tc3-ending word, yŒ5 word is also a I3%7W%X; and MsK.
<
Here are more examples of yW-ending (yŒ5) words:
637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ <

<
+ yW = I3û (having gained)
<
W%h + †| (5P) to examine <
+ yW = Wh ö (having examined)
< @ (5P)
`W + 1@ + < to step <
+ yW = `W1- ª (having gone to the other side)
<
M# + S@ (1P) to understand <
+ yW = M#Sª (having understood)
<
`W + S@ (1P) to approach <
+ yW = `WSª (having approached)
<
I + 2@ (1P) to salute <
+ yW = IQª (having saluted)
<
W%h + Jk (1P) to give up <
+ yW = W%hJ¯ (having given up totally)
%# + @l <
8 (6U) to set free <
+ yW = 8 (having set free)
%#@Ü
%# + §3 (9P) to know <
+ yW = %#§3K (having known)
M2 8 + Ò3 (1P) to perform <
+ yW = 8 (having performed)
M2u3K
%# + ,3 (3P) to give up <
+ yW = %#,3K (having given up)
101
<
In the following list all the 637s8 end with a short vowel (ß•). Because ;$ 7-IJKs which
<
are %W7 cause “7”< to be added after the 637,8 yW which
< <
is %W7 and <
a substitute for ;$ 7-IJK,
causes “7”< to be added after the 637.8
637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ <

M%6 + H(V)< (2A) to study <
+ yW = M6 J (having studied)
I + H(Q)< (2P) to depart <

+ yW = IFJ (having departed)
M%6 + ;$ (8U) to refer to <

+ yW = M%6;$ J (having referred to)
%# + b$ (1P) to forget <

+ yW = %#b$J (having forgotten)
ZV < + % (1U) to seek refuge <

+ yW = Z% J (having sought refuge)
I + g 8 (2U) to begin <

+ yW = 8 (having begun)
IgJ
< ú (1U) to sum up

`W + 1@ + <
+ yW = `W1-úJ (having summed up)
Exercise 1: Find yŒ5 words, identify `W1S], 637,8 and separate the words belonging to the
yŒ5 word from the words belonging to the %7V5 word.
<
1. 1#3]2 [\;32 < ö Ø3ÙQ #»h3ƒK@ Z
Wh < \%7 ¦ < X32 M6
8. 1#3]2 #F < J W„8 +3@- IJ3S¨%7 ¦
<
2. %#43#5@ `WSª %#43%€ ]2 1F#3- ;8#]%5 ¦ <
9. Mb37 [\;37 < J M´- [\;- I3 \%7 ¦
IF
3. %Eh13 @213 l XF# - IQª 1 kW%7 ¦ < J XF#X& 732 2< #X%7 ¦
10. Þ\;32 %#b$
< 2 W%hJ¯
4. 1#3]2 Œ•‡ < 1 #2 F #1%7 ¦ <
11. pS#5@ Z% J k23 k #%5 ¦
8 XF#X& 7h\ @‡[F %7u%7 ¦

5. W%|Q- %#@Ü <
12. 7X < %#§3K p$S 8 %W7h@ `W1h%7 ¦
8 W’G
6. ;@3]%Q M2u3K 8 M%6;3%hc- [p7F ¦ <
13. M%b2 +þF < úJ M´7 <
D;- I;hQ@ `W1-
7. Eh h3%Q %#,3K M´3%2 Eh h3%Q %#ó%5 ¦ 8 Zl3K] 1#3] E 3 Œ367F ¦

I;hQ- IgJ
102
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ < – Kodanta 7@8 28 <
c. 7@8 28 <
<
Of the ;$ 7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “7@8 28 ”:<
<
1) What 7@8 28 denotes:
• p3# (the meaning of the 637)8
<
2) Content of 7@8 28 -IJK
• 7@8 <
<
letters of 7@8 28 and their function
• <
` - ` 3hQ3€ ]; (just to facilitate the pronunciation, thus this is not H7 letter.)
• 2 -< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦.< For intonation
• He <-ZS@ can come. (See Topic V)
• 8 can take place. (See Topic IV)
SQ
• <
7@8 28 -ending <
I3%7W%X; is treated as MsK. Since 7@8 28 denotes p3#, the action itself,
<
and p3# does not have gender, there is no gender for 7@8 28 -ending words.
• <
Being an MsK, the 7@8 28 -ending I3%7W%X; does not decline.
< the ;$ 7-#$
7) %#+,#3q@ of < %&
• < %& is easily understandable, %#+,#3qs are not commonly seen.

Since this ;$ 7-#$
103
7@8 28 < Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta
< suffixed to a 637 8 when:

7@8 28 is
A) There is another action which is for the sake of action of the 637.8
E.g., XF#X& 1\@X&- ÏÚ8 - +3@- S¨%7 ¦ (Devadatta goes to the village to see Somadatta.)
< suffixed.
Here, action of going is for the sake of action of seeing, to which 7@8 28 is
B) There is a word indicating desire which is connected to action of the 637.8

E.g., M,- 7F °½h- ÛW- ÏÚ@ <
8 H¨3%@ ¦ (I want to see your lord form.)
< suffixed.
Here, the word H¨3%@ is connected to action of seeing, to which 7@8 28 is
C) There is a word made of E; < (to be able), M, <] (to be entitled), etc. which is connected to
action of the 637.8
E.g., <
M,@ M#Ò37 - 8 2 E#\%@ ¦ (I am not able to stand.)
< E\%l7 - 8 2 M,]%1 (You are not entitled to grieve in this manner.)
c@ D#-
Here, the word E#\%@ and M,]%1 are connected to action of standing and grieving, to which
< suffixed.
7@8 28 is
For example, to make a new I3%7W%X; which is an infinitive form of a 637 8 8 (to hear):
1) 8 + 7@8 28 < <
A ;$ 7-IJK < suffixed to the 637 8 8 (to hear).
7@8 28 is
By the addition of the suffix, 8 is qualified to be an MN.
2) 8 + 7@8 < < 7@8 28 is
2 of < H7 letter
< and hence elided. ` is just for pronunciation.
3) \ + 7@8 < <
7@8 28 causes 8 to its MN. (See Topic IV page 17)
SQ
4) \7@8 < Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@. <
<
7@8 28 ending word is an MsK@. <
Only after getting the status of WX, a word is qualified to be used in a Sanskrit language.
<
In order to become a WX, being a I3%7W%X;, 1W8 -IJK is suffixed to \7@8 . < Since any 1W8 -IJK
< after
an MsK has to be elided (become invisible) by grammar rule, MsK word as though does not
decline, keeping the same form.
104
Topic VII – ;$ X5@ < – Kodanta 7@8 28 <
<
7@8 28 can take He <-ZS@ when the 637 8 is 1Fe <. W < (to study) is a 1Fe < 637.8 To make a new
I3%7W%X; “to study”, which is an infinitive form of W <:
1) W < + 7@8 28 < <
A ;$ 7-IJK < suffixed to the 637 8 W < (to study).
7@8 28 is
By the addition of the suffix, W < is qualified to be an MN.
2) W < + 7@8 < < 7@8 28 is
2 of < H7 letter
< and hence elided. ` is just for pronunciation.
3) W < + H + 7@8 < Because W < is a 1Fe < 637,8 He <-ZS@ is attached to 7@8 . <
4) W% 7@8 < Being ;$ X5, this is qualified to be a I3%7W%X;@. <
<
7@8 28 ending word is qualified to be an MsK@. <
<
Here are more examples of 7@8 28 -ending words:
637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ <
;$ (8U) to do <
+ 7@8 28 = < do)
;7@]8 (to
%k (1P) to conquer <

+ 7@8 28 = < conquer)
kF7@8 (to
8 (1U) to hear <

+ 7@8 28 = < hear)
\7@8 (to
<
8 (7U)
pk to eat <
+ 7@8 28 = < experience)
p\v8@ (to
<
8 (6P)
@l to set free <
+ 7@8 28 = < release)
@\v8@ (to
%ÊX < (7U) to cut <

+ 7@8 28 = < cut)
ÊF&@8 (to
§3 (9P) to know <

+ 7@8 28 = < know)
§37@8 (to
Ò3 (1P) to stay <

+ 7@8 28 = Ò37@8 < (to stay)
1@ + <
< Z + 63 (3U) to resolve + 7@8 28 = 1@3637@8 < (to resolve)
<
+ 7@8 28 = I3“@8 < (to gain)
<
,2 (2P) to injure <
+ 7@8 28 = < injure)
,5@8 (to
<
7W (4A) to rule <
+ 7@8 28 = < rule)
7“@8 (to
<
#l (2P) to say <
+ 7@8 28 = #v8@ < (to say)
<
S@ (1P) to go <
+ 7@8 28 = < go)
S5@8 (to
<
Jk (1P) to give up <
+ 7@8 28 = < give up)
Jv8@ (to
105
7@8 28 < Topic VII – ;$ X5@ –< Kodanta
637 8 New I3%7W%X;@ <

<
ÖE (1P) to see <
+ 7@8 28 = ÏÚ@ < see)
8 (to
X3 (3U) to give <

+ 7@8 28 = < give)
X37@8 (to
<
[p (1A) to gain <
+ 7@8 28 = < gain)
[ü@8 (to
X, < (1P) to burn <

+ 7@8 28 = < burn)
Xƒ6@8 (to
<
Œ68 (1P) to know <
+ 7@8 28 = Œ\>@ < know)
8 (to
p‡ (1P) to be <
+ 7@8 28 = < be)
p%#7@8 (to
<
M1 (2P) to be <
+ 7@8 28 = < be) * the form is the same as “p‡” 637’8 s
p%#7@8 (to
W < (1P) to study <

+ 7@8 28 = < study)
W% 7@8 (to
#X < (2P) to say <

+ 7@8 28 = #%X7@8 < (to say)
%#X < (2P) to know <

+ 7@8 28 = < know)
#F%X7@8 (to
El <
8 (1P) to regret <
+ 7@8 28 = < regret)
E\%l7@8 (to
<
Œ36 (1A) to negate <
+ 7@8 28 = < negate)
Œ3%67@8 (to
<
Exercise 1: Find 7@8 28 -ending words, identify their 637s8 , and translate by parsing each word.
1. Sh\ <
8 1F#3- ;7@]8 H¨3 @%K M%g ¦ 9. Å%G 7W 7“ - 8 #2 F %2#1%7 ¦
2. XF#X& ;€3- \7 - 8 2Sh- S¨%7 ¦ 10. XF%,2 1#õ ;@] Jv- 8 2 E#8 #%5 ¦
<
3. KF E3æ3%Q W %5 7F @\v8@ H¨# 1%5 ¦ < XF# » W‡¯7F 77 M,-
11. K7 ÛW- < ÏÚ@ <
8 H¨3%@ ¦
<
4. c7 M´ @@ 1-EK- ÊF&@8 2< M,]%7 ¦ 8
12. W’G 7W13 Å%G p%#7 - 8 E#\%7 ¦
5. DG %#GK Mb3%p §37 - 8 Eq7F ¦ 13. c- D77 W< g;-

8 < %1 ¦
W% 7@8 M,]
6. 1 Ó32%#GKF @2 1@3637 - 8 2 E#\%7 ¦ 14. ;\¾%W D#- #%X7 - 8 2 E#\%7 ¦
7. XF#X& È[3%2 I3“ - 8 #2- S¨%7 ¦ 15. %E‚3 7÷- #F%X7 - 8 E3æ- W %5 ¦
< 2l
8 Œ•‡
8. M,- SÛ2 < ,5 - 8 2 H¨3%@ ¦ 16. D7F pFX3 Œ3%67 - 8 Eq3 1%5 ¦
106
< %&
7. Summary of ;$ 7-#$
Type IJK Basic sense Additional sense Example Gender Declension in m, n, f 1/1
;$ J3 K7, < qW, < rK7, < ;@]%Q, p3#F necessity, 8 , ;3K], ;7]s, ;hQ K
§FK, I@FK, gJ All 3 §FK , §FK@, < §FK3
7s, M2 Kh < ability (that which is to be done)
7$l < ;7]%h n/a ;7$ ] (doer), p\v$ , I@37$ All 3 ;73], ;7$,] ;„•
8 <
r#[ ;3h; (doer), 23K;, W3#; ;3h; , ;3h;@, < ;3%h;3
%t#W < 1#]%#X < (knower of everything), `W%2GX < same in all
%2u3 v ;@]%Q, ;7]%h p‡7 F (past), etc. 8 W% 7

;$ 7 (that which has been done), pv, All 3 ;$ 7 , ;$ 7@, < ;$ 73
v#7 w 8 ;7]%h p‡7 F (past) <

;$ 7#7 (one 8
who has done), pv#7 , < W% 7#7 < ;$ 7#32, < ;$ 7#7, < ;$ 7#7
17 < E7$w ;7]%h #7]@32 F (present), <

Wl7 (one who is cooking), 17, < WÔK7, < All 3 Wl2, < Wl7, < Wl5
<
p%#‚7 (future) <
;%h‚7 (one who is going to do)
E32l < ;7]%h, ;@]%Q [p@32 (one who is gaining), [Á@32 (that All 3 [p@32 , [p@32@, < [p@323
which is being gained), [ô@32 (one who
is going to gain/be gained), #ö@3Q
ye8 < p3#F, ;hQF, etc n/a p#2 (being), ;hQ, Z12 - 8 ;%[N
2W1 p#2@ <
(in p3#F)
zP€3] zP < p3#F, ;@]%Q, etc n/a J3S (renunciation), Œ\6, K\S W%w 8 ùN J3S
%v2 < p3#F, ;@]%Q, etc Œ%8 > (intellect), E%v, @%7 æ %[N Œ%8 >
tc3, p3#F previous action ;$ c3 (having done), p‡c3, MsK@ < n/a
yW < of two actions IQª (having saluted), %#§3K
7@8 28 < p3#F infinitive < do), p\v8@ <
;7@]8 (to MsK@ < n/a
107
Topic VIII– 7%>735@ < -Taddhitānta
Topic VIII
Taddhitānta
7%>735@ <
7%>7-IJK3 (Suffixes to a nominal base to make a new nominal base)
7%>7-IJKs are suffixes added to a I3%7W%X; to make a new I3%7W%X; (nominal base).
< 7%>7IJK = I3%7W%X;@ <

I3%7W%X;@ +
There are a few hundred 7%>7-IJKs. They are found in PāŽini-sūtras 4.1.76 to 5.4.160.
(*1)
8
The new I3%7W%X; and the declined form (1Œ5) of that I3%7W%X; are called 7%>735
(nominal derivative nouns).
Most of the 7%>7-IJKs require the I3%7W%X; to end with a certain %#p%v.
Generally, the meaning of a 7%>7-#$%& (7%>7-IJK-ending word) can be said by other
words. For example, the meaning of a 7%>7-#$%& “zec@”< (pot-ness) is expressed as
“ze} p3# ” (the status of pot). This is the %#+,#3q of the 7%>7-#$%&. The same meaning
can be conveyed either by 7%>7#$%& or %#+,#3q.
*1: All the IJKs enjoined under the whole 4th and 5th chapters are to be suffixed to I3%7W%X;s.
<
PāŽini-sūtra 4.1.2 enjoins the 21 1W8 -IJKs. Sūtras 4.1.3 to 4.1.81 enjoin æ -IJKs, additional
IJKs suffixed to I3%7W%X; to make them feminine. And the rest, almost two full chapters,
enjoins 7%>7-IJKs.
108
[|Q-#3q@ <
< used to explain the meaning of a 7%>7-IJK.

[|Q-#3q@ is
[|Q-#3q consists a pronoun 7X <. The 7X < is replaced by a I3%7W%X; to make a %#+,#3q.
Thus [|Q-#3q is like a universal %#+,#3q of a given 7%>7-#$%&.
For example, %#+,#3q of a 7%>7#$%& “zec” is “ze} p3# ”. [|Q#3q of a 7%>7 IJK “c” is
“7} p3# ”. By this [|Q-#3q we can understand that c is suffixed to a I3%7W%X; ending
with 6th case to denote “the status (p3# ) of … (7})”.
< a given 7%>7-#$%& is called [|Q-#3q@. < In the previous

The universal %#+,#3q@ of
example, c is the 7%>7-IJK and its [|Q-#3q is “7} p3# ”. By this [|Q-#3q we can
understand that c is suffixed to a I3%7W%X; ending with 6th case to denote “the status
(p3# ) of … (7})”.
To understand 7%>7-IJKs, the following things need to be known:
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
2) Content of the 7%>7-IJK
<
3) H7 letters of the 7%>7-IJK and their functions
< the 7%>7-#$%&

7) %#+,#3q@ of
In this book, each 7%>7-IJK will be introduced with these 7 aspects.
109
<
1. 7}3WJ@ (descendant of …)
To make a new I3%7W%X; which denotes a descendant of a given person or family, the
following 7%>7-IJKs are suffixed to a I3%7W%X; ending with 6th case, which indicates the
person or family.
<
a. MQ/MP <
are suffixed after some names
< suffixed after some names
b. HP is
c. •; < (DK) is suffixed after names of females
These 7%>7-IJKs indicating “descendant of …” are called MWJ3€ ]-IJKs.
The [|Q#3q of these 7%>7-IJKs is “7} MWJ@”.< From this [|Q#3q it is understood
that these 7%>7-IJKs denote descendant (MWJ@),< and these are suffixed to a 6th case
ending I3%7W%X; because 7} is in 6th case.
110
Topic VIII– 7%>735@ < -Taddhitānta <
MWJ€® MQ/MP <
<
a. MQ/MP <
<
Of the 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known about “MQ/MP”:<
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• <
7} MWJ@ (descendant of …)
• M
<
• < –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦.< They cause Z%X-#$%> in the MN (See Topic IV)
Q/P
• The difference of the two suffixes is only intonation.
• Z%X-#$%> in the MN (See Topic IV)
• Depends on the gender of the noun which the 7%>7-#$%& is qualifying
• In masculine, as an M-ending
• < is suffixed and the word becomes †-ending

in feminine, a æ -IJK V W (†)
feminine.
< the 7%>7-#$%&

7) %#+,#3q@ of
• 8
ph7} MWJ- W@32 <
(male) p3h7 ¦
• ph7} MWJ- æ (female) p3h7 ¦
111
<
MWJ€® MQ/MP < Topic VIII– 7%>735@ < -Taddhitānta
For example, to make a word whose meaning is “son of ph7” or “ph7} (of Bharata)
<
MWJ@ (descendant)”:
< MP <
1) ph7 + V1 + < suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 6th case ending.
A 7%>7-IJK MP is
By the addition of the suffix, ph7 + V1 is
< MP”,< since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
“ph7 + V1 +
I3%7W%X;@. <
2) ph7 + V1 < + M By 1.3.3 ,[¿@, < P of
< MP is <
< H7 and hence elided.
3) ph7 + +M <
Inside the I3%7W%X;, any 1W8 -IJK should be elided.
4) p3h7 + +M The first vowel in the MN takes #$%> because the IJK is %P7. <
5) p3h7 < +M The last M of the MN is elided. (See Topic IV).
6) p3h7 This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
8
If the person is male, the %#+,#3q is “ph7} MWJ- W@32 <
p3h7 ¦” and the new I3%7W%X;
declines as M-ending masculine, like h3@. If the person is female, the %#+,#3q is “ph7} MWJ- æ
p3h7 ¦” and the new I3%7W%X; declines as †-ending feminine, like 2X .
In the same manner, to make a word whose meaning is “son of 6$7h3ç” or “6$7h3ç} (of
<
Dhotarā›%ra) MWJ@ (descendant)”:
< MQ < A 7%>7-IJK MQ is
1) 6$7h3ç + V1 + < suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 6th case ending.
By the addition of the suffix, 6$7h3ç + V1 is
< MQ”,< since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
“6$7h3ç + V1 +
I3%7W%X;@. <
< M
2) 6$7h3ç + V1 + < MQ is
By 1.3.3 ,[¿@, < Q of < H7 and
< hence elided.
3) 6$7h3ç + +M <
4) 637]h3ç +M The first vowel in the MN takes #$%> because the IJK is %Q7. <
5) 637]h3ç < +M The last M of the MN is elided. (See Topic IV).
6) 637]h3ç This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
8
If the person is male, the %#+,#3q is “6$7h3ç} MWJ- W@32 < h3ç ¦” and the new I3%7W%X;
637]
declines as M-ending masculine, like h3@. If the person is female, the %#+,#3q is “6$7h3ç} MWJ-
æ 637]h3ç ¦” and the new I3%7W%X; declines as †-ending feminine, like 2X .
112
Topic VIII– 7%>735@ < -Taddhitānta <
MWJ€® MQ/MP <
8 For example, to make a word

