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Purposes of agitation:
Suspending solid particles (suspension)
Blending miscible liquids (alcohol & water)
Dispersing a gas through the liquid (bubble)
Dispersing immiscible liquids (emulsion)
Promoting heat transfer
Agitated Vessels
: cylindrical form, vertical axis, closed or open top
round bottom, equal liquid depth & tank diameter Typical agitation process vessel
Unit Operations Chapter 9. Agitation and Mixing of Liquids
* Impellers
H : depth of liquid
Dt : tank diameter
Da : impeller diameter
L : blade length
W : impeller width
J : width of baffle
E : clearance
Typical proportions:
Da 1 H J 1 E 1 W 1 L 1
= =1 = = = =
Dt 3 Dt Dt 12 Dt 3 Da 5 Da 4
Draft tubes
* Circulation rates
Flow number, NQ
q = V ' r 2 Ap
* Velocity patterns
n Da 2 ρ Da u2 ρ Da (nDa ) ρ
Re = Re = =
µ µ µ
* Power consumption
Power P: product of the flow rate q and the kinetic energy per unit volume Ek
ρ (V'2 ) 2
q = nDa N Q 3
Ek =
2
V '2 = α u2 = α π n Da
ρ (α π n Da ) 2
P = n Da N Q 3
2
⎛α
5⎜ π
2 2 ⎞
= ρ n Da ⎜
3
N Q ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Unit Operations Chapter 9. Agitation and Mixing of Liquids
P α 2π 2
= NQ --- Eq. (9.11)
n Da ρ
3 5 2
P
NP ≡ --- Eq. (9.12a)
n Da ρ
3 5
즉, NP가 크면 동력소비가 큼.
Fig. 9.13 Plots of power number NP vs. Reynolds number Re for baffled tanks
Unit Operations Chapter 9. Agitation and Mixing of Liquids
Fig. 9.14 Plots of power number NP vs. Reynolds number Re for propellers and helical ribbons
Unit Operations Chapter 9. Agitation and Mixing of Liquids
µ is not a factor
Unit Operations Chapter 9. Agitation and Mixing of Liquids
= 3,930 W
µ is not a factor
Unit Operations Chapter 9. Agitation and Mixing of Liquids
= 5,278 W
ρ is not a factor
Unit Operations Chapter 9. Agitation and Mixing of Liquids
Mixing time (혼합시간) tT : the time to reach complete mixing (99% mixing)
achieved if the contents of the tank are circulated about 5 times
5V
tT ≈
qT
n tT vs. Re
(Reynolds 수에 따른 혼합시간)
V : liquid volume in tank
qT : total liquid flow rate
n : rotational speed (r/s)
Ex. 9.3) Dt = 6 ft (1.83 m), 6-straight blade turbine, Da = 2 ft (0.61 m), E = Da, n = 80 rpm, H = Dt
For neutralizing a NaOH solution with HNO3 solution at 70 oF, tT = ?
Ans.) From Appendix 6 Æ ρ = 62.30 lb/ft = 62.30 (0.453kg/lb) (ft/0.305m) = 997 kg/m
3 3 3
µ = 0.982cP = 9.82 × 10 − 4 Pa ⋅ s
nDa 2 ρ
∴ Re = = 503,000
µ
Dispersion Operations
π N D p3
Ψ= N : the number of drops or bubbles per total volume
6
Total surface area of drops per total volume a
6Ψ (실제로는 입자의 크기가 다르므로
a = π N Dp2 Dp = 평균입자경으로 정의)
a
6Ψ
Sauter mean diameter Ds (or volume-surface mean diameter D32) Ds ≡
a
ρ c (n Da ) 2 ρ c n 2 Da 3
Weber number We We = = : kinetic energy/surface energy
σ / Da σ
− 0.6
interfacial tension
Ds / Da ∝ We We ↑ → Ds ↓