When the last letter of the I3%7W%X; is `#Q], it takes SQ.
<
whose meaning is “son of W3rd8” or “W3rd\ (of PāŽÌu) MWJ@ (descendant)”:
< MP <
1) W3rd8 + V1 + < suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 6th case ending.
A 7%>7-IJK MP is
By the addition of the suffix, W3rd8 + V1 is
< MP”,< since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
“W3rd8 + V1 +
I3%7W%X;@. <
< M
2) W3rd8 + V1 + By 1.3.3 ,[¿@, < P of
< MP is <
< H7 letter and hence elided.
3) W3rd8 + +M <
4) W3rd\ +M 8 (See Topic IV).
The last ` in the MN takes SQ
5) W3rd# < +M < the substitute for Ë followed by a
By 6.1.78 Dl\¾K#3K3# ¦, M# is
vowel.
6) W3rd# This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
8
If the person is male, the %#+,#3q is “W3rd\ MWJ- W@32 <
W3rd# ¦” and the new I3%7W%X;
declines as M-ending masculine, like h3@. If the person is female, the %#+,#3q is “p$S\ MWJ- æ
p3S]# ¦” and the new I3%7W%X; declines as †-ending feminine, like 2X .
Exercise 1:
Find the I3%7W%X; and IJK of the following 7%>7#$%&s, and give their %#+,#3qs.
1. p3hm3k 5. ;¥h# 9. #»X,F
2. E¥2; 6. h3z# 10. Ï¥WX
3. 1¥pÏ 7. p3S]# 11. S3S•
4. W3rd# 8. k32;
• < phm3k
I3%7W%X;@ =
• <
IJK = MQ/MP <
(MWJ€ ]-7%>7-IJK )
• < phm3k} MWJ- W@32
%#+,#3q@ = 8 <
p3hm3k ¦
113
MWJ€® HP < Topic VIII– 7%>735@ < -Taddhitānta
b. HP <
Of the 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known about “HP”:<
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• <
• H
<
3) H7 letter of the 7%>7-IJK and its functions
• P –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦.< This is to cause Z%X-#$%> in the MN (See Topic IV)
• In masculine, as an H-ending

feminine.
< the 7%>7-#$%&

7) %#+,#3q@ of
• 8
M’Q} MWJ- W@32 <
(male) Z’%Q ¦
114
Topic VIII– 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta MWJ€® HP <
For example, to make a word whose meaning is “son of M’Q” or “M’Q} MWJ@”:<
< HP <
1) M’Q + V1 + < suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 6th case ending.
A 7%>7-IJK HP is
By the addition of the suffix, M’Q + V1 is
< HP”,< since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
“M’Q + V1 +
I3%7W%X;@. <
2) M’Q + V1 < + H By 1.3.3 ,[¿@, < P of
< HP is <
< H7 letter and hence elided.
3) M’Q + +H <
4) Z’Q + +H The first vowel in the MN takes #$%> because the IJK is %P7. <
5) Z’Q < +H The last M of the MN is elided. (See Topic IV).
6) Z’%Q This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
The new I3%7W%X; declines as H-ending masculine, like ,%h.
Exercise 1:
Try to find the I3%7W%X; and IJK of the following 7%>7#$%&s, and give %#+,#3q.
1. X3Eh%€ (Another name of h3@, a son of the king XEh€)
2. #3’%Q (Another name of p$S,8 a son of the sage #’Q)
3. S3%S]
4. #»X%p]
5. 1¥@X%&
6. 2 »G3%X (Another name of D;[s, a son of %2G3X)
• < XEh€
I3%7W%X;@ =
• <
IJK = HP (MWJ€ ]-7%>7-IJK )
• < XEh€} MWJ- W@32
%#+,#3q@ = 8 <
X3Eh%€ ¦
115
MWJ€® •; < Topic VIII– 7%>735@ < -Taddhitānta
c. •; <
Of the 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known about “•;”< :
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• <
• Here, the I3%7W%X; should be a name of a female.
• • (replaced by DK)
<
• ; < – By 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦.< This is to cause Z%X-#$%> in the MN (See Topic IV)
• The IJK • is replaced by “DK”, by 7.1.2 ZK2KF 2 %KK È•ÉÊz3- IJK3X 23@ ¦<
• In masculine, as an M-ending

feminine.
< the 7%>7-#$%&

7) %#+,#3q@ of
• ;8¿3 MWJ- W@32

8 <
(male) ;¥5FK ¦
• %#273K3 MWJ- æ #»27FK ¦
116
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta MWJ€® •; <
For example, to make a word whose meaning is “son of ;85 ” or “;8¿3 MWJ@”:<
< •; <
1) ;85 + V1 + A 7%>7-IJK •; < is suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 6th case ending.
By the addition of the suffix, ;85 + V1 is
< •;”< , since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
“;85 + V1 +
I3%7W%X;@. <
2) ;85 + V1 < + • By 1.3.3 ,[¿@, < ; < of •; < is H7 letter
< and hence elided.
< DK
3) ;85 + V1 + • is replaced by DK.
4) ;85 + + DK <
5) ;¥5 + + DK The first vowel in the MN takes #$%> because the IJK is %;7. <
6) ;¥5 < + DK The last † of the MN is elided. (See Topic IV).
7) ;¥5FK This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
The new I3%7W%X; declines as M-ending masculine, like h3@.
Exercise
1. S3NFK
2. h36FK
3. Ï¥WXFK3
4. Z&2KF
• < SN3
I3%7W%X;@ =
• IJK = •; < (MWJ€ ]-7%>7-IJK )
• < SN3K3 MWJ- W@32
%#+,#3q@ = 8 < K ¦
S3NF
117
2. @c€•K3 (one who has …)
To make a new I3%7W%X; indicating a person or a thing which has …, or in which …
exists, the following 7%>7-IJKs are suffixed to a I3%7W%X; ending with 1st case.
a. @7Ww 8 < is suffixed to almost any I3%7W%X;

b. H%2w is suffixed when the I3%7W%X; is M-ending
<
c. %#%2w is suffixed when the I3%7W%X; is M1-ending, <
and @3K3, @F63, k words
< suffixed when the I3%7W%X; is one of the ME]Z%X-SQ, a certain group of words.
d. Ml is
These 7%>7-IJKs indicating “One who has …” or “One in whom … exists” are called
@c€ ]-IJKs or @c€•K-IJKs (@7 w 8 + M€ ] = @c€ ]).
<
The [|Q#3q of these 7%>7-IJKs is “7X < M}/M%b2 M%g”. Literally translating, “That
< The meaning of the

< ) exists (M%g) belonging to this (M}), or in this (M%b2).”
(77 1/1
<
I3%7W%X; should fit in the place of 7X <. HX@-Eð (M} or M%b2)< should be the one denoted
by the 7%>7-IJK. Hence, these 7%>7-IJKs are suffixed to a 1st case ending I3%7W%X;
because 7X < is in 1st case ending.
The I3%7W%X; formed with the @c€•K-IJK conveys the following things:
• Abundance: 62#32 <
• Praise: Zl3K]#32, < ÛW#7 , @37$@32 <
• Exceeding: Œ[#32 <
• Connection: Xrd , Ê„
118
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta @7Ww 8 <
a. @7Ww 8 <
The following 7 things are to be known about @c€-] 7%>7-IJK “@7Ww 8 ”:<
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• <
7X < M}/M%b2 M%g (There is … belonging to/in this person/thing)
• @7 <
<
• 8
`w – By 1.3.2 `WXFE¾F k223%1; H7¦.< ` is in `; < IJ3,3h . A IJK which has `; < as H7 is
<
called `%S7. < `%S7-IJK-ending

< I3%7W%X;s decline in a certain manner. For the sake
<
of the declension, `w is given as an H7 letter for this IJK.
• W –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@¦.< This is for intonation.
• < in the final or penultimate position in the I3%7W%X;, then the @ of

If M#Q] or @ is <
< replaced by #. < See below “7) %#+,#3q@ of
@7Ww 8 is < the 7%>7-#$%& ” for examples.
• < at
7/1 < the end of a WX is not considered to be WX35 before @c€ ]-7%>7-IJK. Thus
< does
such 7/1 < not undergo any WX35 modification such as kÔc-, ’w c@, < etc.
• Depends on the gender of the noun which the 7%>7-#$%& is qualifying.
• <
In masculine and neuter, as `%S7-IJK <
ending and M7-ending I3%7W%X;.
feminine, like 2X .
< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• <
M}/M%b2 M%g H%7 @32 ¦<
• <
pS M}/M%b2 M%g H%7 pS#32 ¦< (M#Q]-ending I3%7W%X;@)<
• <
p3 M}/M%b2 M%g H%7 p3•32 ¦< (I3%7W%X;@ with
< penultimate M#Q])
• <
[³ M}/M%b2 M%g H%7 [³ #32 ¦< (I3%7W%X;@ with
< penultimate @)<
119
@7Ww 8 < Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
For example, to make a word whose meaning is “one who has ”, or “one in whom
exists”, in Sanskrit “ M} M%g”, or “ <
M%b2 M%g”:
1) + 1 w 8 + @7Ww 8 < < suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 1st case ending.
A 7%>7-IJK @7Ww 8 is
By the addition of the suffix, + 1 w 8 is qualified to be an MN.
“ + 1 w 8 + @7Ww 8 ”,< since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
I3%7W%X;@. <
2) + 1 w 8 + @7 < < @7Ww 8 are
`w and W of < <
3) + + @7 < <
4) @7 < This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
<
If the new I3%7W%X; is qualifying a masculine word, it declines as M7-ending masculine as
<
`%S7-IJK-ending <
word, like pS#7 (See Volume 1). If the new I3%7W%X; qualifies a feminine
word, a æ -IJK † is suffixed and it declines as †-ending feminine, like 2X .
In the same manner, to make a word whose meaning is “one who has pS”, or “one in
<
whom pS exists”, in Sanskrit “pS M} M%g”, or “pS M%b2 M%g”:
1) pS + 1 w 8 + @7Ww 8 < < suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 1st case ending.
A 7%>7-IJK @7Ww 8 is
By the addition of the suffix, pS + 1 w 8 is qualified to be an MN.
“pS + 1 w 8 + @7Ww 8 ”,< since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
I3%7W%X;@. <
2) pS + 1 w 8 + @7 < < @7Ww 8 are
`w and W of < <
3) pS + + @7 < <
4) pS + #7 < < replaced by # <
< @7Ww 8 is
Because the last letter of I3%7W%X; is M, the @ of
5) pS#7 < This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
120
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta @7Ww 8 <
Exercise 1:
8
1. ,2@5@ < 4. @J » 7. Z±#5@ <
2. 6 @5¥ 5. 62#73@ < 8. E%v@7
3. Œ%8 >@5 6. %#43#ä 8 9. Œ%8 >@7\
• < ,2 8
I3%7W%X;@ =
• <
IJK = @7Ww 8 (@c€ ]-7%>7-IJK )
• %#+,#3q@ = 8 , < 7- ,2@5@

< ,2 8 M} M%g H%7 ,2@32 8 ¦<
Exercise 2:
<
Find @7Ww 8 -ending words, identify I3%7W%X;, give %#+,#3q for 7%>7#$%&, and translate the
1. <
>3#32 [p7F §32@ ¦< <
6. D77 7÷- Œ%8 >@%ˆ ÖÔK7F ¦
2. M5#5 H@F XF,3 ¦ 7. 1#]E%v@7F 2@ ¦
8
3. h3@ ,2@5@ < |7F ¦
IF 8. MK- I 1-EK#7 M%g ¦
4. %E‚ %#43#7 2@%7 ¦ 8

9. %#43#73- W’G3Q3- E\; 2 M%g ¦
5. `WXFE Mk2]8 3K pS#73 •K- I%7Œ\%67 ¦ 10. pS#%7 §37F 1%7 1#õ §37- p#%7 ¦
121
@c€® H%2w Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
b. H%2w
@c€ ]-7%>7-IJK “H%2w” is suffixed to M-ending I3%7W%X;.
The following 7 things are to be known regarding “H%2w”:
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• <
• H2 <
<
• 8
Hw – By 1.3.2 `WXFE¾F k223%1; H7 ¦. <
< This is to protect 2 from being H7 <
• M#Q]/H#Q] at the end of MN will drop.
• <
In masculine and neuter, as H2-ending word.

feminine.
< the 7%>7-#$%&

7) %#+,#3q@ of
• K\S M} M%g H%7 K\S ¦
• K\S M} M%g H%7 æ K\%S2 ¦
122
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta @c€® H%2w
For example, to make a word whose meaning is “one who has K\S”, or “one in whom K\S
<
exists”, in Sanskrit “K\S M} M%g”, or “K\S M%b2 M%g”:
1) K\S + 1 w 8 + H%2w A 7%>7-IJK H%2w is suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 1st case ending.
By the addition of the suffix, K\S + 1 w 8 is qualified to be an MN.
“K\S + 1 w 8 + H%2w”, since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
I3%7W%X;@. <
2) K\S + 1 w 8 + H2 < <
Hw of H%2w is H7 letter and hence elided.
3) K\S + + H2 < <
4) K\S < + H2 < Because H%2w is 7%>7 and vowel-beginning suffix, M at the end of MN
gets elided.
5) K\%S2 < This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
<
If the new I3%7W%X; is qualifying a masculine word, it declines as H2-ending masculine
word, such as K\S , K\%S2¥, K\%S2 , etc. If the new I3%7W%X; qualifies a feminine word, a æ -IJK †
is suffixed and it declines as †-ending feminine, like 2X , such as K\%S2 , K\%S´¥, K\%S´ , etc.
Exercise 1:
Find H%2w-ending words, identify I3%7W%X;, give %#+,#3q for 7%>7#$%&, and translate the following
<
1. 7b37 K\S p# ¦ 8 K7F ¦
7. [\; XF%,%p M2p‡
2. K\%S2 7÷- WÔK%5 ¦ <
8. S’8 M%6;3%hQF 7÷@ `W%XE%7 ¦
8
3. 1#® k23 1%É2 p#5 8 ¦ 9. 1-13%hÁ M%6; K\S ¦
<
4. Zl3K] D7- %E‚@ M%6;3%hQ- @´7F ¦ 10. §3%22 [|Q- W$¨3%@ ¦
5. 1 #2 F W%|Q IF|7F ¦ <
11. pS#32 I3%Q23- 8
XF,- W‚%7 ¦
8 5F ¦
6. 1#® %#6K E3%æQ3 ŒÓ 12. K\%S23- 6 @73- l ;8[F kÎ p#%7 ¦
123
@c€® %#%2w Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
c. %#%2w
<
@c€ ]-7%>7-IJK “%#%2w” is suffixed to M1-ending I3%7W%X;, and with “@3K3”, “@F63”, and “ k”.<
The following 7 things are to be known regarding “%#%2w”:
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• <
• %#2 <
<
• 8
Hw – By 1.3.2 `WXFE¾F k223%1; H7 ¦. <
< This is to protect 2 from being H7. <
• < at
7/1 < the end of WX is not considered to be WX35 before @c€ ]-7%>7-IJK. Thus
< do
these 7/1 < not go through any WX35 modification such as kÔc@, < ’w c@, < etc.
• <
In masculine and neuter, as H2-ending word.

feminine.
< the 7%>7-#$%&

7) %#+,#3q@ of
• @2 M} M%g H%7 @2• ¦
• @2 M} M%g H%7 æ @2%•2 ¦
124
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta @c€® %#%2w
<
For example, to make a word whose meaning is “one who has @21 (mind)”, or “one in
<
whom @21 exists”, <
in Sanskrit “@2 M} M%g”, or “@2 M%b2 M%g”:
< 1 w 8 + %#%2w
1) @21 + A 7%>7-IJK %#%2w is suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 1st case ending.
< 1 w 8 is qualified to be an MN.
By the addition of the suffix, @21 +
< 1 w 8 + %#%2w”, since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
“@21 +
I3%7W%X;@. <
< 1 w 8 + %#2 <
2) @21 + <
Hw of %#%2w is H7 letter and hence elided.
<
3) @21 + + %#2 < <
< @21 does
(Note: the 1 of < not go through WX35 changes before %#2.)<
4) @2%•2 < This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
<
If the new I3%7W%X; is qualifying a masculine word, it declines as H2-ending masculine
word, such as @2• , @2%•2¥, @2%•2 , etc. If the new I3%7W%X; qualifies a feminine word, a æ -
IJK † is suffixed and it declines as †-ending feminine, like 2X , such as @2%•2 , @2%•´¥,
@2%•´ , etc.
Exercise 1:
Find %#%2w-ending words, identify I3%7W%X;, give %#+,#3q for 7%>7#$%&, and translate the following
1. @3K3# @3K3- XE]K%7 ¦ 6. 7W%•Á M%6; K\S ¦

2. 1 I%1> ƒ# p#%7 ¦ <
7. @F63%#2 [|Q@ `W%XÔK7F ¦
3. h3¯- %kc3 KE%•2 p#%5 ¦ 8. 7W%•23- Ò32- 7W\#2@ ¦<
4. @F63%#23 7÷- §3K7F ¦ 9. 13 I%1>3 7W%•2 ¦
5. 7Fk%•2 F 2@ ¦
125
@c€® Ml < Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
d. Ml <
@c€ ]-7%>7-IJK “Ml”< is suffixed to I3%7W%X;s belonging to a group called ME]Z%X-SQ.
ME]Z%X-SQ is a type of group which includes other words undergoing the same operation.
Such a group is called Z;$ %7SQ.
The following 7 things are to be known regarding “Ml”:<
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• <
• M
<
• l –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦.

< This is for intonation.
• The M/H#Q] is elided. (See Topic IV)
• In masculine and neuter, as M-ending word.
• <
In feminine, a æ -IJK e3W (Z) is suffixed and the word becomes Z-ending
feminine.
< the 7%>7-#$%&

7) %#+,#3q@ of
• K\S M} M%g H%7 K\S ¦
• W3W M} M%g H%7 W3W ¦
126
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta 8 Ml <
@7#€®
For example, to make a word whose meaning is “one who has K\S”, or “one in whom K\S
<
exists”, in Sanskrit “K\S M} M%g”, or “K\S M%b2 M%g”:
1) K\S + 1 w 8 + Ml < < suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 1st case ending.
A 7%>7-IJK Ml is
By the addition of the suffix, K\S + 1 w 8 is qualified to be an MN.
“K\S + 1 w 8 + Ml”,< since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
I3%7W%X;@. <
2) K\S + 1 w 8 + M < Ml is
l of < H7 letter
< and hence elided.
3) K\S +M <
4) K\S < +M The last M#Q] of MN is elided. (See Topic IV.)
5) K\S This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
If the new I3%7W%X; is qualifying a masculine or neuter word, it declines as M-ending word.
If the new I3%7W%X; qualifies a feminine word, a æ -IJK “e3W”< is suffixed. e < and W of
< e3W are
< H7 <
letters, thus only “Z” remain as a suffix. After applying X z-] 1%•, it becomes K\S3 and declines
as Z-ending feminine word.
<
Some examples of Ml-ending words:
<
1. l »7´@ M} M%g H%7 l »7´ ¦
2. 13Vâ <
< - §32@ DG3@ <
M%g < 3 ¦
H%7 13Vâ
3. %@„} p3# @»„ , @»„ M} M%g H%7 @»„ ¦
4. ;’Q3 M} M%g H%7 ;’Q ¦
127
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
3. 7} p3# (the status of …)
To make a new I3%7W%X; which denotes the status of …, or … ness, the following 7%>7-
IJKs are suffixed to a I3%7W%X; in the 6th case.
a. c is suffixed to almost any I3%7W%X;

b. 7[ < is suffixed to almost any I3%7W%X;
< suffixed to certain I3%7W%X;
c. ‚P is
The [|Q#3q of these 7%>7-IJKs is “7} p3# ”, “the status (p3# ) of that (7})”. The
meaning of I3%7W%X; should fit in the place of 7X <. These 7%>7-IJKs are suffixed to a
I3%7W%X; in 6th case because 7X < is in 6th case (7}).
What the status belongs to is expressed in the 6th case.
E.g., M€} <

] 1‡³c@ M%g ¦ “There is a status of being subtle for the meaning.”
“The meaning has subtlety.”
#'F `µ73 M%g ¦ “Fire has the status of being hot.”
<
78 23- I3@3rK@ M%g ¦ “There is a status of means of knowledge for śrutis.”
To simplify the sentence, the 6th case ending and 7%>7-IJK can be cancelled together.
E.g., M€ ] 1‡³ M%g ¦ The meaning is subtle.

#%' `µ M%g ¦ Fire is hot.
78 K I@3Q3%2 1%5 ¦ Śrutis are the means of knowledge.
128
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta c
a. c
Of the 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “c”:
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• 7} p3# (the status of …, …-ness)
• c
<
• n/a
• n/a
• - 8 ;%[N (neuter)
c-ending I3%7W%X; is always 2W1
• As an M-ending neuter, just as §32.

< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• D;} p3# D;c@ ¦<

• ze} p3# zec@ ¦<
For example, to make a word whose meaning is “the status of one”, or “oneness”, in
Sanskrit “D;} p3# ”:
< c
1) D; + V1 + A 7%>7-IJK c is suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 6th case ending.
By the addition of the suffix, D; + V1 is
<
“D;+V1+c”, since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a I3%7W%X;@. <
2) D; + +c <
3) D;c This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
The new I3%7W%X; is always neuter and it declines as M-ending neuter, like §32@. <
129
c Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
Exercise 1: Make c-ending I3%7W%X;s and decline them according to the %#+,#3qs.
E.g., @@8 |
8 \ p3# @@8 |
8 c < @8 |
8 ,- 7b37 @ 8 37 ¦<
8 c
1. †½h} p3# … , 7F2 … ¦ 11. “@@” H%7 M} p3# … , 7} … ¦

< ¦
2. ;3hQ} p3# … , 7b37 … < ¦
12. pS#7 p3# … , 7b37 …
< ¦
3. M F p3# … , 77 … < ¦
13. M§32#7 p3# … , 7%b2 …
< ¦
8 p3# … , 7b37 …
4. Sh\ < ¦
14. 7} p3# … , 7%b2 …
5. ;7 ]8 p3# … , 7b » … ¦ < ¦
15. #3l p3# … , 7b37 …
6. p\v8 p3# … , 7F2 … ¦ 16. M%6;3%hQ p3# … , 7} … ¦
7. #g28 p3# … , 7} … ¦ < ¦
17. 13%|Q p3# … , 7b37 …
< ¦
8. XF#73K3 p3# … , 7b37 … 18. Z±2 p3# … , 7F2 … ¦
< ¦
9. W$%€s3 p3# … , 7b37 … < ¦
19. ØÙQ p3# … , 7b37 …
< ¦
10. EvF p3# … , 7b37 …
Exercise 2: Find c-ending words, identify I3%7W%X;, give %#+,#3q for 7%>7#$%&, and translate the
1. È[- |K%7 7} M%2Jc37 ¦< 5. 7K\ %#GKK\ %#[|Qc- IXE]K%7 ¦

<
2. ;@]Q M%2Jc37 7} @\|1362c- 2 M%g ¦ 6. H%ÐK3Q3- ;hQc- %2%X…ÔK7F ¦
<
3. Z±2 D;c37 M} 1#]s3%Wc@ ¦< 8
7. W’G} <
lF72#÷37 `W[%ü `WW47F ¦
4. Z±3 1#]s3W M%g 7} D;c37 ¦< <
8. W$%€s3 S•#÷@ M%g ¦
130
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta 7[ <
b. 7[ <
<
Of the 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “7[”:
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• 7
<
• [ < – By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦< This is for intonation.
• <
After making a I3%7W%X;, a feminine suffix e3W (Z) is added.
• <
7[-ending I3%7W%X; is always æ %[N (feminine).
• <
A feminine suffix e3W (Z) is added to the new I3%7W%X; and declines as an Z-
ending feminine, just like SN3.
< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• D;} p3# D;73 ¦

• ze} p3# ze73 ¦
131
7[ < Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
< 7[ <
1) D; + V1 + A 7%>7-IJK 7[ < is suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 6th case ending.
< 7[”,
“D; + V1 + < since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
I3%7W%X;@. <
< 7
2) D; + V1 + <
[ < of 7[ < is H7 letter and hence elided.
3) D; + +7 <
4) D;7 + Z <
Since 7[-ending I3%7W%X; is feminine and ends with M, a æ IJK
<
e3W (Z) is suffixed.
5) D;73 After applying 1#Q]-X z-] 1%•, this is the final form.
The new I3%7W%X; is always feminine and it declines as Z-ending feminine, like SN3.
<
Exercise 1: Make 7[-ending I3%7W%X;s and decline them according to the %#+,#3qs.
E.g., K\ƒK} p3# K\ƒK73, 7K3 K\ƒK7K3 ¦
1. %E‚} p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦ 10. “HX@”< H%7 M} p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦
2. 1#]} p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦ 11. “M,@”< H%7 M} p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦
3. Eh h} p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦ 12. “@@” H%7 M} p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦
4. #'F p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦ 13. 1#]%#X p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦
5. ,F7\ p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦ 14. 13%|Q p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦
6. \7 8 p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦ 15. pS#7 p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦
7. #g28 p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦ 16. 17 p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦
8. %2u3K3 p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦ 17. Z±2 p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦
9. 1$Ú F p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦ 18. ;@]Q p3# … ¦ 7K3 … ¦
132
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta ‚P <
c. ‚P <
Of the 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regardomg “‚P”:<
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• K
<
• G –< By 1.3.6 G IJK} ¦. It brings æ IJK V G. <
• < %P7 suffix

P –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦. < can cause Z%X#$%> in the MN.
• Z%X#$%> takes place and M#Q] or H#Q] at the end of MN drops. (See Topic IV)
• <
‚P-ending - 8 ;%[N (neuter).
I3%7W%X; is 2W1
• As an M-ending neuter, just as §32.

< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• D;} p3# °q@ ¦<

• 8 } p3# E¥(@ ¦<
E¹
133
‚P < Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
< ‚P <
1) D; + V1 + < suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 6th case ending.
A 7%>7-IJK ‚P is
< ‚P, < ending with 7%>7IJK, is considered I3%7W%X;@. <
D; + V1 +
< K
2) D; + V1 + <
G and < ‚P are
P of < <
3) D; + +K <
4) °; +K < %P7, < Z%X#$%> takes place in the MN.
Because ‚P is
5) °; < +K M at the end of MN gets elided.
6) °q This is the final form of 7%>7-#$%&.
The new I3%7W%X; is neuter and it declines as M-ending neuter, just as §32.
<
Exercise 1: Make ‚P-ending I3%7W%X;s according to the %#+,#3qs.
E.g., `µ} p3# )*@ ¦<
1. ;$ µ} (of black) p3# (status) … ¦ ] (of long) p3# … ¦

11. X z}
2. [\%,7} (of red) p3# … ¦ 12. ;8E[} (of skilful) p3# … ¦
3. ½F7} (of white) p3# … ¦ 8

13. %2WQ} (of skilled) p3# … ¦
4. W 7} (of yellow) p3# … ¦ 14. †½h} (of lord) p3# … ¦
5. Ö•} (of firm) p3# … ¦ 15. M%6W7F (of lord) p3# … ¦
6. [#Q} (of beautiful) p3# … ¦ 16. ;F #[} (of exclusive) p3# … ¦
7. E 7} (of cold) p3# … ¦ 17. `X31 2} (of indifferent) p3# … ¦
8. kd} (of not conscious) p3# … ¦ 18. %#[|Q} (of different) p3# … ¦
9. W%rd7} (of scholar) p3# … ¦ ] (of capable) p3# … ¦

19. 1@€}
10. %Òh} (of steady) p3# … ¦ 20. ;$ +} (of whole) p3# … ¦
134
4. I3%ƒXE K3 (MsKs made of 1#]23@)
There is a set of 7%>7-IJKs called I3%ƒXE K enjoined in PāŽini-sūtras 5.3.1 to 5.3.26.
a. 7%1w[ < is suffixed in the sense of 5th case
7%1w is suffixed to any I3%7W%X; in the sense of 5th case
b. „[ < is suffixed in the sense of 7th case
X3/%,… are suffixed in the sense of 7th case, particularly in the sense of time
<
c. €3[/€@ w 8 are suffixed in the sense of “in such manner”.
The 7%1w[-< and „[-ending

< words can be understood not only as 5th or 7th case ending
words, but also as any case ending, depending on context.
These 7%>7IJKs are suffixed to certain 1#]23@s and certain words like Œ–.
1#]23@s are of 35 kinds, with some restriction in meanings.
1. 1#] 6. d7@ 11. c 16. Wh 21. M6h 26. KX < 31. %m

2. %#½ 7. M´ 12. 2@F 17. M#h 22. • 27. D7X < 8 X<
32. Ka
3. `p 8. M´7h 13. 1@ 18. X%|Q 23. M5h 28. HX@ < 33. MbX <
4. `pK 9. H7h 14. %1@ 19. `&h 24. JX < 29. MX1 < 34. p#7 w 8
5. d7h 10. c7 < 15. W‡# ] 20. MWh 25. 7X < 30. D; 35. %;@ <
8 X <, MbX <, and

Of these, I3%ƒXE K-7%>7-IJKs are applicable to any 1#]23@ other than %m, Ka
p#7.w 8
135
7%1w[ < Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
a. 7%1w[ <
7%>7-IJK 7%1w[ < is suffixed to certain 1#]23@s (1 to 30, and 35) and to the words Œ–, W%h, and
M%p.
<
The following 7 things are to be known about “7%1w[”:
< the 7%>7-IJK
1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• Wfª€® (in the sense of 5th case)
• Also any other case by the context

• 71 <
<
• <
Hw – ` 3hQ3€ ]@ (for easy pronunciation)
• < This is for intonation.
[ < – By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦.

• <
%;@ becomes < the final form.
“;8”, thus ;871 is
• <
7X < and KX < become “7” and “K” respectively. 771 and <
K71 are the final forms.
• <
D7X < becomes “M”, and HX@ becomes <
“H”. M71 and <
H71 are the final forms.

• <
The 7%1w[-ending I3%7W%X; is MsK.

• Being an MsK, it does not decline.
< the 7%>7-#$%&

7) %#+,#3q@ of
• <
;b37 (from what, why) H%7 ;87 ¦
• <
7b37 (from that, therefore) H%7 77 ¦
• <
Kb37 (from which, because of which) H%7 K7 ¦
• <
D7b37 (from this, because of this) H%7 M7 ¦
• <
Mb37 (from this) H%7 H7 ¦
136
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta 7%1w[ <
For example, instead of saying ;b37, < which is %;@ +

< Wf@ %#p%v , 7%1w[ < can be added to
< the sense of 5th case:
%;@ in
;b37 < + 7%1w[ < A 7%>7-IJK 7%1w[ < is suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 5th case
ending. The sense of 7%1w[ < is •3€® (the meaning of itself).
< V%1w + 7%1w[ <
1) %;@ + < V%1w
This is an M[¥%;;%#+, . By the addition of the suffix, %;@ +
< V%1w + 7%1w[”,
is qualified to be an MN. “%;@ + < since it ends with
7%>7IJK, is considered a I3%7W%X;@. <

< V%1w + 71 <
2) %;@ + <
Hw is for ` 3hQ, and [ < is an H7 letter and hence elided.
<
3) %;@ + + 71 < <
4) ;8 + 71 < < <, %;@ is
When followed by 7/, < substituted by ;8.
5) ;871 < This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& . All I3%ƒXE K-7%>7IJK-ending
words are defined as MsKs.
<
Being a I3%7W%X;, 1W8 -IJK is suffixed for gaining the status of WX. However, being an MsK,
<
the 1W8 -IJK has to be elided. Thus the forms appears as though they were not declined.
<
Here is the list of 7%1w[-ending I3%7W%X;s:
I3%7W%X;@ < <
with 7%1w[-IJK %#p%v-ending form
<
%;@ (what) + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = ;87 (from what, why) ;b37 <
1#] (all) + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = 1#]7 (from all) 1#]b37 <
M´ (another) + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = M´7 (from another) M´b37 <
KX < (which) + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = K7 (from which, because) Kb37 <
7X < (that) + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = 77 (from that, therefore) 7b37 <
D7X < (this) + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = M7 (from this) D7b37 <
<
HX@ (this) + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = H7 (from this) Mb37 <
Wh (following) + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = Wh7 (after) Whb37 <
• (self) + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = •7 (by oneself) •b37 <
Œ– (many) + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = Œ–7 (from many sides) Œ–Á
W%h + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = W%h7 (all around, every side) n/a (W%h is indeclinable.)
M%p + V%1w + 7%1w[ < = M%p7 (entirely, near, all sides) n/a (M%p is indeclinable.)
137
7%1w[ < Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
Exercise 1:
<
Find 7%1w[-ending words, identify I3%7W%X;, give an optional form for the 7%>7#$%& (e.g., “7b37”<
for “77 ”), and translate the following sentences by parsing each word.
1. c- ;87 ZS7 ¦ 7. H7 ,õ S5 - 8 2 Eq7F @3S]} Mp3#37 ¦<

2. #3K 8 1#]7 #7]7 F ¦ <
8. K7 XF#X& 1#õ I3“#32 77 1 W%h7 7Ú8
8
3. W$%€s3 M´7 @2‚3 ZS¨%5 ¦ p#%7 ¦
4. K7 D;- ;7]s - ;@] 7F2 ;$ 7- 77 1 M´%b2 < <
8 M%p7
9. §3%223- 1É@ #7]7 F ¦
;@]%Q M%6;$ 7 ¦ 10. 1 ;87¬2 ZS7#32 ¦<
<
5. K7 H@3%2 p‡73%2 k3K5F 77 %#%k§31• ¦ < 8 7%¬7 2< k3K7F ¦
11. 1 Mk 12 ;
<
6. ØÙQ §FKc@ M%g ¦ M7 %k§313 ;7]s3 ¦ 12. 1 ;87¬2 2 %ŒpF%7 ¦
<
Another suffix 7%1w (Hw is H7 letter) is very similar to 7%1w[.< It is suffixed to any noun in the
sense of 5th case endings. It can be in the sense of 3rd case as well.
<
The distinction between v-ending word and 7%1w[/7%1w
-ending word is the I;$ %7, to
<
which the IJK is suffixed. v-IJK is suffixed to a 637,8 while 7%1w[/7%1w
-IJK is suffixed to
a I3%7W%X;. This can be examined when distinguishing the two.
Exercise 2:
Find 7%1w-ending words, identify I3%7W%X;, give an optional form for the 7%>7#$%& (e.g. “+3@37”< for
“+3@7 ”), and translate the following sentences by parsing each word.
1. 7F k23 +3@7 ZS¨%5 ¦ 5. M,- %##F;7 1-|WF 7 %##hQ- ;%h‚3%@ ¦

8 %7 ¦
2. M§327 1 @× 6. I3%Q2 •p3#7 M6@® I#7]5 F ¦
3. K\S K773 M#3“ - 8 Eq `W3K7 ¦ 7. 1 @3- #F%& 7÷7 ¦
< G7 ÊF&@8 M,]
4. c- 1-EK@ MEF < %1 ¦ <
8. 1#3]2 ;3@32 < G7 Jk%7 ¦
MEF
138
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta <
„[/X3/%,…
<
b. „[/X3/%,…
7%>7-IJK „[ < is suffixed to certain 1#]23@s (1 to 30, and 35) and Œ–.
<
The following 7 things are to be known regarding “„[”:
< the 7%>7-IJK
1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• 1“ª€® (in the sense of 7th case)
• Also any other case by the context

• „
<
[ < – By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦.
• <
%;@ becomes ;8, then ;8„ is the final form. Ã is another final form.
• 7X < and KX < become 7 and K respectively. 7„ and K„ are the final forms.
• D7X < becomes M, then M„ is the final form.
• <
HX@ with „[ < becomes H,.
• When the 7th case is used to indicate time, X3/%,… is suffixed to 1#], D;, M´, %;@, < KX <,
and 7X <. See the final forms in the following %#+,#3qs.
• <
The „[/X3/%,…
-ending I3%7W%X; is MsK.
< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• < which) H%7 ;8„, Ã ¦ ;%b2 ;3[F
;%b2 (in < (when) H%7 ;X3, ;%,… ¦
• < that) H%7 7„ ¦ 7%b2 ;3[F
7%b2 (in < (then) H%7 7X3, 7%,…, 7X32 @ ¦<
• < that which) H%7 K„ ¦ K%b2 ;3[F
K%b2 (in < (in which time) H%7 KX3, K%,… ¦
• < this) H%7 M„¦ D7%@2 ;3[F
D7%b2 (in < (in this time, now) H%7 D7%,… ¦
• < this) H%7 H, ¦ M%b2 ;3[F

M%b2 (in < 8 HX32 @ ¦<
(in this time, now) H%7 D7%,…, M623,
• < all) H%7 1#]„ ¦ 1#]%b2 ;3[F

1#]%b2 (in < (in all time, always) H%7 1#]X3, 1X3 ¦
139
<
„[/X3/%,… Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
<
Here is the list of „[-ending I3%7W%X;s:
I3%7W%X;@ < <
with „[-IJK %#p%v-ending form
<
%;@ (what) + „[ < = ;8„, Ã (where) ;%b2 <
1#] (all) + „[ < = 1#]„ (everywhere) 1#]%b2 <
D; (one) + „[ < = D;„ (in one) D;%b2 <
M´ (another) + „[ < = M´„ (another place) M´%b2 <
`pK (both) + „[ < = `pK„ (in both places) `pK%b2 <
KX < (which) + „[ < = K„ (in which) K%b2 <
7X < (that) + „[ < = 7„ (in that, there) 7%b2 <
D7X < (this) + „[ < = M„ (in this, here) D7%b2 <
<
HX@ (this) + „[ < = H, (here) M%b2 <
<
MX1 (that) + „[ < = M@„8 (there) M@%8 a2 <
W‡# ] (previous) + „[ < = W‡#„] (in the previous) W‡#%] b2 <
Wh (following)+ „[ < = Wh„ (in the following) Wh%b2 <
Œ– (many) + „[ < = Œ–„ (in many) Œ–G 8
Here is the list of X3/%,…-ending I3%7W%X;s:

I3%7W%X;@ < with X3/%,…-IJK %#p%v-ending form
1#] (all) + X3 = 1#]X3/1X3 (all the time) <
1#]%b2 (;3[F )
D; (one) + X3 = D;X3 (once, one time) <
D;%b2 (;3[F )
M´ (another) + X3 = M´X3 (another time) <
M´%b2 (;3[F )
<
%;@ (what) + X3/%,… = ;X3/;%,… (when) <
;%b2 (;3[F )
KX < (which) + X3/%,… = KX3/K%,… (when, in which time) <
K%b2 (;3[F )
7X < (that) + X3/%,… = 7X3/7%,… (then, that time) <
7%b2 (;3[F )
7X < (that) 7X32 @ < (then, that time) <
7%b2 (;3[F )
D7X < (this) + %,… = D7%,… (now, at this time) <
D7%b2 (;3[F )
<
HX@ (this) + %,… = D7%,… (now, at this time) <
M%b2 (;3[F )
<
HX@ (this) 8
M623 (now, at this time) <
M%b2 (;3[F )
<
HX@ (this) HX32 @ < (now, at this time) <
M%b2 (;3[F )
140
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta <
„[/X3/%,…
Exercise 1:
<
Find „[-ending words, identify I3%7W%X;, give an optional form for the 7%>7#$%& (e.g. “7%b2 XF< E”F
< and translate the following sentences by parsing each word.
for “7%b2”),
< 8 „ %2#1%7 ¦
1. p#32 ; 7. K„ M%pk3K7F 7„ K\S- [p7F 77 K77F ¦
< „ #7]7 F ¦
2. pS#32 1#] 8. M„ %#GKF 1-EK 2 M%g ¦
3. K\S 1#]„ pS#5- WÔK%7 ¦ 9. 7„ kh3 2 %#47F ¦ H, 7 8 %#47F ¦
8
4. W’G3€õ <
@\|37 M´„ 2 WÔK%7 ¦ 10. 7Fk 7@ l D;„ p%#7 - 8 2 E#8 7 ¦
5. mK\ %#’>K\ EðK\ D;„ IK\k2- 2 11. 7„ D#- 1%7 D77 2< `WW47F ¦
`WW47F ¦ 12. 1 ;8„%l7 XF< E F %2#1%7 ¦
6. K„ K„ 6‡@ 7„ 7„ #%' ¦ <
13. D77 Ã%l7 <
M%W 2 ÖÔK7F ¦
Exercise 2:
Find X3/%,…-ending words, identify I3%7W%X;, give an optional form for the 7%>7#$%& (e.g. “7%b2 <
;3[F” for “7X3”), and translate the following sentences by parsing each word.
1. ;X3 M„ ZS7#32 ¦< < õ 8 2 Eq7F 7X3 `W3K X37s ¦

9. K%X D77 ;7
< 2 ;X3%l7 2< %7u%7 ¦
2. ;3Kõ ;3hQ37 %p¡cF < D77 ÖÔK7F
10. KX3 I;3E M%g 7X32 @ D# < ¦
3. 7W• 1#]X3 7W 7W%7 ¦ 8 MWh- %#GK- #ö3@ ¦
11. D;- %#GK- `W1-úJ M623
4. @@ %1%> 1X3 p#7 8 ¦ <
] 3S W%h1@3“ ¦ M€ HX32 @ `&hp3S
12. W‡#p
5. mF ;3K® D;X3 %1Ó7 ¦ ZhÁ7F ¦
<
6. KX3 1#3]2 Jk%7 7X3 1 J3S `Ü7F ¦ < É@
13. k # ;X3%l7 1 8 Z< \%7 ¦
<
7. KX3 6@] ƒ[3K%7 7X3 pS#32 M#7h%7 ¦ 14. D7} Þ\;} M€õ ;X3l2 2 %#bh7 8 ¦
< È[}3%W
8. K%X ;@]Q M%2Jc- }37 7%,…
M%2Jc- }37 ¦<
141
< @w 8
€3[/€ Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
<
c. €3[/€@ w8
7%>7-IJK €3[ < and €@ w 8 are suffixed to certain 1#]23@s (1 to 30, and 35) and Œ–.
The following 7 things are to be known regarding “€3[”< and “€@”w 8 :
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• I;3h#l2 F (in … manner)
• €3/€@ <
<
[ < – By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦.
• 8
`w – By 1.3.2 `WXFE¾F k223%1; < This is to protect @ from
H7 ¦. < ,[¿@. <
• Some I3%7W%X; take €3[ < while some other I3%7W%X; take €@.w 8 See the list in the next
page.
• <
The €3[/€@ -w 8 ending I3%7W%X; is MsK.
< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• 7F2 I;3hFQ H%7 7€3
• ;F 2 I;3hFQ H%7 ;€@ ¦<
142
Topic VIII – 7%>735@ -< Taddhitānta < @w 8
€3[/€
<
Here is the list of €3[/€@-w 8 ending I3%7W%X;s:
I3%7W%X;@ < <
with €3[/€@ -w 8 IJK %#p%v-ending form
1#] (all) + €3[ < = 1#]€3 (in every manner) 1#- I;3h»
M´ (another) + €3[ < = M´€3 (otherwise) M´F2 I;3hFQ
H7h (another) + €3[ < = H7h€3 (otherwise) H7hFQ I;3hFQ
`pK (both) + €3[ < = `pK€3 (in both ways) `pKF2 I;3hFQ
KX < (which) + €3[ < = K€3 (just as) KF2 I;3hFQ
7X < (that) + €3[ < = 7€3 (in that manner) 7F2 I;3hFQ
D; (one) + €3[ < = D;€3 (in one way) D;F 2 I;3hFQ
Œ– (many) + €3[ < = Œ–€3 (in many ways) Œ–%p I;3h»
<
%;@ (what) + €@ w 8 = ;€@ < (how, in what manner) ;F 2 I;3hFQ
D7X < (this) + €@ w 8 = H.@ < (in this manner) D7F2 I;3hFQ
<
HX@ (this) + €@ w 8 = H.@ < (in this manner) M22F I;3hFQ
Exercise 1:
<
Find €3[/€@ w 8 -ending words, identify I3%7W%X;, give an optional form for the 7%>7#$%& (e.g. “7F2
I;3hFQ” for “7€3”), and translate the following sentences by parsing each word.
< %#k32 K3@ ¦<

1. D77 ;€- <
6. K€3 77 p#%7 7€3 D77 ¦<
< p a- Ï\Q- l HG%p
2. ;€@ M,- 8 I%7KÓ
8 F¦ <
7. K€3 D77 #g 8 `W%XÚ- 7€3 k323%@ ¦
3. 1#]€3 #7]@32 M%W 1 K\S pS#%7 #7]7 F ¦ < %2X®Ú8 - D77 2< Eq7F ¦
8. HX- H.@ H%7
4. M´€3 2 `WW%& }37 ¦< < ‚kÎ
9. k # ;€%f7 @2 8 [p7F ¦
5. K€3 #X3%@ 7€3 M#S¨ ¦ <
10. D77 ;€%fX < M%W 2 I3û7F ¦
143
Summary of I3%ƒXE K3
I3%7W%X;@ < 1#]23@ Œ– many

7%>7IJK <
%;@ what 1#] all M´ other 7X < that KX < which D7X < this <
HX@ this D; one
5th 7%1[ < ;87 1#]7 M´7 77 K7 M7 H7 D;7 Œ–7 W%h7 , M%p7
case W|F ;b37 < 1#]b37 < M´b37 < 7b37 < Kb37 < D7b37 < Mb37 < D;b37 < Œ–Á -
7th „[ < ;8„/Ã 1#]„ M´„ 7„ K„ M„ H, D;„ Œ–„ -

case X3/%,… (time) ;X3/;%,… 1#]X3, 1X3 M´X3 7X3/7%,… KX3/K%,… D7%,… D7%,…/ D;X3 n/a -
7X32 @ < 8
M623/HX32 @<
W|F ;%b2 < 1#]%b2 < M´%b2 < 7%b2 < K%b2 < D7%b2 < M%b2 < D;%b2 < Œ–G 8 -
man <
€3[/€@ 8 ;€@ < 1#]€3 M´€3 7€3 K€3 H.@ < H.@ < D;€3 Œ–€3 -
-ner W|F ;F 2 I;3hFQ 1#- I;3h» M´F2 I;3hFQ 7F2 I;3hFQ KF2 I;3hFQ D7F2 I;3hFQ M22F I;3hFQ D;F 2 I;3hFQ Œ–%p -
I;3h»
144
5. Comparative & superlative
To make the comparative or superlative form of an adjective, the 7%>7-IJKs listed
below are suffixed to the adjective.
< suffixed in the sense of comparative.

a. 7hW is
< suffixed in the sense of superlative.

b. 7@W is
< suffixed in the sense of comparative.

c. †K12w 8 is
< suffixed in the sense of superlative.

d. Hu2 is
Examples of comparative and superlative
IJK < < < <

7hW (…er) 7@W (…est) †K12w 8 (…er) Hu2 (…est)
I3%7W%X;@ <
[z 8 (light) 8 (lighter)
[z7h 8 (lightest)
[z7@ <
[z K1 (lighter) [%zu (lightest)
S’8 (great) 8
S’7h (greater) 8
S’7@ (heaviest) <
Sh K1 (greater) S%hu (greatest)
%IK (dear) %IK7h (dearer) %IK7@ (dearest) <

IFK1 (dearer) IFu (dearest)
IE} (exalted) IE}7h IE}7@ <

KF 1/¯3K1 < uF /¯Fu (best)
(more exalted) (most exalted) (more exalted) (most exalted)
The 5th case is used to indicate point or object of reference in the comparison. (%#pvF
Wf@ ).
<
E.g., MK@ (this <
is) D7b37 (than 8 (smaller) ¦
this) [z7h
%263]hQF Gu and 1“@ (6th and 7th cases in the sense of specifying) are used to say
“between” in comparative and “among” in superlative.
<
E.g., MK@ (this is) D7K\ 6/2, 7/2
8 (smaller) ¦
(between the two) [z7h
<
E.g., MK@ (this < /D7FG 8 7/3 (among these) [z7@
is) D7FG3@ 6/3 8 (smallest) ¦
145
a. 7hW <
Of 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “7hW”:<
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• Even though there is no [|Q#3q for 7hW, < the sense is told as:
“[mK\ D;}] M%7E3K2 F” (in the sense of superiority [of the two])
• 7h
<
• W –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦.

• n/a
• <
feminine.
< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• <
MK@ (This is) M2K\ (of the two) M%7EKF2 (exceedingly) [z 8 (small), [z7h
8
(smaller)¦
<
Examples of 7hW-ending I3%7W%X;s:
I3%7W%X;@ < <
with 7hW-IJK Declined forms in 1/1 m, n, f
[z 8 (small) <
+ 7hW = 8 (smaller)
[z7h 8 , < [z7h3
8 , [z7h@
[z7h 8
IE} (exalted) <

+ 7hW = IE}7h (more exalted) IE}7h , IE}7h@, < IE}7h3
#$> (old) <
+ 7hW = #$>7h (elder) #$>7h , #$>7h@, < #$>7h3
<
K#8 2 (young) <
+ 7hW = K#8 7h (younger) K#8 7h , K#8 7h@, < K#8 7h3
146
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta 7@W <
b. 7@W <
Of 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “7@W”:<
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• Even though there is no [|Q#3q for 7@W, < the sense is told as:
“M%7E3K2”F (in the sense of superiority)
• 7@
<
• W –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦.

• n/a
• <
feminine.
< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• <
MK@ (This < many) M%7EKF2 (exceedingly) [z 8 (small), [z7@
is) D7FG3@ (of 8
(smallest)¦
<
Examples of 7@W-ending I3%7W%X;s:
I3%7W%X;@ < <
with 7@W-IJK Declined forms in 1/1 m, n, f
[z 8 (small) <
+ 7@W = 8 (smallest)
[z7@ 8 , [z7@@
[z7@ 8 , < [z7@3
8
IE} (exalted) <

+ 7@W = IE}7@ (most exalted) IE}7@ , IE}7@@, < IE}7@3
#$> (old) <
+ 7@W = #$>7@ (eldest) #$>7@ , #$>7@@, < #$>7@3
<
K#8 2 (young) <
+ 7@W = K#8 7@ (youngest) K#8 7@ , K#8 7@@, < K#8 7@3
147
†K12w 8 < Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
c. †K12w 8 <
Of 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “†K12w 8 ”:<
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• Even though there is no [|Q#3q for †K12w 8 , < the sense is told as:
“[mK\ D;}] M%7E3K2 F” (in the sense of superiority [of the two])
• †K1 <
<
• 8
`w – By 1.3.2 `WXFE¾F k223%1; < This decides the type of declension of the new
H7 ¦.
I3%7W%X;.
• 2 –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦.

• %e (a part of MN starting from the last vowel until the end) is elided.
• Certain I3%7W%X; undergo special changes.
• <
In masculine and neuter, as M1-ending word.
feminine.
< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• <
MK@ (This is) M2K\ (of the two) M%7EKF2 (exceedingly) [z 8 (small), [z K32 <
(smaller)¦
148
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta †K12w 8 <
<
Examples of †K12w 8 -ending I3%7W%X;s:
Regular forms:
The following I3%7W%X;s get %e-[\W (elision of a part starting from the last vowel).
I3%7W%X;@ < <
with †K12w 8 -IJK Declined forms in 1/1 m, n, f
[z 8 (small, light) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
[z K1 (smaller, lighter) [z K32, < [z K , [z K1
<
MQ 8 (minute, atomic) + †K12w 8 = <
MQ K1 (more minute) MQ K32, < MQ K , MQ K1
<
@,7 (great, big) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
@, K1 (greater, bigger) @, K32, < @, K , @, K1
Œ[ (strong) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
Œ[ K1 (stronger) Œ[ K32, < Œ[ K , Œ[ K1
136 8 (good) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
136 K1 (better) 136 K32, < 136 K , 136 K1
Irregular forms:
I3%7W%X;@ < <
S’8 (great, heavy) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
Sh K1 (greater, heavier) Sh K32, < Sh K , Sh K1
Ò‡[ (gross) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
Ò# K1 (grosser) Ò# K32, < Ò# K , Ò# K1
Œ– (many) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
p‡K1 (many more) p‡K32, < p‡K , p‡K1
%IK (beloved) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
IFK1 (more beloved) IFK32, < IFK , IFK1
Irregular forms with optional forms:

I3%7W%X;@ < <
IE} (exalted) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
KF 1 (more exalted) KF 32, < KF , KF 1
<
+ †K12w 8 = <
¯3K1 (more exalted) ¯3K32, < ¯3K , ¯3K1
#$> (old) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
¯3K1 (elder) ¯3K32, < ¯3K , ¯3K1
<
+ †K12w 8 = <
#G•K1 (elder) #G•K32, < #G•K , #G•K1
<
K#8 2 (young) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
;2 K1 (younger) ;2 K32, < ;2 K , ;2 K1
<
+ †K12w 8 = <
K# K1 (younger) K# K32, < K# K , K# K1
M1 (small) <
+ †K12w 8 = <
;2 K1 (smaller) ;2 K32, < ;2 K , ;2 K1
<
+ †K12w 8 = <
M1 K1 (smaller) M1 K32, < M1 K , M1 K1
149
†K12w 8 < Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
<
KF 1-Eð W%w 8 ùNF
D;#l2@ < %m#l2@ < Œ–#l2@ <
I€@3 %#p%v KF 32 < KF 3-1¥ KF 3-1
%Ï7 K3 %#p%v KF 3-1@ < KF 3-1¥ KF 1
7$7 K3 %#p%v KF 13 KF \Á3@ < KF \%p
l7€8 • %#p%v KF 1F KF \Á3@ < KF \Á
Wf@ %#p%v KF 1 KF \Á3@ < KF \Á
Gu %#p%v KF 1 KF 1\ KF 13@ <
1“@ %#p%v KF %1 KF 1\ 8 KF 1 8
KF 2/
1²\62@ < ,F KF 2 < ,F KF 3-1¥ ,F KF 3-1
<
KF 1-Eð - ;%ùNF
2W‡1
D;#l2@ < %m#l2@ < Œ–#l2@ <
I€@3 %#p%v KF KF 1 KF 3-%1
Forms are the same as above in %m7 K3 1²\62@. < From 7$7 K3 to 1“@ , the forms are the
same as W%w 8 ùNF.
Exercise 1:
<
Find †K12w 8 -ending <
words, identify I3%7W%X;, give an 7hW-ending <
form for the †K12w 8 -ending (e.g.
“@, K32”< for “@,7h ”), and translate the following sentences by parsing each word.
1. M2K\ zeK\ MK- [z K32 ¦< 10. ¯3K1 Œ%8 > ;@]Q ¦
2. M2K\ È[K\ HX- [z K ¦ 11. 77 ¸ É7h@ 2< 8 %;@ ¦<
3. M2K\ 1F2K\ HK- [z K1 ¦ 8
12. W„3X%W %IK7h- X32@ ¦<
4. @21 Œ%8 > @, K1 ¦ <
13. ;7h@ Mb3;- Sh K H%7 2 k323%@ ¦
5. Z;3E37 W$< %€# Ò# K1 ¦ 8
14. M,- KF 2 M2WÔK3%@ ¦
6. @,7\ @, K32 ¦< <
15. Wh6@3]7 •6@] KF 32 ¦<
7. MQ\hQ K32 ¦< < bh%7
16. 1 MQ\ MQ K3-1@ M2 8 ¦
< K1 ¦
8. @%7hF# Œ[37 Sh 17. Sh K1F Z%X;„® 2@ ¦
9. ;@] ¯3K M;@]Q ¦ <
18. S 73@$7@ Mb3;- KF 1F p‡K37 ¦<
150
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta Hu2 <
d. Hu2 <
Of 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known regarding “Hu2”:<
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• Even though there is no [|Q#3q for Hu2, < the sense is told as:
“M%7E3K2”F (in the sense of superiority)
• Hu
<
• 2 –< By 1.3.3 ,[¿@ ¦.

• %e (a part of MN starting from the last vowel until the end) is elided.
• Certain I3%7W%X; undergo special changes.
• <
feminine.
< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• <
MK@ (This is) D7FG3- (of many) M%7EKF2 (exceedingly) [z 8 (small), [%zu (smallest)¦
151
Hu2 < Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
<
Examples of Hu2-ending I3%7W%X;s:
Regular forms:
The following I3%7W%X;s get %e-[\W (elision of a part starting from the last vowel).
I3%7W%X;@ < <
with Hu2-IJK Declined forms in 1/1 m, n, f
[z 8 (small, light) <
+ Hu2 = [%zu (smallest, lightest) [%zu , [%zu@, < [%zu3
<
@,7 (great, big) <
+ Hu2 = @%,u (greatest, biggest) @%,u , @%,u@, < @%,u3
Œ[ (strong) <
+ Hu2 = Œ%[u (strongest) Œ%[u , Œ%[u@, < Œ%[u3
136 8 (good) <
+ Hu2 = 13%6u (best) 13%6u , 13%6u@, < 13%6u3
Irregular forms:
I3%7W%X;@ < <
S’8 (great, heavy) <
+ Hu2 = S%hu (greatest, heaviest) S%hu , S%hu@, < S%hu3
Ò‡[ (gross) <
+ Hu2 = Ò%#u (grossest) Ò%#u , Ò%#u@, < Ò%#u3
Œ– (many) <
+ Hu2 = p‡%Ku (most) p‡%Ku , p‡%Ku@, < p‡%Ku3
%IK (beloved) <
+ Hu2 = IFu (most beloved) IFu , IFu@, < IFu3
Ö• (firm) <
+ Hu2 = Ï%•u (firmest) Ï%•u , Ï%•u@, < Ï%•u3
Œ3• (good) <
+ Hu2 = 13%6u (best) 13%6u , 13%6u@, < 13%6u3
M%5; (near) <
+ Hu2 = 2%F Xu (nearest) 2%F Xu , 2%F Xu@, < 2%F Xu3
Irregular forms with optional forms:

I3%7W%X;@ < <
IE} (exalted) <
+ Hu2 = uF (most exalted) uF , uF @, < uF 3
<
+ Hu2 = ¯Fu (most exalted) ¯Fu , ¯Fu@, < ¯Fu3
#$> (old) <
+ Hu2 = ¯Fu (eldest) ¯Fu , ¯Fu@, < ¯Fu3
<
+ Hu2 = #%G]u (eldest) #%G]u , #%G]u@, < #%G]u3
<
K#8 2 (young) <
+ Hu2 = ;%2u (youngest) ;%2u , ;%2u@, < ;%2u3
<
+ Hu2 = K%#u (youngest) K%#u , K%#u@, < K%#u3
M1 (small) <
+ Hu2 = ;%2u (smallest) ;%2u , ;%2u@, < ;%2u3
<
+ Hu2 = M%1u (smallest) M%1u , M%1u@, < M%1u3
152
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta Hu2 <
Exercise 1:
<
Find Hu2-ending <
words, identify I3%7W%X;, give an 7@W-ending <
form for the Hu2-ending (e.g.
“@%,u ” for “@,7@ ”), and translate the following sentences by parsing each word.
E.g., MK- 1#®G 8 W’GF

8 G 8 Œ%[u ¦
• <
Hu2-ending word Œ%[u
• I3%7W%X;@ < Œ[
• IJK Hu2 <
• <
7@W-ending form Œ[7@
• Translation This (person) is the strongest among all men.
< G3- ze323- [%zu ¦

1. MK@ D7F 8
8. MK- W’G 1#®G3- uF ¦
< G3- È[323- @%,u@ ¦<
2. HX@ D7F 9. #%G]u » M5F#3%1%p Å%G%p Z#$7 - X%|Q3@‡%7õ
<
3. D77 M|h- #%hu@ ¦< 2@3%@ ¦
4. DG3 `W@323- 13%6u3 ¦ 10. W3rd#323- ¯Fu K%8 6%uh ¦
8
5. MK- W’G3Q3- S%hu ¦ 11. W3rd#323- ;%2u 1,XF# ¦
6. W$%€# p‡7323- Ò%#u3 ¦ 8
12. 1 1#®G3- @2‚323- Œ%[u Ï%•u p#%7 ¦
7. HX- #g 8 1#®Á M´FÁ 2%F Xu@ ¦<
153
%‰#w Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta
6. Mp‡7-7ˆ3#F (new status)
a. %‰#w
To make a new I3%7W%X; whose meaning is “a thing which was not … before, and it is …
now”, a 7%>7-IJK %‰#w is suffixed to a I3%7W%X;.
The new I3%7W%X; should be used with p‡, M1, < and ;$ 637s.
8 These 637s8 can be conjugated, or
<
suffixed by a ;$ 7-IJK.
Of the 7%>7-IJKs, the following 7 things are to be known about “%‰#w”:
< the 7%>7-IJK

1) [|Q-#3q@ of
• Mp‡7-7ˆ3#F (the status of that which was not there before)
• < %#w remains in a suffix, that # is

Zero-IJK (When only # of < also elided by 6.1.67
#FhW$v}¦)
<
• l –< By 1.3.7 le8 ‡ ¦ This is for intonation.
• 8
Hw – By 1.3.2 `WXFE¾F k223%1; H7 ¦< This is to make the zero-IJK.
• < also elided.

The remaining # is
• The last M#Q] of the MN becomes †.
• %‰#w-ending I3%7W%X; is MsK.

< the 7%>7-#$%&
7) %#+,#3q@ of
• 8 E¹
ME¹ 8 1Â47F (what is not white gains white) H%7 E¹
8 p#%7 (it becomes white) ¦
• 8 - E¹
ME¹ 8 - 1Â47F 7- ;h\%7 H%7 E¹
8 ;h\%7 (one makes it white) ¦
154
Topic VIII - 7%>735@ < - Taddhitānta %‰#w
8 (white)
For example, to make a new I3%7W%X; whose meaning is “a thing becomes E¹
which was not white before”:
8 + 1 w 8 + %‰#w
1) E¹ A 7%>7-IJK %‰#w is suffixed after a I3%7W%X; with the 1st case ending.
8 + 1 w 8 is qualified to be an MN.
By the addition of the suffix, E¹
8 + 1 w 8 + %‰#w“, since it ends with 7%>7IJK, is considered a
“E¹
I3%7W%X;@. <
8 + 1w8 +
2) E¹ Everything in the suffix is elided.
8 + +
3) E¹ <
8
4) E¹ The last M becomes †. This is the final form of the 7%>7-#$%& .
The new I3%7W%X; is MsK and should come before p‡, M1, < ;$ 637s8 . E.g., E¹
8 p#%7, E¹
8 ;h\%7,
etc.
Exercise 1: Find %‰#w-ending words, identify I3%7W%X;, and translate the following sentences by
parsing each word.
8 ;h\%@ ¦
1. M,- @@ #æ- E¹ 8. ze 2K23Á3- %#GK p#%7 ¦
8 p%#‚%7 ¦
2. @@ #æ- E¹ 9. ze %#GK ;$ 7 p#%7 ¦
3. H, Œ%8 >-@21 D; -;$ J “@21 ” H%7 %2X®E ¦ 8 p#%7 ¦
10. ;@]K\SF2 M5 ;hQ- E>
4. M2; < p#2- 1@31 ¦
F 323- WX323@ D; <
11. Wh\|%#GK@ MWh\| ;h\%7 ¦
< p#3%@ ¦
5. M,- @3K3- #E -;$ J XF,#32 H# 12. MsK p3#-1@31
<
6. Mk2]8 - %2%@& ;$ J pS#32 Z, ¦ 13. MWf ;$ 7- p‡7 - Wf ;hQF2 Wf ;$ 7- p#%7 ¦
7. XF, pb p‡7 MXE]2 - S7 2Ú `Ü7F ¦
155
7. Summary of 7%>7-#$%&
Type [|Q#3q@ < IJK Sense Example Gender Declension in m, n, f 1/1
MWJ3€•K3 7}3WJ@ < MQ, < MP, < HP, < •; < descendant of … p3h7, X3Eh%€, ;¥5FK All 3 p3h7 , p3h7@, < p3h7 , etc
@c€•K3 7X}33%b%¡7 @7Ww 8 < one who has … 6 @7, < pS#7, < All 3 pS#32, < pS#7, < pS#7
H%2w K\%S2, < 1%É2

8 , < W%|2 < K\S , K\%S, K\%S2
%#%2w @2%•2, < @F63%#2 < @2• , @2%•, @2%•2
Ml < K\S, W3W, 14 K\S , K\S@, < K\S3
p3#3€•K3 7}p3# c Status of …, D;c, 1@c - 8 ;%[N

2W1 D;c@ <
7[ < …-ness D;73, 1@73 æ %[N D;73
‚P < °q, 13@´ - 8 ;%[N

2W1 °q@ <
I3%ƒXE K3 Wfª€® 7%1w[ < 5th case 1#]7 (from all), 77 MsK@ < n/a
1“ª€® „[,< X3, %,… 7th case 1#]„ (everywhere), 1#]X3, 7%,…
I;3h#l2 F €3[,< €@ w 8 3rd case + I;3hFQ 1#]€3 (in all manners), 7€3, H.@ <
Comparative D7K\ M%7E3K2 F 7hW, < †K12w 8 < …er, more … 8 (lighter), [z K1, < KF 1 <
[z7h All 3 [z7h8 , [67h@ 8 , < [z7h3
8
(more exalted) KF 132, < KF , KF 1
Superlative <
D7FG3@ M%7E3K7F 7@W, < Hu2 < …est, most … 8 (smallest), [%zu, uF (most
[z7@ All 3 [z7@8 , [z7@@ 8 , < [z7@3
8
exalted) uF , uF @, < uF 3
%‰#w Mp‡7-7ˆ3#F becoming/making E¹ <
8 p‡/M1/;$ MsK@ < n/a
into … (becoming/making white)
156
Topic IX - 1@31 - Samāsa‹
Topic IX
1@313
Samāsā‹
Basic concept of 1@31-#$%&

8
(A new I3%7W%X; made by compounding 1Œ5s)
8
Two or more 1Œ5s (nouns) which are meaningfully linked can be compounded into
< called a 1@31-#$%& .
a new I3%7W%X; (nominal base). That new I3%7W%X;@ is
Generally a compound is made with two nouns at a time.
Of the two nouns, the first noun is called the W‡#W] X@, < and the second noun is called
the `&hWX@. <
8
1Œ5@ < #W] X@)< + 1Œ5@
(W‡ 8 <
(`&hWX@)< = new I3%7W%X;@ called
< 1@31#$%&
A compound is called 1@31#$%& , 1@31 , or 1@gWX@. <
i. The difference between 1@31 and 1%•
o To become a 1@gWX (compound), there must be a meaningful connection (1@€ ] )

between the two nouns.
o To apply a 1%• rule, the two words need not to have a meaningful connection. Only
the sounds have to be next to each other.
For example, in “h3@\ @,F½h}3l]2 - ;h\%7 ¦”, the two words “@,3”and ”†½h” have a meaningful
connection, and hence compounded into a single word “@,F½h”, a 1@gWX. Between “@,3”and
“†½h”, a sandhi is applied since two vowels are next to each other. All other words are non-
compound words (sgWX). Between each word, if applicable, sandhi rules are applied.
157
ii. PāŽini-sūtras enjoining regulations on 1@31
PāŽini-sūtras 2.1.3 to 2.2.29 categorize the 1@31s into 4 types, and give the regulations
8
on what combinations are possible. Only certain 1Œ5s can be compounded to certain
8
1Œ5s. These possible combinations will be studied in this section.
PāŽini-sūtras 2.2.30 to 2.2.38 describe which word should come first in the compound.
8
In other words, those sūtras decide which 1Œ5 should be the W‡#W] X in the 1@31.
PāŽini-sūtras 6.3.1 to 6.3.110 describe the modifications of W‡#W] X, such as 1, becoming 1,
<
2P becoming M, etc.
PāŽini-sūtras 5.4.68 to 5.4.160, at the end of the 7%>7-IJK section, describe IJKs
enjoined at the end of certain combinations of nouns in 1@31.
iii. Process of making 1@31
In the process of making a compound, the status of “1@31 ” is given to a group of

words by the regulations in PāŽini-sūtras. Since that sentence is qualified as “1@31 ”, all 1W8 -<
IJKs are elided and only I3%7W%X;s remain in “1@31 ”. That is what we call a compound word.
Therefore, the meaning of a compound can be expressed by a sentence as well. We call that
sentence %#+,#3q@. <
#e} @‡[@ < This is a [¥%;;%#+, , a sentence in natural language.

By a regulation of PāŽini-sūtra these nouns are qualified to be
8
compounded as a Gu -7‘’G-1@31 .
< @‡[+1 w 8
1) #e+V1 + This is an M[¥%;;%#+, , the same sentence in grammatical breakdown.
By being qualified as 1@31 , these words are also qualified as I3%7W%X;@. <
2) #e+ + @‡[ + <
All 1W8 -IJKs are elided inside I3%7W%X;.
3) #e@‡[ This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
Now the new I3%7W%X; “#e@‡[” declines as M-ending neuter, because the `&hWX
8
determines the gender and number of the 1@31 in a 7‘’G1@31.
158
iv. •WX-1@31 M•WX-1@31 (%2J1@31 )
When all the I3%7W%X;s in 1@31 are found in [¥%;;%#+,, that 1@31 is called •WX1@31.
< #e@‡[@ ¦< W 7@ M²h-
E.g., #e} @‡[@ H%7 < K} 1 W 73²h ¦
When all the I3%7W%X;s in 1@31 are not found in [¥%;;%#+,, that 1@31 is called M•WX1@31.
This is also called %2J1@31 because the combination of the words are always found
< `W;$ µ@ ¦< M´ XF, XF,35h@ ¦<
only in compound, not in a sentence. E.g., ;$ µ} 1@ W@ H%7
v. Steps of understanding 1@31
1. Try to understand the context.

2. Before understaning the meaning of 1@31#$%&, set %#p%v aside. Keep only I3%7W%X; of
1@31#$%& in view.
3. Identify the type of the whole 1@31#$%&. If the 1@31#$%& is not either MsK p3#1@31 or
m™1@31, which are fairly easy to identify, then compare the last word of the 1@31 and
8
the noun which is qualified by the 1@31. If they are equal, then the 1@31 is a 7‘’G1@31.
If not, it should be a Œ–— %,1@31.
4. If there are more than two words in the 1@31#$%&, resolve them by taking two words at
a time.
5. Finally, bring back the %#p%v that was kept aside in the step 2 by adding the declined
form of “7X <” word.
For each type of 1@31, these are the things to be known:
1) Which noun can be compounded as a W‡#W] X

2) with which noun, as an `&hWX
3) Special modification of compounded words
4) Gender and number of the compound
5) Special note on %#+,#3q@ <
159
MsK 1@31 (A) Topic IX - 1@31 - Samāsa‹
1. MsK p3#-1@31 (Type A)
The meaning of W‡#W] X has predominance. (W‡#W] X3€ ]-I632@)<
W‡#W] X@ < + `&hWX@ <
These are the things to be known about MsK p3#-1@31:
1) Which noun can go into the compound, as a W‡#W] X
a. M%6 etc. in %#p%v-M€ ] (in the sense of case suffix)
b. `W etc. in 1@ W-M€ ] (in the sense of nearness)
c. M2 8 etc. in the sense of “according to …”
d. I%7 etc. in the sense of repetition
e. K€3 etc. in the sense of “not exceeding …”
2) with which noun, as an `&hWX
• any noun
• n/a
• All MsK p3#1@31s become MsK words.
• Neuter gender is given to MsK p3#1@31s
• Generally MsK p3#-1@31 compounds are M•WX1@31/%2J1@31 – the W‡#W] X itself is
not seen in %#+,#3q@. < Instead, the meaning of the W‡#W] X is provided in the
%#+,#3q@. <
• Generally MsK p3#-1@31s are used adverbially.
160
Topic IX - 1@31 - Samāsa‹ MsK 1@31 (A)
Examples:
a. M%6 etc. in %#p%v-M€ ] (in the sense of case suffix)
,h¥ H%7 M%6,%h ¦ with reference to Hari
XF#X&} p%v M%6,%h M%g ¦ Devotion of Devadatta is in Hari.
<
Z±32@ M%6;$ J, Z±%2, H%7 MÓ3±@ ¦< Centered on the self, about the self
<
XF#32 M%6;$ J, XF#31,8 H%7 M%6XF#@ ¦< Centered on Devas, with reference to Devas
b. `W etc. in 1@ W-M€ ] (in the sense of nearness)
<
;$ µ} (of Ko›Ža) 1@ W@ (near) H%7 `W;$ µ@ ¦< Near Ko›Ža
c. M2 8 etc. in the sense of “according to …”
< keeping with) H%7 M2ÛW@
ÛW} (form) K\ƒK@ (in 8 ¦< suitable
< keeping with) H%7 M2I8 @ ¦<
I } (question) K\ƒK@ (in
D73%2 `&h3%Q M2I8 - p#%5¦ These answers are proper to the question.
d. I%7 etc. in the sense of repetition
%X2 F %X2 F H%7 I%7%X2@ ¦< everyday
XF#X& I%7%X2- XF#3[K- S¨%7 ¦ Devadatta goes to the temple everyday.
<
D;@ D;@ < IJF;@ ¦< each one
H%7
e. K€3 etc. in the sense of “not exceeding …”
<
`v@ M2%7 ª H%7 K€\v@ ¦< not exceeding what was told
<
%E‚ Zl3K]} #l2- K€\v@ M#S¨%7 ¦ The student understands the word of the
teacher as it was told.
<
E%v@ M2%7 ª H%7 K€3E%v ¦ not exceeding one’s capacity
8 KF ¦ He chants Rudram as much as he can for
1 ’Ï3Ó3K- K€3E%v W %7 M5 ;hQE>
the sake of M5 ;hQE%8 >.
161
8
7‘’G1@31 (T) Topic IX - 1@31 - Samāsa‹
8
2. 7‘’G-1@313 (Type T)
<
The meaning of `&hWX@ has predominance. (`&hWX3€ ]-I632@)<
W‡#W] X@ < + `&hWX@ <
8
There are many types of 7‘’G-1@31s.
8
a. %m7 K3-7‘’G-1@31 (2T)
8
b. 7$7 K3-7‘’G-1@31 (3T)
8
c. l7€•-7‘ 8
’G-1@31 (4T)
8
d. Wf@ -7‘’G-1@31 (5T)
8
e. Gu -7‘’G-1@31 (6T)
8
f. 1“@ -7‘’G-1@31 (7T)
8
g. ;@]63hK-7‘’G-1@31 (KT)
< ’G-1@31
h. 2P-7‘ 8 (NT)
8
i. ;8-S%7-I3%X-7‘’G-1@31
j. 8
`WWX-7‘’G-1@31 (UT)
8
Common features among all types of 7‘’G-1@31s.
• Gender and number of the compound are the same as that of `&hWX.
162
Topic IX 1@31 - Samāsa‹ 8
7‘’G1@31 (T)
8
a. %m7 K3-7‘’G-1@31 (Type 2T)
8
These are the things to be known about %m7 K3-7‘’G-1@31.
• 2nd case ending noun
2) With which noun, as an `&hWX
• “% 7 (one who has taken refuge to)”, “M7 7 (one who has crossed)”, “W%77 (one
who has fallen)”, “S7 (one who has gone)”, “MJg (one who has transgressed)”,
“I3“ (one who has gained)”, “ZW¡ (one who has gained)”
• Etc.
• n/a
• Same gender of the `&hWX
• n/a
Examples:
1. ;$ µ- 2/1 % 7 (resorted to) ;$ µ% 7 (the one who has resorted to Ko›Ža) ¦
< M7 7 (crossed) ¸ É37 7 (the one who has crossed over sorrow)¦
2. ¸ É@ 2/1
3. ;‡ W- 2/1 W%77 (fallen) ;‡ WW%77 (the one who has fallen in the well)¦
4. @3- 2/1 S7 @57 (that which obtains in Me)¦ (See Topic IV)
< MJg (transgressed) +3@3Jg (the one who has transgressed the village)¦
5. +3@@ 2/1
6. +3@- 2/1 I3“ (reached) +3@I3“ (the one who has reached the village)¦
< ZW¡ (gained) 1-EK3W¡ (the one who has gained the doubt)¦
7. 1-EK@ 2/1
163
8
The process of compounding

;$ µ- % 7 This is a [¥%;;%#+, , a sentence in natural language. By a
regulation of PāŽini-sūtra these nouns are qualified to be
8
compounded as a %m7 K3-7‘’G-1@31 .
1) ;$ µ+M@+< % 7+1 w 8 This is an M[¥%;;%#+, , the same sentence in grammatical
breakdown. Being 1@31 , they are also qualified as I3%7W%X;@ <
2) ;$ µ + +% 7+ <
3) ;$ µ% 7 This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
Now the new I3%7W%X; “;$ µ% 7” declines as M-ending masculine , because, in a
8
7‘’G1@31, the `&hWX determines the gender and number of the 1@31.
Exercise 1:
Following the example, give [¥%;;%#+, with conversion of the case and type of 1@31 as
well as M[¥%;;%#+, for the 1@31#$%&s listed below. And also write shorthand parsing signs.
1. †½h% 7323@ < 4. Z%XJS7@ < 8 G8
7. 1ÉI3“F
2T
2. MhrK37 732 < 5. @573 8. ¸ É3W¡ »
3. ;‡ WW%773%2 6. @3S3]Jg3K
Example for 1:
[¥%;;%#+, †½h@ %< 73 †½h% 73 (%m7 K3-7‘’G-1@31

8 <
(2T)), 7FG3@ †½h% 7323@ ¦<
[W‡#W] X in 2nd case] [`&hWX in 1st case] [1@gWX] (type of 1@31), [7X < in the respective case] [the
1@31 word in the form found in original text]
M[¥%;;%#+, < % 7 + k1 <
†½h + M@ +
Exercise 2:
By parsing the sentence, give %#+,#3q for 1@31#$%&, translate the following sentences.
1. XF#X& ;$ µ% 7 pv p#%7 ¦ 4. 1#]S73K 2@ ¦
<
2. K D77 k323%7 8
1 §32 SQ37 7 l `Ü7F ¦ 5. Ik31 8 1ÉI3“31
8 8 2$W} 15\G #6]7 F ¦
3. Eh hS73 X\G3 "322F MW2 K5F ¦ 6. ,F pS#2 ¸< É3W¡32 W3%,

< ¦
164
7‘’G1@31 (T)
8
b. 7$7 K3-7‘’G-1@31 (Type 3T)
8
hese are the things to be known about 7$7 K3-7‘’G-1@31.
• 3rd case ending noun
• < told by the 3rd case ending word
;$ X5 word whose ;73] or ;hQ@ is
• Etc.
• n/a
• n/a
Examples:
3/1
8
1. S’Q3 8
(by teacher) `W%XÚ (taught) SÛW%XÚ (that which is taught by teacher) ¦
<
2. 7F2 3/1 (by that) ;$ 7- (done) 76$ 7@ (that which is done by that) ¦
3. %#4K3 3/1 (by knowledge) h%,7 (deserted) %#43h%,7 (that which is devoid of knowledge) ¦
4. K\SF2 3/1 (by yoga) Kv
8 (being together) K\SKv
8 (one who is together by yoga) ¦
5. zeF 2 3/1 (by pot) M#%¨¡ (qualified) ze3#%¨¡ (that which is qualified by pot) ¦
6. p @F2 3/1 1@ (same) p @1@ (one who is equal to Bhīma) ¦
7. K\S1-%1> ñ.ì7
8. K} 1-EK3 §321%8¡3 , ;@3]%Q 7- 2 %2Œ %5 ¦
<
9. M,- 77 p < 3%@ ¦ * ME (9P)
W8 ú7@ M < to receive
165
8
8
c. l7€•-7‘ 8
’G-1@31 (Type 4T)
These are the things to be known about l7€8 •-7‘’G-1@31.

8

• 4th case ending noun
• A word indicating material to make something which is told by the 4th case
ending word
• “M€ ]” word which is meant for something which is told by the 4th case ending
word. Exceptionally this compound is M•WX-1@31/%2J-1@31. Thus in %#+,#3q
< used.
instead of “M€ ]” word, a declined form of HX@ is
• 8
“Œ%[”, “%,7”, “1É”, and “h%|7”
• n/a
• As for the compound in which “M€ ]” as `&hWX, the gender follows the qualified
word.
• As for the compound in which “M€ ]” as `&hWX, instead of “M€ ]”, a I3%7W%X; “HX@”,<
declined in the gender and number of the qualified noun, is seen in %#+,#3q@. <
Examples:
1. K‡W3K 4/1 (for the post) X3’ (wood) K‡WX3’ (wood meant for making a post) ¦
2. %mk3K 4/1 (for the priest) MK- m/1/1 (this) %mk3€ ] m/1/1
(that which is meant for priest) 1‡W
m/1/1
(soup)¦
3. %mk3K 4/1 HK- f/1/1 %mk3€3] f/1/1 @3[3 f/1/1 (garland)¦
<
4. %mk3K 4/1 HX- n/1/1 %mk3€ ]@ n/1/1 <
62@ n/1/1 (wealth) ¦
166
7‘’G1@31 (T)
8
d. Wf@ -7‘’G-1@31 (Type 5T)
8
These are the things to be known about Wf@ -7‘’G-1@31.
• “pK” (fear) word whose source is told by the 5th case ending noun.
• 8 ”, “W%77”
“MWF7”, “@v
• Etc.
• n/a
• n/a
Examples:
< (of thief) pK- (fear) l\hpK@ (fear
1. l\h37 5/1 < of thief) ¦
8
2. 1É37 < (of happiness) MWF7 (devoid) 1É3WF
5/1
8 7 (devoid of happiness) ¦
< (from disease) @v
3. h\S37 5/1 8 (freed) h\S@v
8 (freed from disease) ¦
< (from heaven) W%77 (fallen) •S]W%77 (fallen from the heaven) ¦
4. •S3]7 5/1
5. 7b37 5/1 <
< (from that) s%7%hv@ (differed) <
79%7%hv@ (differed from that) ¦
167
8
8
e. Gu -7‘’G-1@31 (Type 6T)
8
These are the things to be known about GÚ -7‘’G-1@31.
• almost any noun
• n/a
• n/a
For example, a sentence “Z±2 6/1

<
(of self) §32@ (knowledge)” is qualified to be compounded
8
as a Gu -7‘’G-1@31 by a regulation of PāŽini-sūtra. The compound word will be “Z±§32@ <
(knowledge of self)”
Z±2 §32@ < This is a [¥%;;%#+, , a sentence in natural language.
<
1) Z±2+V1 <
+§32+1 w8 This is an M[¥%;;%#+, , the same sentence in grammatical
2) Z±2+< +§32+ <
3) Z± +§32 < the I3%7W%X; and WX is
By 8.2.7 2[\W I3%7W%X;35}¦, the last 2 of
elided.
4) Z±§32 This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
8
Now the new I3%7W%X; “Z±§32” declines as M-ending neuter , because, in a 7‘’G1@31,
the `&hWX determines the gender and number of the 1@31.
168
7‘’G1@31 (T)
8
Other examples of Gu -7‘’G-1@31 :
1. †½h} 6/1 (of Īśvara) M2+,
8 8
(blessing) †½h32+, (blessing of Īśvara)¦
6/1
2. ØÙQ (of brahman) %#43 (knowledge) ØÙ%#43 (knowledge of brahman)¦
6/1
3. `@3K3 (of Umā) W%7 (husband) `@3W%7 (husband of Umā)¦
4. ;@]Q 6/1
<
(of action) È[- (fruit) ;@]È[@ (fruit of action)¦
5. 7} 6/1 (of that) W’G
8 8
(person) 7‘’G (person of that)¦
6. 7÷} (of truth) %##F; (discrimination) 7÷%##F; , 7} (of that) I;3h (method) 7÷%##F;I;3h
(method of discrimination of truth) ¦
Exercise 1:
8 8 [F
1. S’; 8
5. S¥h W„} 9. ;@]È[FG 8
6T
2. SQW%7 6. @X3±32@ < 10. 1#3]±3
8 <
3. kS5’@ 7. @2\#$&K 8
11. •6@3]2u32@ <
4. [\;23€3K 8
8. 1÷SQ323@ < 12. #FX35#3q3€ ]}
Example for 1:
[¥%;;%#+, Sh\ < ’;

8 ;8[@ S < ’;
8 8 [@ ¦< 7%b2 S 8 8 [F ¦ Gu -7‘’G-1@31
8 (6T)
M[¥%;;%#+, < ;8[ + 1 w 8

S’8 + V1 +
Exercise 2:
8
1. W3rd8W„3Q3- l@‡- WÔK ¦ 8 KF ;@] ;8#]%5 ¦
5. K\%S2 Z±E>
< 7@ HX@
2. úG ;F E I,12 H# < <
`#3l ¦ 6. •S]p\SFG 8 H¨3h3%,J@ ¦<
3. ;@]1 < K\S %#%E‚7F ¦
3137 ;@] 7. Ó322F %l& »;3+73 [Á7F ¦
<
4. K€3 W:W„@ Mý13 2 %[û7F 7€3 1 8 p#%7 ¦
8. §32I3%“1@KF M1¥ @v
;@]È[» 2 %[û7F¦ 9. 7÷Œ\6I;3h- #ö3@ ¦
169
8
8
f. 1“@ -7‘’G-1@31 (Type 7T)
8
These are the things to be known about 1“@ -7‘’G-1@31.
• “;8E[ (expert)”, “%2WQ
8 (proficient)”, “W%rd7 (scholar)”, “I# Q (skilled)”. “M%6
(depending)”, etc.
• When “M%6 (depending)” word comes in `&hWX, its form changes into “M6 2”.
• n/a
8
Some examples of 1“@ -7‘’G-1@31 :
7/1
1. 7;® (in logic) ;8E[ (expert) 7;] ;8E[ (expert in logic) ¦
2. E3æF 7/1 (in the scripture) %2WQ

8 (proficient) E3æ%2WQ
8 (proficient in the scripture) ¦
3. #FXGF 8 7/3 (in the Veda) W%rd7 (scholar) #FXW%rd7 (scholar in the Vedas) ¦
4. EæFG 8 7/3 (in weapons) I# Q (skilled) EæI# Q (skilled in weapons) ¦
5. †½hF 7/1 (on the lord) M%6 (depending) †½h36 2 (depending on the lord) ¦
< (on oneself) M%6 (depending) •36 2 (depending on oneself, independent) ¦

6. •%b2 7/1
7. WhFG 8 7/1 (on other things) M%6 (depending) Wh36 2 (depending on others) ¦
170
7‘’G1@31 (T)
8
g. ;@]63hK-7‘’G-1@31 (Type KT)
8
PāŽini gave a technical name (1-§3) “;@]63hK” to a 7‘’G1@31 in which the both W‡#W] X and
`&hWX are in 1@323%6;hQ (in apposition).
8
These are the things to be known about ;@]63hK-7‘’G-1@31.

• “D; (one)”, “1#] (all)”, “;F #[ (only)”, etc
• %#EFGQ (adjective)
• noun in apposition (1@323%6;hQ) to the W‡#W] X
• %#EF‚ (substantive/qualified) of the %#EFGQ (adjective/qualifier)
• n/a
• Wh@¬ M1¥ Z±3 l H%7 Wh@3±3 ¦
• S’8 D# XF# S’XF
8 # ¦
• Z; (mango) H%7 #$| Z;#$| (mango tree) ¦
8
Some examples of ;@]63hK-7‘’G-1@31 :
1/1
1. D; 8
(one) W’G 8
(person) D;W’G (one person) ¦
2. 1#® 1/3 (all) XF#3 (gods) 1#]X#F 3 (all gods) ¦
1/1
3. ;F #[ (exclusive) 1 31 (renunciation) ;F #[1 31 (exclusive renunciation) ¦
< (blue) `‘[@ (lotus)
4. 2 [@ 1/1 < <
2 [\‘[@ (blue lotus) ¦
171
8
8
There is a group of irregular ;@]63hK-7‘’G-1@31s named “@K‡hs-1;3%X”. Some of them are:
1. M´ 1/1
(another) M€ ] 1/1
<
(meaning) M€3]5h@ (another meaning) ¦
< (another) #g 8 1/1 (object) #<5h@ (another
2. M´7 1/1 < object) ¦
Note: This type of compound is always neuter.
< (consciousness) D# 0 (only) %lÎ3„@ (consciousness
3. %l7 1/1 < only) ¦
1/1
4. 2h (human) #3 0 (or) #32h (A type of human monky such as Hanumat) ¦
5. ÅQF 7/1 (in debt) M6@ 1/1
(lower) M6@Q] (debtor) ¦
8
There are some ;@]63hK-7‘’G-1@31s which are called “@Ó@WX[\W ”, a compound in which the
middle word is elided:
1. E3;%IK (one whose favourite is vegetable) W3%€#] (name of king) E3;W3%€#] ¦
2. 9%6;3 (greater by two) XE (ten) m3XE (twelve) ¦
3. G\dE14;3 (one whose number is sixteen) `Wl3h3 (offering) G\dE\Wl3h3 ¦
< (great) l M1¥ h3k3 1/1 (king)” is qualified to be

For example, a sentence “@,32 1/1
8
compounded as a ;@]63hK-7‘’G-1@31 by a regulation of PāŽini-sūtra. The compound word
will be “@,3h3k (a great king)”
<
@,32 h3k3 This is a [¥%;;%#+, , a sentence in natural language.
< +
1) @,7+1 < w8
w 8 h3k2+1 This is an M[¥%;;%#+, , the same sentence in grammatical
2) @,7+< +h3k2+< <
3) @,3 +h3k2 < < changed to @,3.
By 6.3.46 ZÎ,7 1@323%6;hQk37 KK\ ¦, @,7 is
4) @,3 +h3k By 5.4.91 h3k3, 1%ÉÁÚl¦,< h3k2 becomes
< h3k, an M-ending.
5) @,3h3k This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
8
Now the new I3%7W%X; “@,3h3k” declines as M-ending masculine, because, in a 7‘’G1@31,
the `&hWX determines the gender and number of the 1@31.
172
7‘’G1@31 (T)
Exercise 1:
1. §323% 23 5. Wh@3±32@ < ] 3[F2
9. X z;
KT
2. 1‡³Eh h» 6. h3kG]K F 10. ;3E 2ShF
8 G8
3. 1÷SQF 7. XF#G•23@ < 11. 1#]p7‡ %,7F
8
4. Œ%8 >S,3K3@ < 8. [\;@,F½h@ <
Example for 1:
[¥%;;%#+, < M%
§32@ D# §323% 8
¦ ;@]63hK-7‘’G-1@31 (KT) ¦ 7F2 §323% 23
M[¥%;;%#+, §32 + 1 w 8 + M% + 1 w 8
Exercise 2:
1. M,- 1#]K§323- p\v3 M%b ¦ 8

5. `&@W’G Wh@3±3 H%7 `X3ú7 ¦
2. 1#]p7‡ GF 8 M,- 1@ ¦ 8 XEh€h3k Z1 7 ¦<
6. MK\Ó3WK3õ
3. M,- XF#323- @,G•Q3- l Z%X ¦ 7. XEh€W„8 # K]W’G
8 8
,2@73 1, [ 3XFE -
4. pS#X <S 731 8 W’G\&@K\S
8 23@ WfXE MS¨7 ¦<
MÓ3K ¦ 8. @,G]K ;» [31W#]7 F %lh;3[- Ó3K%5 ¦
173
8
< ’G-1@31
h. 2P-7‘ 8 (Type NT)
< ’G-1@31.
These are the things to be known about 2P-7‘ 8

• “2P”,< a negative particle
• P is <
< H7 letter.

• anything
• Of 2P, < P is <
< elided as it is an H7 letter, < elided, thus only “M” remains,
and 2 is
when compounded.
• < added after the M, thus it becomes “M2”.<
When `&hWX begins with a vowel, 2 is
• < usually told as “2” in the %#+,
2P is
<
2P has 6 meanings. (See the entry M of The Student’s Sanskrit-English Dictionary)
1. 13ÖÔK-M€® likeness or resemblance e.g. MØ3ÙQ one who is like Ø3ÙQ .

2. Mp3#-M€® absence or negation e.g. M \6
3. pFX/M´-M€® difference or distinction e.g. MWe not a cloth, different from a cloth.
4. M1-M€® not enough e.g. M[#Q@, < M >3, I have no money.
5. MI3E3-M€® badness or unfitness e.g. M;3K] not fit to be done
6. %#h\6-M€® opposition e.g. M6@] , M1h8 ¦
The following sloka tells the six meaning of 2P. <

7ä3ÖÔK@p3#¬ 7Xć- 7X173 ¦ MI3E3- %#h\6¬ 2P€3] Ge < I; %7]73 è
174
Topic IX - 1@31 - Samāsa‹ 8
7‘’G1@31 (T)
< ’G-1@31
Examples of 2P-7‘ 8 :
1. 2 (not) Ø3ÙQ (brahmin) MØ3ÙQ (non-brahmin) ¦
2. 2 6@] H%7 M6@] ¦
Exercise 1:
1. M§322F 3. M%2J@ < 5. M2$7@ <

NT
2. M;@]Q 8
4. M2223%1;3 6. M23±32@ <
Example for 1:
[¥%;;%#+, 2 §32@ < H%7 M§32@ ¦< 2P-7‘

< ’G-1@31
8 (NT) ¦ 7F2 M§322F
M[¥%;;%#+, < 1 w 8 + §32+ 1 w 8

2P +
Exercise 2:
<
1. c@ ME\Ü32 < E\l%1
M2 8 ¦ 8 ¦<
8. ME35} ;87 1É@
2. M23%E2 MI@FK} H@F XF,3 ¦ 9. M;@]Q ;@] ¯3K ¦
<
3. MK@ M¨F 4 MX3× M¹F 4 ME\‚ D# l ¦ 10. ;$ 7F2 M;$ 7- 2 M%g ¦
<
4. MK@ Msv M%l¿ M%#;3K] `Ü7F ¦ 11. MI3“} I3%“ K\S `Ü7F ¦
<
5. %;- #l2 K-, %;@ M#l2 K@ ¦< <
12. 1 Z±32@ M;73] <
h@ Mp\v3h@ <
M1v@ <
<
6. 7# M%,73 Œ=2 M#3Ü#3X32 <
#%X‚%5 ¦ WÔK%7 ¦
8 7F ¦
7. M2%p%,7F ;@]%Q %m7 K3%#p%v IK¯ 13. M§32#32 W< ’G
8 ¦
175
8
i. ;8-S%7-I3%X-7‘’G-1@31
8
These are the things to be known about ;8-S%7-I3%X-7‘’G-1@31.

8

• A particle “;8”, indicating “deficiency”, “littleness”, etc.
• Words termed as “S%7”, certain particles which have connection with 637.8
i.e. `W1S]s, %‰#w (7%>7IJK)-ending word, M51, < %7h1, < Z%#1, < I3¸1, < 13|37, < %@>3, etc.
• 22 particles belong to I3%XSQ, but not qualified as `W1S].
• anything
• n/a
• ;8-S%7-I3%X-7‘’G-1@31
8 is %2J1@31. Thus they all have M•WX%#+,.
• In %#+,#3q, the W‡#W] Xs which are specified in 1) are explained with other words.
Examples of ;8-S%7-I3%X-7‘’G-1@31:
8
1. ;8%ä7 (wicked) W„8 ;8W„8 ¦ (;8-type 7‘’G1@31

8 )
2. ;8%ä73 (weak) @%7 ;8@%7 ¦ (;8-type 7‘’G1@31
8 )
< + §3 + ye8 <)¦ (S%7-type 7‘’G1@31
F §3K7F M22F H%7 %#§32@ (%#
3. %#EFGQ 8 )
8 - E¹
4. ME¹ 8 - ;$ c3 H%7 E¹
8 ;$ J ¦ (S%7-type 7‘’G1@31
8 )
<
Notice that tc3 is substituted by yW because of being a 1@31.
<
5. M5p3]# (being included) ¦ %7h?$ J (having covered) ¦ Z%#p‡7] @ (that which is
<
manifested), Z%#@hQ@ (manifesting) ¦ I3¸p3]# (becoming visible) ¦ 13|36$ 7 (that which
8
is clearly seen) ¦ %@>3l3h (improper conduct) ¦ (S%7-type 7‘’G1@31 )
8
6. E\p2 W’G 1W8 ’G
8 8
¦ (I3%X-type 7‘’G1@31 )
8
7. IS7 Zl3K] I3l3K] (I3%X-type 7‘’G1@31 )
176
7‘’G1@31 (T)
8
j. `WWX-7‘’G-1@31 (Type UT)
8
`WWX-7‘’G-1@31 <
is understood well when studied under the subject of `WWX-;$ 7-IJK, a
<
type of ;$ 7-IJK.
`WWX literally means “a word (WX) which is near (`W)”. However, the nearness is in terms
of the meaningful connection.
<
`WWX-;$ 7-IJK requires not only a 637 8 to which it is suffixed, but also an `WWX, a word
which is meaningfully connected to the 637,8 as a ;@], M%6;hQ, etc.
<
`WWX-;$ 7-IJKs are defined in the section of PāŽini-sūtras starting from 3.2.1
8
`WWX-7‘’G-1@31 is a type of compound in which the `WWX and the 637 8 with a `WWX-;$ 7-<
IJK are compounded.
`WWX 637 8 + `WWX;$ ÍJK

(;@], etc) + (;$ X5-I3%7W%X;)
For example, of a [¥%;;%#+, sentence “;8ý- ;h\%7”, “;8ý@”,< a ;@] of ;h\%7, is qualified to be
<
an `WWX according to a PāŽini-sūtra, by which a ;$ 7-IJK “MQ"< is enjoined to the 637 8 ;$ . Thus it
is now ;$ X5, not %7V5WX anymore. Then both words are qualified to be compounded. This
operation is reflected in the M[¥%;;%#+, .
;8ý- ;h\%7 This is a [¥%;;%#+, .
< ;$ + MQ <
1) ;8ý + M@ + This is an M[¥%;;%#+, . Being 1@31 , it is I3%7W%X;@. <
2) ;8ý + + ;$ + M <
All 1W8 -IJKs <
are elided inside I3%7W%X;. H7 letter is elided.
3) ;8ý + + ;3h <+ M <

Being a %Q7. < MQ causes #$%> to its MN, ;$ 637.8
4) ;8ý;3h This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
Now the new I3%7W%X; “;8ý;3h” declines in the gender of the word qualified by the 1@31,
“;8ý;3h”.
177
8
8
These are the things to be known about `WWX-7‘’G-1@31.
• Certain nouns, termed “`WWX”, which is related to a 637 8 in the `&hWX.
• The `&hWX was originally %7V5 in [¥%;;%#+,. However, in M[¥%;;%#+,, in stead
<
of %7V-< IJK, `WWX-;$ 7-IJK is suffixed to the 637,8 thus the `&hWX becomes ;$ X5.
• <
By default, the ;73] of the 637 8 is denoted by the `WWX-;$ 7-IJK.
• <
When forming `&hWX, necessary changes to the 637 8 caused by `WWX-;$ 7-IJK will
take place.
• 8
Same gender as that qualified by the `WWX-7‘’G-1@31
• <
In [¥%;;%#+,, %7V5-WX is seen, while 637 8 and ;$ 7-IJK are seen in M[¥%;;%#+,.
• <
`WWX-;$ 7-IJKs denote ;73] by default.
8
Here are some examples of `WWX-7‘’G-1@31s.
“MQ”< IJK to any 637 8 with ;@]-`WWX (3.2.1 ;@]rKQ ¦< ~ IJK Wh¬ 637\ )
[¥%;;%#+, and 1@31#$%& M[¥%;;%#+,
1‡„3%Q ;h\%7 (makes) H%7 1‡„;3h ¦ < ;$ + MQ <

1‡„ + E1 +
ËX2- (rice) Wl%7 (cooks) H%7 ËX2W3l ¦ ËX2 + M@ + < MQ <

< Wl +
,s- (oblation) #,%7 (carries) H%7 ,s#3, ¦ < #, < + MQ <

,s + M@ +
<
The feminine form of MQ-ending word takes a æ IJK “V W”< (†). Thus the I3%7W3%X;
becomes 1‡„;3h , and it declines like 2X .
178
7‘’G1@31 (T)
8
“;” IJK to Z-ending 637 8 with ;@]-`WWX (3.2.3 Z7\¾2W1S® ; ¦ ~ IJK Wh¬ 637\ ;@]%Q)
[¥%;;%#+, and 1@31#$%& M[¥%;;%#+,
<
#h32 (boons) XX3%7 (gives) H%7 #hX (giver of boons) ¦ < X3 + ;
#h + E1 +
<
2ã2 (people) W3%7 (protects) H%7 2$W (king) ¦ < W3 + ;
2$ + E1 +
;$ 7- (what made you) k323%7 (knows) H%7 ;$ 7§ ¦ < §3 + ;

;$ 7 + M@ +
8
The following is a ÛW%1%>, a I% K3 (process) of making `WWX-7‘’G-1@31 by suffixing “;” as
<
`WWX-;$ 7-IJK.
<
#h32 XX3%7 This is a [¥%;;%#+, .
< X3 + ;
1) #h + E1 + This is an M[¥%;;%#+, .
<
`WWX-;$ 7-IJK “;” is suffixed to 637 8 “X3” (3P) to give.
Being 1@31 , it is I3%7W%X;@. <
2) #h + + X3 + M <
All 1W8 -IJKs <
3) #h + + X< + M When this IJK ; follows, the last Z of the MN drops.
4) #hX This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
Now the new I3%7W%X; “#hX” declines in the gender of the word qualified by the 1@31,
“#hX”. In masculine and neuter, it declines as M–ending, while in feminine, it declines as Z–
<
ending because of æ IJK e3W (Z).
“;” to Ò3 637 8 with 1Œ5

8 8 Ò ¦ ~ IJK Wh¬ 637\ ; )
as `WWX (3.2.4 1%W
[¥%;;%#+, and 1@31#$%& M[¥%;;%#+,
S$,F 7/1 (at home) %7u%7 (stays) H%7 S$,Ò (householder) ¦ S$, + %V + Ò3 + ;
@ÓF 7/1 (in the middle) %7u%7 H%7 @ÓÒ ¦ @Ó + %V + Ò3 + ;
M5F 7/1 (at the end) %7u%7 H%7 M5Ò ¦ M5+ %V + Ò3 + ;
Because the suffix is the same “;”, the ÛW%1%> will be the same as above.
179
8
“e” to ;$ 637 8 in the sense of “cause, habit, agreeable” with ;@]-`WWX

8 G 8 ¦ ~ IJK Wh¬ 637\ ;@]%Q)
(3.2.20 ;$ P ,F7-8 73¨ y-M2[\ªF
[¥%;;%#+, and 1@31#$%& M[¥%;;%#+,
KE (fame) ;h\%7 (causes) H%7 KE?h ¦ < M@ +

KE1 + < ;$ + e
M€õ (wealth) ;h\%7 (habitually makes) H%7 M€ ];h ¦ < ;$ + e

M€ ] + M@ +
#l2- (words) ;h\%7 (follows) H%7 #l2;h ¦ < ;$ + e
#l2 + M@ +
8
The following is a ÛW%1%> of making `WWX-7‘’G-1@31 <
with `WWX-;$ 7-IJK “e”.
KE ;h\%7 This is a [¥%;;%#+, .
< M@ +
1) KE1 + < ;$ + e This is an M[¥%;;%#+, .
<
`WWX-;$ 7-IJK “e” is suffixed to 637 8 “;$ ” (8U) to do.
Being 1@31 , it is I3%7W%X;@. <
<
2) KE1 + + ;$ + M <
All 1W8 -IJKs <
<
3) KE1 + + ;h <+ M 8 takes place in the MN.
SQ
4) KE?h This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
Now the new I3%7W%X; “KE?h” declines in the gender of the word qualified by the 1@31,
“KE?h”. In masculine and neuter, it declines as M-ending. The feminine form of e-ending
word takes a æ IJK “V W”< (†). Thus the I3%7W3%X; becomes KE?h , and it declines like 2X .
< 8 with certain `WWX

“d” to S@ 637
(3.2.48 M5-MJ5-M,-Ah-W3h-1#]-M25FG 8 d ¦ ~ IJK Wh¬ 637\ ;@]%Q S@ )
[¥%;;%#+, and 1@31#$%& M[¥%;;%#+,
W3h- (the other side) S¨%7 (goes) H%7 W3hS ¦ < S@ +

W3h + M@ + < d
1#õ (everywhere) S¨%7 (goes) H%7 1#]S ¦ < S@ +

1#] + M@ + < d
The IJK d being %d7, < the one who has d < as H7 letter,
< the %e (a part of MN starting from
the last vowel until the end) of the MN is elided. In masculine and neuter, it declines as M–
<
ending, while in feminine, it declines as Z-ending because of æ IJK e3W (Z).
180
7‘’G1@31 (T)
“%t#W”< to any 637 8 with/without 1Œ5

8 < ¦ ~ 637\ M´FÁ\¾%W ÖÔK5F)
as `WWX (3.2.76 %t#W l
[¥%;;%#+, and 1@31#$%& M[¥%;;%#+,
1u8 8 (well) SQK%7 (counts) H%7 1SQ <

8 (well counter) ¦ < %t#W <
1 8 + SQ +
8 < (rain cloud) ¦
8 %7 (releases) H%7 k[@;
k[- (water) @f < @l
k[ + M@ + < %t#W <
8 +
1#õ (everything) #F%& (knows) H%7 1#]%#X < ¦ < %#X < + %t#W <
1#] + M@ +
;@] (work) ;h\%7 (does) H%7 ;@];$7¦< (7; <

8 -ZS@ ) < M@ +
;@]2 + < ;$ + %t#W <
1-EK- (doubt) %Ê2%& (breakes) H%7 1-EK%¨X < ¦ < %ÊX < + %t#W <
1-EK + M@ +
HÐ- kK%7 (conquers) H%7 HÐ%k7 ¦< (7; <

8 -ZS@ ) < %k + %t#W <
HÐ + M@ +
8 ¥ (in the sky) 1 X%7 (goes) H%7 E%8 lGX < ¦

El E%8 l + %V + GX < + %t#W <
%#½- (world) %Œp%7] (supports) H%7 %#½p$7 ¦< (7; <

8 -ZS@ ) < p$ + %t#W <
%#½ + M@ +
8 <¦
%#½- (world) %Œp%7] (consumes) H%7 %#½p; < pk
%#½ + M@ + < %t#W <
8 +
•K- (by itself) p#%7 (exists) H%7 •K-p ‡ ¦ < p‡ + %t#W <
•K@ +
8
with `WWX-;$ 7-IJK “%t#W”.<
;@] ;h\%7 This is a [¥%;;%#+, .
< M@ +
1) ;@]2 + < ;$ + %t#W < This is an M[¥%;;%#+, .
<
`WWX-;$ 7-IJK “%t#W”< is suffixed to 637 8 “;$ ” (8U) to do.
Being 1@31 , it is I3%7W%X;@. <
< M@ +
2) ;@]2 + < ;$ < a zero-IJK. (See Topic VII 2 c ;7]%h %t#W)<
%t#W is
<
3) ;@]2 + + ;$ <
4) ;@]2 < + ;$ + 7 < <
%t#W being a %W7, < 7; <
8 -ZS@ comes. (See Topic VII 2 c ;7]%h %t#W)<
5) ;@] + ;$ 7 < < ;@]2, < being at the end of
By 8.2.7 2[\W I3%7W%X;35}¦, the 2 of
I3%7W%X; and WX, is elided.
6) ;@];$7 < This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
Now the new I3%7W%X; “;@];$7”< declines in the gender of the word qualified by the 113@,
“;@];$7”.< In all genders, the I3%7W%X; is 7-ending.
< <
The feminine form of %t#W-ending word does
not take any æ IJK.
181
8
<
Examples of %t#W-ending 8
`WWX-7‘’G-1@31 from E3æ :
8 ¥ 1 X%7 S¨%7 H%7 E%8 lG7 ,-< 1 ¦
El
< 8¦
M5%h|F Z;3EF 1 X%7 S¨%7 H%7 M5%h|17 #1
8 G 8 1 X%7 %7u%7 H%7 2$G7 ¦<
2$G 8 @2‚F
Exercise 1:
8
What is the s‘%& 8
of the following `WWX7‘’G1@31 words? Answer in the format of the
example answer.
1. ;@];$7 < 2. %#½%k7 < 3. +3@Q 4. #FX%#X <
8
The s‘%& < analyzed as follows:
of the word ;@];$7 is
b) The 637 8 is ;$ (to do)
<
c) The ;$ 7-IJK is %t#W. < Thus this is called %t#Œ5 word.
d) `WWX is ;@]
e) %#+, is “;@] ;h\%7 H%7 ;@];$7”.<
8
f) The suffix denotes the ;73] of the action. Thus, this is ;7]%h s‘%& .
8
Exercise 2: Find %t#Œ5 words which are `WWX7‘’G1@31, identify their 637s8 , give %#+,#3q for
%ÃŒ5 ;$ m%$ &, and translate the following sentences by parsing each word.
1. •K-p ‡ 1$k%7 ¦ 6. 1-EK%¨XF 2@ ¦

2. E3æ%#X #X%5 ¦ 8 k[- W7%7 ¦
7. k[@l
3. `W%2GX- W% ‚3@ ¦ 8. `W%2GX3- 73‘Kõ %#l3K]7 F ¦
4. 1#]%#X3 %#½- 1$¯7F ¦ 9. `W%2G%X #3q3%2 1%5 ¦
5. HX- E3æ- 1-IX3K%#%ˆ `W%XÔK7F ¦ 10. `W%2Gä 8 1-#3X3 ‡ 5F ¦
K
182
7‘’G1@31 (T)
“%Q%2w” to any 637 8 in the sense of “doing … as one’s nature” with 1Œ5
8 as `WWX
8 Mk37¥ %Q%2 73¨ yF ¦ ~ IJK Wh¬ 637\ )
(3.2.78 1%W
[¥%;;%#+, and 1@31#$%& M[¥%;;%#+,
`µ- (hot) pBF8 (eats) 7¨ [ (that nature) M} M%g H%7 `µp\k ¦ < pk
`µ + M@ + < %Q%2w
8 +
1J- (truth) #X%7 (speaks) 7¨ [ M} M%g H%7 1J#3X ¦ < #X < + %Q%2w
1J + M@ +
@\|- (liberation) XX3%7 (gives) 7¨ [ M} M%g H%7 @\|X3K ¦ < X3 + %Q%2w
@\| + M@ +
@\|- (liberation) ;h\%7 (makes) 7¨ [ M} M%g H%7 @\|;3h ¦ < ;$ + %Q%2w
@\| + M@ +
M+F (in front) S¨%7 (goes) 7¨ [ M} M%g H%7 M+S3@ ¦ < %Q%2w
M+ + %V + S@ +
;» [31F (in kailāsa) %2#1%7 (lives) 7¨ [ M} M%g H%7 ;» [31%2#31 ¦ < %Q%2w
;» [31 + %V + %2 + #1 +
8
with `WWX-;$ 7-IJK “%Q%2w”.
@\|- ;h\%7 This is a [¥%;;%#+, .
< ;$ + %Q%2w
1) @\| + M@ + This is an M[¥%;;%#+, .
<
`WWX-;$ 7-IJK “%Q%2w” is suffixed to 637 8 “;$ ” (8U) to do.
Being 1@31 , it is I3%7W%X;@. <
< ;$ + H2 <
2) @\| + M@ + <
Q and <
Hw of %Q%2w are H7 letters. Thus they are elided.
3) @\| + + ;$ + H2 < <
4) @\| + ;3h <+ H2 < Being %Q7, < %Q%2w IJK causes #$%> on Å at the end of MN (Topic IV).
5) @\|;3%h2 < This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
%Q%2w-ending word declines as H2-ending word, like K\%S2. < The feminine form of %Q%2w-
ending word takes a æ IJK “V W”< (†). Thus the I3%7W3%X; becomes @\|;3%hQ , and it declines
like 2X .
183
Œ–— %,1@31 (B) Topic IX - 1@31 - Samāsa‹
3. Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type B)
For Œ–— %,-1@31, generally, meaning of M´WX (another word than W‡#W] X or `&hWX) has
predominance.
In that case Œ–— %,1@31 is called M´WX3€ ]-I632, a compound whose predominant
meaning is other than its constituents.
8 whose
For example, for a compound “W 73²h”, which is Œ–— %,-1@31, indicates “%#µ”,
clothes (M²h) is yellow (W 7). The meaning of the compound is another word (M´WX) than
“W 7@”< as W‡#W] X, or “M²h@”< as `&hWX.
W‡#W] X@ < + `&hWX@ < M´WX@ <
<
E.g., W 7@ M²h- K} 1 W 73²h = %#µ 8 ¦
• <
W 7@ = W‡#W] X@ <
• <
M²h@ = `&hWX@ <
• W 73²h = 1@31#$%& /1@31 /1@gWX@ <
• %#µ 8 = M´WX@ <
There is a way to describe a Œ–— %,1@31 by giving 2 categories:

1. 75Q-1-
8 %#§32-Œ–— %,1@31
In the meaning of M´WX, the meaning of the words in the compound is seen.
<
E.g., W 7@ (yellow) M²h- (clothes) K} 1 W 73²h %#µ 8 ¦
In %#µ,8 the meaning of the words in the compound, which are “yellow” and
“clothes”, is seen.
2. M75Q-1-
8 %#§32-Œ–— %,1@31
In the meaning of M´WX, the meaning of the words in the compound is NOT seen.
E.g., ÖÚ (seen) 1@Ï8 (ocean) KF2 (by whom) 1 ÖÚ1@Ï8 XF#X& ¦
In XF#X&, the meaning of the words in the compound, which are “seen” and “ocean”,
is not seen.
184
Topic IX - 1@31 - Samāsa‹ Œ–— %,1@31 (B)
There are some types of Œ–— %,-1@31s. Each one of them will be elaborated in the
following section.
a. General Œ–— %,-1@31 (1to 7B)

<
E.g. W 7@ M²h- K} 1 W 73²h = %#µ 8 ¦ 116B
<
b. 2P-Œ–— %,-1@31 (NB)
8
E.g., M%#4@32 †½h K} 1 M2 ½h = W’G ¦
c. 1,-Œ–— %,-1@31 (SB)
E.g., [³QF2 1, #7]7 F H%7 1[³Q = h3@ ¦
d. I3%X-Œ–— %,-1@31 (PB)
< %2@í, = W’G
E.g., %2S]73 @\,3 Kb37 1 8 ¦
At the end of any type of Œ–— %,-1@31, a 7%>7-IJK “;W”< can be suffixed.
<
By the ;W-IJK, it is easy to identify Œ–— %,-1@31 from other types of 1@31s.
E.g., ØÙ%#GK;- §32@ ¦< (Knowledge, whose subject matter is ØÙ2)<
<
When feminine suffix e3W (Z) <
is added after ;W-IJK, <
an M before ;W-IJK is replaced
by H.
8 (3 guŽas) Z±3 (nature) K}3 (whose) 13 %„SQ3%±;3

E.g., %„SQ3 8 @3K3 ¦
185
a. General Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type 1~7B)
In this type of compound, a group of nouns together designates another word.

Generally nouns in this compound have to be in apposition (1@323%6;hQ).
In some compounds, nouns which are not in apposition (s%6;hQ) are observed.
These are the things to be known about Œ–— %,-1@31s.

1) Which noun can be compounded as W‡#W] X
• Any noun
• When a noun termed %2u3 (v, v#7 w 8 ending), or 7th case ending noun is
compounded, it should be the W‡#W] X.
2) With which noun as `&hWX
• Any noun
• n/a
• Gender and number of M´WX, the meaning of the Œ–— %,-1@31.
• Relative pronoun (KX <), which corresponds to the compound, is used in
[¥%;;%#+,.
• The KX < will always be in a case other than 1st case, while a corresponding 7X <
will always be in the 1st case.
For example:
8 - 1÷- (= M5 ;hQ-) K} 1 E>
E> 8 1÷ (= W’G
8 ) ¦ The one whose mind is pure is called E>
8 1÷ .
Note that the gender of the compound is masculine. This is because the qualified word
8 also becomes neuter.
is masculine, even when 1÷ is a neuter word and its adjective E>
< 7). In the
8 ” is termed “%2u3” because it is a v-IJK-ending word (E68 +
Also “E>
compound, a word termed %2u3 should be W‡#W] X.
186
Examples of Œ–— %,1@31

1. \„3%X \„- Z%X K} 1 8 , < etc.) ¦
\„3%X (= a group consisting \„, l|1
The one whose (K}) beginning (Z%X ) is \„@, < that (1 ) is called \„3%X .
2. ‡
,]@[ ,õ @‡[- K} 1 ‡ (= #$| ) ¦
,]@[
‡ .
The one whose (K}) root (@‡[-) is up ( ,õ), that (1 ) is called ,]@[
Note: Even though the end of the compound is “@‡[”, a neuter word, the compound declines
in masculine because the gender of the qualified word, #$|, is masculine.
3. Jv» GQ 8 )¦
Jv3 DGQ3 KF2 1 Jv» GQ (= W’G
By whom (KF2) desires (DGQ3 ) are given up (Jv3 ), he (1 ) is called Jv» GQ .
Note: Also in this case, the compound declines in masculine singular even though “DGQ3 ” is
a feminine plural word.
F #C2K2@ <
4. M2; < M2
F 3%2 #C3%Q 2K23%2 K%b2 77
M2; < ;
F #C2K2- (= %#½ÛW@)< ¦
In which (K%b2)< many (M2;
F 3%2) mouths (#C3%Q) and eyes (2K23%2) exists,
that (77)< is M2;
F #C2K2@, < a description of %#½ÛW@. <
5. %2¬K3%±;3 %2¬K Z±3 •p3# K}3 13 %2¬K3%±;3 (= Œ%8 > ) ¦

Of which (K}3 ) the nature, •p3# (Z±3) is ascertainment (%2¬K ), that
(13) is %2¬K3%±;3, an adjective to Œ%8 > .
187
The following is a ÛW%1%>, a I% K3 (process) of making this compound “Jv» GQ”, indicating
8
a masculine word “W’G”:
<
1) Jv3+k1+DGQ3+k1 < This is an M[¥%;;%#+, , a grammatical breakdown of the sentence
above. Being 1@31 , they are also qualified as I3%7W%X;@. <

2) Jv3 + + DGQ3 + <
3) Jv + DGQ3 When two feminine words are in 1@323%6;hQ in a compound, and
the W‡#W] X (Jv3) has a masculine form (Jv) in the same meaning,
then the W‡#W] X takes the masculine form.
4) Jv» GQ3 By 6.1.88 #$%>hF%l¦, “M” and “D” together becomes “°”.
5) Jv» GQ When a compound ends with a long vowel, and the last word is
but not point the meaning of the compound, the last long vowel
becomes ß• (short).
This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
Now the new I3%7W%X; “Jv» GQ” declines as M-ending masculine.
The following is a ÛW%1%>, a I% K3 (process) of making this compound “%2¬K3%±;3”,

indicating a feminine word “Œ%8 >”:
< w8
1) %2¬K+1 w 8 +Z±2+1 This is an M[¥%;;%#+, , a grammatical breakdown of the sentence
above. Being 1@31 , they are also qualified as I3%7W%X;@. <
<
2) %2¬K + +Z±2 + <
< ;W <
3) %2¬K3±2 + At the end of Œ–— %,1@31, a 7%>7IJK “;W”< (W is
< H7)< can be suffixed.
< ;
4) %2¬K3±2 + < the I3%7W%X; and WX is
By 8.2.7 2[\W I3%7W%X;35}¦, the last 2 of
elided.
5) %2¬K3±; + e3W < Since this compound is qualifying a feminine word (Œ%8 >),
< < and W are
a æ -IJK e3W (e < H7)< is suffixed.
6) %2¬K3%± + ; + Z When Z is suffixed, an M before ; < belongs to the IJK has to be
replaced by H.
7) %2¬K3%±;3 This is the final form of 1@31. It is also a I3%7W%X;.
Now the new I3%7W%X; “%2¬K3%±;3” declines as Z-ending feminine.
188
Exercise 1:
Change the 1@31#$%& and [¥%;;%#+, into Œ–#l2 (plural).
8 - 1÷- K} 1 E>
E.g., E> 8 1÷ ¦ E>
8 - 1÷- KFG3- 7F E>
8 1÷3 ¦
1. I#$%& [|Q- K} 1 I#$%&[|Q (=6@] ) ¦

8 )¦
2. %k73%2 H%ÐK3%Q KF2 1 %k7F%ÐK (= W’G
< %2#$&;3@ (= W’G
3. %2#$&3 ;3@3 Kb37 1 8 )¦
4. %#S73 < %#S7 ,$ (= W’G

,$ 3 Kb37 1 8 )¦
5. %Ò73 6 K} 1 %Ò76 (= @%8 2 ) ¦

6. ØÙ%Q %2u3 K} 1 ØÙ%2u (= S’8 ) ¦
<
7. %#%l„3%Q ÛW3%Q K} 77 %#%l„ÛW@ < W 8 @)< ¦
(=
< 7] D@ (=
8. ;73] 7D- (principle) K} 77 ;7$ < ;@]) ¦
9. Œ=%2 W 8 3%Q K}3- 13 Œ–W 8 3 (= [73) ¦

10. ŒE E3É3 K}3 13 Œ–E3É3 (= Œ%8 > ) ¦
Exercise 2:
Change the %#p%v of the 1@31#$%& as indicated. Then change into Œ–#l2.
8 - 1÷- K} 1 E>
E.g., E> 8 1÷ in 3rd case
8 - 1÷- K} 1 E>
E> 8 1÷ 7F2 E>
8 1÷F2 ¦ 8 - 1÷- KFG3- 7F E>
E> 8 1÷3 , K » E>
8 1÷» ¦
8 )¦
1. ;$ 73%2 ;$ J3%2 K} 1 ;$ 7;$ K (= W’G in 5th case
8 )¦
2. ;$ 7 %2¬K KF2 1 ;$ 7%2¬K (= W’G in 4th case
< S7s€ (= W’G
3. S73 s€3 Kb37 1 8 )¦ in 7th case
< §3 K} 1 Hä-§; (= #Q] ) ¦
4. H7 1- in 6th case
<
5. [\W 1-§3 K} 77 [\W1- < MXE]2@)< ¦
§;@ (= in 3rd case
< p%vW‡
6. p%v W‡#3] Kb37 77 < #; < ;@]) ¦
] @ (= in 5th case
7. 2323 W 8 3%Q K}3- 13 2323W 8 3 (= @3[3) ¦ in 3rd case
189
Abbreviation of Œ–— %,-1@31
Abbreviations giving a shorthand analysis of compounds can be made using the case
numbers of the [¥%;;%#+,.
E.g., 8 1÷ is a Œ–— %,-1@31 indicating a person because his 1÷ (M5 ;hQ) is E>
E> 8 .
8 - 1/1 1÷- 1/1 K} 6/1 1 E>
[¥%;;%#+, of this compound is “E> 8 1÷ ”.
• The abbreviation of this compound type is “116B”.

• The first “1” represents the 1st case of the first word “E>
8 - 1/1” of the 1@31.
• The second “1” represents the 1st case of the second word “1÷- 1/1” of the 1@31.
• The “6” before “B” represents the 6th case of “K} 6/1” in the %#+,.
• “B” stands for Œ–— %,1@31.
In the same manner,

1/1 1/1
2[ (blue) ;r (throat) K} 6/1 1 2 [;r (= %E# ) ¦ 116B
%k73%2 1/3 (conquered) H%ÐK3%Q 1/3 KF2 3/1 (by whom) 1 %k7F%ÐK (= W’G
8 )¦ 113B
#7 1/1
(gone) h3S 1/1
< (from whom) 1 # 7h3S (= W’G
Kb37 5/1 8 )¦ 115B
< (in which) 77 Œ–È[-
Œ=%2 1/3 (plenty) È[3%2 1/3 K%b2 7/1 < (= #2@)< ¦ 117B
kWF 7/1 %2u3 1/1 K} 6/1 1 kW%2u (= W’G
8 )¦ 716B
<
Exercise 3: Parse each word of the %#+, by giving I3%7W%X;- , %[N , %#p%v , #l2@ and translation.
Also give the abbreviation.
1. @,35¥ Œ3= K} 1 @,3Œ3– (=Mk2]8 ) ¦ 7. M#S7- 7÷- K » 7F M#S77÷3 (§3%22 ) ¦
2. `v- [|Q- K} 1 `v[|Q (= Z±3) ¦ 8. M,- Wh KFG3- 7F @‘h3 (pv3 ) ¦
<
3. E@ Z%X K} 77 E@3%X (= GF@)¦< < `W1S]W#‡ ;
9. `W1S3] W‡#3] Kb37 1 ] (=637 8 ) ¦
8 )¦
4. %#%X7 Z±3 KF2 1 %#%X73±3 (= W’G 10. mF ;@]Q K} 1 %m;@]; (= 637 8 ) ¦
< S7pK (= W’G
5. S7- pK- Kb37 1 8 )¦ 11. #ö@3Q3%2 [|Q3%2 K} 1 #ö@3Q[|Q (=
8
6. # h3 W’G3 < # hW’G
K%b2 1 8 (= +3@ ) ¦ %#GK ) ¦
In the reverse order, [¥%;;%#+, can be regenerated by referring to the abbreviation of
the compound.
190
E.g., 1@31#$%& < (W’G3Q3@

%#%X77÷323@ 6/3 8 )< 11-3B
[¥%;;%#+, %#%X7- 1/1 7÷- 1/1 K » 3/3
7F 1/3 %#%X77÷3 1/3
< ¦
, 7FG3@ 6/3
Translation: By whom (K » ) truth (7÷) is known (%#%X7), they (7F) are %#%X77÷3 .
Of them (7FG3@).<
• The original form of 1@31#$%& is in 6th case. Because the definition has to be
< ” in
provided in the first case, the 6th case is removed and expressed as “7FG3@ 6/3
the %#+,.
• The original form of the 1@31#$%& is plural. Thus the definition is given in the
plural as well, as in “7F 1/3 %#%X77÷3 1/3
”.
• The “3” before “B” represents the 3rd case of KX <. Thus “K » 3/3
” should be in the
%#+,.
• 7÷ is a neuter word. Since it is represented by “1” in the abbreviation, the 1st
case neuter form “7÷- 1/1” comes as the second word in the %#+,.
• %#%X7 is also represented by “1”, the same case as 7÷. Thus the 1st case neuter
form “%#%X7- 1/1” comes as the second word in the %#+,.
Exercise 4: Give [¥%;;%#+, of the following Œ–— %,1@31#$%& according to the above method of
abbreviations.
< %#GK323@)< 116B

E.g., Eð3X 23@ (=
<
Eð Z%X KFG3- 7F Eð3XK , 7FG3@ Eð3X 23@ ¦<
< %#GK32)< 116B

1. Eð3X 2 (= 6. 7GŒ>8 K (= pv3 ) 716B
< H%ÐK3Q3@)< 116B
2. @2 Gu323@ (= 7. 13|36$ 73±32 (= §3%22 ) 113B
8
3. S71N} (= W’G}) 115B 8. SX3W3%Q23 (= %#µ28 3) 176B
< §3%22@)< 716B
4. ØÙ%2u@ (= 8
9. 1Œ5@ < WX@)< 176B
(=
< W’G@
5. §323% Xƒ6;@3]Q@ (= 8 )< 3116B 10. ,[5 (= Eð ) 176B
191
Exercise 5:
Provide 1@31#$%&, abbreviation, declined form of each %#+,.
E.g., „ %Q M²;3%Q K} 1 ... (%E# ) ... , 7b » ... ¦
„ %Q M²;3%Q K} 1 ²; 116B, 7b » ²;3K¦
8 K} 1 ... (%#µ 8 ) ..., 7b » ... ¦

1. lc3h pk3
< Z22@ K}
2. Sk} Z22@ H# < 1 ... (SQFE ) ... , 7b » ... ¦
< ...
3. §32- W‡#õ Kb37 77 < (;@]) ... , 7} ... ¦
< ... (M7)< ..., 7} ... ¦
4. 7 (7;3h ) Wh Kb37 1
< ... (637 8 ) ..., 7} ... ¦ (Apply ;W-IJK)
5. I (`W1S] ) W‡# ] Kb37 1 <
8
6. M,- Wh KFG3- 7F ... (W’G3 ) ..., 7FG 8 ... ¦
8
7. @%K @2 KFG3- 7F ... (W’G3 < ¦
) ..., 732 ...
<
8. @,32 Z±3 8 ) ..., 7F2 ... ¦
(M5 ;hQ-) K} 1 ... (W’G
< ¦
9. D#- [|Q- K} 1 ... (%#GK ) ..., 7%b2 ...
8 ) ..., 7- ... ¦
10. §322F %¨¡3 1-EK3 K} 1 ... (W’G
Exercise 6:
Provide [¥%;;%#+, of the 1@31#$%&s in the sentences:
1. ,F SNF 7h[7hNF ¦ 9. %m%#63 %2u3 ¦
2. ,F XF%# pvW‡%k7lhQF ¦ 10. 2323%#63%2 W 8 3%Q ¦
3. 1% X32ó•ÛW Z±3 ¦ <
11. §32} Z±%#GK;c@ M%g ¦
4. Z±%#GK;- §32@ ¦< ] c- ÖÔK7F ¦
12. D7} ;@]Q %#§32W‡#;
] } K;3h} [\W ¦
5. M#Q]W#‡ ; ] +3@;@];S@2% K3 ¦
13. XF#X&;7$;
8 É3%Xp\S3K72- Eh h@ ¦<
6. 1É¸ 14. @Î23 p# @ˆv @43k 2@?8 ’ ¦
8
7. %#%#vÖÚK W’G3 WÔK%5 ¦ <
15. S731‡2 MS731‡
2l< 2 M2E\l%5
8 W%rd73 ¦
8. MX5} MN} X z ] ¦ 16. %lÎÏ8 3% 7,g;3K 2@ ¦
192
<
b. 2P-Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type NB)
<
In the sense of “one who/which does not have …”, 2P-Œ–— %,-1@31 is used.
<
These are the things to be known about 2P-Œ–— %,-1@31.

• <
2P (negative particle)
• anything
• < ’G1@31,
In the same manner as in 2P-7‘ 8 <
2P undergoes the modifications as
mentioned below.
• Of 2P, < P is <
< elided as it is an H7 letter, < elided, thus only “M” remains,
and 2 is
when compounded.
• < added after the M, thus it becomes “M2”.<
When `&hWX begins with a vowel, 2 is
• Gender and number of the word qualified by the Œ–— %,-1@31.
• A present participle “M%#4@32” (non-existing) is generally used as an adjective
to the object indicated by the `&hWX in the compound.
• A declined form of a relative pronoun “KX <” is used in [¥%;;%#+,, as in general
Œ–— %,1@31.
8 )¦
E.g., M%#4@32 %2;F 7 (a house) K} 1 M%2;F 7 (= W’G
The one who does not have a house is called M%2;F 7 .
Exercise: Give [¥%;;%#+, of following 1@31#$%&s.
1. M%É[- kS7 ¦< 8

3. M > W’G ¦ 5. M2WF| 7. M@23
2. M2 ½h %E# ¦ 4. M2z Mk2]8 ¦ 6. Ml| 8 8. MW3%Q
193
c. 1,-Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type SB)
In the sense of “one who/which exist with …”, 1,-Œ–— %,-1@31 is used.
These are the things to be known about 1,-Œ–— %,-1@31.

• 1, (indeclinable with)
• anything
• 1, is optionally modified into “1”. This optional change is commonly seen.
• Since 1, governs 3rd case, 1, along with a 3rd case ending word, and a %7V5
word with 637 8 indicating “to be” are usually seen in %#+,.
E.g. 1, [³QF2 1, #7]7 F H%7 1[³Q (= h3@ ) ¦ One who exists with [³Q is called 1[³Q .
E.g. 2, W3XF2 (a quarter) 1, #7]7 F H%7 1W3X@ ¦< 1W3X-%„#3X2@ (quarter
< past three o’clock)
Exercise : Give [¥%;;%#+, of 1@31#$%&.
E.g., DG 637 8 1Fe < ¦ He3 (3/1 of He <) 1, #7]7 F H%7 1Fe < (=637 8 ) ¦
1. 1-13h 1@‡[ %2#7]7 F ¦ < I%7W347F ¦

6. 13Ó- 11362@ M„
2. %8 7 7XF# 1%#EFG;- #ö%7 ¦ 8

7. D7FG3- 1É3%2 13%7EK3%2 D# ¦
<
3. D77 1\W3%6;@ <
`Ü7F ¦ 8. DG3 I#$%& È[3%p1%•W‡%#];3 13, 3h3 l
4. 7„ k23 1SQ@ <

8 `W3}@ <
`W317F ¦ p#%7 ¦
<
5. D7%b2 %#GKF %2J- 13WF|@ ¦< 9. 1 @3- 13%6p‡7 - 13%6X»# - 13%6K§- l k323%7 ¦
194
d. I3%X-Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type PB)
When the W‡#W] X of a Œ–— %,-1@31 is one of the 22 particles of the I3%XSQ, that compound
is called I3%X-Œ–— %,-1@31.
These are the things to be known about I3%X-Œ–— %,-1@31.

• 22 particles of the I3%XSQ
1. I 2. Wh3 3. MW 4. 1@ < 5. M2 8 6. M#
7. %21 < 8. %2h < 9. ¸1 < 10. ¸h < 11. %# 12. ZV <
13. %2 14. M%6 15. M%W 16. M%7 17. 1 8 18. `X <
19. M%p 20. I%7 21. W%h 22. `W
2) with which noun as `&hWX
• anything
• n/a
• The I3%X particle may be expanded in the [¥%;;%#+,.
< %2S
8 K%b2 77
E.g. 1, %2S]73 SQ3 < Q]8 @ ¦< In which all qualities are gone is called %2SQ
] 8 @. <
8
E.g. 2, E\p2- @2 K} 1 1@23 8
¦ The one whose mind is good is called 1@23 <
. (M1-ending
masculine)
Exercise : Give [¥%;;%#+, of 1@31#$%&.
<
E.g., %2@3]2@\,323@ M%6;3%hc@¦< %2S]73 @323 @\,3 KFÁ 7F %2@3]2@\,3 , 7FG3@ ¦<
8 KF ¦
1. %2@3@- ;@] ;h\%7 Z±E> 8 %#ó%7 ¦
4. %2h%7EK- 1É-
2. §3%22 ;@] %2Œ•k- p#%7 ¦ ]8 F %IK- ;h\%7 ¦

5. 637]h3ç} ¸Œ>
8
3. %2h, 3h} W’G} <
%2@]@c@ M%W M%g ¦ 6. DG %2hWF| ¦
195
m™1@31 (D) Topic IX - 1@31 - Samāsa‹
4. m™-1@31 (Type D)
W‡#W] X@ < + `&hWX@ <
o The meanings of both words have equal predominance. (`pKWX3€ ]-I632@)<
Two or more words connected with l are compounded. This kind of compound is
called m™-1@31 .
There are 2 types of m™-1@31
a. H7hF7h-m™-1@31 (ID)
When the members are linked together by a common predicate, and aggregation
among the members is intended, those members can be compounded as H7hF7h-m™-
1@31.
E.g., h3@¬ [³Q¬ h3@[³Q¥ ¦
b. 1@3,3h-m™-1@31 (SD)
When the sense of group (1@3,3h) is predominant, members in the group can be
compounded as 1@3,3h-m™-1@31.
E.g., W3Q (hands) l W3X¥ (feet) l D7FG3- (of them) 1@3,3h (a group) W3%QW3X@ ¦<
8 W¥„¬ M2K\ 1@3,3h W„W¥„@
W„¬ 8 ¦<
When m™1@31#$%& is compounded into another 1@31, each member of m™1@31 is

connected to the word in another compound, just as “(a + b) c = ac + bc”.
Ex. 1, “Ep8 3Ep8 È[@”< can be understood as Ep8 È[@ and
< MEp8 È[@ <
8
Ex. 2, “W„%#&[\;» 8 GQ3, %#& »GQ3, and [\;» GQ3.
GQ3 ” is divided into W„»
8 Œ>8 @v
Ex. 2, “%2JE> 8 •p3# ” is divided into %2JE> 8 and %2J@v
8 , %2JŒ>, 8 .
8 Œ>8 @v
Then, 7F (those are) •p3#3 (the nature) K} (for whom) 1 %2JE> 8 •p3# ¦
196
Topic IX - 1@31 - Samāsa‹ m™1@31 (D)
a. H7hF7h-m™-1@31 (Type ID)
When the members are linked together by a common predicate, and aggregation
among the members is intended, those members can be compounded as H7hF7h-m™-
1@31.
These are the things to be known about H7hF7h-m™-1@31.

1) Which noun can be compounded
• anything
2) With which noun
• anything
• In some particular combination, the W‡#W] X may undergo changes.
< W$%€# = 43#3W$%€s¥
Ex. 1, %X# +
Ex. 2, @37$ + %W7$ = @373%W7h¥
Ex. 3, k3K3 + W%7 = X-W7
• Gender of the last member
Ex. 1, h3@¬ 1 73 l h3@1 7F ¦
Ex. 2, 1 73 l h3@¬ 1 73h3@¥ ¦
• Number will be the total number of the members.
Ex. 1, È[- l W 8 - l W[W 8 F ¦
Ex. 2, È[- l W 8 F l W[W 8 3%Q ¦
• n/a
For example:
h3@¬ [³Q¬ h3@[³Q¥ ¦
8 X3h3¬ (wife) S$,¬ (house) W„X3hS$
W„¬ 8 ,3 ¦
197
Exercise 1:
Give 1@31#$%& and type of 1@31 based on the provided [¥%;;%#+,.
E.g., 8 X3h3¬ S$,¬ W„X3hS$

W„¬ 8 ,3 ¦ H7hF7hm™1@31 (ID)
1. kÎ l @$J 8 l kh3 l s3%6 l ... ¦ ... ()

< @ l ... ¦ ... ()
2. 7 8 l 1 l
< %#X3%,2)< l ¦ ... ¦ ... ()
8 l M%77 I l Û| l %#X3, (I3%7W%X;@ =
3. ;e8 l MH l [#Q l MJµ
8 l
4. 1ú7 < %@„- l M%h l `X31 2 l @ÓÒ l mF‚ l Œ• 8 l ... ¦ ... ()
Exercise 2:
Give 1@31#$%& and type of 1@31 based on the provided [¥%;;%#+,.
E.g., 8 X3h3¬ S$,¬ W„X3hS$

W„¬ 8 ,3 ¦ H7hF7hm™1@31 (ID),
8
W„X3hS$ 8
,3 ZXK KFG3- 7F W„X3hS$
,3XK ¦ Œ–— %,1@31 (11-6B)
1. HÚ3 l M%2Ú3 l ... ¦ ... (), 8 l ¸ É- l ... ¦ ... (),

4. 1É-
<
HÚ3%2Ú323@ `WW%& ... ¦ ... () 8 ÉF K} 1 ... ¦ ... ()
1@F 1É¸
2. Ò‡[- l 1‡³ - l ;3hQ- l ... ¦ ... (), 5. 1‡„ - l p3‚- l ... ¦ ... (),
Ò‡[1‡³;3hQ3%2 Eh h3%Q ... ¦ ... () 1‡„p3‚F ;8’7 ... ¦ ... ()
3. l| 8 l \„- l ... ¦ ... (), 6. §32- l ;@] l ... ¦ ... (),
l| 8 \„F ZX¥ KFG3- 73%2 ... ¦ ... (), §32;@]Q\ %2uF ... ¦ ... ()
l| 8 \„3X %2 H%ÐK3%Q ... ¦ ... () 7. @32 l @\, l ... ¦ ... (),
< ... ¦ ... ()
%2S]7¥ @32@\,¥ Kb37 1
Exercise 3:
Give [¥%;;%#+, of the following 1@31#$%&s:
8 ,3%XG 8 M1%v ¦
1. W„X3hS$ 4. HÚ3%2Ú\WW%&G 8 1@%l&c@ ¦<
8
2. 1ú%Î„3KX8] 31 2@ÓÒmF‚Œ•G8 8 1@Œ%8 > 5. Ò‡[1‡³;3hQEh hFG 8 M%p@32 M%g ¦
%#%E‚7F ¦ <
6. l| 8 \„3X %ÐK3Q3@ M%6u373h XF#73 `Ü5F¦
8
3. kÎ@$Jkh3s3%6%p ¸ É3W¡ k # ¦ < Z, ¦
7. §32;@]%2uK\ %#p3S- IXE]K2 1
198
Topic IX - 1@31 - Samāsa‹ m™1@31 (D)
b. 1@3,3h-m™-1@31 (Type SD)
When the sense of group (1@3,3h) is predominant, members in the group can be
compounded as 1@3,3h-m™-1@31.
These are the things to be known about 1@3,3h-m™-1@31.

• anything
• anything
• n/a
• Always neuter in gender and singular in number
• A word “1@3,3h (group)” with a 6th case ending word is used.
E.g., W3Q 1/2
l W3X¥ 1/2 l DG3- 6/3 (of these) 1@3,3h 1/1
< ¦
(a group) W3%QW3X@ 1/1
When the members of the m™1@31 indicate the following meanings, the m™1@31
- 8 ; (neuter) in gender, thus categorized as
becomes D;#l2 (singular) in number and 2W1
1@3,3h-m™-1@31.
• parts of body
Ex. 1, W3Q (hands) l W3X¥ (feet) l DG3- 1@3,3h W3%QW3X@ ¦<
Ex. 2, %Eh (head) l + #3 (back part of neck) l M2K\ 1@3,3h %Eh\+ #@ ¦<
• classes of non-living beings
Ex. 1, K#1- (grass) l M¡- (rice) l `X;- (water) l H•2- (fuel) l DG3- 1@3,3h
K#13¡\X;F •2@ ¦<
• combinations of certain nouns
Ex. 1, M, (day) l h3%„ (night) l M,\h3„@ ¦<
8 W¥„¬ M2K\ 1@3,3h W„W¥„@
Ex. 2, W„¬ 8 ¦<
• etc.
199
The following compounds are optionally neuter in gender and singular in number.
Thus the compound can be H7hF7h-m™-1@31 or 1@3,3h-m™-1@31.
• Trees, wild animals, grass, grains, seasoning, domesticated animals, birds
Ex. 1, — ,K (rice) l K#3 (barley) l — %,K#@, < or — %,K#3 ¦
Ex. 2, X%6 (curd) l z$7 - (ghee) l X%6z$7@, < or X%6z$7 F ¦
Ex. 3, S3# (cows) l @%,G3 (buffaloes) l S\@%,G@, < or S\@%,G3 ¦
• W‡# ] and Wh
Ex., W‡#õ (before) l Wh- (after) l W‡#W] h@, < or W‡#W] hF¦
• M6h and `&h
<
Ex., M6h@ (lower) l `&h- (upper) l M6h\&h@, < or M6h\&hF¦
• Opposite qualities, when a substance is not qualified by them
Ex. 1, 1É- 8 É@, < or 1É¸
8 l ¸ É- l 1É¸ 8 ÉF ¦
Ex. 2, %IK- l M%IK- l %IK3%IK@, < or %IK3%IKF ¦

Ex. 3, 6@] l M6@] l 6@3]6@]@, < or 6@3]6@J ¦
• etc.
200
Exercise:
Break down the following 1@31#$%&s.
8 ; ¦
E.g., %2J3%2J#g%##F
SD %2J- l M%2J- l %2J3%2JF/%2J3%2J@ ¦< H7hF7h/1@3,3h-m™-1@31
KT %2J3%2JF #g28 %2J3%2J#g28 ¦ ;@]63hK-7‘’G-1@31
8
6T 8 %##F; %2J3%2J#g%8 ##F; ¦ Gu -7‘’G-1@31

%2J3%2J#g2\ 8
8 X35#3qFG 8 %#½31
1. S’#F >3 ¦
8
2. 1SQØÙ%#GK;@321s3W3h ¦
3. 136213Ó1²• ¦
4. I%7W3X;I%7W341²• ¦
5. l|h8 3%XŒ3×F%ÐK%2+, ¦
6. 1% X32ó•ÛW ¦
8 @ ¦<
8 É3%X1%,µc
7. E 7\µ1É¸
F kÎ1K3“;@]Œ•%#X3%,2 F ¦ Z±§32IX322F 7b »
8. M2; 8 2@ è
Sh#F
9. ØÙ7÷I;3E;3K 2@ ¦
10. %2S@35@,37÷•ÛW3K ¦
11. 7÷@€I] Œ\6;3K 2@ ¦
8
12. 23231S•W 8 3%Q K€3;3[\ˆ#3%2 l ¦ p 3 X&3%2 W‡k3€õ S$,3Q Wh@F½h è
]8 @ ¦< I1¡#X2- Ó3KF7 1#]

8 3²h6h- %#µ - 8 E%E#Qõ l7p8 k
13. E¹ < %# \WE35KF è
201
5. Summary of 1@31#$%7
Type I632@ < subcategory Example with %#+,#3q Gender Number
1. MsK 1@31 W‡#W] X3€ ] - <

E%v@ 2/1 M2%7 ª 0 K€3E%v 0 - 8 ;%[N
2W1 -
1/1
8
2. 7‘’G1@31 `&hWX3€ ] ;@]63hK (KT) Wh@ l M1¥ 1/1 †½h 1/1
l Wh@F¬h 1/1
Gender and number of
%m7 K3 (2T) ;$ µ- 2/1 % 7 1/1

;$ µ% 7 1/1
the `&hWX, which may be
7$7 K3 (3T) 8 2 3/1 1Â¡

SQF 1/1
8
SQ1Â¡ 1/1
the same as the ones of
l7€8 • (4T) <

S#F 4/1 %,7- 1/1 S\%,7@ 1/1 the qualified noun
Wf@ (5T) l\h3X < 5/1

<
pK- 1/1 l\hpK@ 1/1
Gu (6T) h3@} 6/1 A7 1/1

h3@A7 1/1
1“@ (7T) E3æF 7/1 %2W28 1/1

E3æ%2W28 1/1
<
2P (NT) 2 0 %#43 1/1 M%#43 1/1
1/1 1/1 1/1
;8S%7I3%X IS7 Zl3K] I3l3K]
`WWX (UT) ;8ý- 2/1 ;h\%7 III/1

H%7 ;8ý;3h 1/1
3. Œ–— %,-1@31 M´WX-M€ ] General <

W 7@ n/1/1 M²h- n/1/1 K} m/6/1 1 m/1/1
W 73²h m/1/1
;$ µ m/1/1
Gender and number of
1,W‡#W] X (SB) [³QF2 m/3/1 1, 0 #7]7 F III/1 1 m/1/1

1[³Q m/1/1
h3@ m/1/1
the M´WX
m/1/1 m/1/1
< %, (NB)
2PŒ–— M%#4@32 W„8 K} m/6/1 1 m/1/1
MW„8 m/1/1
8
W’G m/1/1
I3%XŒ–— %, %#S73 1/1 7$µ3 1/1 Kb37 < m/5/1 1 m/1/1

%#7$µ m/1/1
8
W’G m/1/1
4. m™-1@31 `pKWX-M€ ] H7hF7h (ID) 1 73 f/1/1 l h3@ m/1/1

l 1 73h3@¥ m/1/2 `&hWX’s total number
1@3,3h (SD) W3Q 1/2

l W3X¥ 1/2 l DG3- 6/3 1@3,3h 1/1
<
W3%QW3X@ 1/1 - 8 ;%[N
2W1 D;#l2@ <
202
Topic X - D;EFG - Ekaśe›a‹
Topic X
D;EFG
Ekaśe›a‹
1. Basic concept of D;EFG-#$%& (A new nominal base derived

by keeping one word out of many)
PāŽini-sūtras 1.2.64 to 1.2.73 form a section whose topic is D;EFG.
When two or more I3%7W%X;s are present together in a same sentense, only one (D;)
remain (EFG) under certain conditions, which are told in the section of PāŽini-sūtras.
The I3%7W%X; which remains is called D;EFG#$%& and it represents other I3%7W%X;s.
D;EFG#$%& is different from 1@31#$%&. D;EFG is a consolidation of certain I3%7W%X;s while
1@31 is compounding WXs. The rules for 1@31, compounding, in PāŽini-sūtras are
called WX%#%6s, injunctions for WXs, while the rules for D;EFG are not WX%#%6s.
When declining D;EFG#$%&, the number of the member in it is reflected by the #l2 of
<
1W8 -IJK.
203
Appendix 1 - Extra information on %Ql <
< suffixed in different senses :

%Ql is
< any 637s8
1) Causative %Ql for
< 637s8 in 10th conjugation
2) •3€® %Ql for
< any 637s8
3) •3€® %Ql for
1) Causative ;73] ;@]

<
For example, with reference to Wl action, when there are
<
only ;73] and ;@], etc., the 637 8 Wl without < used to express
%Ql is
the activity. (See Figure 1) E.g., XF#X& ËX2- Wl%7 ¦
XF#X& ËX2
When there is an impeller of the ;73], this factor is
Wl <
technically called ,F7 8 as well as ;73]. To express the activity of
Figure 1
<
Wl involving <
the ,F7,8 %Ql should be added to the original 637 8
< 3.1.26 ,F7@8 %7 l ¦. (See Figure 2)
Wl by
In the sentence with “W3lK%7 (W3%l, %Qk5637 8 + ;73]/ ;73] ;@]
,F7 8
[e </;7]%h/III/1)”, 1\@X&, the ;73] of “W3%l”, takes 1st
case because he is denoted by the %7V < of “W3lK%7”.
XF#X& as the ;73] of “Wl”,< is undenoted by the %7V.< 1\@X& XF#X& ËX2
Undenoted ;73] should take 3rd case. The ;73] of
< %Ql <
Wl +
original 637 8 is called “M%Q;73]”. ËX2, the undenoted
Figure 2
;@] by %7V < takes 2nd case. “1\@X& XF#X&F2 ËX2- W3lK%7¦”
As an exception, ;@] status is given to M%Q;73] when the following 637s8 take %Ql: <
A: S%7-M€ ] (except 2 and #, <), Œ%8 >-M€ ], and IJ#132-M€ ] (except MX < and É3X <)
B: Eð;@] (action involving speech, such as teaching)
C: M;@]; (intransitive action)
Examples: (When %Qk5637 8 takes two ;@]s, M%Q;73] is denoted in ;@]%Q IK\S.)
A:
@373 (%Q;73]) XF#X&- (M%Q;73]) +3@- S@K%7/K3WK%7 ¦ XF#X& +3@- @3„3 Sª7F/K3û7F ¦
@373 (%Q;73]) XF#X&F2 (M%Q;73]) p3h- 23KK%7/#3,K%7 ¦ p3h XF#X&F2 @3„3 23L7F/#3×7F ¦
204
Appendix 1 - Extra information on %Ql <
S’8 (%Q;73]) @3Q#;- (M%Q;73]) 6@õ Œ\6K%7/#FXK%7 ¦ 8

@3Q#; 6@õ S’Q3 Œ\Ó7F/#F47F ¦
@373 (%Q;73]) XF#X&- (M%Q;73]) ËX2- p\kK%7/ZEK%7 ¦ XF#X& ËX2- @3„3 p\¯7F/ZÔK7F ¦
@373 (%Q;73]) XF#X&F2 (M%Q;73]) ËX2- ZXK7F/É3XK%7 ¦ ËX2 XF#X&F2 @3„3 Z47F/É347F ¦
B:
S’8 (%Q;73]) @3Q#;- (M%Q;73]) #FX- W3 K%7/MÓ3WK%7 ¦ 8
@3Q#; #FX- S’Q3 W3 7F/MÓ3û7F ¦
C:
S’8 (%Q;73]) @3Q#;- (M%Q;73]) Z1K%7/E3KK%7 ¦ 8
@3Q#; S’Q3 Z}7F/E3L7F ¦
Counter example 1 – Other than those 3 types:
1\@X& (%Q;73]) XF#X&F2 (M%Q;73]) ËX2- W3lK%7 ¦ ËX2 XF#X&F2 1\@X&F2 W3Ü7F ¦
Counter example 2 – %Q;73] takes another %Q;73]:
1\@X& (%Q;73]) XF#X&- (M%Q;73]) +3@- S@K%7 ¦
%#µ%8 @„ (%Q;73]) 1\@X&F2 (%Q;73]) XF#X&- (M%Q;73]) +3@- S@K%7 ¦
XF#X& +3@- 1\@X&F2 %#µ%8 @„FQ Sª7F ¦
< 637s8 in 10th conjugation
2) •3€® %Ql for
637s8 under 10th conjugation group in 637W8 3 <
take %Ql without additional meaning.
<
lh8 <(10U) to steal l\hK%7 ¦ W3[ < (10U) to protect W3[K%7 ¦ p| (10U) <
to eat p|K%7 ¦ p‡G (10U) to
adorn p‡GK%7 ¦ Note that causative form and non-causative form of 637s8 in 10th conjugation
look the same.
< any 637s8
3) •3€® %Ql for
<
6$P (1U) to hold, to bear, to support < 7F ¦
†½h %#½- 63hK%7 ¦ p‡73%2 63hK3%@ ¦ HX- kS7 63K]
How %Qk5-637s8 are treated:

%Qk5-637s8 are `pKW%X2 637s8 .
%Qk5-637s8 are 1Fe <. Thus Hd3S@ will be added when suffixed with #[3%X Z6]637;
8 IJKs.
E.g., ;3h%K7$, ;3h%K7@8 , < ;3h%Kc3 (tc3 with Hd3S@ can cause SQ
8 in MN)
< ;7]%h and K; < in ;@]%Q
When conjugating in [e <, [\e <, [V,< and %#%6%[V,< additional suffix EW in
are added. E.g., ;3hK%7, ;3hK7,8 M;3hK7, < ;3hKF7 in
< ;7]%h. For ;@]%Q, see below.
8 IJKs without Hd3S@, the last H of %Qk5-637s8 gets elided.

When followed by Z6]637;
E.g., ;3K]7,F ;3K]73@, < M;3K]7, ;3K®7 in ;@]%Q. With ;$ 7-IJKs:
< Ò3W2, Ò3W;, %#;3K], etc.
205
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Topic VIII - Taddhitānta 7%>735@ < .................................................................................................. 108

Topic IX - 1@313 Samāsā‹ ................................................................................................................. 157

Topic X - D;EFG Ekaśe›a‹ ................................................................................................................ 203

Scope of Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Volume 3

There are two types of 637 8 (root).

ii. I3%7W%X;@ <

There are two types of I3%7W%X; (nominal base).

#$%& (derived words)

#$%& is a word by which the meaning of other words is denoted.

E.g., eater is a #$%&, meaning “one who eats”.

#$%& is a word which needs explanation.

There are 5 types of #$%&.

8 %& (A new 637 8 derived from a 637 8 or a 1Œ5)

< %& (A new I3%7W%X; derived from a 637)8

3. 7%>7-#$%& (A new I3%7W%X; derived from a I3%7W%X;)

5. D;EFG-#$%& (Keeping one I3%7W%X; out of many)

%#+, (explanatory sentences)

%#+, is a sentence which explains the meaning of a #$%&.

There are 2 types of %#+,.

1. [¥%;;-%#+, (in natural language)

benefit, employed by traditional Vedanta teachers.

2. M[¥%;;-%#+, (not in natural language)

This type of sentence is seen only in grammar books.

8 %& (A new root derived from a root or a noun)

123%X-IJK, a type of IJK (suffix), is suffixed to a 637 8 (root) or a 1Œ5

Examples of 12345637-8 #$%& and %#+,

637 8 123%X-IJK New 637 8 called [¥%;;-%#+, M[¥%;;-%#+,

§3 < desire to do %k§31 (to desire to

;$ (to do) < make

Some of the 123%X-IJKs are:

For example, “W„8 K” and “W„;3ª”

More IJKs and their details are found in Topic VI.

< %& (A new nominal base derived from a root)

< %& and %#+,

§3 v (object in past) §37 (that which is §3K7F III/1 H%7 0 §3 + v = §37

§3 tc3 (having …ed) §3c3 (having known) - §3 + tc3 = §3c3

637 8 itself) or knowing itself) 63c€® 7/1 ¦

< an indicatory letter) is used in the sense of the agent. In

new I3%7W%X; becomes M-ending and is mainly used in neuter gender.

More IJKs and their details are found in Topic VII.

3. 7%>7-#$%& (A new nominal base derived from a nominal base)

7%>7-IJK, a type of IJK, is suffixed to a I3%7W%X; to create a new I3%7W%X;.

< 7%>7IJK = new I3%7W%X;@ called

I3%7W%X;@ < 7%>7-IJK 7%>7-#$%& / [¥%;;-%#+, M[¥%;;-%#+,

Some of the 7%>7-IJKs are:

More IJKs and their details are found in Topic VIII.

4. 1@31-#$%& (A new nominal base derived by compounding nouns)

Examples of 1@31-#$%& and %#+, :

1@31#$%& W‡#W] X@ < `&hWX@ < [¥%;;-%#+, M[¥%;;-%#+,

#FX353 #FX323@ < M53 < M53

W 73²h W 7@ < M²h@ < < M²h- 1/1 K} 6/1 1

1[³Q 1, [³QF2 [³QF2 3/1 1, 0 #7]7 F III/1 H%7 0 1, + [³Q + e3

1. MsK p3#-1@31 (Type A) W‡#W] X@ < + `&hWX@ <

3. Œ–— %,-1@31 (Type B)

< word other than the two) has predominance. (M´WX-

o The meanings of both words have equal predominance. (`pKWX-M€ ]-I632@)<

Predominance is decided by supplying a verb and examining which WX is denoted by